SEPTEMBER 1955 50¢

Clearing Up A Mystery Morrie Ryskind

Salesmen for Freedom Wanted Claude Robinson and LeBaron R. Foster

The Right to Be "Wrong" W. H. McComb This. Too. Is TH E FORWARD LOOK

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For Without taking count, I would say that. albout one in four of ;the manuscripts submitted to the Libertarians reeman FREEMAN deal 'with :the sUlbject of communism. Sometimes they expose the fallacies of Karl Marx, more often they dwell on Soviet or Editor FRANK CHODOROV Chinese atrocities, sometimes they purport to Manag.ing Editor MABEL WOOD disclose the machinations of domestic Com­ Business Manager IVAN R. BIERLY munists and occasionally they tell of the spread of communism in other parts of the world. It would be easy editing to fill up at ·least half of every issue with these articles. I am Contents SEPTE.MBER 1955 afraid, however, that the readers would. find the fare quite uninteresting; the sameness Editorials would be palling. 634 Aside from the deadly fault of dullness, the ~~~~n~1~~~::::: :::: :::::::::::::::. ::::. :::::::::::: :::: :::::::::: ::::::::: ::: ::: ::: 635 loading of the FREEMAN with such ar,ticles in­ Her Maiden Speech . 635 volves a matter of policy. W'e are, of course, The Peddler Who Built A Nation . 636 opposed to communism, Ibut no more so than Why Dixon-Yates Died . 636 we are opposed to fascism or socialism or any other form of authoritarianism. But we are Articles also for something-a thing called freedom. It Salesmen for Freedom Wanted is :the purpose of this publication to "carry the torch" for values that make for a richer, CLAUDE ROBINSON and LE BARON R. FOSTER 637 The Independent Mr. Mullendore LEONARD E. READ 639 happier human existence: the free market Clearing Up A Mystery :: .. ,.:>•.. MORRIE RYSKIND 642 place and the dignity of the individual. In our Above the Law : WILLFORD 1. KING 644 effort to carry out this purpose, we assess the Conservatives Also Confiscate ICOLM BROGAN 646 current scene in the light of these values. Miss Bettis Wasn't "Progressive" ROSE GRI~CO 651 Revolt of the Classes F. R. BUCKLEY 653 To stress the threat of communism is to The Right to Be "Wrong" W. H. MC COMB 657 divert attention from threats of equal potency and nearer home. We cannot help seeing in the Books concentration of power in our own Executive an attack on freedom; in Ithe drive for govern­ A Reviewer's Notebook.. .. JOHN CHAMBERLAIN 659 ment schooling we see the menace of collec­ Diplomat's Education FLETCHER PRATT 661 tivistic indoctrination; in taxation and inflation Not-Sa-Right Turn E. MERRILL ROOT 661 More Than Words WILLIAM H. PETERSON 662 we recognize the gradual abolition of private Mao's Paradise GERALDINE FITCH 663 property, 'without which there is no freedom. Barricade for Freedom M. STANTON EVANS 664 If under cover of our preoccupation with com­ Giants in Their Place PAUL L. POIROT 664 munism these threats to freedom are permitted De1bunking Marxism WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN 665 to go unchallenged, what is accomplished? For Phonic. Reading MARGUERITE HARPER 666 Good-and Better C. o. STEELE 666 Sometimes as I read these anti-communist Well Worth Reading 668 manuscripts, an unkind suspicion comes upon me: are these writers for freedom or only Washington, D. C FRANK c. HANIGHEN 649 against communism?

Readers Also Write 632 Our new contributors this month:

CLAUDE ROBINSON and LE BARON R. FOSTER are identified in the editorial note accompanying The FREEMAN is published monthly at New York, N.Y., by the Irvington Press, Inc., Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y. Copyrighted in the United States, 1955, by The Irvington their article. Press, Inc., Leonard E. Read, President; Fred Rogers Fairchild, Vice President; Claude Robinson, Secretary; Lawrence Fertig, Treasurer; Henry Hazlitt and Leo Wolman. DR. WILLFORD I. KING, now economist·for the Re-entry as second class matter pending at Irvington, N.Y. with an additional entry at New York, N.Y. Committee for Constitutional Government, Inc., taught economics for twenty years at New RATES: Fifty cents a copy; five dollars a year; nine dollars for two years. SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE: Send subscription order, correspondence and instructions York University. for change of address to: The FREEMAN ROSE GRIECO teaches dramatics and dancing Subscription Department in the Montclair, New Jersey, schools. She has Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y. contributed to Dance Magazine, the Common­ CHANGE OF ADDRESS: Send old address (exactly as printed on wrapper of your weal and the Catholic Digest. copy) and new address, with zone number, if any. EDITORIAL AND GENERAL OFFICES: Address the FREEMAN, Irvington-on­ w. H. MC COMB is on the staff of the Miami Hudson, N.Y. The editors cannot be responsible for unsolicited manuscripts unless re­ turn postage, or better, a stamped, self-addressed envelope is enclosed. Manuscripts Daily News. Author of The Businessman Must must be typed double-spaced. Articles signed with a name or initials do not neces­ Save Himself. Contributor to the American sarily represent the opinion of the editors. Printed in U.S.A. by Blanchard Press, Inc., N.Y., N.Y. Legion Magazine. Thompson Products front suspension ball joints are an important feature of this Lincoln Futura. 19 feet long and 7 feet wide, the Futura is only 52.8 inches high. Its contour-made topconsists of clear plastic twin canopies, joined in one unit. There are no windows-air intake and exhaust louvers behind the bucket seats provide a constant supply of fresh air.

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It was found to Offices, Cleveland 17, Ohio. ~:~~~=~:~p~~~~:~~~:O:::~~~~x~~~~~~~~. polities a hooby.As it is, only those "take maximum cover." There is no who hope for monetary return (with cover to take. ... eaders a few exceptions) will -take any inter­ I live in the country. An exodus of est. Many millions won't register or many millions would lead to all sorts also wri+~ vote. Many who are registered don't of ills and complications. True, ·as Mr. bother to vote. J ones gleefully points out, most people R I believe Elihu Root said, "Politics wouldn't make it. But in the propor­ Likes Exception is the art of self-government." No peo­ tion that the exodus fails, the evils he As a new subscriber to the FREEMAN, ple ·can slcorn the practice of that art decries attendant on the exodus will I was pleasantly surprised to learn and ignore those who attempt to do not exist. If the exodus is successful, that the eastern part of our great coun­ it f.or them without losing liberty.... then we in the country, with direction try was not totally lost to the follow­ Oregon, Ill. MRS. STUART LYTLE from a Civil Defense Organization ers of Dean Acheson, Schlesinger, Jr., grown efficient in spite of guys like Adlai and Co. From A Cotton Farmer Jones, will do our best with the mobs. The article "The Age of Un-Reason" I am reading my first copy of the FREE­ Sharon, Conn. F. R. BUCKLEY (June) hit the nail on the head. I MAN. I ·may be overenthusiastic, but I don't think that distinguished body of hold the purpose of this paper very The "New Conservatives" educators that constantly exhorts us close to my purpose for living. In "Collectivism Rebaptized" (July), to give more room to "academic free­ Please consider my comments Mr. Fr,ank Meyer has forged a power­ dom" willI go for it, though. Also, the friendly to your cause. "The Tale of A ful weapon for confusing and dividing need for overhauling a system of edu­ Shirt" (July) leaves the impression our side. This is hardly the time for cation that consistently reproduces that the farmer's price is not support­ fratricidal strife between those who Hisses, Coes, Remingtons, etc. was well ed at a high level by the government. wear the FREEMAN'S libertarian label expressed.... I refer specifically to, "There is a risk and those who, like myself, subscribe Des Plaines, Ill. JOHN A. ZALESKI that when Johnson gets his crop ready to the unhyphenated conservatism of to harvest the price will have Dr. Russell Kirk. Politics Is An Art dropped." To be ,effective, we must be Your editor's des'cription of his scorn well verlsed in the subjects we discuss; Washington, D.C. CHARLES A. WEBB and indifference to politics and poli" I am a ,cotton far,mer who will give Mr. Meyer's sickening attack on Rus­ ticians ("Midsummer Madness," Au~ his subsidy check to stop it. sell Kirk will give much comfort and gust) is arltogether too close to reality Amarillo, Texas J. MURL MC'CASt)\.~p<: to be funny. The great problem of this propaganda material to the statists. I am quite sure that it will be quoted country is to get the citizens to make A-BomibPanic widely as evidence that conservatis,m Those of/us who have served success­ i$ really Tor)71ism, selfish- and greedy, fully as Passive and Civil: Defense of­ though Mr. Kirk has given overwhelm­ ficers in congested combat zones under ing evidence to the contrary.... fire can only applaud and thank you for the article "The Fashion for Fear" ROBERT JOHNSON NEEDLES St. Petersburg, Fla. by Paul Jones (August). Here are the facts: Congratulations to Mr. Frank Meyer 1. "Evacuat,ion" as such is a clean­ on "Collectivism Rebaptized." I am up or rehabilitation function following m,yself something of ,a "ne.w conserva­ ROMANY is Real Clay Tile. Not an enemy-inspired emergency. tive" and have read much of the metal, not. pla~tic, not a painted 2. The only possible plan of action branch of liter,ature under discussion; surface. The all Clay body is fired during an emergency. is for everyone though I find much to admire in Kirk to get below the surface-of the earth. in excess of 2,000 deg. F. to assure and the others, I have always felt 3. "DiSipersal" of property and per­ there was something woolly and vague strength and unlimited wear.. The sonnel, in that order, must ,take place, and ungraspable, and Mr. Meyer ,may hard glazed face' with its mod­ where possible, weH in advance of have indeed put his finger on it. ern "Cushion Edge" is one of the an e.mergency. Toronto, Canada HART BUCK easiest surfaces to keep clean and 4. Evacuation during an emergency sanitary. Acid cannot discolor. promotes panic, casualties, paralyslis ... While it is a ,bit startling to find Fumes cannot penetrate. of the military effort, paralysis of the myself fa self...confessed conservative civilian economy, and an early and of the Edmund Burke-Russell Kirk Colors to please every desire. easy defeat. school) labeled a "collectivist," I'm More than 34 lovely fade-proof But, jus,tas in so many of the glad to see the real issue of these times colors to choose from, many exclu­ phoney ideas that have been promot­ j oined.The real ethical, social and sive with ROMANY. ed since V-E Day, is not the object to political issues of these days lie be­ destroy Americ.a - and from within tween the conservatism of Burke and Experienced Ceramic Tile Contrac­ ...? the best of nineteenth-century liberal­ tors everywhere are available to Columbus, Ohio WILLIAM E. WARNER is,m, not between nineteenth...,century install ROMANY Tile quickly and and twentieth'"'century liberalism. Ad­ efficiently. If Paul Jones insists that he writes in vocates of the latter really have noth­ full pos,session of his faculties, he must ing to say ... The FREEMAN is an organ admit to an irresponsibility of mon­ of opinion representing the best of '.III~ ."ATI. strous proportions. How can you un­ nineteenth-century liberalism. CI•••IC 1'111 C5 derestimate a fission bomb? ... There So, Mr. Editor, let the fur fly ... Member: Tile Council 'of America wiN be nothing left for civilians to P. c. STRINGFIELD, JR. CANTON 2. OHIO man, in the way of industry, if they North Wilkesboro, N.C.

632 THE FREEMAN It seems to me by Philip M. McKenna President, Kennametal Inc., Latrobe, Pa.

A Promise is a Promise ... You might say, as I would say, "That's not the American way of doing things." And the same holds or, at least, it used to beI true when the Government reneges on its promises. It seems to me that the people who have supplied gold to our Government should have the right to get it It wasn't so long ago that our Government kept every back at a standard rate when they want it. A Gold promise it made. One of these was the promise to Coin Standard will re-establish that right. Such a exchange gold coin for our currency when we wanted it. standard will also re-establish a standard of measure­ Then something happened that changed the course of ment for business, for industry and for finance. Such a our country's destiny. Back in 1933, our Government standard, furthermore, will make it possible to pass on suspended specie payments in gold ... but only to us, savings which industry and industrial progress provide. u. S. citizens. Foreigners still can get gold for dollar As one example, the savings that Kennametal* makes credits. available to industry can then be passed along for the

By so doing, our Government went back on its benefit of consumers in the form of lower prices and promise. higher purchasing power. What a country the United States of America would The re-establishment of a Gold Coin Standard is be if everybody went back on his word ••• refused to worth more than a passing thought. It's worth deep keep a promise once made! consideration and much discussion ••• with your Let's suppose our railroads did that. Suppose you friends, neighbors and others, not excluding public deposited your baggage with a railroad and received a officials and candidates for office. You can discuss it baggage claim check. But when you returned the next with me, too, if you care to write to me. I'll also be day to claim your personal property, the railroad glad to talk with you about Kennametal and its place declared your claim no longer valid. If you angrily in America's future progress. KENNAMETAL INC., insisted, the clerk would explain, "Your baggage check Latrobe, Pennsylvania. is void. We declared this morning that all claims on *Kennametal is the registered trademark of a series of hard carbide alloys baggage checked here were no longer valid ••• that is, of tungsten, tungsten-titanium and tantalum, for tooling in the metal­ working, mining and woodworking industries and for wear parts in machines except claims by citizens of foreign countries." and process equipment used in practically every industry.

One of a series of advertisements in the public interest. 7250 c:::J~~ Q (QL :J ®~ MINING, METAL AND WOODWORKING TOOLS ABRASION, CORROSION·RESISTANT PARTS ~ cau&1fifh1Mi\ imfD ~~@:o WEAR AND HEAT·RESISTANT PARTS PERCUSSION AND IMPACT PARTS reemanTHE SEPTEMBER 1955 Loaded Terms

Capitalistic Society. The sibilants in this combina­ they were allowed to bargain for themselves. These tion of words give it a hissing sound that suggests workers are actually deprived of the full value of something wicked. The Marxists and those who their services. The union bargainers are under­ have been influenced by Marxist thought, who in­ standably more interested in the larger number clude all the political uplifters, have so well ex­ of marginal workers, the less productive ones, and ploited this hiss that "capitalistic society" has come wage advances secured for them are always greater, 'to eonnote an evil way of life; it has to be done as a percentage, than the wage advances of the away with. skilled workers. Collective bargaining thus becomes And yet, there never was, there cannot be, a an instrument for levelling, for putting a damper society without capital. For 'a society consists of on initiative, for reducing productivity. men, and it is inherent in the make-up of men to exchange what they have in abundanee for some­ Social Security. Here we have a fraudulent scheme thing they lack. The increase of satisfactions re­ that has been infused with high morality. Social sulting from exchange induces them to invent security is an excuse for hijacking the pay envel­ labor-saving devices, so that they can produce ope; it is a tax on wages, and nothing else. To cover more and swap more; the labor-saving devices con­ up the confiscation, to make it more palatable to the stitute calpital; they include stone axes and "auto­ worker, the promise is m,ade that it will be re­ mation." turned (with interest) when the worker is no Capital cannot be abolished wherever men as­ longer able to work. The fact is that the tax on sociate. It can be confis'cated by the State, and the wages is spent by the State as near after collec­ only question is, will men produce capital-which tion as possible; sometImes before. The "benefits" is production in excess of immediate consumption paid to the oldster do not come from "enforced -if they cannot enjoy the fruits of their labor? savings" but from new taxes imposed on his sons That is, will there be a society of prosperous men and daughters. This is called "insurance," but if where confiscation is the regular order? an insurance company tried it, the directors would Only men produce capital. Only men save and be indicted for fraud. trade. Other species do not have capital. And they do not form societies; they form herds, flocks and General Welfare. These two words cover with an schools. "Capitalistic society" is therefore a re­ aura of humanitarianism what can only be de­ dundancy; there is no other kind of society. scribed correctly as political skulduggery. Legisla­ tion that is so haloed is in every case the confisea­ Collective Bargaining. This phrase has been loaded tion of one man's property for the benefit of with sanctity. The tone of reverence which has another man, with the confiscatory agency ab­ been attached to it stems from the notion that col­ stracting an operating "cut." The general public lective bargaining is a means of effecting a meet­ cannot possibly benefit from such subventionary ing of minds among men actuated by reason and legislation, for it is they who must pay the price. mutual respect. The fact is quite the contrary. Col­ The ultimate result, if not the purpose, of "general lective bargaining is a showdown between antago­ welfare" legislation is to put the beneficiaries of nists of unequal economic and political strength; the subsidies (pressure groups) under obligation to out of it there emerges a victor and a vanquished. the State, and thus to entrench political power. Some unionist wit once described collective bar­ gaining as a way of collecting what you can and This column will be continued from time to bargaining for the rest. What's holy in that? time'. Suggestions for "Loaded Terms" are Furthermore, collective bargaining denies com­ solicited. Five dollars will be paid for every mon justice to a goodly segment of the workers, the suggestion accepted for publication. The right skilled ones who would be in better position if to edit is reserved.

