Number 4 NOVEMBER 1984

NKOMATI UPDATE POPULATION AND ARMY Mozambique and South Africa signed with the Accord and security of the a non-agression agreement on March Cahora Bassa hydro-electric 16, 1984 at a place on the border of their transmission lines . A permanent sub- UNITE two countries called Nkomati. commission was recommended to deal Since that time MNR activities in the with questions related to common Central provinces have been brought borders. AS TERRORIST under control by the Mozambican army, In other meetings with South Africans, although not completely eliminated. Mozambican Minister in the Presidency ACTIVITIES According to the military commander of for Economic Affairs Jacinto Veloso, Inhambane province the MNR bandits who spear-headed initial pre-Accord INTENSIFY "have no bases left" in that province. discussions led a delegation in meetings During the last two months the army at Capetown on May 16 . These meetings IN MAPUTO captured the last significant bandit base. were described as routine meetings to Since June, 13 MNR bases have been appraise the level of compliance . The captured in inhambane. South African counterpart at the After the signing of the Nkomati In August it was announced that a vital meeting was foreign Minister Roelof Accord, Mozambican officials noted rail link serving cities in three provinces Botha . Veloso was also received by several changes in the patterns of . The new in the north and central area had been Prime Minister P .W . Botha. attacks by the armed bandit's reopened . The line which was On June 30, South African Foreign objective, the Mozambicans noted, previously closed for a long period due Minister R.F. Botha was seen by appeared to be for the bandits to keep to MNR activity can now carry food and President Samora Machel in Maputo. themselves in the news as much as clothing to villages along the route as The Mozambican and South African possible with minimum cost to well as pick up sugar and limestone delegations are said to have discussed themselves in terms of lives and produced in the area. matters related to the security situation ammunition . While the military situation The number of bandits still operating and economic relations. improved considerably in some in the southern province of Gaza was On July 18, the Mozambique-South provinces, MNR actions increased termed `insignificant ' by that province 's Africa Joint Security Commission held dramatically in Maputo Province. military commander . Roads which were its fifth session since the Accord in The Armed Forces announced that in once only possible to travel in military Maputo. The Commission publicly battles throughout the country in the convoy are now traveled freely, making concluded that although the situation first six months of this year, more than it possible for food produced in those following the Accord was satisfactory, 1,200 bandits were killed, 340 were areas to reach Maputo markets. that further progress was needed. captured, 93 MNR camps were However, Maputo province has now During August a series of meetings destroyed and approximately 10,000 become the new theater of intense MNR took place between Mozambican and people who had been kidnapped by the . During the same activity . Since Nkomati, attack tactics as South African representatives where MNR were released well as locations have changed . Before security was the number one item on the period, more than 289 bandits turned . In September, more than the accord was signed, attacks in the agenda . On August 13, Minister Veloso themselves in North were frequently raids of large was in Pretoria to deliver an undisclosed 4,000 people were released in military groups on isolated villages or sabotage message to the South African Prime operations in one Sofala district alone. against economic targets . Attacks in the Minister from Mozambique 's President As the MNR activities have increased south since the agreement have often Machel. in Maputo Province, the districts that consisted of small groups of MNR Decisive steps, it was later make up that province have each had to bandits terrorizing those living near or in announced, would be taken "within the find new tactics to strengthen the 's populations. small towns. next few weeks" towards a solution of security of each district The Army in Maputo Province now In May, two meetings of the the security problem in Mozambique . By works closely with the population and Mozambique-South Africa Joint this time it was known that Mozambique Security Commission were held . One was distrubed at the continuing MNR visa versa to accomplish the difficult (actually meeting number 3) took place activity which suggested that not task of eliminating the MNR once and in Maputo on May 11 and 12 and another enough was being done by the South forever. was held on May 25 in Pretoria . The Africans to curb MNR activities and that What follows are reports from three of s ten districts Mozambican delegation is chaired by certain forces inside South Africa still Maputo Province ' Deputy Minister of Defense, Colonel maintained links with the armed bands describing how the Army and the Sergio Vieira . General Johann Coetzee inside Mozambique and with the groups population have responded to the . These three are leads the South African delegation. in Portugal who openly work in support escalation in terrorism representative of the ten and we believe Issues taken up at the meetings of the MNR. (continued from page 4) included each country 's compliance (continued on page 2) 1 NKOMATI UPDATE to cover those Mozambicans Mozambique . South Africa's media connected with the MNR inside the stance is similar to that of an arsonist (continued from page 1) country as well as any Mozambicans patting himself on the back for putting In August, the South African Foreign who may have been outside the out a fire he himself started. Minister denied that this was the case, country at the time of the signing. Statements made later by Evo adding that if there is evidence to Mozambican officials are said to be Fernandes, the proclaimed Secretary indicate that is the case, the South talking to several countries, including General of the MNR claimed the conflict African government will not hesitate to South Africa, about possible material would "continue and may escalate " and act firmly in terms of the spirit and letter assistance to resettle and integrate that recognizing Samora Machel as the of the Nkomati Accord ." those affected by an amnesty. leader of the government was "merely a On September 27, Minister Veloso 3. South Africa was solicited to play a recognision of a current fact" and does speaking with reporters before role in the implementation of the not limit the MNR's political demands in departing for the most recent talks declaration and a commission will be the future. stated that "six months after the formed to put into practice the The MNR has "won " no concessions Nkomati Accord there have still been no declaration . The first two points form in its long and bloody reign of terror in practical results and the violence has the basis of the work. Mozambique and the Mozambican continued ." He went on to declare that 4. The South African government government has no interest in or reason the continuing rebel activities could publicly agreed to an active to negotiate with the MNR . Minister of "sqriously endanger" the Accord. participation in the implementation Information Cabaco, speaking at a Officials in Mozambique believed that of the Nkomati Accord in unison with recent Washington seminar on the South African , military was the spirit of the Accord . This does not information stated, "It would never enter continuing to resupply MNR insurgents mean however that South African the mind of any minister that there was and that South African intelligence may troops will necessarily be moving to the possibility of sharing power with have been using some Portuguese take up positions inside Mozambique terrorists whose role has been to rob, import-export firms for this purpose. as suggested by the South African mutilate and murder Mozambicans on They also contented that South African Minister . According to Minister behalf of foreign interests ." agents were providing arms to the MNR Veloso the subject of South African Evo Fernades' comments strongly through Malawi. troops in Mozambique was not suggest that there is tension and After intense meetings between the discussed. contradictions between the master and Mozambicans and South Africans Botha concluded the reading of the his creation . It remains to be seen what beginning on September 27, a four point declaration in Pretoria, where he was recourse South Africa will take to declaration was read by the South joined by representatives of the MNR as dismantle the MNR. African Foreign Minister on October 3. well as the Mozambican delegation, be In a press conference following the The declaration which obliges South emphasizing that the period which October 3 declaration Minister Veloso Africa to take a firmer hand in dealing follows will be difficult and full of left no doubt about the continuing with continuing violations of the Accord danger. importance of Mozambican army came about after Mozambique For the world press, South Africa tried actions against the MNR . The bandits he threatened to cancel the Accord if South to use the occasion to play the part of declared, would lay down their arms Africa did not take immediate actions to peacemaker between two hostile either through their "own decision, curb MNR activities. warring factions, while all evidence when fac6d with the unavoidable facts" The declaration was presented by the shows clearly that the `war' owes its very or "because we neutralize them South Africans after separate meetings existence to the South African completely in action on the ground ." between the Mozambican and South government's attempt to destablize African delegations and between the South Africans and MNR representa- tives . At no time did the Mozambican delegation, led by Veloso, and the MNR representatives meet or negotiate. THE ACCORD WHOSE IDEA The Four Points as presented by the South African Foreign Minister are: Since the Nkomati Accord was which followed the Mozambican 1. Representatives of the MNR finalized, there has been much explusion of C .I.A . agents working at the recognized the authority of the speculation about whose idea the U .S . Embassy . The Mozambicans Mozambican state and agreed to a Accord actually was. Some believe that arrived at the decision to approach its cease-fire of violent acts within the militarily superior South Africans arch enemy after a difficult but detailed Mozambique . It stated that "Samora forced the Accord on the Mozambicans. study of their own as well as South Machel is recognized as the president Others believe that the U .S . government Africa's situation at the time. of the People's Republic of set-up the Accord in exchange for They considered, for instance, the fact Mozambique ." foreign assistance . Mozambicans that with the increased direct South 2. This point states that armed activities officials insist that neither premise is African military intervention which drew and conflict inside Mozambique from correct . The Accord and the talks little or no international condemnation, wherever it comes from must end. leading up to it were entirely the result of Mozambique and South Africa were Since the armed conflict in decisions made in Maputo. being brought close and closer to a Mozambique is between the High Mozambican officials explain general war situation . They considered legitimate government of that that it was they who approached the the vast amount of military assistance country and terrorists representing South African government as early as that Mozambique would require to foreign interests this° essentially 1982 with the objective of holding talks update and substain a modern army means that the MNR activist must lay which they hoped would lead to some capable of dealing with the South down their arms. type of non-aggression agreement . At African Army and the fact that little aid to To make surrender more that time the relationship between the accomplish this was forthcoming from palaticable, Mozambique is Mozambican government and the U .S. considering a general amnesty policy was still recovering from the snubbing (continued on page 13) 2

