ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN VESSELS DEPICTED IN ASIAN WALL PAINTINGS

TAKASHI TANIICHI*

There has been very little systematic research on the glass vessels depicted in wall paintings. About the Buddhist wall paintings in the area of Eastern Asia, however, there are the studies by An Jiayao on those of Dunhuang(1) and by D. Blair on those in the Golden Hall of Horyuji.(2) And in the last few years the present writer also has had the opportunity to conduct research at Dunhuang on glass vessels depicted in the wall paintings there.(3) The result of this research shows that glass vessels are depicted in over 80 places (50 caves), and the vessels are of a multiplicity of shapes: cup (type I and II), dish, bowl (type I, II, III, IIIa, IV), deep bowl, bottle (type I, II, III) and stemmed cup (type I, II, III), etc. The wall paintings were painted from the Sui to the Yuan period, and it is possible to construct a chronology of glass vessels depicted in the wall based on a classification of the vessels' shape, form of deco- ration, whether or not it has a plant in it, and the date of the wall painting itself. In the case of the wall paintings in the Golden Hall of Horyuji, several glass vessels are depicted in the wall #1. Based on a comparison of the form, shape, and method of expression to those in Dunhuang paintings, it is possible to know the relation between them and tentatively assign a stylistic date to the Horyuji paintings. In this thesis, the writer classifies the glass vessels observed in the Dunhuang wall paintings and abstracts the special features of each periods based on the researches by An Jiayao and the writer himself (chapter I), examines the examples in the wall paintings of Horyuji (chapter II), compares them with actual glass vessels excavated in Eastern Asia (chapter III), and considers the stylistic date of the wall paintings in the Golden Hall of Horyuji from the view point of how the glass vessels are depicted in those paintings.

* Curator, OkayamaOrient Museum. 128 ORIENT ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN GLASS VESSELS DEPICTED IN ASIAN WALL PAINTINGS