634 THE FREEMAN centralism, which is the essence of communism. The Conspiracy Or, if compulsory insurance is on the agenda, the headline writer can by the judicious selection of FEW WEEKS AGO the New York Times an­ words, put a favorable light on this extension of A nounced that its publisher had fired a mem­ State power. If he has it in his heart that private ber of its staff who hid behind the Fifth Amend­ property is tarnished C,a communistic idea), the ment when questioned hy a congressional re'write man can show it in his account of a private committee about his alleged membership in the power "grab." Any item that palpably demonstrates Communist Party. The prominence given the story the incompetence of the State is either ignored or showed a bit of jitteriness. Th~s was even more put in an 'inconspicuous spot on an inside page. evident in the defense of another staff member who Whether or not members of the Newspaper Guild had admitted his former card-carrying status. were, or are, members of the Communist Party is The ,stories hardly rated front-page position. not nearly so important as the fact that basic com­ Among newspapermen the fact that during the munistic thought has become standard intellectual thirties and forties Communists had got themselves equipment in the popular pubHcation field. If the on the staff of the Times, as well as other news­ entire conspiracy were rounded up and kept out papers, has long tbeencommon knowledge. Several of cir,culaition, while its concepts are given free years ago a former secretary of the Newspaper rein, communism will prevail. The traditional Guild, speaking at an open meeting in Washington, American values and institutions will be preserved, said that he could name a ,considerahle number-I not by routing out party members, but by expos­ think he said slixty-of the Times staff who were ing, analyzing and refuting communist concepts, party members at the time. He himself was then however disguised. That is not a job for the police; a memiber, having been pla1ced in the secretaryship it is a job for dedicated individuals-for the pub­ for recruiting purposes. lishers and readers of the FREEMAN. It is generally assumed, and not without justi­ fication, that the members of the party are either conscious agents or unconscious dupes of Mos'cow, Her Maiden Speech that their ultimate purpose is to bring about a poHtical retg1me similar to, and perhaps subje1ct to, the Kremlin regime. But there is an aspect of the conspira'cy that has nothing to do with violence and does not embrace treason in the a'c­ cepted sense. It is in the rea1lm of ideas. It is in tha,t realm that the conspira1cy has shown itself most adept, princiJpally because it has met with little opposition; while the authorities have con­ fined themselve.s to the cloak-and-dagger aCltivi­ ties, the ideas and va~ues on which communism res'ts its case have hardly been challenged. That the conspirators should have infiltrated the newspaper field-and other fields of communica­ tion-is consistent with their basic purpose of making their ideas popular and respectable. In that they have succeeded, to such an extent that the ideas have found acceptance even with those in the profession who never werr.-e tainted with disloyalty, and are in fact violently opposed to any regime of communism. The primary idea ·of communism, the one on which all their theories rest, is that the State is endowed with capacities which the indi­ vidual cannot possess, and that therefore it should be given power to regulate and regiment the in­ "I .JUST got here-only four months ago. On ar- dividual; this concept has been so well "sold" that . rival, I was handed a $2,000 mortgage on my it has become axiom1atic in newspaper work, the life. That, I am told, is my share of the national fiction of objective reporting notwithstanding. debt, a debt I did not incur. For some years my If, for instance, the story to be covered today daddy will have to pay interest on that debt at is a debate over federal aid to education, the re­ my expense; because of the interest payments, porter can spread-eagle the speech of its pro­ I will have to go without somethJng. When I am ponents, and relegate the remarks of the opposition arble to earn my keep, and for as long as I live, the to a few sentences ,at the end of the column; wit­ burden will be on me. That, I say, is a dirty deal tingly or uIlJwittingly, he is aiding the cause of for babies."

SEPTEMBER 1955 635 source of.outside capital for small business was the The Peddler Who local investor.... In recent years, high and steeply progressive tax rates on individual incomes, com­ Built A Nation bined with the 'capital-gains tax, have tended to dry up this source of funds and also to limit the HE Guaranty Survey, published by the Guar­ earnings necessary to atltract them...." And so on. T anty 'Trust Company of New York, has an In plain language, the savings that the peddler article in its July issue called "Nelw Aid for Small plowed back into his enterprise are no more; the Business." Very interesting, not only for what it tax-,collector g,erts them. Nor is there an inclination tells, but more so for what it suggests. We'll come on the part of other savers to invest in his back to the article; for the benefit of those who embryonic department store, because so much of "m,ajored" in economics in recent years, and who the profits from such an investment are taxed therefore never heard of it, it might be well to away as to m'ake the risk unat1tractive. These credit relate the story of the American peddler" which corporations, 'which firSlt appeared in New England, the article brought to mind. where enterprising peddlers of all sorts are needed, Originally, this unique entrepreneur serviced hope to overcome the ravaging of the economy by the sparsely settled areas of Ame,rica with a pa,ck the Internal Revenue Bureau. They might for a on his back. Having disposed of his load, he in­ little while keep things going, but what is needed vested the proceeds, minus the little he needed is savings----

636 THE FREEMAN Salesmen for Freedom Wanted

By CLAUDE ROBINSON In measuring ideological trends the Opinion Re­ and LE BARON R. FOSTER search Corporation has found that certain ques­ tions, such as those above, sharply differentiate people who believe in the free market from those This is no time for complacency on the part of who believe in government intervention. Using a advocates of the free market economy. For Amer­ standard bank of 26 questions, the over-all average ican public thinking has been moving left during on our measuring scale has shifted two points the last two years, halting the trend toward con­ against the free market, from 57.7 to 55.8 per cent. servatism evident since 1946. A confidential survey, The pattern of public thinking today involves a "Latest Trends in Free Market vs. Socialistic great paradox. People say that socialism is re­ Thinking, 1955," conducted for its clients by the pugnant and that the greatest hope for reaching a Opinion Research Corporation of Princeton, New better life is the free enterprise way. For example, Jersey, gives these findings. Dr. Robinson, Presi­ out of everyone hundred in the voter survey: dent of the Corporation, and Mr. Foster, editor of 72 say the growth of private business is the best its PUJblic Opinion Index for Industry, summarize answer for providing jobs for our growing in the following article the results of this significant population; survey and show the need for interpreting the 68 say the best way of achieving higher wages, libertarian cause more widely, and in terms the more job benefits and a higher standard of public understands. living is through the free enterprise system rather than through government direction of Since World War Two the American economic the economy. system has put on a glorious display of accomplish­ Yet we find Americans, regardless of political ment in the service of the average citizen. Real party or income level, voting strongly for govern­ wages and employment have risen; total spend­ ment action to cope with problems of the day. Out able income is breaking all records. From a nation of one hundred: of renters, we have changed overnight to a nation 76 say the government should provide low rent of home owners. Passenger cars j am the highways. housing for low income people; One would think this demonstration of great 83 say government should aid state and local progress, shared liberally with all the people, education; would buttress faith in the business system. In one way it has. Since 1944 the percentage of peo­ 74 say government should give greater tax ad­ ple who think the system needs radical overhaul­ vantages to small business. ing has declined ,from 20 to 10; the percentage who give it outright approval has risen from 48 to 61. Still the A'merican people have not renounced col­ ON THE BROAD BASE OF 26 FREE MARKET PRINCI. PLES, THE AVERAGE SCORE FOR THE GENERAL lectivist solutions for current-day problems. ,PUBLIC HAS MOVED TWO POINTS TO THE LEFT For several years the pendulum of opinion has SINCE 1953. swung toward a freer environment, but in the in­ terval of the last two years it has begun to move back. ISSUE PERCENTAGE 1953 1955 Change Oppose government owner- ship of key industries 74 72 -2 Oppose government price controls 68 63 -5 Want less regulation of business 62 55 -7 Believe machines do not destroy jobs 47 43 -4 Disagree that wealth is be- coming rnore concentrated 44 41 -3 Public Opinion Index fOT Industry

SEPTEMBER 1955 637 Why this paradox? One answer may be that to­ problems of our society, and that they alone offer day's conservatives are endorsing many ideas that remedies that will work. Is this claim supported yesterday were thought to be radical. Unemploy­ by the facts? ment compensation, for example. But a better ex­ Is it true that the average American family will planation is that collectivists do a better job of realize its dream of a ranch house in suburbia by selling their social merchandise than free enter­ means of a housing project set in the middle of a prisers. slum area? Or is the dream being realized through The classic way to sell anything is to define the the enterprise of venture capital? Since World customer's need, then show him how the means War 'Ewo some 10,000,000 new dwellings have heen proposed by the supplier will satisfy that need constructed !by the building industry. better than the offerings of competing suppliers. Is the Ibest answer to jolb security a bigger dole Or in other words: "Do you, Mr. Customer (or for the idle, via unemployment compensation and Mr. Citizen) have a problem? Here is the way to guaranteed annual wage? Or is the answer the solve it." vigorous expansion of the economy to provide To date, the advocates of government inter­ enough real jobs for our growing population? Be­ vention have done the best job of selling the tween 1949 and 1954 jobs in industry increased by problem-solving features of their programs: two million. There are not enough houses; there are slums. Do small business'men need subsidies and props Our plan for government action attacks this to survive? Can't they learn new methods, improve problem. Buy this plan, and you will have more their performance, stand on their own feet? To housing. judge from the record, opportunity is far from dead. There are now 4,000,000 small ,concerns open There are not enough schoolrooms to seat our for business, an increase of 1,000,000 compared youngsters. Let the federal government supply with ten years ago. the money. Buy our plan, and we will build the The material side of the story is the least im­ needed schools. portant part of it. The real significance of the free The small businessman has difficulty competing market concept is that it allows men to determine with big companies. Uncle Sam has the solu­ their destiny through free choice. When we inter­ tions: cut his taxes, loan him money, fix prices view people in their homes and ask why living in to protect his profit margins. the United States is better than in other countries, they talk very little about bathtubs, autos and tele­ Be "Yes" Men vision sets. They say in essence, "Here in America you are free": This focus on the good ends is the secret of the You are free to choose your own job, or go into statists' merchandising success. They declare business for yours-elf; strongly for good ends, give their merchandise laibels packed with "hard sell," such as "social You can live anywhere you please; security," "full employment" and "the guaranteed You are free to speak your mind, to worship ac­ annual wage." The pUiblic desires the good ends so cording to your own conviction; strongly that it fails to exercise its critical judg­ ment on whether the collectivist merchandise will And if you don't like how our top men run the live up to the claims made for it. country you can go to the polls and vote them Free market people are the prize "no" men. They out. are the negativists, oecupying a good share of their The irony is that a free market system not.only time saying "no" to extravagant union demands, preserves freedom for the individual against the and deflating the schemes of reformers who go to regimentation of the superstate, but at the same Washington demanding Utopia day before yester­ time turns in a superior performance in solving day. Negativism is the albatross around the neck of the problems people want solved-housing, med­ free market leadership. No salesman worth his salt ical care, education, jobs. tells his customers why they can't do things; he The libertarian cause needs philosophers who can tells them how they can satisfy their needs and spin a rationale for a free market society; but let realize their ambitions. us hope it can also find some good down-to-earth Proponents od: more statism assert that they alone salesmen who can interpret the system in the have real concern for the social and economic simple terms of people's daily experience.

Sensible Mule A mule ran headlong into the barn. A neighbor observed that the mule must be blind. "'No," said the farmer, "he just doesn't give a damn." Maybe that also explains deficit financing.

638 THE FREEMAN The Independent Mr. Mullendore

By LEONARD E. READ

How wonderful it would be if everyone could mee,t Bill Mullendore as I did! 'There's a bit of background to this tale that has to be told. It begins in 1929 when I became As­ sistant Manager of the Western Division of the U. S. Chamber of Commerce, headquarters in Seattle. In the area of erconomic and political philosophy, I didn't know up from down. 'To me, anything that issued from the National Cha,mber William C. Mullendore as policy was straight from the horse's mouth and no questions warranted. My role in life was faith­ the depression of the 90's, the famHy lost their fu[1y to parrot thalt policy. farm and livestock and were reduced to the status Nearly four years later, I was moved to San of "renters." Francisco as Manager of the Division. At the tirme, Bill was six years old When his mother died, and the Chamber had a President who would qualify fifteen Wlhen his father, after years of suff'ering, as a Republican New Dealer and who, as much as followed her. F~om then on he was largely on his anyone person, was author of the NRA of blue own. eagle fame. By reason of this circumstance, the After graduation from the Howard High School Chamber, including myself, was head over heels in he went to Arizona and worked for one year as a NRA affairs-approvingly! stenographer in a mining company to "build up a Soon after I took over my new duties, word came stake" for his further education. With some loans that an important business leader in Southern Cali­ from hisbrotlhers and by warking pa,rt time, he fornia was mlaking disparaging references about financed himself atthe University of Michigan to U. S. Chamber policy. It seemed incumbent on me his A.B. degree in 1914 and his J.D. from the Law to straighten out the poor benighted soul; so off I School in 1916. hied to Los Angeles and eaned on the person in question, one W. C. MuN:endore. He received me Assisted Mr. Hoover most courteously and let me talk. For half an hour I dwelt on the virtues of our policy. Mr. Mullen­ Following a year's law practice back in Kansas, dore then took ove['. For the next hour he le.ctured he joined the U. S. Food Administration as as­ me on the limited role of law, the scope that sistant counsel (Robert A. Taft was another). He should be allowed the individual, the principles resigned this first war job to enlist as a private in the authors of the Constitution had in mind; and the U. S. Air Force, returning after the armistice he pointed to the perfidy of NRA and other alpha­ to act as Liqud.dator of the Food Administration. betic'al hatchingls of the New Deal. Never before Then in 1920 Herhert Hoover sent him to Europe or since have I listened to such skd.lled exposition. in his American Relief Adminis1tration as special Anyw,ay, to selttle on who set whom straight, I representative operating in London and BerJJin. closed the interview by saying, "Mir. Mullendore, I After a year in his Kansas law office, he again have never thought of any of these matters in this joined Mr. Hoover as his assisltant in 1922-23 when way be:£ore. I believe you are right." At that mo­ Mr. Hoover was Secretary of Commerce. ment, the whole course of my life was altered. In 1923, Bill and his Kansas bride estaJblished But this is about his life, not mine. What m1anner their home in Los Angeles, California. After two of man is Mullendore? What of his background? years in the general practice of law, the Southern What makes him tick as he does? Ca:l1fornia Edison Company employed him as William C. Mullendore was born on a farm near special counsel, and larter appointed him general Howard, Kansas, in 1892, the thirteenth child of attorney in 1929. He was elected Viice pres1dent in John and Mary MuUendore, who had migr'ated 1930, then executive vice president, and in 1945, from Indiana some twelve years earlier. Caught in president of the company---..Jone of the wo~ld's finest