NEW ARUSHA CONFERENCE INVESTMENT IN SUPPORT OF FRONT LINE STATES

Three Mozambican ministers and the pressure to be put on the South African CODE country's president attended the government to begin talks with the ANC September meeting of the Socialist and for international pressure for the International Conference in Support of release of all political prisoners and for On August 18, Mozambique the Front Line States held in Arusha. an end to the hanging of freedom announced the details of its long Presiding over the conference. fighters in South Africa. awaited new foreign investment code. Tanzania's president Julius Nyerere, Addressing the economic problems of Mozambique's previous code was urged those present to give the the regions, President Machel called for released in 1977 . Since that time the maximum support possible to the Front greater international support for the situation has become more critical in Line States as well as to SWAPO and the Front Line States and the SADCC terms of Mozambique's need to attract ANC . The attendees at the conference (Southern African Development development capital . The country's included European party leaders who Coordination Conference) . "Western tremendous potentials need stimula- are part of the Socialist International. countries witnessed our destruction tion . Natural diasters have stemied Nyerere called on the European passively," Machel pointed out, "not production in many areas . More delegates to prevent the sale of concerning themselves with the destructive has been armed terrorist computers to South Africa and the violence being used against our people. activities . Shortages exist in almost issuance of production licenses and They did not convene conferences, nor every sector . Clothing, furnishings, food bank credits to South Africa . Nyerere did they set up appropriate machinery to and normal consumer goods are stressed that both the Front Line States help us establish a basis for economic shortages which frustrate both city and (Angola, Botwans, Mozambique, and social development ." Consolidation country residents. Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and of the security situation in Mozambique Many factories which could produce the liberation movements urgently he added, "has been affected by the shoes, shirts, toothpaste, soap and the needed material aid for their battle support which political forces in like produce a quarter or less of what against apartheid . The need for Western countries are still giving to the they could produce if 1) they had raw investments by the West in the Front agents of regional destabilization ." He materials needed for production ; 2) they Line States was underscored . European then called for the international had the machines and machine parts representatives were encouraged to community, including the West, to necessary and 3) they had technicians invest in the Front Line States rather invest in Mozambique in order to help who were versed in modern than in South Africa . Their investments develop the country's "immense management techniques, improved in these countries would be safer, he potential ." production systems and who could stressed, if South Africa was not allowed The Swedish Prime Minister stated in explore new markets. to perpetuate "insecurity" . President Arusha that his country already gives In many cases, goods and parts which Nyerere observed that while South one-fifth of that country 's foreign aid could be produced locally if all the Africa's tactics may have changed budget to the Front Line States and he conditions existed, must be imported apartheid continued. urged other countries to also cooperate. from Europe or more likely, done In his speech President Somora Represented at the conference were without because the small amount of Machel called on participants to work Socialist and Social Democratic parties available foreign capital can't be made out "a joint program which contributes from Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, to stretch that for. in a tangible and effective way to ending Norway, France, Portugal, Sweden and Until now the state has continually oppression, inequality and war in Great Britain. underwritten the cost of many of the southern Africa ." He also appealed for least productive factories—a practice that Machel severly criticized in a speech during this year's annual international trade fair. The new investment code states that Mozambique "considers agriculture as the basis and industry as the dynamic factor—with first priority being given to self-sufficiency in food, raising exports, increasing import substitutions, guaranteeing the supply of raw materials for industry and improving the qualifications of the national labor force ." Direct foreign investment can take one of the following forms : 1) freely convertible foreign exchange, 2) imported equipment, machinery or material or 3) the transfer of technology. Foreign companies doing business in Mozambique will be expected to form an association with a Mozambican company, either state or private or may (continued on page 11) Tanzania's President Julius Nyerere as chair of Arusha Conference,

3 POPULATION satisfactory ." has for decades been known as the main During August, the Armed Forces cattle producing district in the region. carried out three search and destroy Four years ago, 160,000 heads of cattle ANA ARMY UNITE operations and two ambushes on MNR were recorded . The number was positions. reduced drastically by the drought and (continued from page 1) "After the August 28 battle, those who bandits operating in the area . The latest managed to escape our fire, dispersed estimate of 80,000-100,000 is being that they give our readership an insight The population informed us of their revised, as it is known that currently only into what living with and fighting against movements . Thanks to this, we closed enough meat is produced to supply the terrorism is all about. all of the access routes so that they are city of Maputo and then only in very encircled ." limited quantities. Moamba District Families are the major cattle Namaacha Speaking to reporters in early producers in the district . State September, the Political Commissioner A meeting took place in Namaacha in operations account for only 15%-20% of of the Army in Moamba explained that early September to examine the the total . The MNR has tried frequently one of their tasks had been to mobolize activities of various state, party social to attack the large cattle blocks but is the population, mainly those who were and economic structure during the usually repelled by the military units already victims of the MNR and those preceding three months . The district's assigned to guard them. whose isolated homes made them easy administrator convened the meeting Since the beginning of the year, cattle targets, to move into communal villages whose participants included company and personal property belonging to the where they would be safer . The Army managers, members of the Armed villagers as well as large quantities of assists with the construction of new Forces, the women's organization, the arms have been recovered in Army houses as well as arranging food and youth organization and local attacks on MNR bases in the district . At transportation at times . The army also government officials. one location weapons were found returns to the homes left by the district Most of the time was spent on with NATO inscriptions . Personal residents fleeing from the MNR to discussions relating to security and the property recovered included portable recover their belongings for them. economy . It was announced that more radios, sewing machines, chairs, The Commissioner stated that inspite than 1000 local residents had completed motocycles and sacks of corn . The total of the difficulties faced by the Army, the political and military training to act as number of MNR bandits killed and morale of the soldiers appears to be voluntary militias . The administrator wounded in the attacks was not given . In high . "We talk to our soldiers so that they stated that the armed bandits had an attack on a small MNR base in will understand why it is that they have already caused "many deaths among Mongonzo where five MNR members left their homes and their families, to the population and party members and were listed as killed, two women and two come together here in the woods and continue to assassinate and rob the children who had been kidnapped were fight the enemy . (We explain) who the population's possessions ." freed. enemy we are fighting is and all other In the economic area, the creation of In September, it was announced that questions relating to this ." two productive cooperatives (one for four employees of CFM-Sul (the The number of local residents who shoe repair and another of tailors) were regional railroad line) were killed and have shown up to be trained as voluntary announced . It was also announced that one wounded in an attack by the MNR militias is increasing . Workers are workers in various sectors had started on a train one Sunday evening . Because trained to defend their factory or work planting food for their own The attack involved a train repair crew, units . Residents of the communal village consumption. no passengers were involved. asked for arms to defend 'the communal Mozambican journalists writing in Magude villages against the MNR and were TEMPO magazine, describe a stretch of promised that they would receive arms One of the principle targets of the and training. MNR in Magude is cattle . Magude, the In elaborating on the unique most southern district in the province, (continued on page 10) army/population relationship necessary to carry out their work, another soldier, who is a- veteran of the armed struggle for independence, commented : "During the fight against the invader Ian Smith, many times, it was the population who informed us-of the enemy's movement and proximity, including their fighting capacity . It was what gave us success until their defeat. "Today, it is the population who informs us of the movements by the bandits. When we find them, the battles that result are not too difficult ." According cc) me commander being interviewed by TEMPO magazine : " In the .beginning of the year, the armed bandits intensified their sabotage actions against economic targets and increased assassinations of undefended populations . Shortly after we arrived here, we initiated operations and in spite of everything—it hasn't always been Residents of each area train with the army to act as voluntary militias in their villages and easy—at this moment the situation is work places.

