The Artios Home Companion Series Unit 11: The

Teacher Overvie w

THIS UNIT will cover the restoration of Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire under Otto I, and a conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church. In this unit, we see the stress and conflict of the church and state relationship.

Double-headed eagle with coats of arms of individual states, symbol of the Holy Roman Empire, by Hans Burgkmair dem Älteren

Reading and Assignments Based on your student’s age and ability, the reading in this unit may be read aloud to the student and journaling and notebook pages may be completed orally. Likewise, other assignments can be done with an appropriate combination of independent and guided study.

In this unit, students will:  Complete two lessons in which they will learn about the Saxon emperors and the struggle between and emperor.  Define vocabulary words.  Visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources. Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 11: The Holy Roman Empire Page 103 Leading Ideas Vocabulary God orders all things for the ultimate good of His Lesson 1: people. independent And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called Lesson 2: according to his purpose. ultimate — Romans 8:28 Key People, God has a plan, and in the end He will be exalted. Be still, and know that I am God. I will be exalted Places, and among the nations, I will be exalted in the earth! Events — Psalm 46:10 Otto I Pray for those who lead us. Henry IV First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, Gregory VII intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all Concordat of Worms people, for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way. — 1 Timothy 2:1-2

An illustration from Schedelsche Weltchronik depicting the structure of the Reich: The is sitting; on his right are three ecclesiastics; on his left are four secular Electors.

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History Overview and Assignments The Saxon Emperors

AFTER THE FALL of Charlemagne’s empire, there was a period of great confusion and disorder in , especially in , where a new race of people, the , began to invade. Because of the weakness of the central government in Germany following the demise of the , the need for defense against the Hungarians fell on the local nobles. To save Germany from being overrun by the Hungarians, the German nobles consolidated power around a new King, Otto I.

Vocabulary independent

Key People, Places, and Events Otto I

Discussion Questions 1. Why do you think the author takes so much time explaining the lineage of these kings? 2. What important lineage does the Bible record? 3. Why is that important?

The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire. Otto was crowned emperor on February 2, 962, by Pope John XII.

Reading and Assignments  Read the article: The Holy Roman Empire — The Saxon Emperors.  Define the vocabulary word in the context of the reading and put the word and its definition in the vocabulary section of your notebook.  After reading the article, summarize the story you read by drawing out the family tree of the kings of Germany and France.  Be sure to visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources.

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 11: The Holy Roman Empire Page 105 Adapted for Elementary School from the book: The Story of Europe by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall The Holy Roman Empire — The Saxon Emperors

The fate of each of the three countries was dying, Conrad said that the that came out of the empire of Charlemagne should choose Henry of , known as was very different. France struggled but Henry “the Fowler” because of the sport he slowly joined all of its people together into loved, as their next ruler. one nation. Germany was not joined together and was still made up of The Saxon Emperors independent states. Germany was not The Germans took Conrad’s advice and focused on peace and just becoming a whole made Henry of Saxony Emperor of nation, however. They wanted to take over Germany. Saxon emperors would control the world and thought they had the right to Germany for over one hundred years, from control Italy. Germany’s claim brought a 918-1024. Even though the Germans were very evil time to Italy and to Germany, too. supposed to vote on who would lead, most It caused endless wars with the Church, and of the time the crown was passed on from Italy was not able to become a whole nation father to son.

for nine hundred years!

Last of the Carolingian’s Weakness The family of Charlemagne died out because of their weakness. In Germany, the last ruler was Louis “the Child” in the year 911 A.D. In France, the last Charlemagne family ruler was in 987 with Louis the Fainéant (which means “the Lazy King”). After each death, both France and Germany chose new leaders. The position of power in France became hereditary (passed through the family from one generation to the next). In Germany they chose to vote on who would lead them. When died, the Germans chose Conrad of Franconia as their ruler. Conrad was supposed to rule, but the leaders of each state in Germany fought with each other and acted like each of them Legend of the German crown offered to Henry, by Hermann Vogel was in charge. Even though he had very little real power, Conrad was able to keep Conrad had kept the empire together, the empire from breaking apart. When he but Henry was able to bring everyone

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 11: The Holy Roman Empire Page 106 together, and there was peace in Germany. married Princess Adelaide, and became He made all the leaders of the states . Then he marched to and understand that he was really the one in was given the crown by the holiest religious charge, not them. Henry did many great leader, the Pope. This meant that he was things for Germany. He was able to quiet the king of all of the kings in Europe. No Hungarians who were always trying to German leader had held this position for threaten the German states. He built , over sixty years. Before Otto I, many of the helped businesses, promoted farming, and men who had been crowned emperor had settled many areas of Germany that nobody not done anything great. Otto I was already had lived in before. He did not worry about a great leader, and he made the imperial controlling Italy or taking over the world. crown great again. This renewed the Holy Henry spent his life helping to improve life Roman Empire.

