Northwest A&F University College of Forestry 6

Assignment

Major : Wood biomass production

Lecture: Prof Blas Mola & Prof Paavo Pelkonen

Facilitated by: Prof Liu Guangzhe

Student : SAN SAMNANG & LEI Yu

ID : 2019073035 2019050647

2020 The development of fast-growing plantation for bioenergy in has just started in recent years and has received strong support from the government. Domestic fast- growing plantations were mainly concentrated in papermaking, construction and industrial materials. In recent years, with the release and improvement of relevant national laws and regulations, the development of Bioenergy Industry has shown an upward trend, accounting for an increasing proportion of energy consumption year by year. With the deepening of relevant scientific and technological research, it is expected to become a high-quality energy to replace traditional fossil fuels in the future.

According to the Main Tree List of Forestry Biomass Energy issued by the State Forestry Administration in 2017, many tree species are identified as bioenergy species. Different from the willow fast-growing plantations in Finland, China's biomass energy tree species are mainly used for the production of biodiesel as well as biological and chemical basic materials under the promotion of sustainable development strategy.

1. Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge: an example of fast-growing plantation of bioenergy species in China

Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, as a major biomass energy tree species, is supported and promoted by national policies. It is one of the most potential tree species in biomass energy economic forest industry, and has a large-scale planting area all over the country.

Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge (abbreviated as Xsor in the following), the scientific name of shinyleaf yellowhorn, is a unique woody oil tree species in China. Among the Main Tree Species List of Forestry Biomass Energy, Xsor is the most potential bioenergy tree species in North China. It can be used to produce biodiesel and is the best woody material for biodiesel production.

Xsor has been planted in large area since 1960s. In recent years, with the proposal of sustainable development strategy, Xsor , as a unique oil-bearing tree species in the north, has been widely planted in the three north areas. It is distributed in 16 provinces in the north of China. By 2020, the planting area of Xsor will reach 200 million mu (equal to 13333333.33 hectares) and 6 million tons of biodiesel will be produced.

At present, the planting system of Xsor is almost completely established. In Shanxi, , and other provinces, there are special research on the cultivation system of Xsor under local environmental conditions. Farmers can get huge profits from planting Xsor, which has high commercial value - not only be used as bioenergy crop to produce biodiesel, but also as ornamental tree species. China encourages the cultivation of xsor, and there is a huge demand for xsor market, especially for seed resources.

In the early stage of planting, it can be intercropped or rotated with other crops. After five years of rotation, it can obtain stable and healthy forest. The life span of Xsor can reach more than 2000 years. In forest management, selective cutting is often carried out according to the growth conditions.

Many provinces have carried out investigation and statistics on the soil suitable for planting Xsor. Under different soil conditions, there are different details in the fast- growing plantation of Xsor. But on the whole, a complete plantation system has been established.

Generally speaking, the cultivation of Xsor starts from the collection of high-quality seeds. In August, seeds are collected, peeled, dried and stored in a cool and ventilated place. They are planted in spring or autumn. After afforestation, farmers always loosen soil and weed 2-3 times for forest tending, generally in May and September every year. The survival rate also should be checked in autumn to ensure the afforestation density.

When the seeds of Xsor are mature, they can be sold to bioenergy companies to produce biodiesel, lubricating oil, soap and other daily necessities. Seedlings can be sold as ornamental trees..

At present, the fast-growing plantation system of Xsor has made rapid progress in China. All provinces in the North actively responded to the national policy, planting Xsor for developing bioenergy, reducing energy pressure. The plantation technology of Xsor in China has achieved preliminary results. And in the whole country, there are still potential undeveloped land suitable for the cultivation of Xsor. Therefore, in the future, the plantation system of Xsor has great potential. It can significantly increase resource output, produce biodiesel, reduce the pressure of oil resources, and promote the transformation of energy types.

However, there are many problems in aspects of plantation. In the process of plantation cultivation, it is easy to cause soil degradation or over nutrition. Single plantation is more likely to cause diseases and insect pests, leading to forest destruction and plant death.

2. General status and future development trend of the fast-growing plantation of bioenergy species in China

By 2020, the annual utilization of bio fuel ethanol will reach 10 million tons, and the annual utilization of biodiesel will reach 2 million tons, which will replace about 10 million tons of refined oil annually. According to the relevant planning, most of the deserts, beaches, grassy hills, grasslands, barren mountains, wasteland, sandy wasteland, saline alkali land, abandoned land, mines, etc.

The marginal land resources which are not suitable for agricultural production, such as oil field reclamation land, are listed as suitable forest land and will be used for biomass energy plant planting. Up to now, there are 1554 species of oil-bearing belonging to 697 genera and 151 families in China, and 154 species have seed oil content of more than 40%. At present, there are more than 30 kinds of trees and used to establish large-scale biomass fuel oil raw material base. In addition to Xsor, there are Jatropha curcas, sweet potato, rapeseed and so on

At present, biomass energy plant plantation is developing rapidly in China. In order to ensure the healthy development of China's biomass energy plant planting industry, to ensure the more effective protection of China's biodiversity, and to make more scientific and accurate decision-making by governments at all levels, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity impact of China's biomass energy plant planting industry. In order to do a good job of monitoring, it is urgent to establish long- term monitoring points in the areas where biomass energy plants have been planted, carry out positioning monitoring, and gradually realize network monitoring in the future. At the same time, we should pay attention to species, community, ecosystem structure and service function, occurrence and defense ability of diseases and insect pests, habitat, performance of alien species and their impact on local ecosystem and species.