4 Ministerial Changes Announced

In June, the Mozambique government from discussions of the problems in Mariano Matsinha . who was relieved announced the reorganization of several their ministries in an Aprilmeeting of the of his position as the Minister of Security important government posts . The first Central Committee and the People's was appointed to replace Sergio Vieira communique announced only the Assembly. as the Governor of Nissa. dismissal of three ministers . They were Explaining the need for changing the Sergio Vieira was appointed to the Minister of Interior, Lieutenant- leadershp of the Ministry of Mineral replace Mariano Matsinha as the General Armando Emilio Guebuza, the Resources, President Machel talked of Minister of Security. Minister of Security, Major-General how illegality and injustice could affect Oscar Monteiro, was named as the Mariano Matsinhe and the Minister of state structures to the extent that the new Minister of Interior, replacing Mineral Resources, Jose Carlos Lobo. normal fucntioning is disrupted causing Armando Guebuza . Monteiro had been On the following day more detailed "great damage to the national named Minister of Justice in May 1983 changes were announced which economy ." following a period as Ministr of State in involved the naming of new ministers, The President stressed that "This the Presidency. vice ministers and secretaries of state as leadership must be capable of creating a Armando Guebuza was appointed as well as the creation of a Secretary of new climate of confidence and will to a Minister in the Presidency in a State for Former Combatants under the work" in order to make the sector "a September 28 communicado . The other Ministry of National Defense and the source of foreign exchane and Minister in the Presidence's Office is intergation of the Secretary of State for contributes decisively to national Jacinto Veloso who is responsible for Coal and Hydrocarbons into the economy". economic affairs . Guebuza was Ministry of Mineral Resources. The last major reorganization at the appointed as Minister of Interior in May On June 18, extensive changes Ministerial level was in May 1983 1983 . Before that he was the Resident involving the naming of promotion of 89 following the Fourth Party Congress . As Minister in Sofala. staff member to state and economic stated during that government overhaul, Ossumane Ali Daute, who was structure were announced. changes within the government are previously a senior official in the During the swearing in ceremony for made after evaluating the political. Ministry of Justice, was appointed the new ministers, vice ministers and technical and professional capacity of Minister replacing Oscar Monteiro. secretaries of state, the President spoke the existing personnel . Because of a Abdul Magid Osman, who was about the importance of the new colonial past which gave little attention Secretary of State of Coal and reorganization . He also spoke of the to education, few people have the Hydrocarbons which was intergrated hope that the Nation had that problems technical and professional require- into the Ministry of National Resources, which had come to disturb the normal ments for running a ministry . For this was named its minister replacing Jose functioning of their lives would h p reason, the periodic government moves Carlos Lobo. solved . At the root of the cabinet shake- seem destine to find the best job for the Jose Carlos Lobo, was appointed a up seems to be the determination of those who possess the necessary Vice-Minister in the Ministry of Foreign Machel and others to not let die the qualifications. But younger, new blood Affairs . The other Vice-Minister is Daniel continual fight against what has come to is also being cultivated as evident in the Mbanza who was before Mozambique's be known in Mozambique as 'illegality'. naming of new appointees to positions Ambassador to Zambia . Lobo was for Abuses of power and other serious within all of the ministries. eight years Mozambique 's Ambassado r inadequacies were found in the two A description of the principle changes to the U .N . ministries reponsible for assuring legal follow . procedures and justice, Interior (which oversees the Police) and Security. At a huge May 24 rally in Nampula, President Machel spoke extensively on the importance of the correct functioning those ministries reponsible for defense and security . He spoke of the problems or a relaxation found within these ministeries which mde if possible for certain abuses to continue . In Nampula, the President stressed the need for better educated, more highly trained police and security agents. Morally they must be capableof resisting corruption but they should also have supervisors who will not allow personnel to use their positions to demand special privileges . In his speech, Samora Machel pointed up that one of the difficulties caused by such actions is a undermining of public confidence as citizens come to believe that corrupt officers are acting with the knowledge of their superiors, and therefore the state. Machel stated that the decisions relating to changes in the Ministries of Security, Interior and Justice resulted President Machel and newly sworn in cabinet members. FIGHT AGAINST FOREIGN AID PACKAGES DROUGHT CONTINUES ANNOUNCED It was announced in September that program for increasing the production beginning in October UNICEF would be of sardines and other fish which already conducting a program in Tete province grow in two districts is also planned. Since July Mozambique has received to assist residents affected by the The necessity of such a program is promises of foreign aid from several drought . The program which has the evident in a report of one of the affected different parts of the world to assist in support of the World Food Program and districts which stated that 12% of the repairing damage caused by natural the Mozambican Ministry of Health will children weighed ' 70% less than the disasters and the country's development distribute food, strengthen agricultural normal weight for their height . Between in general . Highlighted below are some production and support activities January and March, 50% of the children of the major aid packages announced. related to nutritional rehabilitation . The were hospitalized for mal-nutrition . Of U .S .A.—In July, it was announced that program will last approximately a year these 20% were reported to have died. the U .S . government would be giving and will affect six of the cities hardest hit In Inhambane Province, more than Mozambique $340 million to buy by the drought including the city of Tete. 82,000 people were reported to be still equipment to stimulate the recoupera- Every person in a program area is to suffering the affects of the continuing tion of private farms damaged by receive rations including corn mill or drought in two districts alone . Many cyclone Domaina' in Maputo province. beans, sugar and cooking oil and families have left their homes to seek The money is to be used to purchase powdered milk . Seeds are also to be food in one of the several emergency motors, spare parts and components for distributed. centers set up last year . The largest of irrigation pumps . This is in addition to $330,000 was allocated for the these centers is now reported to house $550 million given for the repair of the provision of gasoline for vehicles taking 13,500 people of whom 10,000 are Maputo Central filtration and pumping food to the affected areas . Animal plows children. The delivery of food to the area station . In November, the White House and bicycles for technicians are also is hampered by the shortage of announced a food aid package for part of the program . In addition, a transportation . , . Mozambique valued at $12 .7 million as part of an emergency food assistance program destined for African countries hardest hit by drought. CHINA--During President Machel's official trip to China in July, China promised more than $13 million in credits to be repaid within 10 years with no interest . A $2.2 million grant to purchase consumer goods and a 2,000 ton donation of maize was also announced. ITALY—Italian officials visiting Mozambique in July announced the crediting of $18 .5 million for the recouperation of the Beira-Moatize railroad line. Italian officials also signed an accord with Mozambique to provide coal exploration in Tete province valued at $100 million. BULGARIA—The Bulgarian Prime- Minister visiting Mozambique in July signed a bilateral accord promising $3 .5 million worth of consumer goods. HOLLAND—Curing a visit of Holland's Minister of Development and Cooperation to Mozambique, accords were signed continuing Holland's rehabilitation program for Beira's port . It was announced that an additional $14 .7 million would be made available for drought related problems, including aiding Mozambique's balance of payment, exchange for consu mer goods and programs to stimulate the agriculture. FRANCE—In July it was announced that France would loan Mozambique $11 million dollars for the purchase of consumer goods, supplies and (continued on page 7) 6 THE ANC AND FRELIMO