I. Glass Vessels Depicted in the Wall Paintings of Dunhuang

(1) Shape The special feature of each shape type is shown below. Cup has two types; type I and II. Type I has low stem and its brim rises steeply. Without the stem, type II has open brim whose lower part is con- stricted, and has round bottom. Dish has one fixed shape. It is shallow dish with open brim. Most of the actual glass dishes has the stem, but in most wall paintings it seems to be left out. Bowl has four types; type I, II, III, IV. While the brim of type I rises steeply, that of type II is narrow, that of type III is open and that of type IV is polygon. All bowls have round bottom except type IV which has flat bottom; some bowls of type III also have flat bottom, so they are classified as type IIIa. There are some examples which are not depicted clearly whether it has round bottom or flat bottom, and they are included in type III here. Deep bowl has one fixed shape. Lidded, narrow brim, and they almost depicted as sphere. Bottle has three types; type I, II, III. Type I has spherical body and cylindrical neck, without the stem. Type II has the stem and the board like brim besides the features of type I. Type III has the pointed lid and the spout instead of the brim of type II. Stemmed cup has two types; type I, II. Type I is the dish with tall stem. Type II has multilateral brim besides the features of type I. Each type appears first at the period when the cut is shown in the table. (2) Sui In the wall paintings of Dunhuang, glass vessel appears first in #394 of Sui period (cup-type I). That is the only one example of the wall painting of Sui which could be confirmed today. (3) Early Tang In this period, depicted glass vessels are colored with light blue or light green, or expressed as the vessels without patterns by only outline: #401 of late Sui or early Tang (dish colored with light blue (fig. 1). I t is translucent and has double brim. It has eight round decoration on the top of the brim, but what they suggest is not clear), #57 of early Tang (dish colored with light green and bowl-type I colored light blue), #322 (dish and bowl-type II are drawned. Vol. XXII 1986 129 Some part of bowl-type II is colored light blue), #220 considered to be depicted in 642 (bowl-type II is drawn with the lid of light blue), #333 (bottle-type I), #334 (bowl-type II),etc. Vesselsare expressedby the light colors (light blue or light green) or by only drawing. They have the same expression as the pictures of early Tang (the legs of Bodhisattva are seen through the robe). Lots of shape types are appear in this period as dish, bowl-type I and type II, deep bowl, bottle-type I. (4) Cheng Tang The vessels seen in #31 (light blue, cup-type II. The first appearance of this type) and #218 (light green, bowl-type II, Dish is colored light blue) follow that of early Tang in depiction. Vessels in #217 (the date is 710-711, or a little earlier. Dish with circular decoration colored light blue) and #445 (the date is 713-742. Bowl-type I with double circular decoration colored light blue) have some decorations in the face, and the plants and flowers seen through the vessel are painted. Further, brown edged brims appears first in the painted vessels of #446 (dish colored light blue and bowl-type II with brown brim) and #172 (dated 742-756. Bottle-type II (fig. 2) colored light green, with brown pearl motif in the brim and stem, and brown circular decoration in the center of the face. And bowl- type III colored light blue with brown brim). As for the shape-type, bowl-type III, cup-type II and bottle-type II are added to dish, bowl-type I and II. (5) Middle Tang In the middle Tang period, those examples come to very popular that express the plants and flowers which are seen through the vessel by the good using of light blue (deeping the color of the brim, and paint light the other part) as cup-type II in #199 (fig. 3) and #188, or that with circular and double circular with blobs decoration of light green, light yellow, light blue or white on the ground of light blue (as #158), or with brown brim (as #112) (fig. 4) like the examples of Cheng Tang. Brown brim is used even for the dish in this period, as in #159 and #231 (dated 839. Dish colored light blue and with circular decoration, whose brim is brown.). The depiction drawing the plants and flowers seen through the vessel becomes most popular in this period. Shape-type is narrowed to dish, bowl-type III and cup-type II, adding bottle-type III (#199) and bowl-type IIIa with flat bottom (#158) newly. In this period, the depiction of the glass vessels has been standardized not only in 130 ORIENT ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN GLASS VESSELS DEPICTED IN ASIAN WALL PAINTINGS shape-type but in the way how to express. (6) Late Tang Also in the caves of late Tang, the depiction with the ground of light blue and brown brim are seen as the wall paintings in #152 (dated 852. Brim of the dish is edged by double brown lines. Brim of bowl-type III is light green), #85 (dated 867. Bowl-type III with brown brim), #12 (dated 869. Bowl-type IV of light blue with brown brim), #18 (bowl-type III and cup-type II of light blue with brown brim), #177 (bottle-type II with brown brim) and #232 (bowl- type III with brown brim). Shape-type is similar to that of middle Tang (which is narrowed to dish, bowl-type III, cup-type II and bottle-type II), newly adding bowl-type IV with curved brim (#12). Depiction of the plants and flowers within the vessel has almost disappear- ed, in spite of some poor examples as the bowl in #156. (7) Wudai, Song Since Wudai period, glass vessels in the wall paintings have been depicted only by outline as in #99 (bowl-type III), #61 (cup-type I) and #225. The vessel in #25 (Song, cup-type I) has brown brim. As for the shape-type, cup-type I with stem revive, that have not seen since Sui period. (8) Xixia, Yuan In the caves of Xixia, the glass vessels are depicted by light blue or light green, as #130 (bowl-type III, depicted by outline of light blue), #328 (bowl- type III a, depicted by outline of light blue), #325 (cup-type II, depicted in the same way), #400 (same depiction, the first appearance of stemmed-cup- type I) and #306 (same depiction, the first appearance of stemmed cup-type II). This depiction is also seen in the wall paintings in #61 (cup-type I, light blue) of Yuan period. As for the shape-type, stemmed cup-type I and type II (curved brim) are added newly to bowl-type II, bowl-type III and cup-type II in Xixia period. Depiction of the plants and flowers within the vessel, which has been unpopular since middle Tang, revive brilliantly.

