THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, and ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of CASINO TOURISM in Goai

SEÇÃO / SECTION / SECCIÓN

ARTIGO ORIGINAL DE PESQUISA / ORIGINAL ARTICLE RESEARCH / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN

THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CASINO TOURISM IN GOAi

Kaustubh Kamat* Miriam Scaglione** Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai*** Ruey Feng Chen ****

Abstract: This study investigates resident perception towards Casino Tourism which may be helpful for the formulation of possible strategic tourism policies. Binary logit model was applied to reveal the heterogeneity of resident’s perception towards casino tourism impacts. The result of this study reflects the overall opinions of the sample population, and further identifies relatively homogeneous opinion groups. Age, gender, income, education, length of residence was found to have a significant impact on perceptions about casino tourism. Binary logit model and marginal increase function were used to predict increase/decrease in probability to belong to analyzed group by variation in demographic profiles, thus contributing to the debate on casino tourism sustainability.

Keywords: Binary logit analysis. Resident perceptions. Tourism segmentation. Casino Tourism. Tourism industry.

OS IMPACTOS SÓCIO-ECONÔMICOS E LOS IMPACTOS SOCIOECONÓMICOS Y AMBIENTAIS DO TURISMO DE CASINO EM GOA AMBIENTALES DEL TURISMO DE CASINO EN GOA

Resumo: Este estudo investiga a percepção dos residentes sobre o Resumen: Este estudio investiga la percepción de los residentes turismo de casino que pode ser útil para a formulação de possíveis sobre el turismo de casino, lo que puede ser útil para la formulación políticas e estratégicas do turismo em Goa. O modelo logit binário foi de posibles políticas y estratégicas de turismo. Se aplicó el modelo logit aplicado para revelar a heterogeneidade da percepção dos residentes binario para revelar la heterogeneidad de la percepción de los em relação aos impactos do turismo de casino. Os resultados desse residentes sobre los impactos del turismo casino. Los resultados del estudo refletem as opiniões gerais da população da amostra e, além estudio reflejan las opiniones generales de la muestra de la población disso, identifica grupos de opinião relativamente homogéneos. Idade, y, además, identifica los grupos de opinión relativamente sexo, renda, educação e tempo de residência foram encontradas homogéneos. Edad, sexo, ingresos, educación y el tiempo de como categorias de impacto significativo sobre as percepções residencia fueran las categorías encontradas que tienen un impacto relativas ao turismo de casino. O modelo de regressão binária e a significativo en las percepciones sobre el turismo de casino. El modelo função de incremento marginal foram utilizados para prever de regresión binária y la función de incremento marginal fueron aumento e a diminuição na probabilidade de pertencer ao grupo utilizados para predecir el aumento o la disminución de la analisado pela variação nos perfis demográficos, contribuindo assim probabilidad de pertenecer al grupo analizado por la variación en los para o debate sobre a sustentabilidade do turismo de casino. perfiles demográficos, contribuyendo así al debate sobre la sostenibilidad del turismo de casino. Palavras-chave: Análise de regressão binária. Percepção dos Palabras clave: Análisis de regresión binária. Percepciones de los residents. Segmentação turística. Turismo de casino. Indústria turística. residentes. Segmentación turística. Turismo de casino. Indústria turística.