There were many sharp criticism of while the ANC office remains in Maputo say. Mozambique and charges of selling out along with some ANC representatives, Speaking of the declaration which the ANC leveled by some against other ANC members would have been came out of the last Front Line States Mozambique immediately following the transferred to U .N . Refugee centers meeting in Arusha which stressed the signing the Nkomati Accord . What within Mozambique . Several hundred commitment of all its members to the information is available suggests that in ANC members left for other countries destruction of colonialism in Namibia the early meetings heading up to the instead. and the apartheid state in South Africa accord the South Africans wanted But has the Nkomati Accord sparked a and the commitment to the Liberation of Mozambique to end all support and rift in a relationship dating back several both peoples Mbeki stated that : "These encouragement to the ANC . In the end, decades? The relationship between common positions have overtaken Mozambique prevailed and vowed to FRELIMO was ANC goes back to the whatever problems, differences or continue its moral, political and time that FRELIMO was founded . At misunderstandings might have arisen" diplomatic support of the ANC and its Samora Machel's urging, the ANC of as a result of the agreements reached by ideals . Missing is the word `militarily' South Africa was recognized as the the Angolan and Mozambican South African liberation movement which is now restricted under the terms governments with South Africa. which should be supported by the OAU of the Nkomati Accord . Both the ANC More recently in Maputo, the ANC and Mozambique always insisted that and the Front Line States. representative Jacob Nzuma, in an In an interview done on Mozambican interview with Allen Issacman there were no military training bases for Radio during a trip to Maputo in May, a commenting on the improved level of the ANC inside Mozambique . The leader of the African National Congress understanding between FRELIMO and reason for the lack of such bases has Thabo Mbeki stated that "It is perfectly the ANC commented, "We share a more to do with the stage of the struggle clear that the South African regime and Mozambique's ability to provide common long-term objective and would like Mozambique and the ANC to common enemy ." bases than South Africa's desire to not quarrel" because, he said, it would be in "If we allow emotions and anger to have them there. the interests of the South African But some changes were predictible as govern our thinking we are playing into the result of an accord which guarantees authorities if they did . "That is why," he the hands of the Boers . We (the ANC and each signer that the other country will continued, "they are cooking-up stories FRELIMO) need to work together in not be used to launch attacks against the like the one that the ANC is cooperating order to liberate ourselves ." other . For the ANC it has meant that with the MNR—an outrageous thing to FOREIGN AID PACKAGES ANNOUNCED (continued from page 6) equipment to support the upcoming agricultural marketing campaign . The loan, which is repayable over 15 years will be used to import raw materials for factories manufacturing goods necessary to agriculture and for the purchase of goods, sacks, scales and transport means for the cotton and cashew marketing campaigns in Nampula province . Feed for cattle, pig and poultry producers in Maputo and Gaza provinces will also be% purchased with loan money. NORWAY—Norway signed accords in Maputo promising $200,000 to be used for the acquisition of materials for OMM (Mozambican Women's Organization) to use in its formation centers across the country . In July, an accord was also signed with Norway which will result in the provision of about $4 .75 million for fishery research in Mozambican waters off the coast of Sofala province . The research will . concentrate on the development of anchovy fishing in this area. DENMARK—Mozambique and Denmark signed accords for greater cooperation in the area of education . A donation of $1 .8 million was given for the improvement of technical schools. SWEDEN—A gift of $1 million was announced from Sweden for the Map of Mozambique showing areas discussed in this issue . purchase of flour . 7 . . .AND SOME SURRENDER

On May 27. 1984 President Machel announced a pardon to take effect immediately, covering those armed bandits who turn themselves in . they would be allowed to live their personal lives in liberty and be integrated into national reconstruction activities . It was empahsized at the time that this pardon would be the last opportunity for them to revive their own lives and contribute to the national life of the country. Several rehabilitation centers are already operating . Since that time the idea of general amnesty has been discussed and accepted by Mozambican official in principle; a final decision has not yet been announced. But those who wait for the actual ceasefire and general amnesty run the risk of being killed by the Army in the meantime. One of the aims of the pardon is to encourage those who stick with the MNR out of fear of being tried and executed for their crimes to.°surrender. The make-up of MNR membership makes a pardon to those who surrender a very effective tool from the government's point of view . Although the exact percentage is not known, many so-called MNR members were actually forced to join (see article) and are believed to stay with the MNR out of fear . The pardons speeds up the inevitable liquidation of the MNR by permitting those who want to get out a chance to do so. ` Many of the MNR bandits who will be giving themselves up would have committed serious crimes including murder . While the pardon allows them to be intergratd into the society without 'paying' for their crimes, it does neutralize those who previously took part in such activities and hasten the end of this devastating chapter of Mozambican history . Surrendering bandits have also been responsible for leading FPLM troops to MNR bases. Reprinted below are excerpts from interviews published in the Mozambican press with MNR members who surrendered. Together they present . we believe, our first look at what life within the MNR is like.