Vol. XXII 1986 131 II. Glass Vessels Depicted in the Wall Paintings of the Golden Hall of Horyuji

In the wall paintings of Horyuji, dish in the right hand of Bodhisattva on the left on #1 (fig. 5) is translucent and has double brim, some plants are depicted in it. Bodhisattva on the right on the same wall has a translucent glass bottle-type II with grain pattern in the right hand, a ring (regarded as a metal ring) is affixed to the neck of it. (fig. 6) Besides these vessels, there is a example that depicts something translucent. That is the jewel in the left hand of Tathagata on #10, but it is not clear whether or not it is the depiction of the glass.(4)

III. Comparison with Actual Glass Vessels Excavated in East Asia

Comparing these glass vessels depicted in the wall paintings with actual glass vessels excavated in Asia which have similar decoration or shape-type, some facts come to be clear. (1) Cup-type I The first example of cup-type I in the wall paintings of Dunhuang appears in #394, Sui period. Actual glass vessel of the same shape-type is excavated from the tomb of Lijingxun (died in 608) in Xian.(5) The date of them are coincident. Though the wall paintings of #394 is not clear in details for being depicted only by outline, two examples of cup-type I are excavated from the tomb of Lijingxun (light blue, height is 2.5cm. Light green, height is 2.4cm). Both of them are made by free-blowing and with mark of pontel rod in the bottom. They are made of soda-glass; four of the eight vessels which are excavated from the same tomb is made of -glass,(6) and all of them have the chinese shape- type. So some theories say that all of them are made in .(7) (2) Cup-type II Cup-type II without decoration first appears in the wall painting of #31 (Cheng Tang), and other examples are found in #188, #199, #386, and so on. All of these examples in Dunhuang caves are depicted in light blue and without decoration. But the actual glass vessel of the same type is excavated from the tomb of Fengsufei (died in as early as 415) in Liaoning.(8) 132 ORIENT ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN GLASS VESSELS DEPICTED IN ASIAN WALL PAINTINGS