* Master in Marketing Management and B.E in Information Technology from Goa University. Asst. Professor and Head, Business Administration Department at Goa Multi - Faculty College, Dharbandora Goa. Currently pursuing his Ph.D at Goa University in the field of Tourism. His research interests include Tourism studies, Destination management, Destination Image, Casino Tourism to name a few. [ [email protected] ] Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative ** Ph.D. in Computer Sciences and M.Sc. in Statistics (Université de Neuchâtel). Professor at the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Commons Atribuição-Não Comercial-Sem Western Switzerland Valais (HES-SO Valais). Research interests include applied statistics and time series in tourism and she is leading a Derivações 4.0 Internacional. big data project which aims to monitor the frequentation of tourists using mobiles phone data in Switzerland. [ [email protected] ] *** Ph.D in Commerce (University of Calicut) and Postdoctoral studies in the area of Venture Capital Financing. Dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Management and Professor at the Department of Commerce, Goa University. Research interests include applied statistics in venture capital financing, entrepreneurship development, as well as tourism and hospitality studies. Presently working on ‘Multi-stakeholder evaluation of National AYUSH Mission’. [ [email protected] ] **** Master in Tourism Business Management from Chinese Culture University. Assistant Professor, Travel Management Department at Hsing Wu University, New Taipei City, Taiwan. He is also the Secretary General of Chinese Tourism Management Association. Research interests include Tourism e-marketing, cruise tourism, tourism vocational education in Taiwan and China. [ [email protected] ] Avaliação cega por pares / Double blind review process -- Editor científico / Scientific editor: PhD Thiago D. Pimentel Recebido em, 16 de agosto, 2016; aceito em 10 de setembro, 2016; publicado online em 26 setembro de 2016. Receveid on august 16, 2015; accepted on September 16, 2016; published online on September 26, 2016. Rev. Latino-Am. Turismologia / RLAT, Juiz de Fora, v.2, n.1, pp.44-54, Jan./Jun., 2016 44 THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CASINO TOURISM IN GOA Kaustubh Kamat, Miriam Scaglione, Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai & Ruey Feng Chen

1 INTRODUCTION modified by various moderating variables Goa, the former Portuguese colony situated on (LANKFORD et al. 1994). A lot of research been the west coast of India, boasts an interesting and conducted to find those variables influencing complex history in relation to tourism patterns and residents’ attitudes toward tourism (BROUGHAM; subsequent reactions to them. Although it is the BUTLER 1981, PERDUE et al. 1987, AP 1992, smallest state in India, its history has created a unique LANKFORD 1994, CAVUS; TANRISEVDI 2002). cultural diversity that since the 1960’s has attracted Tourism in Goa is mostly dominated by leisure tourists from all over the world and became one of tourism dating back from 1960’s onwards. Goa’s the most sought after tourism destinations in India as comparatively young Casino industry was started in well as around the world. the early 1990’s by the grant of the Casino license, Though Goa is not coming in the top tourism through an amendment of the Goa, Daman & Diu destination states in India, tourism industry in one of Public Gambling Act of 1976, in an attempt to boost the most prominent one, which provides plenty of tourism. It currently boasts of 5 off-shore Casinos and employment opportunity, both direct and indirect. more than 12 on-shore Casinos situated in various Goa, being one of the most popular holiday Five Star hotels across the state. This thriving Casino destinations in India getting around 2.8 million visitors Industry contributes Rs 135 crores (approximately (2012), the gold and white sand beaches, coconut US$ 2.8 mn) revenue to the State government in the trees rising above your head, delicious seafood, a form of various taxes including entertainment, liquor wonderful blend of Indians and foreigners, and the charges, port charges, entry fees, VAT etc, that is equally wonderful marketplaces make it the perfect essential to the State at a time when government vacation spot, mainly because of the low cost of living revenues have all but dried up after the compared to other beach destinations around the implementation of the Supreme Court ban on mining world, which makes Goa’s tourism industry as one of in the State (IBT, 2013) the unique tourist destinations not because of Traditionally monsoons was considered to be excellent infrastructure and related supporting off season for leisure tourism in Goa but because of services available in the tourism industry, but the very Casinos , Five-star hotels are reporting at least 75 per absence of it (WILSON, 1997). cent occupancy rate and the tourists are flocking to Population-wise, the state of Goa ranks 26th in Goa, or one should say, to the casinos of Goa. This has India with a population of only about 1.5 million. But impacts on residents in both ways. Positive in terms of the area spread of Goa is far less as compared to the employment and with more tourist arrivals but population, thus making it a state of medium residents are feeling the pain in congestion in traffic, population density. Its population density is almost crime increase and other social cost. To date, those 400 according to Goa census 2011, in a small area of who have suffered from the negative socio cultural mere 3000 kilometer square. Tourism is the state's and environmental impacts of mass tourism have not lifeblood, contributing approximately 30% of the been those who have benefited from its positive state's GDP. economic benefit (BRAMMER; BEECH, 2004). It is a widely accepted fact that any destination Present study was conducted to identify the focusing on its tourism industry as one of the primary resident’s perceptions towards casino tourism in the mainstay has to accept the fact that tourism state of Goa for the purpose of understanding how development is double edged sword. Not only does it the residents consider casino tourism industry in Goa, generate benefits, but it also imposes costs (JAFARI, whether it helps in improving the socio-economic 2001). By evaluating these benefits and costs, local conditions of the residents, and also whether they residents develop their attitudes toward tourism support, oppose, or being neutral towards the (BUTLER, 1980; DOXEY, 1975; LONG et al., 1990; government policy towards promoting casino SMITH; KRANNICH, 1998; SHELDON; VAR, 1984; tourism. SHELDON; ABENOJA, 2001; JUROWSKI et al., 1997, Further the study tried to understand the WANG; PFISTER, 2008; HANAFIAH et al., 2013). underlying structures of residents’ attitudes toward Previous research proves that apart from casino development in terms of social, economic, and perceived benefits and costs residents perception is environmental impacts and to examine causal