in Germany. When he felt that he had done all he could for Germany, he decided he would go to Italy to gain its crown too, but he died before he could accomplish that. Henry’s 24-year-old son, Otto I, came to power after Henry died. But the important people who had accepted Henry as king did not accept Otto I as their leader. This caused a civil war. Many of Otto’s own family did not want him to rule Germany. His time as emperor was full of wars at home in Statues of Otto I, right, and Adelaide in . Otto and Adelaide were married after his Germany and with other empires. However, annexation of Italy. he ended up winning everywhere. He fought By User:Kolossos - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2447069 and took control of the Bohemians and the Danes. He was able to win enough against Otto I remade the Empire of the Hungarians that they finally went away Charlemagne. It was smaller than before, for good. but was still tremendous. However, when he did this it joined the power and wealth of Otto I - Dreams of Controlling Germany and Italy. This was a very bad the World thing for him to do. The German leaders Through all the wars Otto I fought, wanted to have control over the Italian Germany became the most powerful state in people, and this split everyone up. Otto I Europe. But Otto’s dreams of power were ruled the empire very strictly. He even much bigger than that. He dreamed of controlled the Church. He used his power to taking over the world. get rid of the weak and bad and Princess Adelaide of Italy asked Otto I to replace them with the ones he thought to be come save her from King Berenger, who right for the position. The Church was under wanted to force her to marry his son. Otto his control, and the popes had to obey went as soon as he could. Just like in a fairy everything the Emperor wanted. tale, he fought and won against Berenger,

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History Overview and Assignments The Struggle Between Pope and Emperor

OTTO I tried to increase his power by building up the power of the churchmen. This allowed for unworthy church officials to rise in the ranks of the Church, thus setting the stage for a great struggle called the “Investiture Conflict.” A reform movement in the Church sought to take power from the governments and place it back into the realm of the Church. If we were to boil the theme of this lesson down to one phrase, it would be the separation of church and state.

Reading and Assignments

 Read the article: The Struggle Between Pope and Emperor.  Define the vocabulary word in the context of the reading and put the word and its definition in the vocabulary section of your notebook.  After reading the article, summarize the story you read by either: ▪ Retelling it out loud to Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII in Canossa 1077, by Carlo Emanuelle your teacher or parent. OR ▪ Completing an Vocabulary appropriate notebook ultimate page. Either way, be sure to include the answers to the discussion Key People, Places, and Events questions and an overview of key people, places, dates, and Henry IV events in your summary. Gregory VII  Trace and draw out the family Concordat of Worms tree of the Saxon emperors who ruled after Otto I. Discussion Questions  Visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources. 1. Describe the conflict between Henry IV and Gregory VII. 2. What part did pride play in that conflict? 3. What was decided at the Concordat of Worms?

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 11: The Holy Roman Empire Page 108 Adapted for Elementary School from the book: The Story of Europe by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall The Struggle Between Pope and Emperor

Three Saxon emperors ruled after Otto I, Henry IV. The whole land was soon engaged then the Frankish (from Franconia) in a violent disagreement. came to power for the next hundred years. Henry III was one of these Frankish Henry IV and Gregory VII emperors. He was one of the best and While the empire was so weak, a monk strongest leaders of the . Henry who was very powerful in the Church was united the empire more than ever before. made pope. He chose the name Gregory VII, One of the greatest things he did was to stop and he became even more powerful. This the fighting between the states in Germany. caused a struggle for ultimate power He declared peace between all German between Henry IV and Gregory VI. people. Under this peace, Germany was very Two years after he became pope, successful. Gregory declared that high ranking church leaders would not be chosen by the Emperor Henry III and the Church or anyone else except the Church itself. For While Otto I had brought Germany back a very long time, many emperors had tried to greatness, the Church had sunk back to strengthen the Church to make state down and was now struggling. There were leaders less powerful. Because of that, the three popes striving for the throne of the Church had a very large amount of land. If Church. Henry came in and showed his church leaders could only be chosen by the power by removing those three popes and Pope, all of that land would really be in his putting a German pope in power. During his control. This would make the Emperor’s time as emperor, Henry set four German power decrease. popes in charge of the Church. This helped At this time, Henry IV was only twenty- the Church by making it much stronger. five years old. He was easily excited, a little By spending so much time fixing the unstable sometimes, and not ready to deal Church and being in Italy, Henry lost some with this powerful pope. Henry did not want of his following in Germany. This worried to give up any of his power, so he removed him during the last few years of his life. He the Pope from his position of power. But died, and this meant his son was supposed Gregory was not a German pope, ready to do to take his place, but his son was only six whatever a German king said. He decided to years old. excommunicate Henry. This meant that With a child ruling the empire, the Henry was not a member of the Church power of the crown declined. This meant anymore. Gregory also threatened to that each state’s leader’s power got much remove Henry from power if he kept giving greater. They fought against each other the Church trouble. while trying to fight against the Emperor, No pope had ever acted that way toward