Williamo Ngive Macvhans, 41 years old, "I slept badly that night . I had to make kidnapped me, tied me up tightly and married with two children . Previous every effort not to give away my took me to the camp at Txane-Txane ." occupation—farmer and member of intentions. In the early morning, the (Massingue stated that he spent two People's Militia . Surrendered to the group left, but as I had planned, I didn't weeks tied up in a cell and was then sent FPLM in Gaza Province in February 1984 arrive at the destiny . I got away in the for two months of military training). after 11 months with the MNR. Nzaimane-2 Zone, in the direction of "I hadn't finished training when I Inhambe . I went to turn myself in the escaped in the direction of Changanine. zone of the militias .,with my weapon and But before I could arrive there I was knapsack and they took me to the army surprised by 'madjibas' (MNR spied or "It was May 1983, that the armed quartel in Chipimbi . From here I was collaborators who live among the bandits kidnapped me close to my taken to Mapai where I spent one month population) on the road . I tried to fool house. They found me working in the with the FPLM. them by saying that I had come from a field, robbed me of most the corn which "Now our government will resolve my relative's house but they didn't believe wasn't ripe, and forced me to situation. However I could I had to run this story . They tied me up and took me accompany them . Because there were away because I don't want to mess up back to the armed bandit's base ." many of them (more than 20) and they my life in the ranks of the bandits— (When he returned, he was beaten and were armed, there was nothing I could without a future, killing, robbing, cutting tied up again, but after three days he do but follow them. off heads and committing other managed to escape again while the (Although he was in the militia, monstrosities against innocent people guard slept . Massingue walked for a day weapons were limited to those on guard who I never knew, to one day end up until he arrived at a FPLM base .) duty). myself dead in whatever forrest . I didn't Asked why he risked death to escape "From there, they took me to a consider myself an armed bandit . I was from the MNR, he replied: campsite situated about 20 kilometers kidnapped and trained all by force ." "In fact, I ran a risk . But I understood from Xiyamane region . When we arrived that I was taking the chance to free there, it was already night. I was tied to a myself . If I had stayed there, today I tree and stayed that way for about two would be a bandit and go around killing days . When I was untied, I was sent for and robbing . Also I could have been training which lasted a month and killed by the FPLM like a dog . More afterwards was given a weapon of the Alexandre Jose Massingue, 20. important, I didn't want to destroy my AKM model. Things continued like that. Surrendered May 1984 after three life by accepting to be an armed bandit I waited for an opportunity to escape months with the MNR. because the way they live in the camps is when we left on assaults, because I no way for people to live ." didn't want to stay with them under any "I left Maputo to go to Cavanhane, in circumstances—to go around robbing Gaza, to the house of my maternal and killing innocent persons ." grandparents . When I arrived there I (But the chief of the group became prepared for the funeral of my suspicious and ordered him to stay in grandmother . Then I left for Inhambane, camp. He was later appointed cook for to pick up my mother, who lives in Panda the wounded and sick in camp which and we went to the funeral . When we Octavio Dinis Chirindza, age 26, married made it more difficult to escape . In were preparing to return to Maputo, the with one child . Surrendered in May 1984 February, he was to be part of a group armed bandits appeared at night in my after six months with the MNR after transporting war material to grandparents' horne and as I was the serving as a MNR "Commander" Inhambane) only young person present, they responsible for 82 men. 8 " . . .When I went to the Labor by the Army if they gave themselves up. Mateus Sithole, age 25 . Surrendered in Department to find employment as a To escape, he traveled for 3 weeks, February 1984 after 4 months with the typist or office worker, they asked me for walking in the day and sleeping in the MNR. my diploma but I had left it at my parent's night . He turned himself in to a police house in Chibuto (Gaza). station, in Gaza and was taken to the "Then, when I returned to my parent's Army base. "I was going to South Africa via home on November 29, 1983 there was Asked about the reaction in his camp Inhambane along with a group of friends an attack by the bandits in our zone, upon hearing about the Nkomato from my region to work in the mines . In assualting houses and robbing property Accord he responded: the Maxixe zone, we came in contact from the population . Cattle, small "We were disoriented . We didn't know with an armed group who intercepted animals like chickens and goats and what to do, because we saw that South the car in which we were traveling. many people were also taken . During Africa had abandoned us . We discussed "As soon as our car stopped, they these assaults, they arrived at our house, it in the Command Post and realized that circled us and gave orders to get down where they stole things and forced me to the FRELIMO soldiers were going to and then they burned the car . They then join the others they already had ." liquidate us sooner or later, now that took us to a small camp nearby and from (Those kidnapped were taken to Hati- they had stopped the supplies of arms there to Macdamo, near Mapai, in Gaza. Hati Camp in Gaza, where they spend and weapons . There wasn't any Here we were taken to another camp, two days . On the third day, the older salvation. much larger than the other, where we men and women were released. "The Commander himself came there received political mobilization during Chirindza and two other young men to our camp very furious and said that the first days . During this time, they were held .) South Africa betrayed us . And now we explained that they were fighting for the "I finished training and was made a must destroy and kill everything that we land, to get rid of socialism, communal company commander and they found, that we should truy to go around villages and other things, but they didn't assigned me the 2nd company of in small groups or save ourselves say what they intended to create in its operations in Cuzoanhane ." however we could because the soldiers place ." When asked why he thinks he was were going to take advantage of the (After training one month, he was selected as commander he responded: opportunity to intensify the war to given a weapon .) "I don't know exactly why . But I liquidate us once and for all ." "Finishing training, I was intergrated suspect that it was because I had a 7th into a group which was sent out with the grade education and was bettr able to do mission of assaulting houses, shops and reports to the general commander of the Antonio Rafael Cambule, age 22. other places to rob cattle, chickens, central camp about out operations . I was Surrendered in May after 4 months with cornmill and all the food that we could the one who had the highest education. the MNR. take, because there in the woods where "My job was to lead attacks that my we lived, we didn't have anything ." company made. And afterwards to write (Sithole admitted taking part in a a report of these operations . I had under "I joined the armed bandits in January number of attacks and having fired shots my orders three platoon chiefs, 12 1984 . They found me in my garden plot which probably killed some peasants. sargents and 82 men. planting madioca, there at my home, in He explained these actions as necessary "I had some privileges, in food, for Jangamo, Inhambane Province . After to prevent himself being killed by the example . We had the 'Madjibas' to bring invading the garden and pulling up MNR command .) us cattle, liquor, women and other everything, they forced me to come with "The opportunity to escape from that things . Well, as I was of rank, I ate at the them ." life without future, came one night when officiers' table with four other company (He spent three days tied to a tree and we were returned to the camp in commanders . When they killed the later was sent for one month of training .) February of this year . I and others of my stolen cows, we ate the best parts . On " .. .Afterwards, they sent me as part of group were selected to guard duty . Then the other hand, I had the right to an a group in Pululu to guard a plane from this night, f took advantage of the individual house, women when I had one South Africa which came to drop arms distraction by my colleagues, got my and a radio . This was how I knew about and other war material . The plane weapon and pack and took to the road. the Nkomati Accord before my men . ..A arrived around mid-night or later and After traveling all night, I went directly to bandit doesn't have a radio but a chief dropped material in boxes ." FPLM headquarters in Mapai where I Afterwards, we received weapons, does ." turned myself in ." we were assigned a commander and put Chirindza went on to explain that Sithole later led the Army to his former into a company of 184 men to go to during the time he was commander, he 'base ' which was then destroyed. lead three "operations" . In one attack a Maputo (Province) where we were to "It was me who risked more than my v i l l a was the target . I n another assault on set-up a camp. I don't know exactly life, robbing cattle here and there and an FPLM position, he lost ten men where. only received the skin of the cow to roast (During the week's march, they staged before their retreat . While in camp after and eat . The meat was only for the the signing of the Nkomatic Accord, he several attacks.) chiefs . What life is that? Besides this the heard about the government's pardon of "When we arrived at a spot close to the majority of the people there were those who turned themselves in with river, a group of 28 bandits, of which I recruited by force . It is certain that some their weapons. was one, got away from the rest, end up being destroyed because the life The main reason he gave for giving because we were tired of walking and that they lead there is dehumanizing to . But as I saw that the himself up was to be with his family. being hungry all who stay there . But the majority are Before the annduhced pardon, he said others intended to continue to lead that not yet poisoned and only think about kind of life, I separated from that group that he was afraid to return because the escaping because they all see that ." MNR told them that they would be killed and escaped alone banditism has no future ."