SEPTE,MBER 1955 639 electric light·and power operating companies, and banquet hall was filled with the leadership of now the fourth largest in the United States, meas­ southern California who g,ener-ally endorsed exist­ ured by capital investment. Last year he became ing conditions and exuded opt1mismalbout the chairlman of the board. "good road" America was on.' The record shows There is another story about myself that will that Mullendore said: "Thank you." It also shows help explain this man. I had moved to New York that he must not be understood to have accepted City in 1945 and had been invited to a dinner the honor as a leader of the optimists or as one with eleven heads o[ our largest corporations, near­ who joined in the endorsement of the path ,the ly all of .them strangers to me, except iby reputa­ country was traveling. His unusual, if not shock­ tion. The aim was to decide on a course of action ing, acceptance speech, though brief and pointed, they would take on a silly legislative proposal was one of the strong,est and most vigorous of his that stood every chance of passing. I had decided not untame career, and reminded the audience on my own course of action at this m,eeting with that he sincerely believed that "we are on the industrial bigwigs: say nothing unless asked a road to disaster." Having a good sense of humor, specific question. But never had I found silence so he ended by offering to give back the watch on difficuLt. For two hours, the talk commended com­ the grounds that maybe they had changed their promise, taking no personal positions, hiring col­ minds about him as their citizen of the year. lege professors to speak in their stead, and so OD. This integrity, whi,ch ofIten expresses itself as F,inally, the question came: "Read, we haven't unusual candor and frankness, has had a tendency heard from you. What do you thJnk?" If I said to rub many a prominent citizen the w,rong way what I thought, Read would be reierred to in the of his ideologieal and public relations grain. One past tense, my chance of working with these people might think that Mullendore would finally drown at an end. It was at this point that I paid Mullen­ in a sea of unfavorable attitudes. But while the dore as fine a compliment as man can pay to man. I prominent oi1tizenry expresses irritation over the asked myself in one silent second, "What would Mullendore tough-mindedness, it is well to observe BiH do?" that this self-same citizenry keeps right on loading bigg'er and bigger responsibilitie.s onto him. Of To Point and to Principle the hunqreds of positions proffered, only a few have been accepted. He served his year as presi­ The answer to my question came sw,iftly and as dent of the Los Angeles Chamlber of Com,merce clear as c,rystal: "Tell them precisely what you during the time when I was ilts general manager. think. It isn't dangerous to be honest, but what He is a trustee of the Foundation for Economic if it is? You have yourself to live with before you Educat,ion, a trustee of the Universilty of Southern can live with these other people. Tell them what California, and a director of the California State you think in unmistakable terms." Theadvd,ce was Chamber of Commerce. He is a trustee of Mutual heeded. And BUI was r/ight. It wasn't dangerous Life Insurance Company of New York, and a di­ to be honest. Indeed, it turned out to be profitable. rector of Union Pacific Railroad, of North Ameri­ Intelligence can be pursued infinitely. It isn't can Aviation Company and others. He has been attainabJe by man in an absolute sense. But it is honored with an LL.'D. deglree by the University possible to achieve absolute integrity, and Mullen­ of Southern California and his own Alma Mater, dore is nearer to this achievement than any person the University of Miohigan. I have ever known. Integrity in its highest form is not merely the abstinence from lying. It is the Recent Example of Courage ac'Curate reflection of what a person believes to be right under any and all cireumstances. Integrity in There was one t,ime recently when every good this sense is more than a negative form. It is a citizen of southern California was pleased that the virtue with a positive quality. Edison Company had a president who would not It is integrity in this higher form that is the compromlise principle. That was when a vicious root of Mullendore'scharaoter. I have seen him in stflike was called in an effort to force compu[sory meetings time and time again where the 'course of unionization on the company's employees. Many the talk was, socialistic or otherwise unprincipled. criminal a,cts, including dynamiting of the com­ .Ailways it would have been easy to say nothing. pany's m;ajor transmission lines, occurred during But not this man! By implication" if not by word, this strike. This man of pr,inciple, only a fe'w he might ibe thought to be in agreement and that months out of the hospital after a heart attaek, would be a false impression. He rises and talks to stood up and fought the greateslt fight of his life, the point ,and to principle-always to the point giving not an iota to expediency. and to principle. And no one leaves any meeting His answer was, "We refuse to do something without knowing where this business statesman which we do not have the right to do, under the stands. excuse that we 'could get away wLith it'; that 'it is Once, several years ago, he was selected as Los the easier way out'; that 'the public wouLd rather Angeles' distinguished citizen of the year. The have you impose union membership on your em-

640 THE FREEMAN ployees than to be bothered, threatened and in­ destruction of either will surely destroy the other. convenienced by a strike'; and that 'the govern­ The nonphysioal includes the psychJcal, the mental, mental authorities wHl o.k. the union ,shop if you the spiritual forces-ideas, attitudes, emotions­ say the wo~d.' All of those arguments have been which must remain in reasonable equilibrium if made to us. Then they were ba!cked up with the the network is to hold together. force, the threat of violence, and the great public "During this twentiethcenturY,the leadership injury which this strike represents. That which -the leading human mentalities and personali­ is demanded is w~ong and the use of forice and vio­ ties-have been dispTopor,tionately absorbed in lence (Ithe uncontrollable power of a strike) to get development of the physical. We have suffered it, ,makes it doubly wrong...." wars and revolutions, and the emotions aroused The union los:t the strike, and no fundamental to the level of domination thereby have been the principle was violated in the settlement because destructive emotions of distrust, suspicion, envy, of the courage of a man who knows "there can be resentment-all forces which will, if unchecked, no responsible exercise of unjustifiable power." lead to the enforced equality of the Welfare State, You won't find BHl Mullendore and his wife to the violence of the police State, subversion, going to parties or giving them. They simply refuse treason, the torture chamber, and to 'both ,civil and to become a part of the social whirL Instead, on international war. The disequiJ.\ihrium is now evi­ evenings and week ends, he is found reading, dencing itself in a drif,t toward socialistic mate­ studying, writing, or JUSit meditating. This he has rialism in a dangerously tense and strained world done for many years. Itaccounts in no small meas­ s.iltuation.', ure for the fact that he is just about the most pro­ The thing that has made Bill Mullendore tick is found thinker I have ever met. his belief that we are here on earth to develop our His philosophy, as expressed in one of his talents, our highest and best human potential, and speeches, shows the courage to face reality: that this can be done only if our social and po­ "Inter,woven wi,th the network of institutions Iitical instlitutions permit us the necessary free­ and physical structures in any human civilization, dom. He is still growing, earnestly pursuing the is another intangible and invisible network. The truth with all the wisdom and experience and two networks---'the physical and the nonphysical energy which come from a fruitful life as a farm relationships and institutions-are so closely inter­ boy, student, business-statesman, patriot and woven and so completely interdependent that the libertarian.

An Open Letter to My Friend, the Liberal As a good modern Liberal, you are always in a sweat about civil liberties. You say that informers, witch-hunters, book-tburners, China Lobbies, char­ acter assassins, wire-tappers and other agents of the iniquitous government lurk in constant readiness to trample any stray civil Uberty as soon as the ADA or the ACLU turns its back. I, being on the "extreme right," often argue with you albout these allegations. I say that you exaggerate, or that you are accusing the wrong people. But while I shall continue to maintain that you do exaggerate, and that you point your fire at those who do not deserve it, I must admit in fairness that what you charge is substantially true. That is, the power to crush the civil liberties of American citizens is latent in our government. Several times it has come to the surface, and some helpless citizen has been sucked down by the inexorable undertow of a government that is too powerful for the country's good. These frightening experiences seem to promise worse horrors in the future. So, without embroidering the subject, I shall grant the substantial truth of your incessant uproar about infringement of civil liberties. Then, after granting you this major point, let me ask you one question: how did we get this way? Who made the government so powerful that it could trample on the rights of the individual? Who subordinated the individual to society? Who stressed security, at the expense of liberty? You did, friend. You did. M. STANTON EVANS

SEPTEMBER 1955 641 Clearing Up A Mystery

The "Gloomy Dean of Beverly Hills" explains why he hasn't been sounding off in print 0/ By MORRIE RYSKIND late. It all began, he points out, with a curi­ ous letter that "changed my entire li/e."

So many people have been commenting-many of deriving a quiet contentment from them. True, I them favorably, I hasten to add - on the fact am still regarded as too young !for the bowling that they haven't seen my opinions in print lately, green, but it Iwon't be long now. and so many distorted rumors are making the How come? Well, a few months ago I received rounds that I think it time to make an explanation. a letter-the letter that changed my entire life­ It was the most recent Gallup poll on the suibje,ct from a John A. Despol, who is Legislative Repre­ that fo~ced ,my hand. If you recall, it went some­ sentative (vulrgarly known as lobbyist) for the CIa thing like this: California Industrial Union Council. To be strictly accurate, the note wasn't addressed to me but to Question: Mr. R. hasn't been heard from lately. To my wife; California, however, isa community what do you attribute this and how do you feel about it? property state and my wife is entitled to half my Percentage income and, in return, I'm entitled to look at half Approve ...... 78.3 her mail if she decides to show it to me. Luckily Disapprove 2.4 for me, Mr. Despol's communique was included He joined a Buddhist monastery...... 22.9 in my allowance that month. Other,wise-fuut I He was defenestrated...... 17.6 And a good thing, too...... 67.4 shudder at the thought. Who? 92.3 ('This adds up to more than 100 per cent, because Mr. Despol's Automation 1. Dr. Gallup isn't very good at figures and 2. some people gave more than one answer.) I ask you now to turn to Mr. Despol's missive (it is reproduced in full in the box on the .next page) Not, the good Lord knows, that anybody cared and read it carefully. I know you will experience much about what I had to say, but it ,was a little -even though vicariously-the joy that was mine as though Yellowstone's Old Faithful had quit when I read his magnanimous offer. No longer spouting every hour on the hour. A[ter all, for need I bother my pretty little head about World years I erupted almost as regularly. You could Affairs; Mr. Despol and his competent staff would hardly pick up an issue of a hidebound reaction­ do all the required reading and research, reach an ary magazine (like the FREEMAN, say) without unbiased \but liberal decision, write my letters for reading some mournf,ul diatribe of mine on the me (including a carbon so I could remember where state of the nation and/or the world; when you I stood) and even provide me with the stamps. glanced through your daily paper, there I was :with True, I would still have to sign the letter and lick a Letter to the Editor, viewing something or other the envelope; but Mr. Despol, I understand, is with alarm; there were nirghtly telegrams of protest working on that, too, and, when some bugs are that I sent to presidents, vi'ce presidents, governors, ironed out, I may not have to do even that. senators and even umpires. And the friends I pes­ Well, sir, I may not be the shrewdest fellow in tered! Believe me, I didn't get to be known as the the world, but I know a Bargain when I see one. G100myDean of Beverly Hills by just sitting on After all, not since 'OT'well's Big Brother has such my hands. a Ibenefa'ctorappeared on the horizon; and Despol But get a load of m,e now! The metamorphosis did it iby 1955, which beats Big Brother by twenty­ couldn't be ,more striking if Cassandra had sudden­ nine years. ly turned into Pollyanna. No longer is my day fuB. California, always a progressive state, has been of a futile correspondence---.,me and those one-rway quick to take advantaige of Mr. Despol's automa­ letters Roosevelt, T'ruman et at. never bothered tion. Even in early April, when Mr. Despol's ven­ to answer. I have .time now for the pleasanter ture was launched, 800 high-,minded citizens were things of life: I 'Can look at TV, playa game of already having their thinking and writing done scrabible, venttl-re around a pitch-and-putt course, for them; goodness knorws how many thousands and occasionally go to the tra,ck. I don't say I'm have been ibenefitedby this time. This is the Cl'O's prepared Tor all this leisure, but I'm reading some answer to Do-It-Yourself and, furthermore, you books on how to spend a pleasant old age and can't cut yourself in the process.

642 THE FREEMAN O'f 'course, there were-there always are, alas!­ union funds to pay postage and research for its own right--wing reactionaries who protested: they members. Of that, I believe, there can be no doubt. screamed that people ought to think their own Whi'ch brings up the one point that puzzles my thoughts and write their o,wn letters. And this wife and myseLf. She doesn't rememiber joining group of malcontents who would turn the clock the CIa, but she's sure Mr. Despol wouldn't lie backward was joined by some Wall Street con­ about such a thing. We have concluded that it gress'men-some of them from California, I regret must have Ibeen at some PTA meeting or perhaps to say----who asserted that union funds were being at the Republican State Convention where, she used Jor illegal pUDposes and that they would sick assures me, so many resolutions are passed so fast Taft-,Hartley on Mr. Despol. she's never quite sure what happened. But nothing came of it, what with meetings at But pish on trivialities and posh on technical­ the sum:mit and the necessity of rushing important ities! 'The ,main thing is that Mr. Despol is now matters through so Congress could adjourn. Noth­ handling our political attitudes, and we even have ing probably will come of it. hopes of getting a guaranteed annual wage for Mr. Despol denied the vile insinuations and nasty letting him do this. There is talk, further, of time­ slanders and pointed out that his offer was made and-a-half for any envelopes we lick on Sunday only to hona-fide members of the CIa, and certain­ -just talk, so ifar, but wait till next fall when our ly his organization's members had a right to use contract expires!

CIO CALIFORNIA INDUSTRIAL UNION COUNCIL 117 West Ninth Street Los Angeles 15, Calif.

April, 1955 in 'Congress or Sacramento. It can be your Dear Friend: way of letting your ,legislator know that you, We are inviting you, as a member of the as an individual, are keeping abreast of the articulate liberal community in your area, to most important issues arising in Congress and take advantage of our Legislative Secretarial in Sacramento. It also helps your legislator Service. Over 800 citizens holding pro-liJberal­ keep in touch with you, because he will an­ labor views in California have already signed swer your personal letter, letting you know up, and we are sure that other 'citizens like his position. yourself will be similarly interested. Remember that the final action-the sign­ This is how it works: ing and mailing of the letter is taken by you. You will fill out the enclosed authorization You approve, sign, and mail every letter card and drop it in the mail. From time to which bears your signature. The authoriza­ time, during legislative sessions, you will re­ tion card which we have enclosed with this ceive ,from our office an individually typed letter is merely to let us know that you want letter to your Congressman, Senators (D. S. us to provide you with this service. There is or State) or assemblyman. Your return ad­ no chaI:ge. dress will Ibe on the letter; all you need to The only way your legislator can know do is sign it and place it in the envelope which how you, the voter, feel aJbout a proposed will be enclosed with it. The envelope will law is through your telling him. We will be be already stamped and addressed, ready for happy to help you tell him if you will sign you to mail. You 'will also receive a carbon and mail the enclosed card. copy of the letter to keep. Legislatively yours, The letters 'will be concerned with issues JOHN A. DESPOL which are important, timely and controver­ Legislative Representative sial. The point of view eXJpressed will be based on liiberal-labor attitudes which most liberals P. S. This proposal can be summed up as generally hold. We are sure that you are in follows: We will provide you with what full agreement with liberal-labor policy on amounts to a private secretary who will do re­ issues such as minimum wage laws" unem­ search, write apd type your letters for your ployment insurance, housing, child care cen­ signature. Professional lobbyists have this ters, and the like. kind of service. So do many business execu­ This secretarial service will mean more tives. We just thought it would be a good idea letters on important issues to your legislators. to provide the same kind of service to those of It helps you to keep in touch 'with your legis­ you who would like to be amateur lobbyists lators at the time the legislative fight is on more often.