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 11: The Holy Roman Empire Page 109 an emperor. If Henry had more loyal and people fighting against his rule. The followers, and if Germany had united, he Pope’s ban on Henry continued even after might have been able to ignore the threats he died. It took five years for the ban to be of the Pope. But Germany was weak because taken away so he could be buried in holy of their dream of taking over the world. ground. Every leader in Germany was always looking for a chance to become an independent ruler. Many of them saw this as their chance to rebel because the Pope had taken most of Henry’s power. In order to regain his control over Germany, Henry had to give in to the Pope. In the middle of winter he took a very long, hard trip across the mountains to Canossa, where the Pope was. He showed up dressed like a person who was very sorry for his actions. He had on no shoes and no hat. He knocked and begged to get in. For several days, Henry waited outside in the cold for the Pope to let him in and forgive him. Finally Gregory gave in and forgave him. This showed the

Christian world that the Pope had the right to judge great kings. He claimed this to Medieval king investing a with the symbols of his episcopate show that without any fighting or an army

to back him, the little gray-haired priest had The Concordat of Worms won power over “the lord of the world.” Gregory VII was dead, Henry IV was also The Pope’s pride and boasting made dead, but the fight for power continued. The Henry very angry. As soon as he felt strong popes that came after Gregory wanted to enough, he went against the Pope again. keep the power he had claimed they could Again the Pope removed Henry from the have. The emperors who came after Henry Church, and Henry removed the Pope from kept resisting the idea that they could not power. This time Henry marched to Rome have complete power over the Church. with his troops and surrounded the city, Henry V became Holy Roman Emperor hoping to capture Gregory. After three years after his father Henry IV had died. Henry V of attacking Rome, Henry went into the city had fought against his father when he was and was crowned emperor by his own pope, younger and the new pope, Paschal II, had Clement III. Gregory’s time in power was hoped Henry V would be willing to follow over, and he ran away to Salerno. Before he under his rule. But he was wrong. Henry died, Gregory would not forgive Henry, and was strong, and the struggle for power that meant Henry was still banned by the continued. Church. After a long time, Henry and the Pope at Henry’s last days were filled with war the time, Calixtus II, came to an agreement

Medieval to Renaissance: Elementary Unit 11: The Holy Roman Empire Page 110 at the Concordat of Worms. They agreed chief leader of both church and state. In that the Pope would choose popes and other England only the people could approve a church leaders with approval of the new king or take the crown away, and the Emperor. The popes would also respect the King chose new church leaders without Emperor’s power over the Church’s land. asking the Pope. The Church wanted to take

England’s land. To do this they supported William of Normandy when he had gone to take England from Harold of Saxony. But even though William was a loyal church member, he planned on ruling England alone. Gregory VII also wanted the Church to rule England alone. There were a few small battles, and William did not give up any land or power. Pope Gregory sent a message demanding loyalty from King William. William sent him a message back saying he would not give up his power to the Pope. The kings of England before him had not promised loyalty to the Pope, and he would not either. He would keep giving money, but not loyalty. William respected the Pope and would give him what was lawfully due to the

Church. He also retained the right to choose Emperor Henry V visits his father in prison church leaders. It was never talked about or After fifty years, the struggle between argued about like between the Emperor and the Church and state was finally over. The the Pope in Rome. Gregory was too busy to Pope really came out the winner, with more put up a fight against William. He had to get power and more respect from the people. an army together to fight against the new The battle over who would choose new emperor. church leaders was over, but the battle for The popes were much more successful in ultimate power of ruling the world kept Germany at getting their way. After going. The popes kept trying harder and Henry V, Lothaire the Saxon ruled harder to show that they weren’t just leaders Germany. During his rule the Church’s of the highest church, but the highest power became much greater. Lothaire was leaders of all Christianity. very weak and scared of making the Pope The popes were treated very differently angry. He even gave the Church land in Italy by Henry of Germany and William of that he normally would have kept for England. King William of England was the himself.

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