9 POPULATION A View from Within AND ARMY Americans in Mozambique UNITE (Continued from page 1) 50 kilometers between the main villa and smaller locality Mahele . They reported "FREEDOM DOES NOT seeing houses which had been reduced to ashes and the burned out vehicles along the road as local residents accompaning them told how many COME EASY" people were injured or killed by the MNR at each location . Most of the burnt out After planning for close to a year for called it a strike for peace . But when I vehicles were Mazdas which belonged her trip to Mozambique to do research saw the . thin Mozambican soldiers to Mozambican miners returning from for a thesis, Molly Brown of Chicago dwarfed by the all white racist army of South Africa with goods for their finally arrived in Maputo to begin work in South Africa, I remember thinking how families. March . Her experiences reflect the vulnerable they were . Someone in the With the help of training received from expectations and anxiety of the television room said, "Can peace really the Army, many villages are now moment. A moment in which ". ..history be inforced between such unequal protected by the residents themselves. was being grinded out." Her report partners . Who is to believe those vicious in larger concentration of the follows. men from South Africa?" population, soldiers stay at attention in When the terms of the agreement were dug out trenches surrounding the areas. I arrived in Mozambique in early March slowly released during the following The battalion currently stationed in 1984. I spent my first week in Maputo weeks, it became clear that the Maguda which arrived there in 1982, is organizing my work and living schedule. Mozambican National Resistance, the made up of mostly young recruits . Their I was there to conduct research for my African National Congress and the spokesman stated that when they PhD thesis on a history of southern economic condition of Mozambiaue arrived there the area was infested with Mozambique which involved research in were the main subjects to be addressed armed bandits who found it an ideal the Arquives and traveling to Gaza and by the Accord . The long range strategies location because of the abundance of Inhambane provinces to do oral to handle these 3 areas are still being cattle and easy access to water . With interviews . As a researcher, I was ironed out. But during March, April and battles described as long and concerned about my status . However, May, I was to get a glimpse at the sometimes difficult, the number of once there, I was told, "if you get into immediate results of the accord. armed bandits has diminished and most trouble, contact us ." So I suppose the The MNR during these months did not have been driven to the forrest areas Universidade Eduardo Mondlane was get better as many had hoped . They got where they now are. responsible for me. worse . During the first week after the "Our section," , explained a FPLM I began working at the Arquivo signing, there was heavy activity around transmissions operator, "participated in Historico and trying to get the feel of life Manica and other areas north of Maputo. about 20 battles of which the hardest in Maputo . I was told very early on that to Rumors circulated throughout the city was the assault on the base at Mabitine. travel .to Gaza and Inhambane would that the bandits were shooting at We considered that the hardest because require protection and as I was just a passers-by and stealing foodstuffs from in that one, we-lost 9 fellow soldiers and single researcher it was unlikely that it local people in and around Namaacha were obliged to alter our plan . First it would be approved . The MNR were quite and Ressano Garcia . In fact, for a week was a shock to see our colleague active in these areas . Neither the or so in late March, the road to Ressano lifeless, but it was necessary in the government nor the university could Garcia was closed . In April, power lines middle .of intense fire, to continue to take the risks of allowing me to travel were bombed south of Maputo, maintain rhythm of efficiency . When we there . After some pressing I resigned sporadiacally cutting out electricity for finally assaulted the base,- we felt that myself to doing what oral interviews I many parts of the city. the blood of our comrade had not been could inside the city and concentrating The talk around the city at this time in vain. 1 ne aeatns—our heros, give us on documentary material . "Hopefully," I was that South Africa had armed the courage tor the hardest battles . It is the was told, "things will get better after the MNR terrorists with 3-5 years worth of law of var."' Nkomati is signed ." armaments before March 9 . They were .Many of the families currently living in It was to be this issue—the Nkomati supposedly sent through Zimbabwe and communal villages in Magude were at accord—that predominated my stay Swaziland from South Africa (where one time or another held by the MNR. there . It was impossible to ignore the they had received their training) into Some families were kidnapped by the tension, anxiety and expectations that Mozambique . What is fact appears to MNR and liberated by the Army more hovered throughout the city . In some have happened is that an increasing than once. strange way it was as if history was being number of heavily armed bandits were According to the commander of the grinded out right in front of me and I coming into Mozambique. people 's militia who works closely with could not help feeling involved . When The economic situation in the Army, "This communal village had people would ask me the customary Mozambique had been very bad before been the preference of the armed "how do you like Mozambique?" I would the signing of the accord . Often no meat, bandits in their attacks, because the simply say, "I am glad to be here at this no vegetables and a lack of basic population have many heads of cattle time." commodities like soap, clothing and and we have the state cattle comapny On March 9, I watched the pagentry shoes made life very hard . Many here. Because of this, more than in any and ceremony of the Nkomati Poort Mozambicans that I knew had hoped other location, we have had to perfect signing on Mozambican television. that the accord would at least bring our defense." I-relimo> leaders and commentators some immediate food relief . But this was 10 not the case. While the MNR escallated remember thinking with tears in my In general, my research went well . I and the drought continued, there eyes, freedom definitely does not come continued at the Arquives and remained very little change. easy. For Mozambicans and South conducted a few interviews in the city. While it appeared that South Africa Africans freedom will not come easy. There were a few days when the had bent the rules with the MNR, The events mentioned above and Arquives was closed or we worked by Frelimo was carrying out its reordering Maputo life in general had a varied sunlight due to the power shortages of the ANC presence in Maputo with impact on me and my work . Unlike most caused by MNR destruction of power haste and efficiency . For me it was Mozambican women and men, I was lines. Also, my inability to travel to Gaza expecially difficult because many of the spared the harsher effects of the and Inhambane, again because of the friends I had made were South African economic situation . Eventhough, I had MNR, was disappointing . But Freelimo and within a few weeks most were gone. to get used to cold baths, walking long are now capturing many of the bandits, On March 24 ANC houses and offices distances and a lack of foods I wanted, I so maybe the situation will get better. were raided in a search for weapons, was able to get most of what I needed at All in all, the stay in Mozambique was- some at gunpoint by army soldiers. the Loja Franca (the foreign currency enlightening and I have grown in many Some houses were in fact raided twice. store) . At one point, however, I ways because of it . I was so touched by A week or so after the raids, all adults not desparately needed shoes as mine had the openess, kindness and hospitality of officially working as cooperantes in fallen apart . I could find none in the city. the people I met who were always willing Maputo had hastily thrown whatever I got a ride to Swaziland with friends and to share what little they had with me . I they could into boxes and trunks and bought shoes there . I took with me a hope that my thesis can make some boarded planes destined for other long list of items—peanut butter, .small contribution to their struggle and countries . In mid-April, a plane of South ballpoint pens, paper, children's their country. African children were sent away as well. clothes, meat and English newspap- As we waved good-bye and sang ers—to buy for friends . All are difficult to freedom songs at the airport, I find in Mozambique .

MOZAMBICAN NOTES is published quarterly by the Mozambican Resource NEW INVESTMENT CODE Center, P.O. Box 2006, Madison Square (Continued from page 3) Station, New York, N .Y . 10159. Yearly have exclusively foreign capital when sponsor the project. subscriptions are $12 .00 for individuals and $15 .00 for institutions . Please add high technology is involved and the To encourage investors, Mozambique $7.00 for air mail subscriptions production is essentially destined for proposed the following incentives: foreign markets. exemption of custom duties for certain Foreign companies will be expected imported raw materials and some other to employ Mozambicans when they goods related to required studies not Resources The Mozambique Resource meet the qualifications needed . Foreign available in Mozambique, tax- Center carries books and reports technicians can be contracted by the exemption for salaries paid to foreign relating to the Fourth Party Congress as investing company where there are no technicians to carry out the studies, fiscal well as other topics published in English Mozambicans with the required exemption for an established period by the Mozambique National Institute of qualifications. (between 2 and 10 years) for income and Books and Records . For a complete list, Investment proposals which will profit in proportion to the investment, please write us. receive the highest consideration tax exemption for 3 times the amount include those which stimulate spent, within limits, on training agriculture production ; are labor- Mozambican worker's and tax- MOZAMBIQUE: FROM COLONIALISM intensive ; projects located in parts of the exemption on loan interests. TO R EVOLUTION 1900-1982 by Allen country which have few infra-structures; The objective in the end, is the and Barbara Isaacman provides a com- produce high returns ; develop natural creation of a code which will attract prehensive background for understan- resources and have a positive effect on needed development capital to ding events in Mozambique today . In ad- dition to valuable historic information it Mozambique's balance of payments. Mozambique without relinquishing also contains present day accounts of After the foreign investor has fulfilled its overall control of economic activities Mozambique's effort to build a new legal obligations, the Mozambican inside the country. socialist society . Softback copies of government guarantees the right to the Deputy Finance Minister, Eneias the book are available to newsletter transfer of exportable profits and the Comiche, has been appointed head of subscribers for $8.00 from the Mozam- principal and interest due on loans newly-created office for the promotion bican Resource center . borrowed on the internatinnal market to of foreign investment . A Look Back at the Past, To Understand the Present

HISTORY REMEMBERED:

20th ANNIVERSARY OF THE BEGINNING OF THE ARMED STRUGGLE

On September 25, Mozambicans celebrated the 20th anniversary of the beginning of the armed struggle which eventually led to formation of an independent nation . The following article taken from NOTI CIAS recounts the beginning of the armed struggle for independence against Portuguese colonialism.