3. The sources of raw material for Bioenergy production in China

According to (Kang et al., 2020) research on bioenergy in China show that the following biomass resources in China from 2000 to 2016: (i) crop residues, (ii) forest residues, (iii) animal manure, (iv) municipal solid waste, and (v) sewage sludge. Crop residues discussed in this find out about come from food crops (rice, wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, different grains, beans and tubers) and cash vegetation (oil crops, cotton, hemp, sugar crops, tobacco and melons). During the duration 2000–2016, the theoretical possible of CR is calculated through multiplying grain manufacturing for the residue to product ratio. Below is the table of parameters the bioenergy potential estimation of crop resides.

RPRa Collection coefficient LHV (kJ/kg)

Food Rice 0.95 0.83 14059 Crop Wheat 1.21 0.65 14766 Corn 1.40 0.9 14356 Millet 1.44 0.85 14569 Sorghum 1.65 0.9 15105 Other grains 1.39 0.86 14384 Beans 1.48 0.56 14789 Tubers 0.63 0.73 14126 Cash Oil crops 2.03 0.78 14775 Crop Cotton 3.32 0.86 14979 Hemp 2.29 0.87 15491 Sugar crops 0.24 0.7 13816 Tobacco 1.03 0.95 11300 Melons 0.10 0.5 13498

Forest residues (FR) Three main types of FR are forest tending residues, forest harvesting Parameters for the bioenergy potential estimation of forest residues.

Product yield Collection LHV (kg/ha) coefficient (kJ/kg) Forest tending Timber forest 3750 0.50 18600 residues Protection 3750 0.20 18600 forest Firewood 3750 1.00 16747 forest Special-use 1875 0.10 16747 forest Economic 1875 0.10 18600 forest Sparse forest 1875 0.50 18600 Shrubbery 938 0.50 18600 Sipang forest 2 (kg/each 0.50 18600 plant) Forest Bamboo forest 1875 0.10 17672 harvesting residues Wood 900 (kg/m3) 0.344 19500 Orchard 1875 0.10 18600

Animal manure (AM)

Humans, cows, horses, donkeys, mule, sheep, pigs and chickens are included in our study. The animal numbers are derived from China Rural Statistic Yearbook (2001– 2017), where pigs and chickens are considered as the slaughter capacity while cows, horses, donkeys, mule and sheep are regarded as the year-end stock.

Breeding Daily Dry Collection LHV (kJ/ cycle (day) coefficient kg) excretion matter coefficienta content (kg/d) (%)

Humans 365 0.55 0.15 1.00 18817

Cows 365 25.93 0.19 0.60 13799

Horses 365 13.16 0.25 0.55 15472

Donkeys 365 10.03 0.25 0.55 15472

Mule 365 9.26 0.25 0.55 15472

Sheep 365 2.10 0.50 0.60 15472

Pigs 199 3.12 0.20 0.90 12545

Chickens 210 0.12 0.50 0.60 18817

References

Mao Yixin. Feasibility analysis on the development of bioenergy tree Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge

[J]. Shelter forest science and technology, 2017 (09): 119-120

Wang Yinfu, Tian Xiangdong, Wang Wenxia. Afforestation technology of Xanthoceras sorbifolia

Bunge in Northern Shaanxi [J]. Journal of Yan'an University (NATURAL SCIENCE

EDITION), 2011,30 (02): 96-98

Jiang Qingdi, Wang Jingang. Application field and development prospect of Xanthoceras sorbifolia

Bunge [J]. science and technology, 2011,27 (15): 134-135

Tong Enfu, Zhao Dasheng. Analysis on the cultivation of energy tree species Xanthoceras sorbifolia

Bunge in the west of Jilin Province [J]. Contemporary ecological agriculture, 2011 (z1): 144-

146

Zhang Fengchun, Li Pei, qulaiye. Planting status of biomass energy plants and biodiversity

conservation in China [J]. Climate change research progress, 2012,8 (03): 220-227

Chen Rihong, LV Fengyun. The potential and space of cultivating Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge as

a mountain nursery and bioenergy forest [J]. Modern horticulture, 2012 (02): 92

Ji Xuefeng, Ma Zhonghui, Qiao Baoqiang, Zhang Jing, Shen Sulian, Hao Runmei. Afforestation

technology of bioenergy tree Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge [J]. Inner Mongolia Forestry

Survey and design, 2012,35 (06): 13-14 + 18

Yuan Jianbin. Analysis on the development prospect of bioenergy forest in Shanxi Province [J].

Shanxi forestry, 2013 (05): 32-33

Li Mao. Study on construction planning of bioenergy forest in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, North

Central Shanxi [D]. Shanxi Agricultural University, 2014

Su Manlin. Study on pruning techniques of fruit-bearing branches of Xanthoceras sorbifolia

Bunge[D]. Beijing Forestry University, 2016

Xu Xiaoqian, Liu Guangzhe. Overview of forest bioenergy development based on industrial chain

in Finland and Its Enlightenment to China [J]. Development research, 2016 (05): 143-147

Kang, Y., Yang, Q., Bartocci, P., Wei, H., Liu, S. S., Wu, Z., . . . Chen, H. (2020). Bioenergy in China:

Evaluation of domestic biomass resources and the associated greenhouse gas mitigation

potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 127, 109842.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.109842