Cup-type II from the tomb of Fengsufei is translucent bluish green and have a hollow in the bottom. It is made by free-blowing with mark of pontel rod. The height is 8.8cm. Its double brim is folded to the inner side of the vessel. All of the four vessels excavated from the same tomb are made of soda- glass, and regarded as the imports from the West. blue glass cup of the Shosoin treasure(9) (fig. 7) and the cup excavat- ed from Songyim-sa temple in Kyongju(10) are known as the actual glass vessels of the same shape-type with circular decoration. They were made in the al- most same date as the wall paintings in Dunhuang. In this connection, bowl in #445 (713-741) and bottle in #172 (742-755) are known as the wall painted vessels with circular decoration. They also painted in the almost same date.(11) (3) Dish In Dunhuang, dish appears first in the wall painting of #401 (late Sui or early Tang), but actual vessel is excavated from the tomb of Fengsufei died in 415 (fig. 8).(12) Dish of #401 is colored light blue and has double brim, and actual glass vessel is also translucent light blue and has double brim which is folded to the inner side. It is made by free-blowing and has pontel mark in the bottom. Height is 4.3cm and caliber is 13.0cm. Dish painted in the wall of the Golden Hall of Horyuji also has the double brim and is regarded as the depiction of the vessel with folded brim. (4) Bowl-type I Bowl-type I appears first in the wall painting of #57 in early Tang. But actual vessel is excavated from the tomb of Fengmonu (died in as early as 521) in Hebei.(13) Painted vessel in #57 is translucent and light blue, and actual vessel is translucent and green and has applied line decoration in the bottom and the outer side of the brim. It is made by free-blowing, and has pontel mark in the bottom. The brim is arranged roundly, not the folded brim. Bowl of the same type as it and colored deep blue was excavated from Zuihozuka in Kyong- ju.(14) That is made of soda-glass, including tin of fixed quantity.(15) (5) Bowl-type II In Dunhuang, bowl-type II appears first in the wall paintings of #230 (dated in 642). Actual glass vessel with narrow brim is excavated from the tomb of Fengsufei, which is without decoration.(16) The vessel in #220 is depicted only by outline. The bowl from the tomb of Fengsufei is translucent light green and has round bottom. Whose double Vol. XXII 1986 133 brim is folded to the inner side. Height is 8.7cm, caliber is 9.5cm. Regarded as being made by freeblowing with pontel, judging from the shape of the brim, but it cannot be confirmed because the bottom is broken. Bowl with relief cut decoration is excavated from the tomb of Lixian (died in 569) in Ningxia,(17) which is translucent light green. Height is 8.0cm, caliber is 9.5cm. That is quite same in both shape-type and making-technique as the fragment excavated from Munakata-taisha in Okinoshima;(18) that is a very valuable example of Sasanian bowl excavated in China. The example in the wall painting of Dunhuang which is possible to have the same decoration is seen in #445 (Cheng Tang), light blue bowl with double circular decoration. It can be double facet decoration,(19) if it depicts the cut glass. (6) Bowl-type III The first appearance of bowl-type III (round bottom) in Dunhuang is found in #172 (742-755). That is the light blue bowl without decoration, which has brown brim. Actual glass vessel of similar type have not been excavated from East Asia until now. The example of the same shape-type (without the brown brim) can be found in Frankish-Glass of the 7th century.(20) That is translucent and light blue. Height is 5.8cm. The brim is thick and folded. The example which has cobalt blue blobs decoration on the ground of translucent light blue is excavated from Kinreizuka in Kyongju(21) (fig. 9). Height is 7.6cm. It is made by free-blowing with pontel mark. It is made of soda glass, (22) and regarded to be made in the West. (7) Bowl-type IIIa In Dunhuang, bowl-type IIIa (flat bottom) appears first in the wall paintings of #158. There depicted bowl-type IIIa of brown brim with double circular and blobs decoration of light yellow. The actual vessel similar to that is excavated from Hejiacun in Xian(23) (731-755). That is translucent light green-yellow and has eight sets of applied decoration. Height is 9.8cm, caliber is 14.1cm. There are some anology between them in decoration and shape-type, and the date they were made are not so far-off. (8) Bowl-type IV In Dunhuang, bowl-type IV of light blue with brown brim appears in the wall painting of #12 of late Tang (dated in 869). The date of actual glass vessel is a little later; that is excavated from the base of pagoda #6 in Ding-xian in 134 ORIENT ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN GLASS VESSELS DEPICTED IN ASIAN WALL PAINTINGS