SEPTEMBER 1955 643 Above the Law

Here is evidence that the average worker By WILLFORD I. KING has lower real income and less security since unionization became nation-wide.

Some years ago, let's suppose, you invented an im­ tries to break through the picket line, his truck is proved method for laundering clothes. There was upset and the contents burned. When Smith did only one laundry in Smithtown, and it was an this, he had to pay [or the loss. ICan you ,similarly antiquated affair run by Ebenezer Smith, so you collect from the union? No. It is above the law! decided to start a rival laundry, using your new Some of your loyal employees attempt to pass devices. through the picket line to go to work. They are Naturally, Smith was annoyed by your intrusion severely beaten. When Smith and his "goons" did into his domain. So he visited his numerous friends the same thing, they were put in jail. Does the court and got them to agree not to patronize your con­ now treat the strikers in the salme way? Scarcely. cern. Did you have any redress? Certainly. You They are above the law! went to court and had Smith punished for the Let us next assume that, in a prosperous year, crime of boycotting. the steel industry buys 75 million tons of coal, but Your new, efficient methods enabled you to offer laundering at prices lower than those which AlPOSTLEiS OF FREE ENTERiPRiJjSE Smith had been charging. He hired thugs to UJpset your delivery trucks and set fire to your laundry. Could you do anything about this? Of course. You had the thugs arrested and sent to j ail, and made Smith pay you for all da,mage done. As time passed, your low prices and superior work enabled you to take away a large portion of Smith's ,customers. This infuriated him. He hired gangsters to blockade the entrance to your plant, so as to prevent your employees from going to work. When some of the latter tried to enter your laundry, the gangsters beat them severely. Did you meekly submit to ,such interferenc'e with your business? Far from it. The court and the police protected your business. Now, let us skip a few years. Your business has flourished, and you have a legion of satisfied cus­ tomers and many employees. A CIO organizer appears on the scene. By his smooth talk, he has convinced a majority 00: your employees that, if they come into the Laundrymen's Union, they can get higher pay. They take his advice, join the union, demand wage advances. You show them that your profit margin is very narrow, and that to ad­ vance the prices of your ,services will mean loss of Alea:ander in the Philadelphia Bulletin business and layoff of workers. The union leaders laugh at your contentions, and a strike is ordered. in a dull year takes only 50 million tons, and that What happens then? because of such a reduction in pur'chases, the Asso­ All union men and women in Smithtown are or­ ciation of Coal-Mine Owner.s recruits an army dered by AFL and CIO headquarters to 'boy'cott whi,ch surrounds the steel plants of the nation and your establishment~ When Smith organized a boy­ demands that, in the future, they either buy 75 cott, you obtained redress through the court. Now, million tons each year or cease operations. More­ when you try similar action against the unions­ over, the steel -companies are ordered to pay for no results. They are above the law! a'll coal bought hereafter a dollar per ton above The strikers, or men hiJred by the union, set up current prices. a picket line. When one of your nonunion drivers Under such circumstances, either the federal or

644 THE FREEMAN the state governments would do something to pre­ the difference in productivity which results when vent such foreible 'coercion. But, what action is wage workers unite to maximize rather than to taken when, similarly, the automobile woxkers de­ keep down production. James F. Lincoln, head of mand increased wage rates and pay for work not the Lincoln Electric Company, says that, on the performed, and !back their demands with force? average, his employees, by cooperating to increase None! They are above the law! production, turn out a physical product per man When in any instance the national unions find nearly twice as large as that produced by com­ that laws applying to ordinary citizens are ham­ peting concerns. The added productivity of his pering their actions, they usually sueceed in secur­ workers make their annual compensation average ing legislation exempting them from compliance some four or five thousand dollars more than that with the annoying 'statutes. Thus, the Sherman received by the emp10yees of rival concerns-em­ Anti-T'rust Law prohtbits the business 'concerns in ployees belonging to the big national unions! a given field from uniting to monopolize a market Since the 'wage factor is a major item in pro­ and to raise the prices of their products. What a duction expense, it follows that, whenever the hue and cry there would be if the members of the unions sueeeed in pushing up the wage per unit National Association of Manufacturers all com­ of output, the consumer must pay more for the bined to fleece their customers. But the AFL and product. And which is the most numerous class of the CIa and their members are not subject to the consumers? The wage workers. So they lose in law applying to ordinary 'citizens. Indeed, the their buying a large part of what they gain in pay_ major reason for the existence of these organiza­ The only way to augment prosperity-in other tions is to monopolize the labor market and push words to increase the real national income and add up wage rates. What accounts for this distinction to total buying power-is to produce more. So in the statutes? Why are union members made wage advances, unaocompanied by enlarged pro­ supercitizens? duction, never 'Cause demand to expand. They often do the reverse. Surprising Constancy in Statistics Again, let us turn to the manufa,cturing industry for evidence in this connection. Government statis­ The answer is twofold. First, union members tics show that the aggregate demand for factory are numerous, and they and others in their families products depends upon the total new spending together have many votes. Second'lY,most legis­ power (the algebraic sum of the national income lators believe that unionization greatly benefits and any change in the quantity of money and the wage-'working class-the largest segment of checking accounts) coming into possession of the our nation's population. nation's inhabitants, and, as noted a!bove, the total Is this last assumption valid? One of the most pay of factory workers varies in proportion to the important pieces of evidence in this connection is value of the factory output. furnished iby the United States Census of Manu­ factures, ,covering a branch of industry which, today, is largely dominated Iby unions. Approxi­ Behind the Depression mately 'comparable data are available for the period Since the size of the total factory wage bill is 1899 to 1951 inclusive. These figures reveal a sur­ determined primarily by forces outside the manu­ prising degree of constancy in the wage-workers' facturing field, it is obvious that the number of percentage share in the nation's total "value added hours of employment available for factory workers by manufacture." At no Census date in the half depends primarily upon the average rate of pay century, did they get less than 38 per cent or more per hour; a $1 rate giving twice as much employ­ than 42 percent of this value total. In 1899, they ment as a $2 rate-other things being equal. received 40.7 per 'cent of this aggregate. In 1949 Back in 1929, because a wave of pessimism -fifty years later-they received 40.2 per cent. swept the nation, bank credit shrank rapidly. This In the period 1923 to 1931, when, on the average, caused the checking account aggregate to contract only one-ninth of factory workers were unionized, sharply, and this made total available new spend­ their share of the value added averaged 38 per ing power tumble from $64.23 billions in 1929 to cent. Since 1938, with neatly half of such workers $54.94 billions in 1930-a drop of more than 14 per belonging to unions, they have averaged 39.2 per cent. If wage rates had also fallen 14 percent, cent. Clearly, therefore, the earnings total of employment would not have declined, and little factory wage workers depends not upon organiza­ trouble would have resulted. But the unions, abet­ tion, 'but, instead, upon the aggregate value pro­ ted by government, prevented factory wage rates duced by the industry. from moving down even 3 per cent. This m,eant And does nation-wide unionization stimulate that, with wage rates virtually at the old levels, production? The reverse is all too commonly true, the existing dollar demand was no longer large for "featherlbedding" to a greater or lesser extent enough to employ all people who made their living is widespread. The experience of the Lincoln Elec­ by factory work. So factory hours of employment tric Company of Cleveland illustrates strikingly declined more than 16 per 'cent. Production shrank.

SEPTEMBER 1955 645 This pulled down the national income, and thereby nates most of the situations giving rise to battles reduced new spending power. The Great Depres­ over wage rates. sion was on. In general, union 'Support of wage Since unionization, Iby cutting productivity and rigidity is a major cause of depressions. generating unemployment, lowers the real income And union opposition is one of the forces pre­ and lessens the security of the average wage­ venting the adoption of a system like that utilized working family, is theTe any legitimate ex,cuse for by the Nunn-Bush Shoe Company, a system which, elevating unions and their members to a position by making wage payments flexible, minimizes any over and alhove the laws as they awly to other necessity for laying off employees, and also elimi- classes of American citizens? Conservatives Also Confiscate

Through the compulsory purchase of property, the By COLM BROGAN present British government continues the process 01 piecemeal nationalization the Laborites began.

Not long before the last General Election, I at­ position and considerrable pO[litical influence. If, tended a press conference called to expose the evils the farmers argued, Whitehall could den~ justice of compulsory purchase. Nearly all the men and to a man like that, what possible security of women I spoke to had been victims of that prac­ tenure could there be for humb[er men? Com­ tice, and they assured me thalt they would never mander Marten also won decisive support from vote Conservative again. They would keep their some Conservative newspapers, and in the end he votes in their pockets. forced the hand of the Minister of Agriiculture, The convener of the Conference was Commander Sir Thomas Dugdale. Marten. He is the man who made this business an angry national issue, though the property at stake Bureaucratic Arrogance Revealed in his own case was neither espe'ciaHy important nor especially desiraJble. A j udioial inquiry w1as ins1tituted; there were Shortly before the outbreak of war, the Air ugly rumors of financia'l corruption circulating in Ministry had seized a felw hundred acres of rough the dist'rict. Sir Andrew Clarke, who held the in­ land known as Crichel Down. The land was re­ quiry' dismissed the possihility of corruption, but quired for a pracltice bombing range, and com­ his report was otherwise a blistering condemnation pensation was paid to the owner in full. The owner of WhitehalL Several civil servants were con­ was Commander Marten's :Dather-in-law. demned for a deplorable lack of candor and Some time af,ter the wa'r, the RAF had no further ordinary straight dealing. rnhe bureaucratic ar­ use for Crichel Down. Commander MaTiten main­ rogance revealed was starVling, and Sir Andrew's tained that the justification for the seizure had now main finding was a blunt and terse statement that disappeared and that he had the right to a first all the maneuvering and obstruction had no other refusal, on market terms, to buy the land back (his cause than irritation on the part od: the bureaucracy father-lin-law was now dead). that any ordinary citizen should dare to as much Whitehall would have none of this, but fought as question their exeroise of power. a protracted and expert battle of elastic defense in Sir Thomas Dugdale, a genial and kindly man depth. When the crusading Commander had fought who had been :badly misled, had no option but to his way into the lasitcitade~ of the Aiir Ministry, accept the Report and resign, which he did with the land mysteriously turned OUit to be now in the moving dignity. When a leading MInister is forrced hold of the Ministry of Agriculture. After further to resign because of proved and serious irregu­ lengthy and baffling negotiations, the land was larities in the Department he is s'Ulpposed to con­ Salid to be in the possession of the Commissioners trol, that is normaltly the t1me for the Opposition for Crown Lands. It was the Ciroumiocution Office .to utter loud war whoops and look for other playiing Hunt-the-Slipper, and plHying it with em1inent heads to make fall. But the attack on Sir master~y skill. Thomas was entirely a Conservative affair, and But the Commander persevered and tried to leading Sociallists eXIPressed displeasure at the force a judicial inquiry. He won the support of report. all the farmers of the West Country, and for an The Socialists were acting in characler. It is obvious reason. He was a man of wealth, social the obvious policy of administrative socialism to

646 THE FREEMAN hang on at all costs and wlith whatever pretext Jy increase the value of his land by us,ing it for, to property that has once been compulsordly ac­ ,slay, hous,ing. But he must first secure the imperial quired; it is piecemeal nationalization. That was Iconsent of the Minist~ry. If a man makes an honest the policy which the Departments pursued under imistake, the penalty may be ruinous. If he alters the direction of socialist poLitical heads. But near­ .the use of the land, perhaps by building himself ly two years aifter the defeat of the Attlee govern­ a house on it, he can be compelled to restore the menrt, at least one Department was still pursuing status quo at his own expense-even if it means that policy under an uniimpeachaibly Conservative pulling down the house. Ignorance of the law is Minister. Was Agricu[ture the oUlly Department no excuse, although the law in question is so where the Conserv,ative MillJisters had made no obscure that any lawyer would be oalled a vain impact on their own permanent oivil servants? It boaster if he pretended to have mastered it. was not the Soc1alislts but the more thoughtful and But another man may have ,complied with the anxious Conservatives who were looking round law. Even though he could enormously increase its to see if there were other heads that shou~d fall. Ivalue by putting it to some other use, he has kept Their anxiety has not diminished. Not for the lit frozen, so to speak, in the uneconomic use of first time had a determ1ined man made a sm1all mat­ 11948. Itf the land is taken f,rom him by compulsory ter a focusing point for public feeling on a grea:t ro'rder, he will be paid the priee of the land in its principle. But Commander Marten himself was undeveloped state. So, some Ministry or local au­ under no illusion that the battle had been won. ,thority win get his land for a fraction of what Lopping off theMlinister's head was a simtpleT and ,they would have had to pay in the open market. easrier task than decapitating the Civil Service lIn other words, whenever the bureaucracy choose hydra. Hence his press conference and his con­ ,to do so, they can and they do rob an owner of tinued campaign for the l}ighits of humbler victims. !all the development value of his property. The victims are numerous, for an act of compul­ To give one example of what might happen, sory purchase happens almost daily. Some unim­ there is a private school with large gTounds, which portant citizen loses his farm or his home under ,was originally on the outskirts of a big city, but terms of compensation that are little short of rob­ tis now in the heart of the new business quarter. bery. (Recently a farmer greeted visitiing officials Space is so valuable in that area that the owner with a crowbar in his hand.) Compulsory pur­ has been besought, time after time, by business in­ chase is by no means a new thing in Britain. The Iterests to sell the site for almost any price he cares purchase Acts form a sizeable section of Halsted's !to name. He has steadfastly refused a not-so-small Statutes, and the first of them was passed exactly Ifortune because he considers it his duty to keep a century ago. 'the school near the neighborhood where the pupils [ive, and the busriness interests have no power to Planning Act of 1947 !force him to seH. Bu!t if the Council or a Ministry Idecides to take the land, they will simply secure But a change in practice since the end of World 'an order, take over his immensely valuable prop­ War One has turned an occasional nuisance into a erty and pay him the prilce of so many acres of generlal threat to security of tenure for anybody grass. an)TIwhere. Until 1919, it was the custom of the No doubt the owner of that sehool would have State to pay more than the full market value for means to fight the gDab, but the expense would be any property they fel,t compel[ed to seize. It was heavy, and his appeal would Ibe to what is politely recognized that compulsory dispossession was a lcalled a "quasi-judicial" tribunal, which means a wrong, to be justified perhaps by high necessity; Jtribunal which is quasi-judicially on the side of the victim was therefore paid 10 per cent above Ithe eXiPropriators before the case is heard. Even a the market price, by w1ay of a monetary apoiogy. !suocessful appeal may prove to be useless, or After 1919 the State would pay no more than the nearly so. market price. After 1947 the State has ceased to do even that. Property Values Destroyed This is the resu[lt of the Planning Act of that year, a piece of legislation that must surely hold There is a beautiful golf course at Byfleet in the world's record for fantas·tic concfus,ion, com­ Surrey, fringed by e:x:pensive houses owned by plication and obsourity. In geneI'lal, the owner of well-to-do business and professional men. One land is not allowed to change the use of his land Council attempted to seize the course for a hous­ from that he had put it to in 1948, unless he has ing estate. The Golf Club fought the case with the received permission flrom the Ministry, having ap­ full support not onTy of the owners of the neighbor­ plied under the !'tight clause at the right time. ing houses, but of the whole small community. The (One man lost everything because he applied Club won its appeal, but the sighs of relief were under ollause ten 5nstead of clause nine.) This premature. Hardly had one Council retired defeat­ means that a man who owns land used in 1948 ed from the field than another Council stepped in for grazing may find by 1955 that he can enormous- and claimed the land for itself. This is precisely the

