RESEARCH REPORT 2
REPORT 739 J^^ 18 OCTOBER 1956 ? aw o a WN
CURRENT, TEMPERATURE, TIDE, AND ICE GROWTH MEASUREMENTS, EASTERN BERING STRAIT-CAPE PRINCE OF WALES 1953-55
U. S. NAVY ELECTRONICS LABORATORY, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA A BUREAU OF SHIPS LABOKATORY
THE PROBLEM
Conduct survey and field studies in the Arctic Ocean which will furnish basic geo- physical data significant to arctic naval warfare. This report covers an evaluation of data obtained during the period 1953 through 1955 at the Cape Prince of Wales Field Station. The operation of the station continues as part of an over-all program to obtain physical-oceanographic data pertinent to predicting ice coverage for the Bering-Chukchi- Beaufort Sea area. RESULTS 1. A northerly volume transport varying from 0.8 to 3.1 X 10® cubic meters per second appears characteristic of the period August through November.
2. An area of maximum current velocities is indicated in the 8-to-12 mile section of the eastern Bering Strait.
3. Omitting initial freeze-up discontinuities, the logarithm of accumulated degree days below 29°F exhibits essentially a linear relationship with fast ice accretion at Wales, Alaska.
4. Average total ice growth at Wales is 46 to 48 inches, with first slush ice formed late October to early November and fast ice break-up normally completed by mid-June. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Extend and make simultaneous oceanographic and meteorological measurements essential to a detailed analysis of the sea ice-heat budget regime. 2. Continue measurements of average water transport through the Bering Strait.
3. Conduct daily sea water temperature measurements from strategic points along the northwestern Alaskan coast.
4. Conduct sonar studies in respect to the effect of ice coverage and movement on ambient noise and passive detection ranges. ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION This work was initiated under SW 01402, NE 121217-1 (NEL L6-1), and was carried out by members of the Special Research Division. The report was approved for publica- tion 18 October 1956. The over-all program at Wales has included observations on related special projects, as follows, for other NEL codes and Naval activities, as time and manpower permitted; these projects are to be reported by the cognizant activity.
1. Microwave propagation to determine the variation in radar signals over fixed paths and to study effect of ice coverage as well as meteorological conditions along the transmission path.
2. Ultra-low-frequency propagation and variation in signal strength. 3. Atmospheric radioactivity background measurements.
New facilities to be installed at Wales during the summer of 1956 include complete new electrode systems using Type-216 submarine harbor defense cable together with sea units for the study of (a) bottom temperatures (at 1-, 2-, and 5-mile offshore points), (b) wave amplitude and period, (c) low frequency ambient noise spectrum, (d) water velocity at a fixed position, (e) variation in water depth and ice movement, and (f) sound velocity.
Major changes in the Wales Field Station were the erection during the summer of 1955 of two standard 20-foot-by-48 foot BuYards and Docks arctic-type quonsets to provide essential storage, laboratory, and garage space and the installation of a 15,000-gallon bulk diesel fuel storage and distribution system.
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of E. E. Howick and R. N. Rowray to the direct field measurement program and to the tedious task of reducing the numerous field data, and the assistance of A. C. Walker in the design and construction of thermal units and electrode elements. Many unnamed people participated in the field work and encountered much discomfort, particularly during the current survey program; to these hardy individuals the author ofFers his thanks.
MBL/WHOI
D3D1 0040555 CONTENTS page 3 INTRODUCTION
3 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS 3 Direct Observations 8 Electric Potential Measurements
10 SEA WATER TEMPERATURES
15 SEA ICE GROWTH
17 TIDAL MEASUREMENTS
20 CONCLUSIONS
20 RECOAAMENDATIONS
21 APPENDIX: SURFACE CURRENT AND VELOCITY PROFILE DATA
25 REFERENCES
ILLUSTRATIONS page figure
3 ^ Location of current stations, 1 August 1954, in the Eastern Bering Strait
5 2 Average hourly current velocities from profile measurements, 1 August 1954
6 3 Average hourly wind speed and tide range, 1 August 1954, Wales, Alaska 7 4 Cross-section along east-west measurement line from Wales, Alaska 7 5 Average northerly water transport through a 25-mile section of the
Eastern Bering Strait, 1 August 1954 8 6 Schematic of land and sea electrode systems 9 7 Relation between water transport and potential values from sea electrode system 11 8A, SB Sample records showing signal voltages vs time 12 9A-9C Relation between accumulated degree days below 32°F and potential measured between lond silver/silver chloride electrode and earth ground 13 10 Average monthly volume transport through a 25-mile sector of the Eastern Bering Strait, June 1953 to November 1955
13 11 Average monthly sea water temperature, Bering Strait, Wales, Alaska, October 1953 to November 1955 14 12 Daily bottom sea water temperatures, October 1953 through October 1955, Bering Strait, Wales, Alaska 14 13 Comparison of polar pack boundary, early September 1953, 1954, 1955
15 14 January ice conditions. Eastern Bering Strait 16 15 Observed sea ice growth at Wales, Alaska, for 1952-1953 and 1953-1954 17 16 Comparison of ice thickness and accumulated degree days below 29°F for Wales, Alaska 18 17 Offshore tide recording station, Wales, Alaska 19 18 Tide graph and tables for Wales, Alaska, 18 July 1954 through 18 September 1954
TABLES page table
21 1 Surface current observations. Eastern Bering Strait, 1 August 1954
22-24 2 Summary of current velocity profile measurements. Eastern Bering Strait, 1 August 1954 17 3 Summary of monthly degree days below 29°F ot Wales, Alaska, for 1952-53
and 1953-54 ice seasons INTRODUCTION These data have been used to calibrate on electromagnetic system which records potentials gen- One of the primary projects at the Cape Prince erated by tidal-water transport. Average monthly of Wales Field Station, Wales, Alaska, is the con- transport through a 25-mile section of the eastern tinuing and long range study of the volume transport Bering Strait has been computed and is presented of water through the eastern Bering Strait, the water herein together with monthly bottom sea water temperature oscillations throughout the year, the temperatures and tidal data. effect of meteorological phenomena and tides on the A projected, additional report will study the net water transport, and the over-all relation to ice transport on the basis of temperature-density dis- distribution. tribution and will compare the results with the direct The intent is not the evolution of an extensive observations reported herein. ice forecast program, but rather the evaluation of physlcal-oceanographic data in a particular system, the possible extrapolation of these data and proce- CURRENT MEASUREMENTS dures to similar systems in the arctic area, and the direct observations incorporation of pertinent information into existing ice prediction programs. METHOD AND INSTRUMENTATION
Field Station facilities, general measurement On 1 August 1954, in conjunction with the 1954 program and instrumentation have been reported.^ Joint Canadian-U. S. Beaufort Sea Expedition, a
(See list of references at end of report.) This report series of simultaneous current observations were taken covers the measurement period 1953 through 1955 for approximately 14 hours. Seven stations were lo- and summarizes 1954 current measurements con- cated along a 20-nautical-mile line extending due ducted simultaneously from seven anchor positions west from the Cape Prince of Wales Field Station located along a 20-nautical-mile line extending due across the eastern Bering Strait (fig. 1). The 8- and west from Wales, Alaska. 12-mile positions were occupied by the icebreakers.