Hebei (built in 995).(24) The bowl is translucent light green and its brim is like a flower with six petals. It is made by free-blowing with mark of pontel rod. It is made of lead glass,(25) and the vessel of such shape-type is found only in China (regarded as being influenced by the porcelain of Beisong); it is thought to be the actual example of the lead-blowing glass made in China. (9) Deep bowl In the wall paintings of Dunhuang, the example of light-blue is found in #220 (dated in 642). The actual glass is excavated from the tomb of Lijingxun (died in 608) in Xian.(26) It is translucent green and has the lid. It is made by free-blowing but without pontel mark, the brim is grinded. Both lid and bowl are made of lead glass of high density.(27) Porcelain of this shape-type are often excavated from the tombs of Sui, and similar vessel made of white porcelain is excavated from the tomb of Lijingxun.(28) This glass bowl is also thought to be made in China. As far as the deep bowl is concerned, the dates of the wall painting and the actual glass are almost coincident. (10) Bottle-type I In Dunhuang, the wall painted vessel of this type is found in #333, early Tang. It is depicted only by outline. The actual glass vessel is excavated from #18 tomb of Luoyang Guanlin,(29) almost the same date. It is translucent green vessel, whose neck is narrow and whose trunk is spherical, with a small hollow in the bottom. It is made of soda glass, including quite a few of mag- nesium and potassium,(30) and it is similar in shape-type to the glass bottle excavated in Iran;(31) it is regarded as the imports from Iran. In this connec- tion, the glass bottle of the same shape-type which was excavated from Luoyang before the World War II is now owned by Royal Ontario Museum in Canada, which is also made of soda glass.(32) (11) Bottle-type II In the wall paintings of Dunhuang, this type appears first in #172, dated in 742-755. The brim has brown pearl motif, the trunk has brown circular decoration in the center of it, and the shoulder has grain decoration of light green. The example in the wall painting of Horyuji is the same shape-type, the belt of pearl motif is found in its neck and it also has grain motif; both of them has a lot of analogy. The actual glass vessel of this type is excavated from the base of pagoda in Huixian in Shanxi(33) (604), but it has no decoration and it has a lid with button. It is translucent green and made of lead glass. It is also thought to be made in Vol. XXII 1986 135 China. (12) Stemmed cup-type I There is an example drawn by outline in #400, Xixia. The brim and the bottom of the stem are depicted by double outline; they can be regarded to show the folded finish of the double brim and the stem. Actual of this type are the vessels from the tomb in the surburbs of Xian(34) (592), stemmed glass vessel in Shosoin treasure,(35) and the vessel from the #98 north tomb in Kyongju(36) (fig. 10). The vessel from Xian is blue-green, and the stemmed vessel in Shosoin is translucent. Both of them are made by free blowing, jointing two glass globes of the different size, cut-off a part of each globe; cup is made from the big globe and stem is made from the small one. The vessel in Shosoin is made of soda glass(37)and thought to be an imports from the West. The vessel from the tomb of Kyongju has grain decoration same as the wall painting of Horyuji; the decoration of this type is often found in Roman Glass excavated from Koln.(38) This vessel is made of soda glass, so thought to be an imports from the West. About this shape-type also, the actual glass vessels are older than the vessels in the wall paintings.