It was an historic and very important colonialists are not invencible . The unity prevent any sound and went on . We meeting—that of the FRELIMO Central of the people would be attained in the camped near the river . I gave Committee which in July 1964 decided process of struggle and all of the people instructions to a comrade to dress in to start the Armed Struggle of the are able to support whatever sacrificies civilian clothese and go to do Mozambican People against Portu- there are to obtain independence. reconnaissance of the sort . We tied a guese Colonialism—if you take into And because people said that it is bandage on his foot so that he would account, the significance and better to die fighting than to live a slave, appear injured . He went to the medical seriousness of the decision . But before the necessary conditions were created post, where he stayed a little while and this, there was the necessity to study all for firing the first shot. later went to the office, where he got into the conditions and problems which it " During the clandestine manuevers in a conversation with a worker, who told presented: September, I received an urgent call to him where the white soldiers, the 1. Could it be that Armed Struggle was Mueda," remembered Alberto Joaquim employees and the black soldiers slept. the only road? Chipande, the Minister of National He was also told where the guards were. 2. How do you create an army well Defense in a 1967 interview. The guerrilla stayed a little longer and organized and structed to conduct "The operational commandants for afterwards returned with the the struggle? the zones of Montepuez, Mocimboa de information. 3. How do you convince the people that Praia and Porto Ameilia, were invited. I made the plan for the attack . At 4 p .m. the Portuguese can be overthrown? They had been invited to receive we left and at 6 p .m . we were at our 4. How do you attain the unity of all the instructions from the Central positions . At 7 o'clock, we advanced to Mozambican people? Committee about the day on which we circle the house of the chief of the post. 5. The armed struggle will cause a great would launch our attacks against the In the meantime, the trucks that had deal of suffering . Is it worth it to Portuguese troops . We received this gone out to hunt returned and they accept that kind of sacrifices to information on the 20th of September— unloaded the animals . Afterwards the obtain independence? the struggle was to begin on the 25th. soldiers got on and left in the direction of To all these questions positives "We started immediately to organize Macomia. I went up to the guard at the answers were found. ourselves . We alerted the chief for each entrance of the Post chief's house to The Portuguese had already zone to organize groups of saboteurs begin the attack. announced that they would never whose task would be to sabotage My shot would be the signal for the accept the independence of bridges, railroad lines and roads . We others . The attack started at 9 o'clock. Mozambique ; the struggle had to be told them that they should start their When they heard the shots, the chief organized on a popular and national work on the evening of September 24th. appeared at the door and fell with one base in a way to insure a constant My task was to lead the attack on Chai shot . Six Portuguese were killed. increase in the number of fighters, who (a city in Cabo Delgado Province which The explanation given by the would be armed and supported by had a Portuguese army post) . We had 16 Portuguese was 'killed by disaster' . We African and socialists countries and by weapons : six machine guns, six rifles withdrew . On the following day, we were progressive forces of the capitalist and four automatic pistols . We chose 12 followed by some soldiers, but by that world. comrades and left some weapons for the time we were far away and they never It was concluded that when the first defense of the base. caught up with us. Portuguese soldiers fell that the People On the morning of the 25th, w,p arrived would become convinced that the near Chai . We took off our boots to 11 MOZAMBIQUE AND MOZAMBICAN NOTES Newsletter Editors and Contributors: PORTUGAL TODAY Lisa Brock Jim Cason On April 24, 1974, the Portuguese press conference by the Prime Minister Mike Fleshman following his three day stay in regime of Marcello Caetano was Jennifer Garvey overthrown by the Armed Forces Mozambique included: Allen Isaacman Movement organized by young army 1. On Portugal's relationship with South officers who were disillusioned with Africa—Soares explained that "in Melba Kgositsile colonial wars abroad and authoritarian spite of diplomatic relations with Deborah Shanks rule at home . The principle impetus to South Africa, we condemn Atiba Wesa the coup was the Portuguese regime's vehemently apartheid ." Roberta Washington inability to win its wars in Mozambique 2. On the presence of MNR personnel and other Portuguese colonies. and offices in Lisbon—"What FRELIMO and the new Portuguese happens is very complex and creates officials met in Lusaka on September 7, embarrassment and difficulties, but 1974 to organize the final terms for the we are perfectly disposted to face transfer of power to FRELIMO. them ." Speaking about the creation Mozambique became independent on of intelligence services which would THE ACCORD- June, 1975 after a transitional period. enable them to more closely follow Since that time, the Portuguese have MNR activities he said, "It is only now WHOSE IDEA experienced several changes in that this service is being set up and administration while forces of the right from now on, we will have the (Continued from page 2) and the left vie for power . Relations knowledge of facts" which will allow between Mozambique and Portugal them to take actions to stop certain their socialist allies. have fluctuated over the years as the two activities. And of course, they considered the governments struggled to establish a 3. On the possibility of military daily damage being done by the South as two sovereign, independent cooperation between Portugal and African-backed MNR terrorists. nations,—as equals. Mozambique, Soares stated that it Mozambican analysists examined the President Machel was warmly had been discussed but that nothing economic situation inside South Africa welcomed in Portugal during his trip to was finalized. itself and concluded that the decline in Europe last October . In September, of In early November, Mozambique the price of gold, the rising petroleum this year, Portugal's Prime Minister reiterated its concern over the links bet- price and balance of payment deficits Mario Soares paid an official state visit ween some Portuguese citizens and the might make South Africa more receptive to Mozambique in the first visit by a MNR . Mozambique's Minister of to talks which could result in new Portuguese Prime Minister to Foreign Affairs Joaquin Chissana is markets and investment possibilities for Mozambique since independence. reported to have expressed Mozambi- them in Mozambiq .b+e. Machel announced that both countries que's concern to the Portuguese Am- During the first contacts, the South had decided to 'close the old pages of bassdor about "involvement by Por- Africans refused to consider history' and work together for more tuguese citizens and personalities in Mozambique's proposed terms for a bilateral cooperation and a better the preparation and direction from Por- non-agression agreement, insisting relationship . Mario Soares expressed tugal of acts of armed banditry against instead on Mozambique 's complete his country's desire to "substitute arms Mozambique." rejection of FRELIMO 's strong anti- of war with arms of peace and Apartheid stand and the explusion of the development." ANC from Mozambican territory. Other points touched on during a Mozambique cotintred by taking their campaign to the western nations supporting the South African government and demonstrating that western interests would not be served by the creation of a cold war zone (which could eventually become more) in southern Africa . South Africa reconsidered and the talks continued. At one secret meeting held in Swaziland in December 1983, South Africans delegates walked out when FRELIMO representatives denounced South Africa's long history of racist aggression . But the talks continued and the Non-Agression Accord was signed on March 16. While it is true, that the necessity from Mozambique's point of view, for the talks and a non-agression agreement was the escalating terrorist and military activity from the South Africans, the ultimate decision to presue this avenue was their President Somara Machel and Portugal 's Prime Minister Mario Soares on the latter's arrival own . in Maputo . 13 MOZAMBIQUE AT THE OLYMPICS

The People 's Republic of Mozambi- the runner's total development. other runners came in 4th or 5th in their que participated for the second time Disadvantaged countries most often qualifing runs when 3rd place finishes since independence in the Olympics. have only outdoor tracks which make it were needed to go on to the next round. The first time was in 1980 in Moscow. difficult to practice during inclimite From East Africa, only Kenya ran faster. This year's team consisted of seven men weather. Mozambicans broke all previous and one woman who competed in track The swimmers in Mozambique also national records. and swimming events. They were experience difficulties related to the While giving Mozambicans a chance accompanied by their trainers including development of the country in general. to test their ability against competitors track coach American cooperante Ron Mozambican swimmers could only train Irom other countries. The Olympics also Davis. in the warm months because all of the pointed out to those athletes who While no metals were won or world country's pools are outdoors . Efforts to attended the vast difference in training records set, the experience was go to East Germany to train earlier than resources available . On their return, the considered invaluable to the young they did were delayed and once there, athletes pressed to be taken more athletes who participated . For one thing, they did not have access to a 50 meter seriously and noted that while it pointed up once more what athletes pool . As a result, the two swimmers who Mozambican runners had five months of from developing countries are up attended the Olympics had problems training for the Olympics, many of the against when they compete with more related to their lack of experience in an winners trained steadily since the last developed countries . While Mozambi- Olympic-sized pool . They also Olympic Games . Also noted were cans and other African runners may experienced the nervousness caused by organizational problems in the office have the physical potential to set world performing in front of crowds hundreds responsible for atheletics. records, without more favorable training of times larger than any they ever had in The more important question for the conditions it will be difficult to achieve Maputo. state is, given all of the crucial problems their goals in the near future. But in spite of these problems, facing the Republic, can the resources In Maputo, where the national track Mozambique performed admirably at. be found to reinforce sport programs so team trained, those training faced . One runner, the lone -the Olympics that the true potential of its athletes will several difficulties which may have female to participate, qualified as a be uncovered. ultimately affected their performances. semi-finalist in the 100 meter race . The Ron Davis, through ardous solicitations was able to arrange the donation of track shoes and other equipment by manufacturers. But the need is constant. Mozambique has no asphalt covered running courses like those of international competitions . The cinder tracks that they do have did not exist before independence. Mozambican runners left Mozambi- que more than a month before the start of the Olympics accepting an offer from Atlanta's eMayor Andrew Young to train there. The/program conceived in 1982 by Davis and Mayor Young accommodated athletes from ten countries including Zimbabwe, Zambia and Tanzania . During the five weeks of training at Georgia Tech the young runners had weekly competitions on the same type of track that they would run on in Los Angeles and experienced during that short period the other benifits which athletes in more advanced countries take for granted. According to Ron Davis, training in the developed world is 'high tech' "training which makes use .of the latest information available on training techniques and the . athletes' body, nutrition and sports medicine . Training is done on synthetic tracks with equipment and weight rooms to support Mozambican Olympic atheletes with their coaches in Los Angeles.