'SO li^ i> I
DIOMEDE ISLANDS a
3 1 .5 \ RADIO TOWERS, WALES
CAPE PRINCE OF WALES I
Figure 1. Location of current sta-
tions, 1 August 1954, in the Eastern
Bering Strait. USCGC NORTHWIND and USS BURTON ISLAND Prior to 0800 the LCVP at the 5-mile position
(AGB 1). Measurement platforms at the 1.5-, 3.0-, dragged anchor badly and, throughout the measure- 5.0-, 12.0-, and 15.0-mile positions were two LVT- ment period, the boat was subjected to a very severe
3(C)'s, two LCVP's, and one Greenland Cruiser. cross chop and roll. This effect probably accounts
Current profiles were taken at all stations using for the low values prior to 0800. These data have, the biplane (drag) method of Pritchard and Burt.- consequently, been omitted in later transport cal- Metal biplanes with the following characteristics were culations. used in lieu of weighted wooden drags: DISCUSSION OF DATA
Complete surface current observations and ve- Aluminum locity profile data from the seven stations are pre- Drag material (Alclad 24ST) Iron sented in the Appendix, tables 1 and 2, respectively. Cross plane dimensions Average current velocities of 0.3 to 0.5 knot (inches) (zero at the two most seaward stations) were re- Thickness 5/32 1/4 corded from 0200 to 0500. Velocities increased rap- Width 18 18 idly after 0500 at all stations reaching maximum Height 12 12 average values of 1.7, 1.8, 1.8, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.2 Ave. wt. in air (lb) 7.34 30.88 knots, respectively, at the 3-to-20 mile positions. Ave. wt. in sea 4.86 27.04 The data indicate that an area of maximum velocity water (lb) gradient probably exists in the 5-to-12 mile sector. Velocity range 0.23 0.53 All currents were predominantly north-setting, (3° to 45° wire to to except for low velocity values recorded prior to 0500 angle, knots) 0.98 2.33 at the 15- and 20-mile stations. The variation in direction was most pronounced at the 15-mile station,
Wire angles were determined with inclinometers particularly in the surface current observations. From using standard oceanographic observing techniques. 0200 to 0600 the water appeared to be moving Surface currents were determined from drifting slowly in a clockwise eddy from south to north. De- aluminum biplanes submerged 3 feet beneath the crease in velocity with depth determined by sub- sea surface. To minimize wind effects biplane support merged biplanes and checked at the 20-mile station floats were constructed to provide only a slight posi- by an Ekman current meter was slight throughout tive buoyancy. Velocity was calculated from the time the observation period. required for a 200-foot drift of the submerged bi- Average current velocities were calculated by plane. An initial drift of 50 feet was allowed before computing the arithmetic mean for each set of profiles commencing measurement to obviate inertial effects. taken at the anchor stations. These values are pre- Surface currents and velocity profiles from 5 sented graphically in figure 2. to 45 meters were taken at approximately half-hour Average hourly wind speeds and tidal data, intervals. Measurements at the 1.5- and 3.0-mile posi- both measured at the Cape Prince of Wales Station, tions were curtailed early, since increasing seas neces- Wales, Alaska, during the current survey period, are sitated returning to shore the amphibious vehicles shown In figure 3. Comparison of figures 2 and 3 located at these positions. suggests a correlation between current speed, tide,
In addition to surface current observations and and wind. Since current observations did not cover velocity profiles using the biplane method, for com- a complete tidal cycle, positive conclusions cannot parative data a series of velocity measurements were be drawn. Data from the electrode system (presented taken at the 20-mile station using an Ekman current later in this report) show a corresponding early meter. Roll at the 20-mile position probably did not morning increase in water transport during flood exceed 2 feet in amplitude during the measurement tide, but show very little decrease in transport from period. However, even this slight roll will give erro- 1245 to 1700 (during ebb tide). The tide range off neous direction and velocity with the Ekman current Wales is small, generally of the order of 8 inches. meter and must be kept in mind when interpreting The change from low tide at 0445 to high tide at these data. 1245, on 1 August 1954, measured 11.7 inches S O -^^B ^ ^^^= _
z O trt Ei uj O i o
z £ I O 5 i o o ^
g « is
O o
1= " "~ -"-- i o 1 -. ^, 5= <> z ,. O u "^ |e — Z u, g ^ o s ui ® S O '"I ^ \ \ \ \ \ \ \f tS10N>l) a33dS compared to a 2.4-inch change from 1245 to 1700. been calculated for the 1 August 1954 observation It is possible that the wind efFect (average wind period. speed, 21 mph) is sufficient to mask the extremely For transport calculation purposes the 25-mile low tidal range during this period. section was divided into bands of average current Dall^ concluded that the northly current through velocity as indicated in figure 4 (crosses denote an- the Strait is probably chiefly dependent on the tide chor station positions and depths). for its force and direction, while studies in 1949 by The average northerly water transport through Lesser and Pickard^ indicate that the current through a 25-mile section of the eastern Bering Strait is the Bering Strait is not primarily tidal in character, 10^ X cubic meters per second for the period from nor does it have a major tidal component. It is 0200 to 1400 is shown in figure 5. The average maxi- apparent that the relation of tides to the water trans- mum transport value of 1.84 X 10" cubic meters per port through the Bering Strait remains a contradic- second is significantly higher than previous average tory subject, and the problem can be resolved only values for the entire strait of 0.88 computed by by a well coordinated tide and current measurement Sverdrup^ and 1.28 determined as a summer value program which covers sufficient tidal cycles to permit based on oceanographic observations taken in 1949.