SEPTEMBER 1955 647 tactic WhICh has often been alleged against raw "Widows' Houses" represents not an ancient but a capitalism, that of rais,ing one court case after present wrong in Britain. another against men of modest means till they Inevitably, such oppression bears hardest on the give up the strug,gle in despair. One result of this poorest and most ignorant, for these are the people battle was that a friend of mine was compelled least able to fight. 'They are denied even the as­ to sell his house at a loss of several thousand sistance of Legal Aid. In recent years, the State pounds, and every other house on the golf course has been giving financial help to people of small fringe has lost equally in value. The houses had means who seek redress in the courts---ibut only been expensive (because they offered a pleasant and for certain suits. The provision of this Legal Aid rural Vliew. With the prospect of a view of brick has proved highly disconcerting to hospitals, walls and washing on the Hne, the "amenity value" surgeons and even to schoolmasters, for aggrieved disappeared. patients and parents are now alarmingly ready to The mere threat was quite enough to destroy follow up their cause in the courts. Sometimes, that value, and often there is destruction in the in a ,claim of person against person for civil dam­ value of property that will never be taken over ages, the State obligingly helps both sides, and the at all. A planner, daydreaming in his office of court solemnly awards a large sum against a de­ building a really up-to-date refuse dump, marks fendant who has been warranted as a poor person an area on his map. Art some ti,me, he plans to place lacking even the means to pay for his own defense. his dump somewhere within that area; five or ten The provisions of Legal Aid which have greatly years later, perhaps never. But the mere predic­ stimulated quarrelsome litigat1ion have also given tion is enough to bring values down 'with a run. the divoree rate a mighty Ulpward boost. But the And there is worse. Not only at some undeter­ State which will help to finance a man who sues mined time, but on some undetermined part with­ a dentist for an aUegedly bad filling will not give dn that area will the doom finally fall-if it ever one penny to help the poorest person threatened rfalls. The area where prrices hit the basement with dispossession. may be ten or fifteen times the size of a dump area, The Conservative government last year did Ibut all the land is equally affected because of the something to meet the widespread indignation 'Uncertainty. But the agent O'f Whitehall has no among its own supporters. If another Pilgrim Case concern for the nightmare results of his daydream. arises, the Ministry now has power to pay the suf­ He is an administrative law unto himself. "In ferer the payment he Icould have asked if he had the name of the Cardinal and for the good of the filled in the right form in the right place at the State, the 'bearer of this has done what he has right time. But the Ministry has no duty to do done." this. Irf done, it is an a'ct of grace. That is the pre­ vailing pattern. Whitehall may, or may not, g~rant The Poor Have Suffered some measure of me[,cY,but justice is still in chains. The Pilgrim Case stirred the whole nation. Labor Spreading a total insecurity of property rights supporters were as indignant as Conservatives, but is an e}Gcellent softening-up process for full that was because Pilgrim was a proletarian. There socialism, but some of the worst sufferers hav.e is no general indignatlion among labor supporters been people of modest means, a considerable num­ about the whole principle and operation of the Iber being strictly poor. The unfortunate Edward Act, for there is a vague and quite mistaken idea Pilgrim' was a workingman who hanged himself that the sufferers are nearly always people of some when Icompulsory purchase robbed him of his plot means, perhaps of wealth. The under,mining of the of land but left him with a heavy debt to pay for legal rights of property has run parallel with the ;the land he had lost. Other workingmen have undermrining of respect for property rights among !bought old house property with partly borrowed millions of British voters. Even Conservatives are money, to have it taken away with no compensa­ tied in the Hrotten parchment bonds." In my own tion exeept for the small value of the site, and area, the Conservative 'Council seized market gar­ nothing at all for the house. den land for building. The Councilors who did this Some of these investors were possibly foolish to were strongly against compulsory purchase, but buy property in a poor condition, but the same they had learned that if they respect the rights of fate has befaUen widows who bought perfectly the owner, another Council would step in, the sound property with what their husbands left, owner would still be expropriated and the devel­ which an authority acquired simply to pull down opment of the land would be out of their own con­ to clear the site for new housing. The phrase trol. That is the law.

Housewives as a whole cannot be trusted to buy all the right things where nutri­ tion and he:alth are concerned-in the case of nutrition and health the gentlemen in Whitehall really do know better ",-hat is good for the ,people. DOUGLAS JAY, M.P., quoted in Freedom First, Summer 1955

648 THE FREEMAN WA.SHINGTON, D.C • 1i.a.ni~hen by Frank c.

Republicans and Democrats have been making a honest and trusted in the New Deal bureaucrats hot summer even hotter by clashing angrily over who surrounded him. the matter of businessmen in government. Senator The fact is-as many observers and many of Morse gleefully talks of a "bad odor" in the Execu­ their colleagues will confirm-that a dozen other tive branch. Senator Kefauver generated theatrical motives, apart from lust for public service, prompt indignation not only about business people in the tycoons to become Ass~stant Secretaries of this or Eisenhow,er regime but even about businessmen that Department. Vanity is one-vanity which is who -consult with government offi:cials as to how a far more powerful determining factor in Wash- , Treasury money will be spent. The coonskin col­ ington than greed. Having achieved the pinnacle lectivist naturally is enraged that Dixon-Yates of success in business, the individual likes to enjoy should save the taxpayer money which might be the prestige of high public office among the folks squandered on the socialistic boondoggle, TVA. of his community and would like to get around Wha,tever the outcome, it is clear that the Demo­ among his equals (in business) who have won crats on Capitol Hill are exploiting the old line of similar positions. Then, there's the little woman, "class interest" for political purposes. who has long heard of the nice associations-cul­ The Republicans cry "smear" in rebuttal, which tural, of course- in the Georgetown Garden Club. is all right as far as it goes. But it fails to go far Thackeray, thou shouldst be living here at this enough in accurately assessing the "angry" situ­ hour! ation and falls far short of electrifying this sophis­ The picture of new official Washington today is ticatedCapital. For Washington has changed great­ quite different from that portrayed in the Daily ly since the days of Attorney General Harry Worker and the "liberal" puiblications which follow Daugherty, Secretary of the Interior Fall and the that communist organ. Instead of a well-planned fast operators of the early twenties. The center of conspiracy (starting in Detroit, of course) of busi­ government, it is true, can never escape blame so ness executives plotting to increase their dividends long as the wives of government officials like gifts and stock-holdings and to "destroy the social gains of mink coats-a,s the history of the Truman regime of the New and Fair Deals," the picture is rather disclosed. But the myth that the party more closely of innocents abroad in the fierce jungle of bureau­ identified with business has institut,ed a saturnalia cratic Washington. Instead of a bunch of venal of Teapot Domes fools no one here, whatever effect capitalistic ,characters installed on Constitution it may have on voters. Avenue with private wires to Broad and Wall The notion that a businessman accepts the offer Streets, it is one of timid ex-chairmen of boards of a government job for the sole purpose of in­ seeking to be nice to chiefs of divisions who learned creasing his capital gains is too incredible for even the ropes under Harry Hopkins and enjoy block­ the most gullible relics of the trust-busting era. ing or swaying the honest blue-eyed boy upstairs. How Defense Secretary Charles E. Wilson lost heavily by disposing of his General Motors stock Apropos of the current Democratic attacks on busi­ is a byword here. Naturally, the GOP defenders nessmen in government, some observers here be­ of businessmen in government insist that their lieve that, come the beginning of 1956, a much heroes are possessed by nothing more nor less than bigger spate of exposes will start. These-it is a dedicated desire to perform a public service. believed-will be the product of a collaboration Certainly there are some of these. We know by between the Democraitic holdovers in bureaucracy personal knowledge of one who said: "Here I've and Democratic investigators on Capitol Hill. crabbed about the Roosevelt and Truman regimes, Some ,executives have, in the last two years, dis­ and now Ike asks me to take a job. It's up to me covered the facts of political Hfe. In February last, ' to do it-even at a salary sacrifice-and show what Mr. James C. Worthy, retiring Assistant Secretary I can do." What he did, at a real personal sacrifice, of Commerce (returning to Sears Roebuck after was to make a mess of it-not because he sought two years' service under the GOP regime) told a to feather his firm's nest, but because he was too civil service gathering that jobs for the party faith-

SEPTEMBER 1955 649 ful was a "very real and legitimate need" of the sion reports on the evils of governmental activities American political system. H'e said that most of the in the fields of shipping, air transportation, rural jobs which he indicated should be taken out of electrification and power are outstanding. civil service ought to be distributed "close to the Therefore, President Eisenhower's striking posi­ grass roots." tion adopted in the case of the miUtary appropria­ The Worthy statement came as the Hoover Com­ tions bill offers hope that much more progress will mission broke a similar lance in the struggle of the be made in enforcing the Hoover ideas than had unfortunate Eisenhower regime to oust New Deal been expected. On the other hand, pessimists point "holdovers." As everyone here knows, "liberal" out that not only the New Deal holdovers in the propaganda has stressed the "protection of civil departments, but also "liberals" and "spend and service" from what "liberals" call a "political spoils elect" politicos in the Eisenhower Administration system." Actually, the previous Democratic Ad­ can effect1ively sabotage the sincere intentions of ministration had blanketed into civil service a mass the President and such top leaders as Wilson­ of New Deal appointees whose role since 1952 has ·parUcularly in the highly political climate of the been to impede conservative trends in Eisenhower coming election year. policies. The GOP Administration made some The President's stand, it is widely noticed, is moves to solve the problem by expanding the one based on constitutional grounds. Backed by an number of federal jobs open to political appoint­ opinion from Attorney General Brownell, Mr. ment. The Hoover Commission recommended the Eisenhower warned Congress that the offending creation of a category of higher federal jobs to be section in the Appropriations bill violated the prin­ filled by political appointments. ciple of the separation of powers between the Executive and Legislative arms of the government. The Commission in its over-all detailed plans He said: "The Congress has the power and right to to save som,e $7 billion a year has produced a veri­ grant or to deny an appropriation, but once an ap­ table vade mecum of economy. Few here question propriation is made, the appropriation must, under that proposition. But veteran observers realize full the Constitution, be administered by the Executive wen that it will take determined action by the branch of the government alone, and the Congress Executive and Legislative branches of the govern­ has no right to confer upon its Committees the ment to put its recommendations into effect. Out power to veto Executive action." The President of about 362 recommendations, it is estimated the said he would ignore the section unless the J udici­ President and various Executive depar:tments and ary passed on it to the contrary. So far, there ap­ agencies have the power to implement 195. Capitol pears no likelihood that his poHcy will be chal­ Hill must pass legislation to ,carry out the remain­ lenged in the courts. ing 167. Even the most optimistic admirers of the Commission's work concede that the New Deal The fight for the Bricker Amendment has been holdovers in the Executive branch and the Dem­ pos,tponed until the next session of Congress­ ocratic majority in Congress may prove stubborn judged to be the best time to pressure members up obstacles in what looks like quite a desperate for re-election in 1956. Meanwhile, a court decision battle. in a case-Iannone vs. Workmen's Compensation In mid-July, the President took a stand which Board-illustrates how necessary is passage of the suggests that the Executive may put up a real fight Amendment. The case involves the death of a for the Commission's recommendations. When Con­ worker in New York, whose dependents are res­ gress sent the military appropriation bill to the idents and nationals of Italy. The New York State White House for signature, Mr. Eisenhower stated Board followed usual procedure in such cases of that one section of the bill is unconstitutional, nonresident alien dependents by cutting the actu­ although he signed the bill, saying that the armed arial value of its a,ward in half. forces had to keep going. The section to which the The claimants appealed, saying that the state President referred, as written by the Congress, re­ lawis invalidated by a treaty between the U.S. and quired the Defense Department to obtain the ap­ Italy, which provides that the nationals of either proval of the Appropriations Committees of the country "should be accorded rights and privileges two Houses of Congress to drop certain activities no less favorable than those accorded to the na­ hithe:vto operated by the Department. tionals of the other." This argument was made The dispute arises from the intention of Defense under the Constitution's "supremacy clause," which Secretary Charles E. Wilson to remove the Depart­ declares that the Constitution and federal laws ment from certain civilian lines of business-oper­ and treaties "shall be the supreme law of the land." ating laundries, bakeries, 'etc. Wilson has been As a result, the appellant's contention was not op­ trying to get "government out of business" wher­ posed by the New York State Compensation Board ever local businessmen can do the same jobs. This and was accepted by the court. The court set aside policy of eliminating government 'Competition with the one-half award and ordered the Board to business has been one of the recom'mendations most apply the treaty instead of New York law and to favored by former President Hoover. His Commis- give a full award.