As the above lines mentions, comparing the first appearance date of the glass vessels depicted in the wall paintings in Dunhuang and that of the actual glass vessels, generally the latter is earlier, except some shape-types which the date of the two are almost coincident as cup-type I and II, bowl-type IIIa, and deep bowl. That tendency is remarkable in the vessels of the traditional shape-type; it is quite natural considering the peculiarity of depicting the glass vessels in the wall paintings. So, excepting some shape-types which are popular in the special periods, generally speaking, it is not proper to date the wall paintings only from the similarity between the depicted vessel and the actual vessel.(39) Comparing the glass vessels depicted in the wall paintings in Dunhuang with the actual glass vessels, it can be said that they reflect the real state of the glasses in China to some degree; the revival of the lead glass made in China and the pro- duction of the free blowing glass of the lead, on the other hand, Sasanian, Islamic and Roman Glass Vessels are imported.(40)

136 ORIENT ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN GLASSVESSELS DEPICTED IN ASIAN WALL PAINTINGS

Notes

(1) An J. 1983, pp. 425-464, figs. 1-9. (2) Blair, D. 1973, p. 72, pl. 73. (3) Taniichi, T. 1986a, pp. 28-41, figs. 1-17. (4) Blair, D. 1973, p. 72. (5) The Institute of Archaeology, CASS. 1980, p. 22, pl. 14: 4-5. (6) idem. 1984, pp. 449-457. (7) An J. 1984, pp. 424-426. (8) Li, Y. 1973, p. 6, fig. 9: 4. (9) Shosoin Office 1965, pp. 15-17, pls. 3, 31-38. (10) Kim, C. 1959, pp. 95-112. (11) Taniichi, T. 1986c, pp. 275-296, figs. 1-9. (12) Li, Y. 1973, p. 6, pl. 1: 1, fig. 9: 1. (13) Zhang, J. 1957, p. 33. (14) Yoshimizu, T. 1976, pp. 43-44, fig. 4. (15) Mabuchi, H. and Emoto, Y. 1980, p. 162. (16) Li, Y. 1973, p. 7, fig. 9: 3. (17) Han, T. 1985, p. 14, pl. 3: 1, fig. 26. (18) Fukai, S. 1968, pp. 50-52, fig. 23. (19) Idem. 1980, pp. 194-205, pl. 32. (20) Loudmer, G. 1985, p. 212, nos. 519-520. (21) Yoshimizu, T. 1976, pp. 39-43, fig. 3. (22) Nakao, M. 1931, p. 354. (23) Shanxi Museum 1972, pp. 31, 36, fig. 13. (24) Dingxian Museum 1972, pp. 43-48. (25) The Institute of Archaeology, CASS, 1984, pp. 452, 456. (26) idem. 1980, p. 22, pl. 14: 3. (27) idem. 1984, pp. 450, 456. (28) idem. 1980, p. 15, pl. 17: 3. (29) An, J. 1984, p. 420, pl. 5: 4. (30) The Institute of Archaeology, CASS, 1984, pp. 450-451, 455. (31) Fukai, S. 1977, pl. 34. (32) Seligman, C. G. and Beck, H. C. 1938, pp. 13-14, pl. 3: 1. (33) Chu, C. and Chin, P. 1974, pp. 126-132, pl. 10: 2. (34) The Institute of Archaeology, CASS, 1966, p. 83. (35) Shosoin Office 1965, pp. 21-22, pls. 6, 47-52. (36) Yoshimizu, T. 1976, pp. 46-48, fig. 11. (37) Shosoin Office 1965, p. 21. (38) Journal of Glass Studies, 9, 1967, p. 134, No. 6 (Corning 66. 1. 2). (39) Taniichi, T. 1986a, pp. 33-37. (40) Taniichi, T. 1983, pp. 83-105; idem. 1984a, pp. 398-400; idem. 1984b, pp. 24-34; idem. 1984c, pp. 445-463; idem. 1984d, pp. 323-340; idem. 1985, pp. 116-130; idem. 1986a, pp. 28-41; idem. 1986b, pp. 35-46; idem. 1986c, pp. 275-296; idem. 1986d, pp. 9-17; 1986e, pp. 137-151.

Vol. XXII 1986 137 Bibliography

An, J. 1983 "Glass Vessels on Wall Paintings of the Mogaoku" (in Chinese only), Journal of Dunhuang-Turfan Studies, 2, Peking University, Peking. 1984 "Early Glass Vessels of China" (in Chinese with an English Abstract), Kaogu Xuebao: Acta ArchaeologicaSinica, 75 (1984-4), Peking. Blair, D. 1973 A in Japan, Corning, N.Y. Chu, C. and Chin, P. 1974 "Persian Sassanian Coins Discovered at Changan and Yaohsien in Shanxi" (in Chinese with English Contents), Kaogu: Archaeology, 131 (1974-2), Peking. Dingxian Museum 1972 "Excavations of the two Pagodas at Dingxian in Hebei" (in Chinese only), Wenwu, 195 (1972-8), Peking. Fukai, S. 1968 Study of Iranian Art and Archaeology,I, (in Japanese with English Abstracts), Tokyo. 1977 Persian Glass, (English Edition), New York. 1980 Study of Iranian Art and Archaeology, II, (in Japanese with English Abstracts), Tokyo. Han, T. 1985 "Excavation of the Northern Zhou Dynasty Tomb of Li Xian and His Wife at Guyuan, Ningxia" (in Chinese with English Contents), Wenwu: Cultural Relics, 354 (1985-11), Peking. Institute of Archaeology, CASS, the 1966 The Sui and Tang Tombs on the Outskirts of Xian, Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, CASS (=PIA 18), (in Chinese with an English Abstract), Peking. 1980 Excavations of the Sui and Tang Tombs at Xian (PIA 22), (in Chinese with an English Abstract), Peking. 1984 "Analyses of Glasses from the West to the North Song Dynasty" (in Chinese with an English Abstract), Kaogu Xuebao: Acta ArchaeologicaSinica, 75 (1984- 4), Peking. Kim, C. 1959 "Treasures from the Songyimsa Temple in Southern Korea", Artibus Asiae, 22, 1/2, New York. Li, Y. 1973 "The Excavation of the Tomb of Fengsufei in Liaoning" (in Chinese only), Wenwu, 202 (1973-3), Peking. Loudmer, G. 1985 Verres Antiques et de L'Islam, Paris. Mabuchi, H. and Emoto Y. 1980 "Chemical Analyses of Ancient Glass from Orient" (in Japanese only), Ancient Glass from Orient, Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo. Nakao, M. 1931 "On the Glass and Glaze of Ancient Asia II" (in Japanese with English Contents), Kokogaku Zasshi: ArchaeologicalJournal, Vol. 21, No. 5, The Archaeological Society, Tokyo. Seligman, C. G. and Beck, H. C. 1938 "Far Eastern Glass: Some Western Origins", Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 10, Stockholm.