* a valid analysis. The current data clearly indicate the erroneous Assuming velocity measurements at the 20-mile interpretation which can be drawn from a series of position are valid to 25 nautical miles, the average current measurements taken at varying time intervals volume transport through a 25-mile vertical section and positions in the Bering Strait, and are indicative of the Strait extending due west from the Field of short term fluctuations in current and transport Station (along the measurement line of fig. 1) has which may be encountered. 30 r\ f > k^' r ''syi \ 1 \ / \ / < / V I 20 A 1 0- ••TIDE CYCLE / S ^ \ f o \ > \ / % \ f / z y 1 f^^ / 1 * \ / V '^/ o \ 1 / < 1 S 10 \ / > 1 < \ / \ i / \ 1 / ^ \ 1 i /H- \ / / ^ ' / WIND SPEED ' 1 \/ 0800 1200 1600 2000 BERING STANDARD TIME Figure 3. Averoge hourly wind speed and tide range, 1 August 1954, Wales, Alaska. Figure 4. Cross-section along east-west measurement line from Wales, Alaska. 13.5 10.0 NAUTICAL MILES / t 0600 0800 1000 BERING STANDARD TIME (PLUS I 1 ZONE) Figure 5. Average northerly water transport through a 25-mile section of the Eastern Bering Strait, 1 August 1954. electric potential measurements and electrode construction has been given in refer- ence 1 .) Edge effects of potential gradients extending The possibility of measuring tidally generated inland have been recorded using land electrode potentials in bays and through ocean channels has systems laid perpendicular and parallel to flow. been considered and discussed by numerous investi- Young, Gerrard, and Jevons^ considered the gators/'" The method has been employed in the effect of potential gradients on a set of moored elec- study of mass water transport between Key West and trodes near one shore of a broad channel and Havana, and the average mass transport of the demonstrated that the potential gradient ei where vi Florida Current for the period of August 1952 to is the observed velocity in the experimental area August 1954 has been reported by Wertheim.^'' exhibits the following relation (sea bottom-conduct- ing): Electric potentials were initially measured in the Bering Strait in 1949.*^ Continuation of these studies ei = — Vvi s -j- Csp (electromagnetic units) 1951-1952 yielded only sketchy results, primarily in where because of installation problems associated with V = earth's vertical field (gauss) maintaining electrode-cable systems in an area sub- Vi = water velocity (cm/sec) ject to ocean freezing and ice movement. s = length of water filament (cm) Obviously, the most desirable procedure for C = current density (abamperes/cm-) measuring potentials and for studying their relation p = specific resistance of the water (ohms/cm) to water transport involves installation of electrodes Theoretically, C may have a value as great as on opposite banks of a channel. Since this technique Vvo/p where Vo equals the mean velocity across the cannot be followed in the Bering Strait, electrodes entire channel and the conductivity of the earth bed were bottom-laid, perpendicular to flow, near the is negligible compared to the water. In such an eastern side of the Strait and connected to shore idealized case recording equipment by appropriate signal links (fig. 6). (A complete description of electrode systems ei = — Vvi s + Vvo s SHORE ELECTRODES INLAND ELECTRODE! 7500 FEET PERPENDICULAR, LAND SYSTEM CAA RANGE TOWERS ELECTRODES SHORE Figure 6. Schematic of land and ,^,„ SEA ELECTRODE RESTRICTED ^^, FIELD STATION systems. ANCHORAGE 3100 FEET,' JEA^SYSTJM \ AREA ^^^^^ ^,^^^^5 CAPE PRINCE OF WALES The effect would be to reverse the sign of ei (meas- The relation between hourly potentials from the ured potential) and give the impression that experi- sea electrode system and volume transport for a mental observations disagree even quantitatively 25-mile section of the eastern Bering Strait (calcu- with theory. lated from the 1 August 1954 current measurements) Potentials measured by the electrodes moored is indicated in figure 7. The displacement from zero near shore in the eastern Bering Strait generally in- may be attributed to several possibilities: (1) elec- dicate polarities opposite to that expected from the trode polarization, (2) concentration efFects, (3) earth known direction of water flowing through the system currents, and (4) water motion in the western Bering and would lend experimental support to the con- Strait. Further current studies and comparison with clusion that water motion seaward of a moored elec- simultaneous potential measurements ore required to trode system can have an overriding effect on the determine the constancy of the displacement and to potentials recorded. provide an accurate estimate of cause. Because of the many indeterminate effects con- Using the relation in figure 7, average monthly tributing to the potentials measured at the Field transports through a 25-mile sector of the eastern Station, the electrode system was calibrated from Bering Strait were computed from potentials recorded current survey data and an emperical relationship on the sea electrode system. The potentials were used to convert observed potentials to volume trans- computed by determining a mean value from the port values. 32 y-f 28 /f 24 // ;; 20 •y O > / ^ 16 / < O Z Figure 7. Relation between water trans- A 12 / port and potential values from sea elec- trode system. 