650 THE FREEMAN Miss Bettis Wasn't "Progressive"

By ROSE GRIECO

If Miss Bettis appHed for a teaching j'ob today, she tis said, "Just respect Mr. Chase, and you'll never would probably be steered toward a psy,chiatrist's have to be afraid of him." She looked at us some office; for Miss Bettis taught us ito fear. Her name more, waiting for another response. was spoken with awe throughout the school, and 'Gentle little Mary Jane, after gathering up her as we approached our fifth grade over which she courage, timidly raised her hand, and ventured, presided, we were filled with a kind of awesome "A ghost." wonder toward this imposing woman of J unoesque "Have you ever seen one?" snapped Miss Bettis. proportions, with her thick auburn braids wrapped Mary Jane ,could do no more than shake her head, above her head in a crown that dramati,cally set while she stared at her inquisitor as if hypnotized. off her flashing blue eyes. "'Then forget it!" Mary Jane sighed and relaxed, Miss Bettis' name was not so mUlch spoken as for it was obvious by now that Miss Bettis was whispered. Talles were told of her penchant for capable of sending a whole roomful of ghosts to hust[ing a child to the cloakroom and shaking flight. him so thoroughly that he cr,ied for an hour after­ Pointing the ruler at us, her eyes burning them­ ward. Such punishment was meted out for lying, selves forever in our memory, she said slowly and swearing or an act of rudeness; so that in her class fiercely, "There is only one thing in life to fear, we learned to be afraid of doing such things. The and that's ev,u." 'There followed a long silence, result of this medieval torture was that very Iittle while she waited for her words to enter our re­ time was spent on discipline. ceptive minds and there take solid root. The first day we walked into Miss Bettis' fifth Her words were not too clear to the ten-year-old grade class, we quietly took our seats like so many innocents who listened, wide-eyed, for when Miss frightened sheep, with Mother Wolf solemnly ob­ Bettis spoke, only a fool would dare not to listen; serving our obvious terror. Not a word was spoken, but their meaning was to ring out again and again as she looked at us and we looked at her. Was there in the years that followed. Miss Bettis was neither a twinkle behind those blue eyes? It's hard to re­ confused nor fearful about admitting the existence memboc. At any rate, she let us sit awhile, as she walked alcross the room, head erect, as if she were prepared to take on the battles of the world. "Well?" her voice ripped the silence like thunder on a summer's day. "What are you afraid of?" Some of us managed to produce a whisper that sounded vaguely like, "Nothing, Miss Bettis." "Don't lie to me!" she bellowed. "I know fright­ enedchildren when I see them." And she regarded us a while longer. "Are you afraid of me?" she asked, in anything but dulcet tones. "N0, Miss Bettis," we piped back. "I told you not to lie!" she retorted; to which we responded safely with more silence. "The first lesson you're going to learn," she said, as she played with a ruler we were convinced had been used for more than measuring, "is what to be afraid of." And so the first day in Miss Bettis' class was spent in learning about something a later generation was to be guaranteed freedom from. "There is only one thing in life to fear," she said, looking straight at us with those flaming blue eyes. "Who can tell me what it is?" One brave boy named Peter, who probably thought he could soften Ulp Miss Bettis by -cooperating, took a try at it. "The principal," he suggested brightly. Pointing the ruler menacingly at him, Miss Bet-

SEPTEMBER 1955 651 of evil. and was determined to instill in us a very five minutes for the bell to ring. Charlie never real fear of ever Icooperating with it. moved. With his big brown eyes fastened relent­ After acquainting us with the sUlbjects of fear lessly on her stubborn blue ones, he simply proved and· evil, she opened wide the windows, l'et in the to her that while she might control the children clear Septe1rnber air, and told us to stand up, who entered her room with an iron hand, even breathe in deeply, count to ten, and breathe out. she ,could not -control Nature. Unable to believe Her ample Ibosom rising and falling in perfect her eyes, she remained motionless and, for once, rhythm, she made the breathing in of fresh air an speechless, as an ever-growing puddle began to unexpected adventure. As we began to taste the form at Charlie's feet. When she finally came to, leaf-scented air which Miss Bettis had ,cQIllmanded she grabbed him by the collar, sent him flying into our lungs, I was slowly becoming aware of a toward the janitor's room, and hands on hips, feeling of sUliprise; for without quite knowing watched with some measure of satisfaction as he how, in the short time since we had entered the mopped UJP the floor. classroom the world had somehow become bigger, In the light of what we've since learned about and everything in it more important. child psychology, something terrible should have happened to Charlie's feeling,s about Miss Bettis. Perhaps it was the magnificent authority seated And yet, years later, when Charlie was given a tes­ behind that desk which ~banished the mean and timonial banquet upon entering the legal profes­ ugly things of life 'back into Pandora's box. In any sion, of all the teachers he'd had through many case, as the days ,came and went in the classroom years of schooling, it was Miss Bettis who sat we had so dreaded, we found ourselves entering proudly ,beside him. And later on in the evening, the yellow, fragrant world of Wordsworth's daf­ when the time for remembering was at hand, they fodils, and it has not dared to leave us; for under both had a jolly laugh over that long-ago but Miss Bettis' tyrannical teachings, somehow the never forgotten day. daffodils became more yellow, and the April air of the poem more fragrant. Out of fear of not Perhaps Charlie knew, as we were aU to know, learning it to suit Miss Bettis' impeccable stand­ that adjustment to mediocrity was never in Miss ards, it was memorized [orever. Bettis' Ibook of rules. She seemed al'way,s to be It was in that den of terror that Rimski-Korsa­ carrying a banner symbolizing individual achieve­ kov's "Song of India" first entered our waiting, ment high above our heads, and dared us to reach uncluttered ears, and Tchaikovskycame to us with it. She never "understood" our weaknesses and his "Nutcracker Suite." I have forgotten so many shortcomings; rather, she gripped us firmly by the loving, sympathetic teachers and the lessons they hand and heLped us rise above them. By accepting tried to teach, but ev,erything about Miss Bettis' nothing but the very best from us, and forcing room and what was heard and felt there have re­ us always to look up when we might have been mained as clear as her shining blue eyes. I never satisfied to look sideward, she did us honor. see a daffodil without remembering the wide open When those of us who experienced Miss Bettis windows through which she welcomed the flower­ occasionally meet at a wake (whi,ch is where ing April air, and the newly discovered world Of Italian-Americans are prone to revive dying music she gave us, to do with as we wished. friendships), hers is the one name out of our child­ And yet, theever-present fear of wrongdoing hood that evokes the sharpest memories and the or sloppy lessons or dirty elibows walked hand.in strongest sense of having been in touch with hand 'with Words1worth and MacDowell. There was grandeur. the time Charlie De Luca raised his hand, got up, Perhaps the reason our original feeling of awe and asked permission to leave the room. Miss Bet­ and fear turned into something strangely akin to tis told him succinctly that such needs should be love was the knowledge that Miss Bettis stood as taken care of before coming to class. Charlie did a daily reminder that (much of our behavior to not sit·down. He repeated that he had to leave the contrary) we were made in the image and the room. Miss Bettis told him he could wait likeness of God.

"We, the People"

Are there too many organizations "on the right"? That is often said, but nobody has yet ,come up Wlith an estim'ate of the corr,ect number. Organi­ zations proliferate in an atmosphere of revolt, and their numbe,r simply indicates the intensity of dissidence.... The latest or,ganization in the arena is na'med "We, the People," a "political action movement"; its first Con­ stitution Day Convention wiH be held ,at the Conrad Hilton Hotelin Chi­ cago on September 17-18.

652 THE FREEMAN Revolt of the Classes

With assistance Jrom a little-known organization By F. R. BUCKLEY called lSI, today's college students are turning against the orthodoxy oJ collectivism which has held sway on the campus for over two decades.

The kids are getting restless. Spoon-fed with col­ is mailed to the student without charge. He can leetivist doctrine, they're beginning to gag on the use it to light the fire with, or he can read it. diet. At St. Joseph's, in Philadelphia, a student Don Coyne is a second-,class midshipman at An­ committee marches up to the president of the col­ napolis. He studied the ma1terial received from lSI, lege and asks that the fa'culty be purged of Social­ learning more about free enterprise economics, ists. A student at George Washington University human liberty, and the dignity o[ the individual. objects to the introduction of Marxist principles Don Coyne wrote: "I like the article printed on 15 in her art course. A girl puts out a broadsheet January," referring to a piece in Human Events. called Portfolio, a painfully mimeographed paper "I have very lit,tle money to my name. My spend­ which carries articles by undergraduates from the ing allowance is only nine dollars a month as a var,ious New York City universities that challenge second-,class midshipman, and my family is in no the secular and socialist orthodoxy. This "silent" way to help me, but I believe that this article is generation, too often dismissed as a sponge soak­ so ... positive an argument against TVA that I ing up the various dilutions of dialectical mate­ would like to order six reprints for one dollar. I rialism poured out in our colleges for more than enclose one dollar in currency." twenty years, has begun to question these dogmas. Don Coyne got his six reprints, and with them Hardly a revolution, you say. But to me these he got his dol,lar back. That's beside the point. He querulous voices on the nation's campuses astonish. was willing to sacrifi1ce one ninth of his monthly Only eight years ago, when I was a freshman, the earnings in ,the cause of £reedom! Do you know tenets of collectivism had the force of dogma in any business-man who 'could say as much? the ·classroom. We s:wallowed wdthout reservation the progressive income tax, delbating only the rate Voicing Their Nonconformism of taxation, and our sole concern over federal aid to education was whether the government could All over the country members of my generation tax fast enough to finance the program. That was are rising against the socialist clime which for in 1948. This year I happened on two freshmen many years appeared to have drug,ged students who had shaken off the current mode. They gave into an undisturlbed acceptance of a Fabian destiny. me a sturdy defense of private educational in­ And thesememJbers of the "silent" generation can stitutions, telling me that the government 1) had talk. Some of them are editors of the university no business butting into education, and 2) had no newspapers; some of them run the college journals right to tax incomes for whatever laudable reason. of opinion. En1couraged by lSI, emboldened in the They told me that the income tax was legalized realization that their opinions are not fanatical robbery! These were only two out of 1,100 f,resh­ ravings nor washed-up anachronisms, these young men, but in my time this statement :could not have individualists are voicing their nonconformism been uttered; it was clearly beyond the range of with vigor. tolerable opinion. One up and coming libertarian at St. Ambrose All revo'lutions begin pianissimo. They begin College, Iowa, writes: "In my weekly column in when a man like Don Coyne joins the Intevcollegi­ the school newspaper a year ago this month, I ate Society of Individualists. This society, the lSI, printed an article containing these remarks: is an unusual organization. There are no badges. District Judge E. C. Nelson, at Amarillo, Texas, There is no constitution. There are no compulsions. has (ruled) that compulsory unionism is repugnant to the simplest concepts of freedom. Judge Nelson Its founder, Frank Chodorov, calls it "an organiza­ gave notice of an injunction prohibiting the Santa tion of ideas," something unique in a world teem­ Fe railroad and sixteen non-operating unions from ing with poltitical alction groups. signing a union shop agreement. [He declared that] Lord knows how Don Coyne heard of lSI. By men 'must be free to join or not to join as they, as word of mouth, through a friend-from his par­ individuals, choose to do ...' The effect of his ruling was to uphold the 'Texas riJght-to-work' law.... ents, perhaps. But Don returned the little appUca­ Santa Fe officials declare that if a judge had ruled tion card whi'ch lSI sends out, saying that he otherwise, 10,000 0& its employees would have been would like to receive its literature. This literature for·ced to join a union or give up their jobs.

SEPTEMBER 1955 653 With the example of this intrepid judge as a and Man at Yale and Hayek's The Road to Serfdom rigid interpretation of American freedom, perhaps get read by the new generation. these greedy union leaders will try to :pres~rve As fire-eating social revolutionaries, however, their tottering dignity, instead of gallopIng Into court, shouting for more power and more 'automa­ my generation is a flop. We don't seem to make tons. good newspaper copy, and mayrbe that's the reason despera,te editors dub us the "silent," the "dumb," "The article stabbed, like a dag1ger, into the heart the "deadly dull" generation. Take Gridley L. of one of the most radi'cal and absurd of the fol­ Wright. He has neither hidden nor made any ex­ lowers of liberalism. The more dtisheartenting be­ tensive efforts to display his libertarian frame of cause he was the professor of my Sociology class! mind. He has wended his way through the maze "That issue came out on Friday. The storm gath­ of Yale University with a peaeeable air, seeking ered slowly until the middle of the following week. no fracas but defending his grounds with stubborn Then, with our Wednesday morning ,class about persistence when they are called into question. He ready to close, the professor started in with a td.rade is tall, quite handsome, with a lean face falling that awed the class and drew the students in the from flat cheekbones. His dress is in impeccable haHs to the open door. The ,professor told me he'd University taste. He is, in the parlance of Yale, the demand my dismis'sal from the paper! Then, gath­ "Dwight Hall" t~pe. This means that Gridley th~eatened ering steam, he to flunk me from the would be eminently acceptaJble in a fraternity and class if I didn't memorize the text for the final that one needn't be ashamed to introduce him to exam! As if this weren't enough to convince me, one's Oyster Bay parents or one's Wellesley girl he threatened me with i,mmediate expuls,ion from friend. school i,f I didn't change my views to conform! Not the stuff f,rom whi'ch the revolutionary is "After the ten minute outburst, in which I kept wrought, you might conclude. He did not charge sHent in order not to antagonize him, he dismissed into the discussion classes of History lOb, European the class. On my way out of the room, Ilwas halted Civilization, hackles high, hurling ahusive chal­ in the hall by a gathering orowd who surrounded lenges at his discussion leader. But he is a man of me with perplexed faces. Into this gr,oup came the principle, and principle may have got him into still ,fuming proifessor, who, with a twist of my trouble. He writes me: shoulder whirled me to face, 'I'll e~pect you in my quarters later!' " Marks .are made up by an average of quizzes, hour tests and finals and a sulbje.ctive evaluation of the This young journalist goes on to tell of the in­ amount and q{..ality of discussion class participa­ ereasing censorship of his columns, so that "it be­ tion. My average of all but the latter was 80. The came ridiculous to continue writing." discussion leader, L. P. Williams, had said in class that, except for unusual cases, the evaluation mark [for discussion class participation] was the~ame. Letters to lSI In June I received a final mark of 70. ThIS fall I approached Williams and ~sked him to check.his From·all ove,r the country letters pour into lSI's record. He did and found he d made a mathematlcal headquarters in Irvington, Nelw York, telling how error. The grade was subsequently upped to 75. its literature has resulted in a challenge to the pre­ As you can see this means I was given a discussion vailing socialist conformity, how this or that stu­ grade lower th~n 75. When I asked him why so l?w he replied, "Mr. Wright, I felt you were a negatlve dent was strengthened in his libertarian beliefs by element in the class." lSI material and encouraged to form a study club, write a letter to the editor, get up in class and Since a portion of his grade depended on what question his professor. These letters bear the post­ the teacher felt about him, and since the teacher marks of 32 states and 165 cities. A typical ex­ was not in sympathy with Gridley Wright's reli­ cerpt: gious and libertarian orientation, his marks suf­ fered. Yet Gridley ,comes to no fanatical conclusions. I have been receiving material from lSI for about He adds in his letter, "This is the only example of six months. My good friend Mrs. , of Houston, sent you my name and since that time I this tyipe of conduct that I have experienced, and have received your material regularly. I would he'sitate to make a hasty generalization as I have enjoyed this material and have found the a result." answers to many of my questions. I believe firmly in the philosophy of the "conservatives" and I.wish Robert Ernst's Story to preserve the constitution and our indiVIdual freedom. The meticulosity of his statement bears evidence Enclosed you will find the name of a college to the revolution's commonsensicalness. It is a re­ friend of mine. I believe that she would enjoy the volt to which members of an older generation may rnaterial of the lSI. turn when embittered Iby experience with socialism In this haphazard (but strangely effective) way in practice. Such is the disenchantment of .Roib:rt does lSI influence spread and do such books as R. Ernst. Wen into his thirties, he is startIng hfe Hazlitt's Economics in One Lesson, Bastiat's The all over again. F'or years he struggled with his own Law, Chodorov's One is a Crowd, Buckley's God business, sweating out the risks and digging in to