Rev. Latino-Am. Turismologia / RLAT, Juiz de Fora, v.2, n.1, pp.44 –54, Jan./Jun. 2016 45 THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CASINO TOURISM IN GOA Kaustubh Kamat, Miriam Scaglione, Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai & Ruey Feng Chen relationships between the impact variables and perceived a positive impact on employment, but a benefits and costs. negative impact in terms of traffic congestion, crowding, and crimes caused by gambling. Lee and This study further identifies the effect of Back (2003) investigated the impacts of casino demographic variation on the analyzed cluster and on development 6 months before and after casino was the resident’s attitudes towards tourism, contributing opened and reported positive impacts (employment to the debate on casino tourism development. Past opportunities, encouraging inbound tourism) and research has shown the different impacts of tourism negative impacts (demoralizing family values, and on the local community, and the perceptions and motivating gambling). attitudes of residents towards tourism, however no research has shown how and how much these Residents normally evaluate the benefits based perceptions and attitudes change according to a on the three main types of perceived impacts of change in the demographic profile of the local gaming tourism, viz., social, economic and community. environmental. Although the academic literature on resident attitudes towards tourism development is Therefore, present study fills the gap by adding plentiful and growing, gaming is relatively less valuable knowledge, new perspectives, and presents researched. Studies found residents perceived both possibilities for consideration. The paper offers benefits and costs associated with the gaming valuable inputs for different stakeholders of casino industries. tourism industry; especially the academic institutions, casinos operators, academicians, government, and Carmichael, Peppard, and Boudreau (1996) also NGO’s in the region under study. stressed the importance of residents’ positive and negative attitudes toward casino development.

Residents do not form similar groups in terms of their 2 LITERATURE REVIEW perception of tourism impacts. In fact, those who gain 2.1 Global Perspectives more benefits than costs from tourism view its impacts positively, others view them negatively. A Tourism planning and development in any number of different variables influencing residents’ region must involve various stake holders including perceptions of tourism impacts have been identified local community (BRAYLEY, VAR; SHELDON, 1990; AP, in the literature. 1990; 1992; AP; CROMPTON, 1998). Residents’ attitude plays a crucial role in sustainability of any Most of the variables suggested in the literature tourism, more over Destination Management Office are linked to the socio-demographic and economic (DMO) should identify what are the real drives behind profile of the residents, such as age, gender, level of residents’ attitudes. Review of literature suggests income, as well as level of education. Gender is one of commonly used theoretical frameworks explaining the most significant determinants of resident’s resident perceptions toward impacts of casino perception of gaming tourism impact (PIZAM; gaming; viz.; social exchange theory (SET). POKELA, 1985; DOGAN 1989; PETRZELKA et al. 2005; HALEY et al. 2005; VONG, 2004; 2005; 2008; 2009; SET has been advocated as the most 2010; VONG, McCARTNEY, 2005; SHARMA; DYER, appropriate framework for explaining residents' 2009; 2012). perceptions on the impact of gambling tourism (PIZAM; POKELA, 1985; GIACOPASSI; STITT, 1994; In context of gambling tourism a negative JUROWSKI, 1994 HARALAMBOPOULOUS; PRIZAM, perception of female respondents towards legalizing 1996; JUROWSKI, et al., 1997; STITT, et al., 2003; LEE; casino exceeded those of male respondents (PIZAM; BACK, 2003; JUROWSKI, GURSOY, 2004; HAM, et al., POKELA, 1985). Vong’s (2004) study on Macao 2004; LEE; BACK, 2006). SET suggests that residents resident attitudes towards gaming found that in would evaluate benefits and cost associated with a terms of demographic characteristics female tourism avenue and then decided whether they respondents were not in support for gambling should support it or not. tourism as compared to male counterparts. Long (1996) examined residents’ attitudes Vong’s (2010) subsequent study on Macao found toward casino development in South Dakota and women, educated persons and professionals still form Colorado. They found that residents generally the core of gaming opponents but married people