8 / 4 /w SOUTH NORTH AVERAGE VOLUME TRANSPORT (CUBIC METERS X TO PER SECOND) 1 daily (0000-2400) voltage records (figs. 8A, 8B) and SEA WATER TEMPERATURES by calculating an arithmetic monthly average from Bottom sea water temperatures in the eastern the daily values. Bering Strait have been measured, 1200 feet offshore A similar evaluation of potentials measured on in 10 feet of water, from October 1953 to November land electrode systems indicates that such systems 1955. Average monthly and daily temperatures for are generally unworkable, at least for this location, this period are presented graphically in figures 11 since tidally generated or "transport" potentials are and 12. obscured by earth currents and large random fluc- More significant data in relation to water trans- tuations in signals during the summer months and port are obtained when the thermal units are laid by variable losses in "pick-up" sensitivity due to the in deeper water at a distance 4 to 6 miles offshore, ground freezing during the v/inter months. The de- where a zone of boundary or transitional flow ap- crease in electrical conductivity between land elec- pears to exist. Data were obtained in this area in trodes is illustrated indirectly by the changes in 1951^ and indicated considerable correlafion with voltages developed between land silver/silver chlo- water movement and wind shifts. The reported meas- ride electrodes and earth grounds as the atmospheric urements, taken near shore in shallow and relatively heat input fluctuates (figs. 9A, 9B, and 9C). The protected waters, obviously reflect atmospheric radia- irregular signal fluctuations are common to both tion and meteorological parameters to a for greater sea and land electrode systems, although more pro- degree than average oceanographic changes and nounced in the land system. The electric potential must be considered in the interpretation. measurements reported by Wertheim^" exhibit com- Ice reconnaissance data summarized in terms of parable fluctuations and have been related to varia- the polar pack ice boundary and reported by the tions in the magnitude and direction of the horizontal U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office'- illustrate the rela- component of the geomagnetic field. tive navigability or severity of ice conditions in the Inspection of the average monthly mass water Chukchi/Beaufort Seas for the years 1953, 1954, and transport for June 1953 through November 1955 1955 and are reproduced in figure 13. From figure 1 (fig. 10) indicates considerable fluctuation throughout it is noted that the average monthly temperatures the year both in volume and in direction. A northerly for August and September 1954 were 2.7°F and transport for August through November ranging from 4.0°F higher than for the same months in 1955. This a minimum of 0.8 to a maximum of 3.1 10'' cubic X leads to speculation on the contribution of water meters per second is characteristic of all three years. transport, if any, to the large recession of ice off The large southerly outflow of water from the the northwestern Alaskan coast and the extreme open Arctic Ocean system in May and June of 1954 (3.8 conditions in the Chukchi Sea during 1954. X lO" cubic meters per second) is somewhat surpris- A contradictory feature arises, if average ing and perhaps contrary to many former opinions, monthly volume transport values are considered to- although continuous measurements which provide evi- gether with the average monthly temperatures. Since dence on the volume and direction of transport the August-September 1955 transport values are indi- through the Strait are extremely meager. It is un- cated to be approximately twice the volume for the fortunate that comparative data for the same period same months in 1954, the total theoretical amount in 1953 and 1955 are unavailable. of available "oceanic" heat above 29°F for these The reader is cautioned as to the accuracy of two months is only about 50 per cent and 70 per cent the mass transport data. Until further potential meas- as great as for August and September 1955. Thus, it urements and current calibrations have been con- might be reasoned that the water contribution to ice ducted, the data presented in flgure 10 must be disintegration is slight or negligible. considered tentative. It is obvious that a shift in the From the preceding data it is apparent that a empirical calibration curve (fig. 7) could cause appre- complete heat budget study which considers all perti- ciable changes in transport values calculated from nent oceanographic and meteorological parameters the average monthly potentials. in relation to ice growth, dissipation, and movement 10 s s q. a 11 -" "^ r~ c /^ K \ \ V ^ *fc_ ^ \ \ \ \ \V \ ^^^fc^ N •^^^^ __ ^^* > 1.2 0.8 I.O 1.2 ELECTRODE GROUND VOLTAGE (VOLTS) NORMAL VOLTAGE FOR SEA ELECTRODES M AND FOR LAND ELECTRODES DURING SUMMER PERIOD Figure 9. Relation between accumulated degree days belo 32 °F and potential measured between land silver/silver chloride electrode and earth ground. A. Period 17 October 1952 to 1 August 1953. B. Period 22 October 1953 to 1 August 1954. C. Period 7 October 1954 to 1 August 1955. 12 Figure 10. Average monthly volume transport through a 25-mIle sector of the Eastern Bering Strait, June 1953 to November 1955. 50 48 46 1\ 1 / / I ' 42 ' 1 \'i i:4o \ I 4 38 / \ / \ a. 1 S36 f I 34 i I \ 1 32 / \ / / > L / T s / 30 \ ^ ^ f S - -' *-> FMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1953 1954 1955 Figure 11. Average monthly sea water temperature, Bering Strait, Wales, Alaska, October 1953 to November 1955. 13 > 7 i: ^^ii'. ^i3 a. o 15: ^^r : ^2 <^& ^J /^ A ;' T ?