14 news briefs

WHITE SOUTH AFRICANS que's Marxist government were he joined FRELIMO in 1967 at age 34 ATTACKED BY THE MNR scheduled to arrive in San Diego today and worked in youth recruitment . He was arrested by PIDE, the Portuguese after the U .S . officials reversed An incident in July in southern themselves a second time and agreed to intelligence service, in 1970 and spent 2 Mozambique near the border with South let them into the United States ." years in prison . After independence, Africa demonstrated that as the mayhem The two MNR representatives were Tomas was elected to be responsible for generated by the South African given a letter which stated that they mobilization, production and commerce authorities continue, no one is would not normally be allowed to enter for an area of Beira. immune—not even white South Africans the United States, according to the I n 1977, he was elected as a delegate traveling to Mozambique after the report in the World Unification Church to the 3rd FRELIMO party Congress and signing of the Accord. owned daily . The letter warned them not as a Deputy to the Popular Assembly . He A car carrying three South African to assault government officials, damage was afterwards named to the Secretariat construction company technicians property or commit sabotage during of the Beira City Committee for returning to South Africa after repairing their stay . Their visas reportedly were organization and later became the 1st equipment at the Maputo Port was Secretary . At the 4th Party Congress in approved by the U .S . Attorney General. stopped and robbed by a group of 18-20 Armando Khambo Gumbe and Fanuel 1983, he was elected to the Central armed bandits who later took them as Mahuzawho listed as the Ministers of Committee. prisoners. Information and Finance were traveling After they were ordered out of the car to the U .S . to participate in a conference and surrounded by eight armed bandits, sponsored by the World Anti- a truck traveling behind them carrying 3 Communist League to be chaired by Mozambicans was shot up resulting in retired U .S . Maj . Gen . John Singlaub. the death of a woman and child . A third Bumbe was scheduledlto be a keynote vehicle believed to have been carrying a RUTH FIRST REMEMBERED speaker. On August 19, 1982, a letter bomb South African businessman was fired on Although, not often heard from, there exploded in the office of Ruth First at the and with the aid of an FPLM escort are MNR representatives stationed in Center for African Studies on the narrowly escaped ambush . During the the U .S . Immediately following the campus of Eduardo Mondlane confusion, two drivers and a dispatcher signing of the Accord, an MNR University in Maputo . The bomb killed accompanying the South Africans representative using a Philadelphia technicians escaped. her and wounded several colleagues. address wrote a letter to the New York On August of this year, her husband Joe The other driver and the three South Times denying any South African Slovo, himself a well-known apartheid Africans were taken as prisoners by the control and claiming their acceptance fighter and ANC member spoke at the MNR . After being forced to accompany by the masses of Mozambicans . Their second annual memorial lecture them on a 4 hour march they were charges were refutiated in a letter organized to pay homage to Ruth First releasedL. published a few days later which had and her ideas. The month before these incidents, a been written by a group of Americans The lecture was entitled `Some Key MNR spokesman in Portugal warned who had worked in Mozambique as co- Concepts of the South African Struggle'. that South African businessmen operantes. traveling to Maputo by car would not be In explaining why Ruth First was chosen allowed to pass . The MNR spokesman, as a traget by the South African Jorge Correia, is a Portuguese citizen authorities he concluded, "She was who had earlier threathened that increasing devoting her considerable Portuguese citizens as well as all other talents to help lay bare the real and foreign workers in Mozambique were undeviating historic mission of South being declared "military targets by the African's ruling class both within the MNR ." country and in our sub-continent ." Some speculated that the MNR CENTRAL COMMITTEE MEMBER "We can not talk seriously of ending actions against the white South Africans KILLED race domination and leave undisturbed may have been instigated by groups the ownership and control by the inside South Africa and Portugal Zacarias Tomas, a long time member existing ruling class of virtually all the opposed to the Accord which promised of FRELIMO was killed by the MNR means of production," Joe Slovo a withdrawal of support from the MNR. while fighting alongside the Armed continued . ". ..we can not restrict the Forces . Tomas, was also a member of struggle objectives to the bourgeois the Popular Assembly and the democratic concept of civil or administrator of Marromeu district in democratic rights". MNR REPS IN THE U .S. Sofala . When the armed bandit group The lecture was sponsored by AMASP tried to attack the district seat, Tomas (the Mozambican Friendship According to an article appearing in first made sure that the populations was Association) and the ANC. the Washington Times on September 3, removed to a secure position before 1984 : "Two representatives of the joining the soldiers on the line of fire guerrilla movement battling Mozambi- where he was killed by an explosion . (continued on page 16)

15

(Continued from page 15)

SEARCH FOR KIDNAPPED TECHNI- CIANS CONTINUE

A body believed to be that of an Italian technician was found by a unit of the Mozambican army near an armed bandit base in Moamba district . 29 year old Leaonado Del Vescovo worked as a mining technician for an Italian firm involved in the construction of a dam in the area . He and another Italian technician were kidnapped on September 12 by the MNR . In October an, eleven year old Mozambican youth wo escaped from . the MNR camp reported having seen them there. Intense Army searches began with the youth and two other escapees from the camp participating. The camp was found deep in a wooded area and appeared to have been vacated the previous day . The body, thought to be that of Del Vescovo was found with the hands tied behind the body . Searches contine for the other Italian and two Portugues technicians believed kidnapped by MNR bands on October 7.

ALTERNATIVES FOR MIGRANT WORKERS SOUGHT

On October 20, the 6th session of the Southern Africa Labor Commission ended its three day meeting . During the meeting in Maputo, representatives recommended the creation of more = =In -- nominnannninni -- work posts within each country to "reduce the migration of a labor force to South Africa ." The final communique Please enter my subscription to Mozambican Notes for one year. stated that the principal concern was to Individuals $12 .00. Institutions $15 .00 study carefully the methods necessary to change the current situation of I would like to receive a copy of Mozambique economic dependence on South Africa . : From Colonialism to The communique pointed out that Revolution 1900-1982 by Allen and Barbara Isaacman, offered to new member countries must create new Mozambican Notes subscribers for $8 .00 ($11 .95 in bookstores). work in the areas of agriculture and industry as alternatives for those who currently go to the South African mines. The talks stressed the need for creating Total enclosed $ better conditions, in the areas of salary, Add $7 .00 for air mail subscriptions. housing and social benefits, for the intergration of miners who return home. Name The commission is made up of the nine countries who are members of the SADCC. Address Zimbabwe's Director of Employment Services observed that alternatives were City, State, Zip necessary because South Africa used the migrant workers as a weapon in the Please clip and return to The Mozambique Resource Center, destabilization process . P.O.Box 2006, Madison Sq. Station, New York, N . Y. 10159. 16