Rev. Latino-Am. Turismologia / RLAT, Juiz de Fora, v.2, n.1, pp.44 –54, Jan./Jun. 2016 46 THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CASINO TOURISM IN GOA Kaustubh Kamat, Miriam Scaglione, Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai & Ruey Feng Chen supported casino activity around Macao, and 2.2 Indian and Goan Perspective youngsters surprisingly opposed casino in Macao. With respect to age, older residents were more Despite socially conservative India’s ambivalence concerned with gaming tourism's impact on crime towards gambling, consultancy firm, KPMG estimated and safety levels and disturbance in the that US$ 60 billion was wagered in the country in 2010 neighborhood than younger residents (TOML with expectations of an increase in the years to come. JENOVIC; FAULKNER, 2000a; 2000b). Attitudes are slowly changing as India and more Asian countries are embracing gaming as a revenue Similarly Cavus and Tanrisevdi (2003) found older generator and a tourist draw (MUNROE, 2013). Goa Turkish residents hold more negative perceptions too, seems to have undergone an image makeover towards tourism development than younger residents. from being known as the hippy capital of the world to Level of education of residents also plays a crucial role, the casino capital of India with the concerned respondents who had completed high school or authorities making concerted efforts to convert this university education felt more strongly than those with state into a high end tourist destination designed to primary education that gambling had no use, and attract tourists with deep pockets (ZUBAIR, 2007). professionals did not agree that gambling was a way of getting rich, and this significantly differed from the view This image diversification has the support, of those who were self-employed (VONG, protection and blessings of politicians as well as casino 2010).Occupation was also found to be affecting industry stakeholders and is justified on the grounds that resident’s attitude the most (CHHABRA; ANDERECK, gambling is an integral part of ancient Indian culture and 2003; 2007; CHHABRA, 2009). tradition, and that casinos with their live gambling is a major draw for over three million tourists who visit the Employment status also influences development state and bring in much needed revenue to the state of gaming tourism in a region. In their study, Caneday (PRABHUDESAI, 2010) and serve as an added attraction and Zeiger (1991) identified that residents employed in for those who would otherwise have preferred other tourism businesses were likely to express a more destinations where such facilities exist (TNT, 2013). positive attitude toward the impact of tourism than those employed in non-tourism businesses. Roehl However, what is distasteful to note is that the (1999) examined perceived quality of life for residents very same politicians who vow to do away with this vice in Nevada. The quality of life was found to be positively before they come to power, or who were clandestinely correlated with employment in a casino and casino protesting it in the past, today support it and even patronage. With regards to casino, direct employment openly defend it on grounds of tradition and in the industry also has been found to influence economics (PRABHUDESAI, 2010). Many of them in an perceptions of gaming impacts (EADINGTON 1986; attempt to adopt a politically correct stance on this CARMICHAEL et al., 1996; CARMICHAEL, 2000; 2001). issue, go one step further and claim that they personally oppose it, but, acknowledging it to be a Length of time living and/or having been born tourist draw, feel it should be allowed, in the larger and/or grown up in the region also influences the interest of tourism in Goa with the imposition of more perception of residents towards gaming tourism. Some stringent rules and regulations (MUNROE, 2013). researchers have found evidence that attachment is negatively related to tourism attitudes (LANKFORD; The lack of consistency and unanimity in attitude HOWARD 1994), but this relationship is not yet and behaviour among the politicians only serves to conclusive given that others have found the opposite further confuse the issue. While politicians and their or no definitive evidence (BACK; LEE, 2005; CHHABRA; political parties have constantly either vehemently ANDERELECK, 2009; CHHABRA; GURSOY, 2007; supported or opposed the casino industry depending CHHABRA, 2009; DAVIS et al 1988; GURSOY et al, 2002; on whether they were in power or in the opposition, an GURSOY; RUTHERFORD, 2004; JUROWSKI, 1994; undoubted truth that emerges is that each successive JUROWSKI et al, 1997; JUROWSKI; GURSOY, 2004; government in the state has used the revenues earned KANG et al, 2008; LANKFORD; HOWARD,1994; from this industry to justify its existence (NAGVENKAR, LANKFORD, 1994; McCOOL; MARTIN, 1994; McGHEE; 2013). ANDERECK, 2004). Weak correlations were found Further, both domestic and foreign tourists between support for gambling and length of residence visiting the casinos view casinos and gambling as a (LEE; BACK, 2003; 2006). source of entertainment and neither immoral nor a