^ ir^ " 5 2^ ^^fe^ i\ QNVISI S>INV9 ' ~^— \ 1 \ " ^^:lX y ^S- \ i 2 1|N ^ 8 VV^:5 sss tf ISLAND HERSCHEL 1 r L III J' ~fl 3 ^" a. D. a. * ^k p.. il ^^ T" ! i (JJ 3)iniVll3dW31 14 must be made before consistent "behavior" or pre- uniform, with growth of the solid state continuing dirtion formulas can be developed. In order to un- until the later part of April to early May. The heat ravel and to assign quantitative values to each factor budget then reverses with the break-up progressing or even realistically to group efFects contributing to rapidly throughout late May and the first two weeks the ice regime, if may well be necessary to extend of June. By July the area is free of fast and drift ice measurement stations to several strategic points within except for a few scattered growlers. the system. A minimum requirement for evaluation of The land-fast ice sheet is variable in width from the Bering Strait/Chukchi Sea system appears to be 1 to V2 mile, with the sea ice beyond the fast ice coordinated oceanographic measurements from Wales in continual motion throughout the winter season. and from a northern station located at Point Hope Typical ice conditions during January in the eastern or Cape Lisburne. Bering Strait are illustrated in figure 14. The rate of growth of sea ice was measured in the fast ice at a point V2 mile offshore during the SEA ICE GROWTH 1952-1953 and the 1953-1954 ice seasons. Thickness The first slush ice formation off Wales, Alaska, was determined by drilling 1 '/2-inch holes with an appears from mid-October to mid-November with auger-type corer and measuring the sheet with a variable states of slush-pancake-young ice and open calibrated rod constructed with a spring-loaded arm water combinations existing until the first or second designed to project against the underside of the ice week of December when ice accretion becomes more upon release from the boundaries of the drill hole. ""Sr-^ 'o^^ymm^ Figure 14. Area between Wales and Diomede Islands illustrating January ice conditions. Fast ice is the dark portion in the lower part of the photograph. All light ice moving north. 15 The increase in ice thickness with time is shown in figure 15. ^ S i Discontinuities exist at the beginning of each u° season, caused in 1952 by the destruction of the fast ice sheet and in 1953 by the influx of drift ice which remained and developed as the permanent fast ice sheet. Prior to the destruction of the ice on 5 January B 1 1953 by high winds and above freezing temperatures, / 2 an estimated thickness of 14 to 18 inches had been IP / — Bo — attained. The break-up of the fast ice on 29 May may be 9! z indicative of the mild ice conditions experienced off - < the northern and northwestern Alaskan coast during 1 the summer of 1954 and is approximately two weeks earlier than the average observed time for the 5-year 1 period from 1951 to 1955. I A comparison of ice thickness and accumulated degree days below 29°F is given in figure 16. For each season, degree days are calculated starting \ with the dote the first slush ice was observed. The V . average daily temperature is computed as the mean \\ of the maximum and minimum air temperature re- corded at Wales. Based on the Field Station weather observations, the meteorological factors of cloud w'0 cover, wind speed, and humidity and the insulating j'z S effect of snow cover on rate of ice growth are gen- ^ erally comparable for the two ice seasons considered l\ here. The snow cover on the ice did not exceed 4 \\ inches throughout the measurement periods. Minor V V mS w» i; h- irregularities in the comparison of degree days and \ ice thickness are expected, due to the limited tem- Y perature data and to the method of calculating aver- \ T age daily temperatures. The discontinuities during the initial formation \ s. of the fast ice should be kept in mind, since these have a definite bearing on the slope of the ice N V formation curve and no doubt account for much of the divergence during early stages of growth. Com- z '- B parable rates of growth are indicative for both zi3 I seasons after an ice thickness of 31.5 inches was is reached. B i The complexity of the variables affecting the §3" 1- ice growth rate is recognized and field studies are now in progress to obtain more complete meteor- i ological, oceanographic, and temperature profile (air-ice-water) data. These observations will be an- X alyzed in greater detail than the preceding data and the observed ice growth compared with the- ' oretical values computed by various methods dis- cussed and summarized by Calaway.*^ (S3H3NI> SS3N>1DIH1 331 16 F The number of degree days below 29°F in each TIDAL MEASUREMENTS month, October through May, for the approximate 1952-53 and 1953-54 ice seasons is summarized in table 3. A secondary type tide station was erected in TABLE 3. Summary of monthly degree days below the surf area off Wales, Alaska, during the summer 29°F at Wales, Alaska, for 1952-1953 and 1953- of 1954 and a series of tide observations taken for 1954 ice seasons. a period of 9 weeks from 19 July to 18 September. Observations were conducted primarily to assist in Degree Days Degree Days the evaluation of a hydraulic system for measuring Month Year Below 29° Year Below 29° F fluid transfer from off-shore points and to provide October 1952 — 77* 1953 4 simultaneous tide data in conjunction with electro- November 1952 198 1953 276 magnetic transport measurements. December 1952 649 1953 964 Tidal cycles were measured with January 1953 996 1954 918 a Type 5-FW-1, February 1953 1079 1954 1134 Instrument Corporation, "portable automatic water March 1953 1104 1954 710 level recorder." The instrument utilizes a conven- April 1953 488 1954 322 tional type 4-inch-diameter float and counterpoise May 1953 52 1954 -148* weight attached to a steel tape riding over a 12-inch Total 4489 4180 circumference pen drive wheel. The 5-inch-by-14.5 inch curvilinear chart is cylindrically * Minus value indicates degree days obove 29°F. mounted with rate of advance controlled by an 8-day spring-wound Total degree days for the 1953-54 period are clock. approximately 7 per cent less than for the previous The recording insturment was mounted atop a year. Tiie relatively rapid atmospheric warming and 5-inch-diameter-by-1 2-foot iron float well with the the mild air temperatures in the spring of 1954 are counterpoise weight riding in an adjacent 2-inch- reflected in the lower degree day totals for March diameter tube. The wells were supported inside a and April and in the number of degree days above 10-foot tripod, constructed from %-by-3-by-3-inch 29°F for May. The significance of these data and the angle iron, with a 50-inch base leg spread. The predictable effect, if any, in relation to break-up tripod was located approximately 300 feet off shore require further study. and secured in position with four 1 0O-foot-5/32-inch -ICE SEASON, 1952-1953 -ICE SEASON, 1953-1954 .