654 THE FREEMAN battle the fierce competition. Then, of a sudden, he gave it all up-shrugged off the nights of anxiety and days of tedious labor. It was part of his very being that he scrapped when he entered Penn State University to study bacteriology. Why? The reasons are part pra:ctical, part moral. He discovered that the rewards were no longer com­ mensurate with the risks and the endeavor. He discovered that "approximately one-third of the time I worked in the Ibusiness was occupied in do­ ing government chores. Such things as preparing forms on price controls, employee forms, social se­ curity and tax forms, employee and purchasing records became as much a part of the daily rigor as the regular business activities. "The matter of price controls," he writes in his letter to lSI, "was really a headache." Not even government functionaries could unravel the great backlash of "procedures, requirements, changes, ex­ ceptions and penalties." Robert Ernst did his level best to ,comply with federal regulations, but his honesty was rewarded only by the knowledge that a number of his competitors were not harassed by government paper work. "Our employees told us of si1milar establishments in which they had 'been em­ pioyed where no such records were kept nor any Jay Storm pretense was made. They made no payments to un­ At Yale's Independent Library, Stan Evans (left), employment insurance or social security. Yet they last year's editor of the Independent, talks with continued in business." Ernst comments, "What in­ Al Buchmann, who takes over as editor this fall. centive does an honest businessman have? Isn't he encouraged to [similar] dishonesty?" As the editorial says, "the young individual who Rather than pursue the immoral course which reported this incident, along with several of his socialism makes inevitaJble, Ernst returned to classmates, asked that his name not be mentioned due to the fact that 'we must pass this :course.' " school to learn a trade which "in lieu of making a million doHars," will ,be "rewarding in [the] sense The youthful libertarian is faced with an en­ [of] helping people who really want to be'helped." vironment utterly hostile. It is not unnatural that The story whirch R(){bert R. Ernst has to tell to other the persistent rammings he receives from the col­ members of the Intercollegiate Society of Indi­ lectivist for,ces which besiege him ultimately breach vidualists is worth more than a great deal of his convictions. lSI's sparkplugging executive vice­ prattle from the theorists amongst us. president, Victor Milione, has let me look into his letter files. 'Time after time I ran acxoss such plaints "We Must Pass This Course" a'S this: I have just finished my sophomore year at the An editorial in the Morning World, Monroe, University of , and after two years at Louisiana, notes that "Young Americans in T'exas that school I am beginning to wonder if there were amazed to hear an instructor in Government are any well educated Americans left who whole­ at the University of Texas tell his class that heartedly support the American capitalist economic system. 'George Washington was personally olbnoxious to his fellow-men, was avoided as much as possible, And this: and was physically handicapped because of a long I was raised on the idea of individual initiative existing disease.' Others at LSD he,ar frequently," and private enterprise. Until I came to college I the editorial goes on, "of the 'terrible congressional thought that the free economic system, from the committees which are destroying freedom.' " standpoint of production and individual freedom, O.K., so' we're angered by what is being taught was the best. Now, after two years of "indoctrina­ tion" I am !beginning to feel a \bit shaken. at the University of Texas. We realize that this kind of teaching is inspired by Marxian claptrap. To be a libertarian is a lonely, sometimes a But what we are apt to underestimate is the power heart-rending job. The Intercollegiate Society of which such a system of thought represents in Individualists was founded, in part, to relieve some student circles. The Marxian bent of mind is so of that loneliness. Beyond lSI's function of dis­ pervasive, so universal among the colleges, it has triJbuting free to students who want it literature become an orthodoxy almost impossible to buck. which explains the libertarian philosophy, lSI

SEPTEMBER 1955 655 gives the student the comd:o['ting knowledge that encouragement, and a cellar room in a freshman 1ibertarianism is not necessarily the phHosOiphy dormitory was set aside for the project. of 'what Time magazine sniffs at as the "extreme I have seen this room, and the work which the right -wing." He finds out, somewhat to his sur­ founders of the Independent Ltbrary have done prise, that libertarianism is quite a respectable to make it attractive is indeed impressive. Un­ intellectual position ,supported by men of the most sight1ly pipes have been covered. GTimy concrete unimpeachable character. walls are painted an attractive green. Shelves The whopping success of this "organization of have been built, and sofas have been provided ideas" c'an ibe measured !by the fact that although for relaxed reading. A special rack holding litera­ it only jus1t ,completed it.s s'econd year, handicapped ture from the Foundation for E'conomic Education by a budget which wouldn't operate a hot dog has been placed in such a 'way that the casual in­ stand, membership has risen to 3,500. lSI has been quirer cannot depart without noticing pamphlets in such demand by·these 3,500 students that it has by W. M. Curtiss, F. A. Hairper, Ludwig von Mises, mailed out 154,576 separate pieces of reading ma­ Paul L. Poirot, Leonard E. Read and Dean Russell terial, and it has somehow managed to comply and others. UsuaUy he take.s a few along. with 2,963 requests for books (figures as of March ':Dhe function which lSI serves for universities 10, 1955). In the market place of ideas, it can he throughout the land is the function served by the said that lSI offers a competitive product. Aeting Independent Library for Yale. It has acted as a as a iorce of cohesion for the scattered libe'rtarians gerlminating source of new ideas for the promotion throughout the nation's 'campuses, and proof by of libertarian activities. It has become the meeting its informal nature argainst liberal infiltration, it place for men 'who formerly had nowhere to go. has become important enough in the war against ':Dhe Independent Library, for instance, has collectivism to have professors at various colleges spilled over into a newspaper which proudly pro­ tell interested students that it is a "fascist" organi­ claims its anti-secular and anti-'collectivist views. zation. (One student in Los Angeles reports that Stan Evans has been the leader in this program; his professor declared lSI "should be done away his articles taking apart some of the leftist litera­ with.") ture used for text material are pungent. And Marv lSI has not led the revolt of the :classes. It did Schulman is working on a project to bring together not singlehandedly bring about the questioning about 200 young men and women from the various spirit in a generation which is witness to twenty Eastern colleges for a week end which will include years of socialist failuQ'e. The revolt of my silent a 'careful balance between social affairs and intel­ generation has been a long time coming. But help lectual preoccupations. Evans, Schulman and was needed, and ,that help lSI provides. W;right have cooperated in the resuscitation of the Let me tell you the story of -one among many Calliopean Society, a conservative dis1cussion group. successful operations. It is really Gridl'ey W'right's The energy expended on these projects, the story, so I'll let him begin it: "Just after the New sheer drudgery put into the little basement room Year, I visited two of the leading bookstores serv­ whi,c'h ho1ds the library, just begin to tell the ing student.s at Yale University to inquire after story of the laJbor of love which the Independent a certain libertarian book. Neither store had the Library is. Every evening from about 6: 30 to 10: 30, book, nor had they heard of it." six days a week for two school years, one or the Gridley got together with a group of his friends, other of these boys has done the chores of the among them Stanton Evans, the editor of Comment, library, :which ,consist mainly in discussing libertar­ Yale's journal of opinion, and Marv Schulman. ian ideas with visiting students and offering them They talked the situation over and ,came up with libertarian literature. the idea of starting a library, which they dUJbbed We're called the "silent," the cussed, the drab the Independent L1brary. Appeals to the lSI elic­ generation. Well, the unsHent and undrab gener­ ited advice, books for the shelves, some cash. ations of the twenties and thirties did a lot of Letters were sent out to libertarian publishers, talking, pulled a lot of gags and had lots of laughs, such as the Caxton Printers, Devin-Adair, Henry and jovially told each other what miserable capi­ Regnery, etc., and these houses offered dis,counts on talistic slobs they were and how wonderful the their publications.. socialist paradise would 'be, 'come the revolution. Some place was needed to house this library, But they overlooked the inevitable counter-revolu­ of course, but it was ... with trepidation that the tion that is now a-brewing; a movement based on young individualists approached the Yale Admin­ logic rather than semantics, and armed with prin­ istration. To their surprise, they received high ciples rather than expediency.

The title Why Johnny Can't Read-one of .the most popular non-fiction books of the year-needs a subtitle: "Because He Went to Public School."

656 THE FREEMAN The Right to Be "Wrong"

Southern parents opposing the order for school By W. H. McCOMB desegregation must resort to long legal struggle or to the separation oj schools Jrom government.

By order of the Supreme 'Court of the United States, mond News Leader concludes with the following a Southern father is now required to send his child paragraphs: to a school occupied largely----possibly even entirely ---.by Negro children. With or without reason, he Is ·all of this to advocate that Virginia attempt, by lawful Imeans, to get around the law? finds the compulsory association distasteful. It is That is ex,actly what we advocate. contrary to the mores in which he gre.w up. The For let this be said once more, in unmistakable order is just as repulsive to him as if he werecom­ language: In May of 1954, that inept fraternity of manded to attend a :church not to his liking or to politicians and professor,s known as the United belong to some lodge with whose members he is States Supreme Court ,chose to throwaway the established law. These nine ·men repudiated the not on friendly terms. Perhaps he is an unintelli­ Constitution, spit upon the Tenth A,mendment and gent bigot, as ,those who instigated the order would rewrote the fundamenta'l law of this land to suit have it. Even so, the order denies him the funda­ their own gauzy concepts of sociology. If it be said mental right to be "wrong." ,that the South is flouting the law, let it ,be said to the high court, You taught us how. It must be remembered that this Southern parent From the moment that abominable decision was contributes his share of taxes toward the main­ handed down, two broad courses only were avail­ tenance of the school to which he sends his child. able to the South. One was to defy the Court openly Presumably, therefore, he has a proprietary inter­ and notoriously; ,the other ,was to aocept the court's est in the management and Iconduct of this school. decision and to combat it by legal means. To defy the ,court openly would be to enter upon anarchy; Thus ,the right to be "wrong" is conjoined with the the logical end would be a second attempt at seces­ right of property. The Supreme Court order vio­ sion from the Union. And though the idea is not lates hoth ,these rights, and it is interesting to note without merit, it lis impossible of execution. We that this judicial body came to its decision by going tried that once before. To acknowledge the court's authority does not beyond the 'Constitution and finding support for it mean that the South is helpless. It is not to abandon in "modern scientific authorities." Reference to hope. Rather, it is to enter upon a long course of sUich "authorities" seems to be a new way of cir­ lawful resistance; it is to take lawful advantage of cumventing the limitations put on the political every moment of 'law's delays; it is to seek at the power by the Constitution, as a guarantee of polls and in the halls of legislative bodies every possible lawful means to overcome or circumvent freedom. the law's requirements. Litigate? Let us pledge ourselves to litigate this thing for fifty years.... Three Courses of Action What are the foreseeable results of "fifty years This father is not alone in demanding that he of litigation"? For one thing, the legal struggle be allowed to 'choose his child's associates. It has with its inevitable headlines will fix for at least long 'been Icommon practice in the South for white a ha}f century a bitter and rancorous racial con­ people to send their children to white schools, and, flict in American life. 'The "Ne,gro question," which if the truth is known, the Negroes prefer keeping time and patience had been quietly laying to rest, to themselves. The Supreme Court decides that will be revivified and accentuated. such separation of associations is in some way con­ Another result, certain and immediate, will be trary to public policy. 'The decision presumably to make the ballot booth a battleground of races. solves a "race issue." But in point of fact, in in­ PulbHc issues ,will :be relegated to a secondary con­ vading the privacy of Southern life, in denying the sideration, and candidates will seek political pre­ basic right of choosing one's associates, it actually fer'ment on the basis of their racial sympathies. A creates a new issue, fraught with danger. Unless block of ten or twelve million votes will be worth and until the Southern [ather has a rchange of heart, 'catering to. And the pseudo-liberals who were so the Court order will seem to him to be a tyrannical anxious to get the Supreme Court decision against act which he must resist. He has three courses of segregation 'will .certainly cater to it. It is not too action open to him. far-fetched to observe a spiritual relationship be­ 'The first of these alternatives is to fight this edict tween these pseudo-liberals and the carpetbag,gers with "fifty years of litigation." 'This has been pro­ of Reconstruction days. For these "uplifters" will posed. A wide1ly puiblicized editorial in the Rich- not hesitate to use the power of this vote to force

SEPTEMBER 1955 657 compliance with the order even during the years the Supreme 'Court decision, the legislatures in of litigation. And so it is not fantastic to expect these states Ican, by a simple majority vote, go out the federal government to use both its police pow­ of the education thusiness. ers and its subsidies to disorganize Southern life Prince Edward County, Virginia-which ,was one for at least fifty years. of the defendants in the court action resulting in A second alternative is to resort to the use of the Anti-Segregation Decision-has disapproved violence-the Ku Klux Klan way. "Citizens coun­ the proposed budget for the operation of its schools cils"-which are groUipsformed for the specific for 1955-56. Obviously, without money there won't purpose of resisting the enforcement of the Su­ be any public schools. Under the state law the preme Court de'cision-have already appeared in county is required ,to collect fifty cents for each the South. In the backward areas where so many dollar of assessed valuation for school purposes. isolated :white parents must be ordered to send their The total amount from this tax, it has been esti­ children to predominantly Negro schools, orators mated, would do no more than pay for the upkeep are !beginning to thump the tubs about "fighting of the school huildings. There will 'be nothing for to the last man." The fiery cross is not far Ibehind. teachers in either white or Negro schools. For a picture of 'what such a movement can result Other Icounties in Virginia are preparing to fol­ in, one need only refer to the novel Gone With the low the lead taken by Prince Edward County. The Wind. That is, if a real attempt is made to enforce Prince Edward Educational 'Corporation, a purely the Supreme Court decision in these areas. private groUiP, has set out to raise a fund of $200,000 One who knows the South would hardly expect to pay white teachers' salaries only. It seems that the Governor of any state to send militia to enforlce the people of Prince Edward County will see to racial·integration in the schools. His political life it that their children are not educationally neg­ would be at stake. Furthermore, it is highly ques­ lected. ,Of Icourse, the Negro Ichildren !will suffer. tionable whether members of the militia, or any But that is the consequence that the "uplifters" other police for,ce,would do more than make a should have anticipated. gesture at enforcement. It is possible, of course, that the pseudo-li'ber­ That 'would throw the !burden of enforcement on alswill try to !circumvent such a move iby urging the federal .government. 'The arrival of "outsiders" the federal government to invade the states and would simply trigger the already volatile passions. set up federally-controlled schools. 'This brings up And one can already hear the Civil War !boast that a new constitutional fight, for until the Constitu­ "One Southerner can lick two Yankees." Imagine tion is 'changed 'by further far-fetched inteIipre­ what would happen to the Negroes in these sections tation, the {business of education is a state matter. if they cooperated with the federal agents; or even (IBesides, would the Southerner send his child to if they didn't. an integrated school run by Washington?) But it is doubtful whether the federal govern­ Putting that legal question aside, the South ment 'would ever consent to put its force behind would be doing the nation a !favor iby demonstrat­ the Supreme Court decision. Politicians are not ing the superiority of private over public schooling, completely ignorant of history. now that the "progressives" have completely dis­ The third course open for the Southerner is that torted the concept of education. There will always of aJbolishing public schools. Refuge to this escape be schools in the South-for white children, at any has already taken plaice. rate-simply /because the Southerner is a civilized In a number of Southern states the legal steps human being, the pseudo-liberal to the contrary necessary for the separation of the s'chool from the notwithstanding. H·e is civilized enough to cling to state government have been made. If and when it his right to be "wrong"-without which there are seems that the 'federal government does implement no rights.

Even He Said So It is 'the private institutions that set traditions, the standards of academic freedom in America. And because the private institutions do set and maintain these standards, we of the public institutions also enjoy the benefiits of such freedom. If private institutions were ever to disappear, the politicians would take over the universities, and there would then be neither educational freedom nor any other kind.