Rev. Latino-Am. Turismologia / RLAT, Juiz de Fora, v.2, n.1, pp.44 –54, Jan./Jun. 2016 47 THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CASINO TOURISM IN GOA Kaustubh Kamat, Miriam Scaglione, Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai & Ruey Feng Chen social evil. In an attempt to promote this view of casino 80%) of clients to on-shore casinos are Goans, while tourism and boost traffic to casinos, casino around 70% of clients to off-shore casinos are tourists managements are now providing kid zones and (PEREIRA, 2014). However, Delta Corporation, the crèches with state of the art play and rest areas, largest gaming company in India and a major player in complete with all the latest entertainment equipment the Goan market, refuted these claims stating that the as well as child care facilities, to enable families to visit hike in license fee is offset by the reduction in entry fee casinos. Innovative promotion is helping to soft sell the and since most of their clients are tourists, the new image makeover for casinos from dens of vice to all rules will not make any significant impact on the age appeal family entertainment - Las Vegas industry (SATYA, 2012). style. (FISHER, 2013; REBELLO, 2014). Whatever the argument, in favour of or against Local religious and social activists, NGOs and the casinos, the industry is a major revenue earner for the like, claim that the casino industry fuels gambling state and claims to be an employment generator too. addiction and other incidental woes like drug trade and But concerned activists claim that such employment is abuse, flesh trade, moral and social destitution of at best, low level, low paid and goes greatly to migrant families and society, money laundering etc, making the workers rather than local residents (TNT, 2013). State a sin and sex tourist destination as an off shoot to However, in an attempt to placate the opposers of the it and fear that this will filter through to Goans and industry, no fresh licenses will be issued to new off corrupt their culture (TH, 2014). They strongly criticize shore casinos and existing off-shore casinos are the government’s dependence on gambling revenues, ordered to relocate from the Mandovi river to mid sea its concessions to casinos, its implicit approval of by the next two years, and will not be allowed to gambling by the continued illegal advertisements of operate in any river (TNT, 2013). casinos (TNN, 2012) and demand the scrapping of all casinos to prevent Goa going Las Vegas and Macau way, and want a return to the pre 1992 days before the 3 METHODOLOGY entry of casinos into the state. (TNT, 2008). The data collection was performed through an Goa is quickly turning into the Las Vegas of the online structured questionnaire delivered during the East, known, not for its time honored beauty and period January – February 2014 to a randomly selected hospitality but as the land of casinos (TNN, 2014). The sample of 200 individual respondents from various owners and managing authorities of the same, object villages and cities in Goa, of which only 75 were to it being linked to the flesh trade and similar social received back and only 69 were complete resulting in evils on the grounds that the casino industry has been only 37.5% response rate. Data was collected using a around for over twenty one years, without there being structured questionnaire consisting of 2 parts. Part 1 any concrete incident to substantiate such accusations consisted of the demographic profile of the residents (GN, 2014). Other tourism stakeholders including local and Part 2 consisted of the residents attitudes towards tour operators feel that the tourism-casino overlap casino tourism (oppose or supporter). may harm rather than help tourism. In the absence of The questionnaire was composed by 56 a proper, planned, cohesive tourism campaign, the statements; measuring perception about casino only tourist activity that may actually be promoted is tourism and socio demographic profile of residents, the casinos which are definitely not a good statements 1 to 48, presented the same response advertisement for Goa. pattern: a five-point Likert scale was applied to each In an attempt to curb the ever increasing criticism claim, with 1 indicating strong disagreement or total about the negative socio-cultural impacts on locals and opposition and 5 strong agreement or total support, in to appease the opposers of the casino industry, the order to allow people to express different intensity state authorities have decided to ban the entry of local degrees in their attitudes. residents of Goa into casinos in Goa w.e.f. March 1st, Based on the existing literature review on gaming 2014, by the introduction of a Bill to amend the State’s tourism around the world and also Goa, the proposed Gambling Act (OHERALDO, 2011). study tried shed some light on the following research There is speculation that this new bill may questions. RQ1: Identify the effect of demographic negatively affect the casino industry at large and on variables on perception about casino tourism in Goa shore casinos in particular as a majority (between 50- and to describe the main characteristics of each of the