- ? ^^ y 0/ /o/ / r Figure 16. Comparison of ice thickness and accumulated degr ,^ y days below 29°F for V/ales, Aloska. o' J> I 1 5 2 2 5 3 3 5 4 4 5 SO ICE THICKNESS (INCHES) 17 guy lines running from the upper corners of the reading errors for the time of high and low tides is tripod to 100-pound danforth type anchors (fig. 17). of the order of 10 minutes and for tide heights is In spite of moderately heavy surf action, considerable plus or minus 0.2 inch. success was achieved in maintaining the equipment in A complete analysis correcting for winds, bar- continuous operation. Following one south storm it ometric conditions, and other factors effecting tide was necessary to relevel the float well and tripod; changes has not been made; however, the following however, the procedure is generally applicable to predominate features are noted from inspection of making short term tide studies in remote and un- the tidal data. The tides off Wales exhibit consider- protected acreos where a more permanent installation able diurnal inequality while the average period is impractical or unwarranted. indicates that the partial tide force is "principal Tidal measurements ore summarized in figure lunar" with the occurrence of high and low waters 18. The height of water given in inches is based on normally characterized by a semidiurnal variation. actual staff readings with zero representing the Range between successive maxima and minima ocean floor at the tide stand. A permanent inshore are small, averaging 8 inches during the 9-week bench mark has been established which will permit observation period and ranging from a minimum correlating future observations. All times listed are value of 0.2 inch to a maximum of 18 inches. Strong Bering Standard. The graphic presentation indicates local winds and storms over the Bering Sea/Bering the character of the tidal cycles measured. Strait tend to deform the tidal curve, depressing or A stage height ratio of 5 inches of chart equal enlarging the oscillations and the daily tidal periods. to 60 inches of water and a time scale of approxi- A maximum variation in sea level from low low water mately 1 millimeter equal to 30 minutes were the to high high water of 51 inches was observed during instrument recording chart coordinates. The estimated the July-September recording period. Figure 17. Offshore tide recording station, Wales, Alaska. 18 — SC£ Jc£CS CEC( r (INI TIME HT(IN) DATE TIME HT (INI TIME I | I JUIT 1954 0345 30.7 0900 22.6 630 39. 2300 29.4 0500 33. 1130 27.9 1 I AJvMVwM^ 200 17, 815 36.: 2300 27.9 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0030 23.9 0600 36.: Or ] 1 1 [ 1 1 300 25.1 1830 41.1 [ 0615 43. 930 36.1 0130 22.3 0845 25.? 445 28. 2200 30.1 0240 29. 15 32.1 1630 26.9 0330 23. 1630 24.2 AUGUST 1954 0330 15.C 1715 19 0445 13. 315 38 1840 31 1700 15.< 2345 39 0530 310 35 0630 26. 1745 2000 0620 19.2 ^r\/> '^'^^ 0050 33 0710 20. 1845 25.3 ^/\ /\ f\ ^ ^\ 10 30. 1950 20 0800 \ A/\ 0200 30 0720 26. 1930 19. /\ 430 35 2020 27 0800 25.6 ^\A L -<^ ^ \^SJ 0240 33 0850 22 ) 30.8 410 28. 2110 18. 0930 26.6 0400 25 0710 23 2215 26.7 41 17 18 20 21 630 0900 25.5 0350 1050 30 615 35 2310 27 1100 39.: 0600 37. 1300 31 2315 43.5 900 35. 1315 40.; 0030 31 1230 31 0000 38.-: — 2315 25 2000 1400 39.6 ;^WV^^^ 1145 24 0730 0300 34. 2045 1630 26.' 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 0015 23.7 0400 OUT OUT 1600 0230 25.8 A/^^Vvl/^^^ 2015 27. 1500 21.0 /^ 1000 21 0245 0430 20.9 2145 22. 1645 17. 1700 31.1 'V/,v Av ^V 0720 28.4 fu^N/' V>'"*-'V.V SEPTEMBER 1954 29 30 31 SEPTEMBER 1954 6 7 8 10 5 37 0630 33 0330 2215 37 2200 28.7 1400 20.6 0230 39. 0845 31 130 24. 0530 20.1 430 35. 2020 30 2300 26.6 0110 31 0845 22 1300 34.7 y ^^y^ 500 27 2030 24 1730 32.9 0330 30 0830 29. 0700 30.5 ^ k 400 30 1820 28.6 / > •^ 0300 19 rs^ 730 20 2130 19 ^w. 0430 24 1045 21 0015 26.7 825 27 2230 25 1245 27. V- 1000 28. 0100 20.4 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2145 43 1400 11.E 2030 47.2 /^ 0800 51.4 Vv 1900 sX OUT Sm^^ Vv/ OUT y^V^ ^^A. 0841 23.6 V 2030 19.7 SUN MON TUES WED THURS FRI SAT Figure 18. Tide graph and tables for Wales, Alaska, 18 Jul/ 1954 through 18 September 1954. 19 CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Average mass water transport through the eastern Bering Strait exhibits considerable fluctua- 1. Extend and make simultaneous oceano- tion throughout the year both in volume and direc- graphic and meteorological measurements essential tion. to a detailed analysis of the sea-ice-heat-budget 2. A northerly volume transport varying from regime. 0.8 to 3.1 10'" cubic meters per second appears X 2. Continue measurement of average water characteristic of the period August through No- transport through the Bering Strait by the electro- vember. magnetic method and conduct independent water 3. An area of maximum current velocities is velocity measurements for correlation with transport indicated in the 8-to-12-mile section of the eastern data. Bering Strait. 4. Potentials measured v/ith short sea electrode 3. Conduct daily sea-water temperature meas- systems can be correlated with mass water transport, urements from strategic points along the northwestern while land electrode systems appear generally un- Alaskan coast as on aid to the study of temperature/ workable for the Cape Prince of Wales area. transport discrepancies. 