138 ORIENT ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN GLASSVESSELS DEPICTED IN ASIAN WALL PAINTINGS

Shanxi Museum 1972 "Treasures from Hejiacun in Xian" (in Chinese only), Wenwu, 188 (1972-1), Peking. Shosoin Office 1965 Glass Objects in the Shosoin (in Japanese with an English Abstract), Tokyo. Taniichi, T. 1983 "Pre-Roman and Roman Glass Recently Excavated in China" (in Japanese with an English Abstract), Bulletin of the Okayama Orient Museum, 3, Okayama. 1984a " Glass Bowl Excavated in China", Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, The Toho Gakkai, Tokyo. 1984b "Ancient Glass Excavated in China, I, Zhou and Han Dynasties-focused on recent discoveries-" (in Japanese with English Contents), Museum, 397 (1984-4); Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo. 1984c "On the Ribbed Mosaic Glass Bowl Excavated in China" (in Japanese with an English Abstract), Collected Papers for the Thirties Anniversary of the Establishment of the Societyfor Near Eastern Studies in Japan, Tokyo. 1984d "Western Designed 'Composite Eye' Glass Beads Recentry Excavated in China" (in Japanese with an English Abstract), Ancient Orient Studies Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Namio Egami on the Occasion of his Seventy-Seventh Birthday,(Bulletin of the Ancient Orient Museum, 5), Tokyo. 1985 "Eastern Diffusion of the Roman Hemispherical Bowl with Facet Decoration" (in Japanese with an English Abstract), Orient: Bulletin of the Society forNear Eastern Studies in Japan, Vol. 28, No. 1, Tokyo. 1986a "Glass Vessels Depicted in Wall Paintings: The Case of Dunhuang Caves and the Golden Hall of Horyuji" (in Japanese with an English Abstract), Bijutsushi: Journal of the Japan Art History Society, 119 (Vol. 35, No. 1), Kyoto. 1986b "The Origin of the Cut Glass Bowl in Shosoin Treasures" (in Japanese with an English Abstract), Bulletin of the Okayama Orient Museum, 5, Okayama. 1986c "Glass Vessels from the Songyimsa Temple" (in Japanese only), Buddhist Art Studies Dedicated to Prof. Koichi Machida on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday, Tokyo. 1986d "Eastern Diffusion of the 'Gold-foil' Glass Beads" (in Japanese with English Con- tents), Glass: An Art Magazine edited by The Associationfor Studies in Japan, 21, Tokyo. 1986e "On the Relief Cut Glass Bowl Excavated in China" (in Japanese only), Studies for Oriental Art and ArchaeologyDedicated to Prof. Dr. Shinji Fukai, Tokyo. Yoshimizu, T. 1976 "A study of the Roman Glass Excavated in Ancient Silla" (in Japanese with an English Abstract), Chosen Gakuho: Journal of the Academic Association of Koreanology in Japan, 80, Chosen Gakkai, Tenri. Zhang, J. 1957 "Excavations of the Fengs'tombs in Hebei" (in Chinese only), Kaogutongxun, 1957-3, Peking.

Vol. XXII 1986 139 fig. 1 fig. 2

fig. 3 fig. 4

140 ORIENT ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN GLASS VESSELS DEPICTED IN ASIAN WALL PAINTINGS

fig. 5 fig. 6

fig. 7

Vol. XXII 1986 141 fig. 8

fig. 9

fig. 10

142 ORIENT