Rev. Latino-Am. Turismologia / RLAT, Juiz de Fora, v.2, n.1, pp.44 –54, Jan./Jun. 2016 48 THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CASINO TOURISM IN GOA Kaustubh Kamat, Miriam Scaglione, Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai & Ruey Feng Chen groups (supporters or opposers), and RQ2: To study was treated as the dependent variable and the effect of variations of population characteristics on demographic characteristics as independent variables each of the groups. Based on the previous researches and binary logit regression is applied to determine the and literature reviews, the following hypothesis is factor that explains the pertinence of a concrete type developed to test RQ1. of cluster. In binary logit notation, the model was written as (cf. HAIR, BLACK, BABIN, ANDERSON; Ho: There is no significant difference exists TATHAM, 2006, p. 360): between Casino tourism supporters and opposers with respect to age, gender, income, marital status,  education, length of residence, as well as probCLi2 LogitXXikkln  11 employment status. 1 probCLi2 Chi-square test is applied to find the answer for  probCLi2 11XXkk RQ1 where as binary logit analysis is applied to study Oddsei  1 probCLi2 the effects of variations of population characteristics on the cluster membership to find answer for RQ2. Change in demographic variables seems to be Where α = the intercept parameter; βk= the vector of relevant in defining the community opinion toward slope parameter and Xk= the explanatory demographic tourism aspects. Demographic resident tendency variables (Employed in the tourism sector, gender, age, related with residents’ attitude could be a useful tool years of residence, income level, marital status. for tourist developers. To achieve this, a binary logit education). Before running the model, test to check model was run. If any demographic characteristic essential assumption were carried out, a cross matrix showed a significant difference between the clusters, correlation of explanatory variables was used in order to logit analysis permits derive predictive parameters on partially avoid possible multicollinearity effects, and, the the significant variables. In this binary logit analysis, the independent variables of income level, employed in variable of two clusters (CL_2i; supporters or opposers) tourism and marital status were dropped (Exhibit 1).

Exhibit 1: Correlation Matrix. Final Gender Age Education Income Length of Marital Employm output Residence Status ent status Final 1.0000 output Gender -0.4308 1.0000