5. Bottom sea water temperatures in the eastern 4. Conduct sonar studies in respect to the effect Bering Strait attain maximum average values of 45°F of ice coverage and movement on ambient noise to 49° F by late August and reflect north-south shifts and passive detection ranges. in wind direction and water transport. 6. Omitting initial freeze-up discontinuities, the 5. Study and relate tide and wind contribution logarithm of accumulated degree days below 29°F to water transport through the Bering Strait. exhibits essentially a linear relationship with fast 6. Obtain data on the variation of the hori- ice accretion at Wales, Alaska. zontal component of the earth's magnetic field and 7. Average total ice growth at Wales is 46 the contribution to the fluctuations present in the to 48 inches, with first slush ice formed late October water-transport-generated signal potentials. to early November and fast ice break-up normally completed by mid June. 7. Conduct laboratory experiments to simulate 8. Tides off Wales are semi-diurnal in varia- the effect of varying current speeds and direction tion, with ranges between high and low water during on electrical potentials generated by simultaneous the summer months averaging less than 12 inches. irregular flow conditions across the Bering Strait. 20 APPENDIX: SURFACE CURRENT AND VELOCITY PROFILE DATA TABLE 1. Surfac urrent observations, eastern Bering Strait, 1 August 1954. Position Current Position Current | In. m. due Time Dir. Speed {n. m. due Time Dir. Speed (.est line) (BST*) (to) (kt) west line) (BST*) (to) (kt) LVT-3(C) No. 1 0730 N 1.43 0801 N 1.48 1.5 0230 W 0.49 0830 1.40 0310 WNW 0.20 N 0345 NW 0.17 0901 N 1.32 0930 N 1.32 LVT-3(C) No. 2 1002 N 1.48 1030 N 1.53 3.0 0250 NW 0.53 1100 N 1.60 0300 NW 0.52 N 1.11 0337 NNW 0.47 1130 1200 N 1.07 0445 NNW 0.48 1230 N 1.25 0535 NW 0.56 1307 N 1.62 0610 N 1.13 1330 N 1.83 0620 N 1.40 1400 N 1.56 0705 N 1.69 USS BURTON ISIAN D LCVP USCGC NORTHWIND GREENLAND CRUIS R 320° 5.0 0300 0.20 15.0 0205 180° 0.15 0330 320 0.22 0240 180 0.11 0.24 0400 320 0305 195 0.11 0430 350 0.31 0325 195 0.14 0500 340 0.21 0405 200 0.14 0530 340 0.19 0435 250 0.14 0600" 340 0.17 — 0500 260 0.16 0630" Vor. 0540 305 0.36 0700" 150 0.11 0605 335 0.55 LCVP recoiled, new crew sen) out. 0630 335 0.83 Boot reonchored 3 miles north of 0700 355 1.13 1.13 first position. 0730 355 0800 000 1.52 0950 000 2.37 0830 000 1.50 1110 000 2.42 0900 000 1.52 0930 000 1.48 USCGC NORTHWIND 1005 350 1.25 8.0 — 341° 0.S8 1040 350 1.13 0658 337 0.94 1115 350 0.87 0922 015 1.04 1145 350 0.99 0942 015 0.93 1200 350 0.69 0945 005 1.20 1235 350 0.78 1009 359 1.15 1300 350 1.03 1030 012 1.22 1042 001 1.18 USS BURTON ISLA^ D 1102 015 1.40 20.0 0200 — 0.0 1118 005 1.27 0230 — 0.0 1133 010 1.45 0300 — 0.0 1148 010 1.36 0330 110° 0.32 1202 008 1.48 0400 115 0.26 1219 007 1.35 0430 116 0.29 1234 012 1.41 0500 074 0.19 1247 009 1.46 0530 010 0.31 1300 003 1.43 0600 010 0.40 0630 010 0.44 USS BURTON ISLAND LCVP 0700 009 0.43 12.0 0200 N 0.25 0730 009 0.76 0230 N 0.34 0800 015 0.80 0300 N 0.32 0830 013 0.85 0330 N 0.49 0900 010 1.01 0400 N 0.34 0930 012 1.06 0430 N 0.59 lOOO 023 0.94 0500 N 0.88 1030 021 0.98 0530 N 1.22 1100 026 0.95 0600 N 1.33 1130 024 1.01 0634 N 1.29 1200 032 0.95 0705 N 1.39 1230 035 0.95 ** ^ Bering Standard Tin LCVP dragging < highly questionable. 21 .95 » 1.70 1.88 1.91 1.66 1 1.88 1205 000° "5 i- 000 000 000 000 000 -a "n K »o o» -o K CO IV IV >0 IV IV a ^ O; r.. -O lO -O IS. 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O.O.O. o.-- 0. — — Is. cs n •0 — CO m eo sfstio loioio 10"0 0. 10 n lo m n CN z z Z > > r " p -D c m 1 Q. 1 i! .0 "-'en-oo.ocNioooo.-o .2 ^'co-ooioooio 3 .9 ^^OstOOO-*'0000«0'OIVCO 3 _ 1 E 0- P u u 22 •- *- «- N. » -t 1.84 *9 K » a ^ 1.55 1.44 c 1.44 1.59 1.84 0935 u 013° si 013 013 013 013 013 z z z z z z -D Os o r-s -o en o lo N; IS. -q >o t«. Dl -^ o '" o i o o O O O JO il 5 o o 5 o 5 z z z z z z — » CO o n o - — r^ CO -o — rs. 1 ^ O; rs rs. CO O; a ^ q c to 0) t 3 i >n ^ ,0 ^0 -0 >0 1 s ssss 0000 z z z z z z •- M ^ IS. hs. cs CO rs tN (s r^ 00 rS; ^O hs IS. IS; ts »0 CO 00 CO <> q Q. ^ 2 c 2 Bs ^ ^-^00 d o s to sl 0000 z z z z z Z CO CO •- - 'O 10 CO ts o> >o » CO *0 10 CO O; WJ « q -o IS. - -o ^ 00 "^ -O CO IS. rs CN n 00 00 IS; rs. -o 10 rs a ^ ? 5 5 B rs ^ do d o 5 ^^ S n n n 0000 § Z Z Z Z •o c^ 00 CO n IS. .- .0 to ^ '* IS; -^ CO 3 -o o^ "9 'O ^ "O ^ B 1 5 5 : 5 d do d c J- 10 « 3 at ° o i 5 ooooooo o 5 ooooooo ^ i i ills g z z ? Z 3 z z z t > p t s t s 1 -D J C CD C CQ .2 ^^OIOOIOOOOIOOOO "3 ^-'o«nOioooo»oeoo 3 .0 ~^o«oooioo 3 5 ° 1 5 1 1 II i 1 (J 23 ' •D in CO in 0. CO 00 to m * ^ O; o. °". O; o •^ C3 CO " e<< Ok 0. 0. q Q. tC- d d d c (/> O "o Ok 3 o Ui °g M CK< e>< CM c^ 3 ^ g O o Z Z z Z o o o _o 8 ~5 "g ^ PI n in hs tN (> lO CN IV m en ^ »— 0} t; r- « "1 »o ^ in q e •tJ c< tv o^ -^ -a o ^ K >o 00 ^ n 0. cH h^ ^ '^ '^. Q. :3- - - -^ -^ -^ -^ o o o o '^ -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i O "" o m CK ^ u o o " "m m m « >o >o •0 3 :^ in ] 1 Z z z z z z 1 m n CO CO 0000 -D ~r~ ^ Ok r»» o. CO Ok 00 rs ^ Ok cs CO n -» -»»• IN. ^ ^ ^ «T CN a> O; Ok Q. :3 o o o o o ,-1 .-I c t-^ 1-^ 1-^ d ^ ^ ^ d d w^ d d d o ^in o CM 3 s o o ^, u w 5 S S is S -J !o in m m m «j CO eo eo CO CO Q :^ in 5 Ok " 1 Z z z z z z 1 s C-5 " s 0000 3 3 3 3 z z z z 0) d) z D> 19 > >S" q o s q ri d d 1 -D — X "D CS 1 CN X -0 — 1 -D H- '^ 1 £ c c CO c CO a c a c 4> ^^ ^-' ~-' "-' Q. ~ o •o o o in o -r .2 o o o "5 ,o o O o o .2 in in m in 3 .9 >n w> in in o — M CN » 8 -^ -^ "^ *g 5 "5 "0 Q ^ E *o o E "o E g e E i£ P 24 REFERENCES and Waves" Pbilosopbicat Magazine Series 6, vol. 40, no. 235, July 1920, pp. 149-159. }. G. L. Bloom Facilities and Measurement Program at Wales, M. S. Louguet-Higgins "The Electrical and Magnetic Effects Alaslca (Navy Electronics Laboratory, Report 445) 20 May of Tidal Streams" Royal Astronomical Society of London. 1954 (CONFIDENTIAL). Monthly Notices. Geophysical Supplement vol. 5, no. 8, 2. D. W. Pritchard and W. V. Burt "An Inexpensive and Rapid March 1949, pp. 285-307. Technique for Obtaining Current Profiles in Estuarine W. V. R. Malkus and M. E. Stern "Determination of Trans- Waters" Journal of Marine Research vol. 10, no. 2, 1951, ports and Velocities by Electromagnetic Effects" Journal of pp. 180-189. Marine Research vol. 11, no. 2, 1952, pp. 97-105. 3. W. H. Dall The Currents and Temperatures of Bering Seo G. K. Wertheim Studies of the Electric Potential Between and the Adjacent Waters (Coast and Geodetic Survey, Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba, Number 2 (Woods Superintendent's Annual Report, 1880, Appendix 16, pp. Hole Oceonographic Institution, Reference 54-68) Septem- 297-340). ber 1954. R. M. Lesser and G. L. Pickard Oceonogropfiic Cruise to the G. L. Pickard and W. K. Lyon Project Aleutians: Attempted Bering and Chukchi Seas, Summer 1949; Part //; Currents Electromagnetic Measurement of Sea Currents in the Bering (Novy Electronics Laboratory, Report 211) 24 October 1949 Strait (Canada. Pacific Oceonographic Group) 28 November (CONFIDENTIAL). 1949 (CONFIDENTIAL). 5. H. U. Sverdrup The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and Hydrographic Office, H. O. Miscellaneous 16,366 U.S. Navy General Biology Prentice-Hall, 1942. Hydrographic Office Report on Project 572 December 1955 6. M. Faraday "Experimental Researches in Electricity" Royal (CONFIDENTIAL). Society of London. Philosophical Transactions vol. 122, 1832, E. B. Callaway An Analysis of Environmental Factors Affect- pp. 125-162. ing Ice Growth (Hydrographic Office, Technical Report F. B, Young ef al. "On Electrical Disturbances Due to Tides TR-7) September 1954. 25 OS O 55 O £ ' "5 i -5 S »5 % - ^ 2 -St ->*^s? 6 « ; — u 2 = H ^^ 1- "" 0) i S E 0) ^ E S;^"? E a:£ "" OSo z . s ^l-^l s« S 6 i- 5i ° .y -§ d .^ -g, u < 1!^ oS^ So^ Si o X- U :usS o -S i .E o = r= = ^ ? z u. ? ? £ !t -^ Ooc 5 m :^ = S Q- O « o ^ Q. >— u ?. ^ 2 §_-? u d 3 1 a lO z < z < '.u^^S.i < E o m Q z o: ujS o . 6 c -° .r £ o 3 Z < 1^ isi°2 lO to ' ' * o _ -. E * .2 < - '^ < z ::- lis *5 '^ zS£z QC OS < °= O' = . = . ^ 5 3 <5 > (One copy to each addressee unless otherwise specified) Chief, Bureau of Ships (Code 312) (12 copies) Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, U. S. Army (Document Iniversity of California, Director, Scripps Institution Chief, Bureau of Ordnance (Re6) (Ad3) (2) Library Branch) (3) of Oceanography (Library), LaJollo, California Chief, Bureau of Aeronautics (TD-414) Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army (Engineer Research he Johns Hopkins University, Director, Chesapeake Chief of Naval Operations (Op-37) (2) and Development Division, Field Engineering Boy Institute (Library), Annapolis, Maryland Chief of Naval Research Branch) \assachusetts Institute of Technology (Code 416) (Code 466) The Quartermaster General, U. S. Army (Research Director, Acoustics Laboratory (John A. Kessler) Commander in Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet ond Development Division, CBR Liaison Officer) Iniversity of Miami, Director, Marine Laboratory Commander in Chief, U. S. Allan " Commanding General, Redstone Arsenal Iniversity of Southern California, Department of Commander Operation opment Force, U. S. (Technical Library) Geology (K. O. Emery) Atlantic Fleet Commanding Officer, Transportation Research and vgriculturai and Mechanical College of Texas, Head, nder, U. S. Nov lopment Center Development Command (TCRAD-TO-l) Deportment of Oceanography (Dr. D. F. Leipper) (Library) Chief, Army Field Forces (ATDEV-8) he University of Texas U. S. Naval Air Mi le Test Center Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Director, Defense Research Laboratory Engineers, U. S. Army Iniversity of Washington, Department of Oceanog- Commander, Air Defense Command raphy (Dr. R. H. Fleming, Executive Officer) ande (Office of Operations Analysis, John J. Crowley) (Fisheries-Oceanography Library) (Library) (2) Commander, Air University (Air University Library, Yale Unr ity ommander, U. S. vlaval Ordn Test Stati< CR-5028) Director, Bingham Oceonogrophic Laboratory (Pasadena Anne Library) Commander, Strategic Air Command Director, Lament Geological Observatory (M. Ewl nanding OfRo ' and Director, David Taylor (Operations Analysis) The Director, Woods Hole Oceanographic Instituti Model Bas'in (Library) (2) Commander, Air Force Armament Center (ACGL) Vitro Corporation of America, Silver Spring Commanding Officer and Director, U. S. Navy Commonder, Air Force Cambridge Research Center Laborotory (Library) Underwater Sound Laboratory (Code 1450) (3) (CRQST-2) Director, U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Executive Secretary (John S. Coleman), Committee Station (Library) on Undersea Warfare, National Research Council VIA BUREAU OF SHIPS: Director, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory (Code Commandant, U. S. Coast Guard (Aerology and 2021) (2) Oceanography Section) Director, U. S. Navy Underwater Sound Reference Commander, International Ice Patrol, Laboratory (Library) U. S. Coast Guard Commanding OfRcer, Office of Naval Research, Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Pasadena Branch U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Oceanic Hydrogropher, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office (1) Fishery Investigations (Library), Honolulu (Air Weather Service Liaison OflRce) (1) U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, La Jolla, California (Division of Oceanography) (1) (Dr. E. H. Ahlstrom) Senior Navy Liaison Officer, U. S. Navy Electronics (South Pacific Fishery Investigations, John C. Marr) Liaison Office Brown University, Director, Research Analysis Group Superintendent, U. S. Naval Postgraduate School University of California, Director, Marine Physical (Library) (2) Laboratory, San Diego, California Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Development) (Technical Library Branch) NAVY-NEL San Diego, Calif. bo