Age 0.3122 -0.2808 1.0000

Education 0.7342 -0.1890 0.1747 1.0000

Income -0.5714 0.3434 -0.0382 -0.4129 1.0000

Length of -0.4296 0.2546 -0.0257 -0.2669 0.9034 1.0000 Residence Marital Status -0.2087 0.0950 0.1942 -0.2750 0.3804 0.3042 1.0000 Employment -0.8402 0.3045 -0.2426 -0.6716 0.5174 0.3993 0.2893 1.0000 status Source: Compiled from primaly data analysis final output, i.e., supporter or opposer.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION with older people opposing Casinos. There was a roughly even distribution of male and female with 52.2 percent Exhibit 2 shows general demographic profiling of for male and 47.8 percent for female in responses but residents gives mean age of study subjects was 44.9 significant difference was found with gender (χ2 = 11.04, years old, it clearly shows that there was no significant p<0.05), females opposing more to casinos. Income age difference between supporters and opposers of levels were distributed as follows, less than 1000USD casinos tourism with regards to age (χ2 = 0.69, p>0.05), (58%), 1000USD – 1500USD (29%), and above 1500USD

Rev. Latino-Am. Turismologia / RLAT, Juiz de Fora, v.2, n.1, pp.44 –54, Jan./Jun. 2016 49 THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CASINO TOURISM IN GOA Kaustubh Kamat, Miriam Scaglione, Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai & Ruey Feng Chen

(13%). Significant difference was found with more higher respect to age, gender, marital status, income, education, income group supporting and lower income group length of residence, as well as employment status” is opposing Casino based tourism (χ2 = 23.9, p<0.05). rejected with an exception of age and marital status, There was no significant difference exists with respect to which clearly corroborates with similar studies carried marital status among opposers and supporters. out earlier that gender, income, education, length of residence, as well as employment status influences Educational levels were distributed as follows, up residents perception towards casino tourism. to 12th (26%), graduation and post-graduation (74%). Significant difference was found between education In order to explore the casual relationships groups (χ2 = 24.438, p<0.05), as more educated people between residents’ socio-economic and demographic opposed Casinos and lower education group supported attributes and their attitudes toward casino tourism, casinos. Respondents’ length of residence ranged from binary logit regression was used. Respondents were less than 10 years (14.5%), 11 – 20 years (20.3%), and 21 asked their opinion about attitude towards gambling years and above (65.2%. It was found to have tourism and were classified into 2 clusters, i.e., opposers significance difference (χ2 = 23.936, p<0.05), with and supporters. The demographic profile of Cluster opposition coming from the resident who have stayed Opposers shows that majority is females living in the more than 21 years. Marital Status do not have any region in the range of 21 years and above, highly significance difference attitude towards casino tourism qualified with average income below INR 50,000 (χ2 = 2.17, p>0.05), while employment in tourism annually with no employment history in tourism sector. industry was found to have a significant impact in being With respect to cluster B (supporters) have more male a supporter (χ2 = 44.73, p<0.05) respondents, lived in the region around 11 – 40 years, mostly lower education but with income status between Hence, based on the above, the formulated INR 50,000 – 75,000 annually and mostly employed in hypothesis that “there is no significant difference tourism industry. between Casino Tourism Supporter and opposers with

Exhibit 2: Demographic Profiling of Residents [n=69]. Demographic Residents Attitude Total χ2 Characteristics Opposers Supporters (p) Age 20 – 29 12 (26.1 %) 9 (39.1 %) 30.4% 0.6931 30 and above 34 (73.9 %) 14 (60.9%) 69.6% (0.4051) Gender Female 29 (63.0 %) 4 (17.4%) 47.8% 11.04 Male 17 (37.0%) 19 (82.6%) 52.2% (0.009) * Income Less than 1000USD 36 (78.2%) 4 (17.4%) 58.0% 1000USD – 1500USD 6 (13.1%) 14 (60.9%) 29.0% 23.90 1500USD and above 4 (8.7%) 5 (21.7%) 13.0% (0.000) * Marital Status Single 22 (47.8%) 6 (26.6%) 40.6% 2.1713 Married 24 (52.2%) 17 (73.9%) 59.4% (0.1406) Education Up to 12th 3 (6.5%) 15 (65.2%) 26.1% 24.438 Graduation and 43 (93.5%) 8 (34.8%) 73.9% (0.000) * Post Graduation Length of Residence Less than 10 years 2 (4.3%) 8 (34.8%) 14.5% 23.936 11 – 20 years 5 (10.9%) 9 (39.1%) 20.3% (0.000) * 21 years and above 39 (84.8%) 6 (25.8%) 65.2% Employment status . No 46 (100%) 5 (21%) 73.9% 44.732 Yes 0 (0.0%) 18 (78.3%) 26.1% (0.000) * Source: Compiled from primary data analysis. ** Significant at 0.05 *mean (age) = 44.9 Figures given in parenthesis are percentage values.

Rev. Latino-Am. Turismologia / RLAT, Juiz de Fora, v.2, n.1, pp.44 –54, Jan./Jun. 2016 50 THE SOCIO, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CASINO TOURISM IN GOA Kaustubh Kamat, Miriam Scaglione, Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai & Ruey Feng Chen

Table 3 highlights the coefficient values and p- education is significant at 0.05 for Cluster A (opposers) values of the binary logit model. The results shows that which indicates that a variation in the age of an individual for Cluster A (opposers) all four demographic variables, and educational level increases the probability of being viz., age, gender, length of service, as well as education an opposer to Casino tourism by 4.55% and 46% is significant at 0.05 level. Marginal effects where respectively, whereas increase in length of residence performed to further investigate the effects of the decreases the probability of being an opposer by 6.45%. change in demographic variables over the dependent The marginal effect of variable gender is significant at variable for each group. The marginal effect (Table 4) of 0.01 level and it imlies that probability of males being demographic variables, viz., age, length of residence, and oppose is 28% lower than female residents.

Table 3: Binary logit regression. Variable Coefficient Table 4: Marginal effects after Binary logit regression (base category Supporter). (Variable Coefficients). Clusters Opposers P value Clusters Opposers P value Age -6.13 0.013 Age 0.0455 0.026 Gender 0.137 0.024 Gender - 0.281 0.074 Length of Residence 1.38 0.001 Length of Residence - 0.0645 0.025 Education -0.194 0.023 Education 0.460 0.001 Source: Compiled from primary data analysis. Source: Compiled from primary data analysis.

5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS the community determine a different support It has been observed that resident’s perception towards casino tourism. is driven by the benefits they perceive about tourism, This provides an insight on how tourism if cost outweighs benefits, opposition happens for a segmentation can be done for improving the tourism venture and vice versa. Findings of this paper residents support for promoting casino truism. Based are in line with social exchange theory (SET). on the level of expertise, more training can be given Majority of studies carried out in Casino tourism to the residents who wish to be part of casino tourism measured resident attitude but failed to analyze the industry, there by more benefits will be passed on to possibility of predicting the change in perception with the local residents making it fulfilling the social variations of demographic factors. With this back obligation of providing more employment as well as ground, present study tried to find out whether there improving the quality of life by providing better is any relation exists between demographic factors infrastructure facilities. Though it sounds promising, it and residents attitude towards Casino tourism and is not possible to achieve this goal in the short run, effect of change in demographic variable will have on may take few years to establish the credibility in the resident’s attitude and to what extent. minds of residents. As stated in the literature, local support is essential for the creation of an enjoyable First part of the analysis was carried out on the tourism product and therefore, this research provides relationship between various demographic factors a base for successful tourism policies. and attitude towards casino tourism, and the result showed that age, gender, income, education and Past research has shown the different impacts length of residence has a significant impact on of tourism on the local community, and the resident’s perception about casino tourism. The perceptions and attitudes of residents towards difference was found insignificant in case of marital tourism, however no research has shown how and status indicating that opinion about casino tourism do how much these perceptions and attitudes change not vary between married or single person. according to a change in the demographic profile of the local community. This research limits to prediction Second part of the analysis was binary logit of only supporter and opposer, further research need which was applied to measure the change in cluster to be carried to predict a neutral perspective about membership with unit increase in demographic casinos. Also finding a core reason for opinion and factors. Furthermore, this research shows that issues then applying logit model to predict the change could like percentage of local people employed in the have a wider application in policy formulation and tourism sector, number of years of residency within development of casinos based tourism in Goa.

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______i Earlier version of the paper “Residents Attitudes Towards Casino Tourism Development in Goa” presented at 64th AIEST Conference on “Advances in Tourism Research – Perspectives of Actors, Institutions and Systems”, Plzen, Check Republic, 24th-28th August 2014.

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