MILTON EISENHOWER, President, Pennsylvania State University, in an address !before the Annual Meeting of :the Land-Grant Colleges, November 13, 1953

658 THE FREEMAN .. A Reviewer~s Notebook 1 ~ By JOHN CHAMBERLAIN ~ -g

John T. Flynn's The Decline of the senses blunted. True, the outward that can be used to justify anything, American Republic (New York: forms of American life are still free. even their obvious opposites. Com­ Devin-Adair, $3) is someth1ng in The Constitution still prohibits such merce between the states may mean the nature of a last will and testa­ things as involuntary servitude, regulating from Washington the pay ment to the young. In saying this, I cruel and unusual punishment'S, and and hours of an elevator operator am aware that I run the risk of con­ deprivation of life, liberty or prop­ whose workaday travels are almost juring up two highly erroneous im­ erty without due process of law. entirely perpendicular on Manhat­ age'S. The first ,mistake would be to But, as Mr. Flynn points out, the tan Island. Or this same interstate picture Mr. Flynn as an extremely Constitution has been sapped by oommerce may mean that you can't aged gaffer, with at lea'st one foot in sub}ection to a trial by modern se­ raise grain on a ten-acre farm in the the grave. The second mistake mantics that has changled the mean­ bac~woods to feed to chickens on would be to visualize the "young" ings of all the great words. that very sa1me farm. What is more, as downy-cheeked youths just out Involuntary servitude may be a majority of some very learned j us­ of their 'teens. prohibited, but that will not gain tices of the Supreme Court-men Just for the sake of the record, it you an inch wi,th any judge or court who have spent four years in college isn't that way at alL The "young" to in the land if you object to the and three years in law school, where whom Mr. Flynn is addressing his drafting of a son into the peacetime they ,presumably learned to read the highly edifying sermon include military forces of the moment. You dictionary---:have given just this practically everybody under the age may have a ri,ght to your "proper­ Alice-in-Wonderland twist to the of forty-five. And Mr. Flynn him­ ty," but your income-or the largest commerce clause of the Constitu­ self, though no spring chi'cken, is part of it---imay be taken by politi­ tion. As for the general welfare still in ,the full plenitude of his pow­ cians and bestowed without your clause, that means anything that 51 ers. The rea'son why this is a "last consent on the minions of Nehru or per cent of the voting population will and testament" is not that Mr. the coffee growers of Brazil. You may prescribe, even if it is as re­ Flynn is oLd, but that time, in may have trouble paying your own mote from "generality" or "wel­ America, is fast running out on the insurance, but the State will not fare" as Korea is from Timbuktu. chances to restore the old Republic permit you to forget the "social in­ So don't tell Mr. Flynn that the of our fathers. And the reason why surance" of even a part-time 'Clean­ old Repulbllic stands. They laughed everyone under [forty-five is "young" ing woman or maid. Id: you are a at that crusty oLd curmudgeon, Mr. in Mr. Flynn's estimation is that shopkeeper you may think you have Justice M,cReynolds, when he said, 1930 marked a moral, social, politi­ the right to -cut prices on goods that "The Constitution is gone," but Mc­ cal and economic chasm between the move slowly off your shelves, but if Reynolds, for all his shor,tcomings, generations. If you a,ttained voting you do this under certain ciTicum­ had the honesty to respect the dic­ age in the twenties, you still re­ stances and in certain places you tionary. member the free Amer;i'ca That Was. may be liable for breaking the laws If, on the other hand, you came to of "faJir trade." And if you are des­ In outlining for the "young"-or your majority a little bit later, the titute in your old age-or forced to those under fOIity-five-just what old Republic can be no more than a live on the inflated pdttance of a has happened to the old Republic distant childhood memory to you, "social security" for which the gov­ since 1930, Mr. Flynn sometimes vague as a medieval arras on an old ernment is compelled to tax your makes the mistake of underestimat­ castle wall. children in order to pay it at all­ ing certain overseas enemies of the The problem, as Mr. Flynn con­ you will get nowhere if you argue United States. Mr. Flynn may be ceives it, is how to turn that dreamy that a "cruel and unusual punish­ fundamentally right in assuming medieval arras into a glowing, vital, ment" has been visited upon you in tha1t Germany cou1.d never have put realistic panorama of 'something the years when you might have been N a~i commandos ashore on Staten that was infinitely superior to the saving. Island or the eastern shore of Mary­ basta~dized semi-collectivist order So the great words, as Mr. Flynn land, but it is entirely arguable that under whi'ch we now struggle to ex­ cogently argues, mean nothing any something had to be done in 1941 ist.. The "young"-meaning practi­ more. They have been blurred, to get Hitler off the frolllt pages and cally everybody under forty-five­ blunted, :5uzzed and otherwise trans­ to allow the emotions of a distraught have had their moral and political formed into mere globs of sound world tlo settle down. The same

SEPTEMBER 1955 659 holds true in· the case of a world on Government. Because men are upheld the anti-trust aClts; he flayed that is faced by the disruptive tac­ addicted to seizing the main chance monopoly when he 'could prove it tics of international communism to­ -call them greedy if you will­ was monopoly. But when the New day. I have a contempt for the they need. government to protect Deal created the NRA and the AAA military power of the Soviets, both ea!ch individual in his rights against -examples of "Chamber of Com­ of the Russian and Chinese variety, the predatory instincts of others. But merce fascism"--Mr. Fl~nn turned and I am as certain as is Mr. Flynn because the aotions of government to flaying them. And in doing this that neiJther the Russians nor the clan only he carried out by fallible he was quite consistently living up Red Chinese wi'll ever put a soldier human beings (who remain greedy to his anti-/collectivist pvinciples. ashore in the Western Hemisphere. even when they go to Washington It was not Mr. Flynn who went sour, But the point is that there isn't the as "servants" of the people), the it 'was his felLow New Republicans ghost of a show thalt militarism­ genus officeholder must never be who sold out the old Republic for and the taxes needed to support it­ granted a single undefined or un­ a mess of statist pottage.. will shrink in America until inter­ cir1cumscri:bed power. Long before The "young"--'meaning those un­ national cornmunism has coll'apsed. Calhoun had stated this proposition der forty-five-should know thi's The reason is that Stalin, Mao Tse­ in terms of almost mathematical when they read the idiocies about tung and their successors will con­ severi,ty, the Founding :E1athers had Mr. Flynn that frequently creep tinue to invade the emotions, of men acted on the proposition by·resierving into the reviews of his books that and women who ought to know a vast number of sovereign powers are printed in the literary supple­ better than to fear the power of a to the thirteen states. The Founders ments of the Big Press. They should slave State. They invade my emo­ carefully enumerated a small and realize that Mr. Flynn is one of our tions not because I fear them but selec.t list of the things which the greater journalists, and they should because I resent what they have federal government might do in be directed to some of the great done to some of my o'ld friends. The pursuit of the general welfare and books that bedeck his past--notably enemy, in actual ,physical terms, left everything else to local units God's Gold: The Story of Rocke­ may be a !complete phantasm. But and individuals. Thus, for the first feller and His Times and As We Go the phanrtasm has its own eerie time in history, a great nation was Marching. They should realize that power, and it will have to be ex­ s~t up .in such a way that govern­ if it hadn't been for the pertinacity orcized lbefure the draft act ,can ever ment might be kept the serv'ant of of Mr. Flynn, nothing would Ibe again be seen in its actual physical man. As Flynn correctly diagnoses known to this day a/bout the circum­ light, as a "law" that "justifies" the it, all of this was 'changed circa 1937, stances surrounding Pearl Harbor. compulsory seizure of young men's when a revolutionary Supreme This is not to say that Flynn has bodies for stated intervals of time. Court decided it knew more about "proved" that Roosevelt and. Hop­ Mr. Flynn is quite right when he se/manties and the dictionary than kins and General Marshall "knew" says the American economy, like the ,Mr. We\bster did when he first took that the fleet itself was going to economy of Bismarck's Germany, is up lexicography seriously. be attacked on the morning of De­ dependent on the armament indus­ cember 7, 1941: that parUcular as­ tries. But to point this out win do Mr. Flynn has written a very nec­ sumption is at best a matter for little good until such time a's the essary 'book, and the problem now conjecture. It is merely to say that peripheries of world communism is to 'get the "young"--meaning Flynn broke the story of the t1apped commence to shrink. Weare going those under forty-five-to read it Japanese "purple" code and the to buy Boeing bombers until Hun­ without becoming distracted :by the failure to alert Hawaii about im­ gary and Poland are free. fierce joy which Mr. Flynn derives pending war when there was a gen­ from chewing up Rooseveltians for eral 'conspiracy 'both in government All of this does not mean that any his daily breakfast. Lest the young and among "litberial" journalists to journal ill importance, from the New be misled by certain slanders that keep quiet about it, even after the York Times on down, is justified for have been spread by Mr. Flynn's war had ended. a single moment in writing Mr. enem,ies, they should be told that Unlike nine-tenths of our latter­ Flynn off as a sorehead, or as an Flynn is the soul of honor, a knightly day "journalists," Mr. Flynn!believes ungentlemanly fellow, as some of crusader who has never deviated in the loyalty of his profession to them are wont to do. For, though from a path which he chose as a the news, no matter where the chips he underes\timartes the power of the young man. The notion has gone may happen to fall. It is precisely irrational, and of simple resentments abroad that Mr. Flynn is a backslid because modern journalism has lost that spring fr,om rational causes, radical who has become a "con­ much of its o'ld sense of loyalty to over the movements of society, Mr. servative" in middle age: Michael the new'S that Mr. Flynn has been Flynn's grasp of the fundamentals Straight, the editor of the New given a bad name. The modern of political economy is absolutely Republic, sums up this attitude when "whited sepulchers" of journalism sound. When he warns the young­ he says that, in the Ithirties, Mr. resent Mr. Flynn's alertness to the or 'those under for,ty-,five-that gov­ Flynn "went sour." But the truth fact that they are not up to their ernment is an "apparaltus of power," is that Mr. Flynn was never a col­ job, ,and this burns them up. So they and hence must be controlled by lectivist of any kind. Hiis "radical­ take it out on Mr. Flynn by ignoring severe limitations and a balancing ism," in the nineteen twenties, was him, or distorting him, or ,by ob­ of region a1gainst region, he is devoted to exposing the excesses of jecting to the really minor matter merely restating the central thesis corporate power. He objected to "in­ that his pungent language some­ of John C. Calhoun's Disquisition vestment trusts gone wrong"; he times slips over into exaggeration.

660 THE FREEMAN Diplomat's Education war, and in this sense th€ book is a read and criticizied 'by Fulton Lewis, valuable piece of documentation. Jr., and John T. Flynn? Admiral Ambassador to Russia, by Perha:ps least familiar of all will Surely no State-Hberal who gave Admiral William H. Standley and be the analysis of the relative posi­ it apostolic blessing need doubt its Rear-Admiral Arthur A. Ageton. tions of Marx, Lenin and Stalin and direction or fear its effect! For what 533 pp. Chicago: Henry Regnery. the implications it holds for the fu­ road does it advocate? Addressing "conservati~es," $6.00 ture development of the Soviet Com­ "Republicans" and munist State. "Under Stalin, Marx­ it presumes to indicate their path The climax of Admiral Standley's ism as taught by Lenin was of salvation, and succeeds in setting memoir of his wartime service as superimposed upon a Russo-Eura­ their feet on the well-rutted road Ambassador to Russia comes when sian tradition of authoritarian rule. of "liberalism." Harrison rehu~es he reports to President Roosevelt ... Unlike Lenin, he was basically a "the Old Guard" or even "the angry over a private lunch at the close of dishonest thinker." Is it not prob­ Old Guard"; he speaks primly of his mission. Standley states his con­ able, indeed is it not inevitable that the late Senator Taft's "narrow, viction that at the close of the war where policy must fundamentally mechanistic philosophy"; he attacks Stalin would set up along the Soviet be the creation of one man's thought, the conservative "tendency to ma­ border a series of buffer States un­ the approach will alter with each nipulate sy,mbols in a hopeless effort der his own control. "I recall that directing thinker? And what kind to turn the 'clock back"-as if it he was silent for a long time, look­ of thinker is Khrushchev? were progress to turn the clock for­ ing at his plate ... His face was FLETCHER PRATT ward, say to 1984. He speaks of suddenly tired and drawn." "typical conservative blindness"; of Roosevelt thought differently, and "the essential anarchy of free enter­ a good part of the book is devoted prise"; of businessmen who "often to the behavior in Russia of the Not-So-Right Turn talk as if they still lived in the age men who led him to think differ­ of robber barons"; of conservatis'm Road to the Right, by Gordon Har­ ently - Lend-Lease administrators as "a sentimental attachment to old rison. 342 pp. New York: William and the VIPs who came on special ways," of "John W. Bricker ... Morrow and Company. $4.50 missions, such as Wendell Willkie chiefly motivated by a desire to re­ and Joseph P. Davies, who treated This book is entitled Road to the verse New Dreal social welfare his second trip to Moscow princi­ Right. Its true title should be Road­ trends." pally as a means of publicity for his map to the Servile State, for it is a He nowhere italicizes with equal movie about the first. Admiral book sinister both in the Latin and fervor the concentration camp of the Standley finally resigned as a result the English sense. collectivist State. Indeed, he glibly of feeling undercut by these special Why is this so? To understand praises "Progressives" (a term made mission men, most of whom had ar­ this, we must understand the subtle fragrant in Korea); the "liberal or rived and left with the conviction strategy of collectivism today. To­ modernist minority" in the Republi­ that the Kremlin should be given day even th~ State-liberals, though can Party; the "New Deal philosophy anything it wanted. still the sleepwalkers of collectivism, of giving government back to the The Admiral tells how he ap.. no longer dare pretend that commu­ people"; and every "forward-look­ proached his amlbassadorial task nism is a mistaken means to a bene­ ing" maverick, from "George D. with the belief that everything ficent end. They even shy away Aiken of Vermont and his lifelong could be solved by friendly coopera­ from the brave candor of so forth­ fight with the reactionary forces tion, and it was only by degrees and right a word as "socialism"; they ..." to Wendell Willkie, who-the through a long series of setbacks pretend, perhaps with tongue in more he became Roosevelt's sedulous that he achieved education. For in­ cheek, that they would "save" free ape - is described as "acquiring stance: diplomatic protocol accords enterprise from itself by taking it, something of the stature of a states­ an Am'bassador access at all times "all wild and woolly and full of man" and "leaving his party far to the head of the State to which fleas" and (as in England) taming it behind." he is accredited. But Standley dis­ to the discipline of the leash and The book is an alleged defense of covered that all really important the kennel. They would housebreak "conservatism" by berating true decisions were referred to Stalin; freedom, and tame it to be the bird conservatism as a dreary-go-round and whenever the Russians did not dog of the Welfare State. of stupidity, and by advocating its wish to give satisfaction, Stalin was That is the purpose if not the con­ Phoenix-death into the brave new "at the front," and could not be seen. scious purpose of this unhappy book. horror of "liberalism." It is spongy The Secretary was not formally the It seeks to infiltrate conservatism with old gags such as: "In time the head of State, and the ambassadorial and win it over to a new (and true) socialist label ,came to be an auto­ privilege did not extend to him. "conservatism" by liberalizing it matic response to damn all govern­ The pattern of legalisms, de,mands into its antithesis and antonym. ment activity for social welfare." and refusals to do anything not Consider the critics to whom the Apparently the "conservative" is to serving the interests of the Soviets author turned for advice: he tells seek the ends of socialism, but un­ alone is familiar to anyone who has us in his preface that the manuscript der a different name; and he is to followed the course of .the confer­ was "read and criticized by Harry apply them with more efficient ences since the end of the war. Less Wade, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and means. fa'miliar will be the fact that this Allan Nevins." Why-if it was truly Harrison has no inkling of the was already going on during the a "Road to the Right"-was it not great gulf that is fixed between the

SEPTEMBER 1955 661 two worlds of collectivism and in­ mere words. It is a phiLosophy of TARIFFS: dividualism. He says: "There could government. To his credit, author be no surer way of creating an Everett P. Wilson has captured the The Case for irresistible demand for radical so­ spirit and intentions of the Founding cialism than to demonstrate that Fathers. He has traced the roots of Protection regulation won't work." So let's the Constitution back to the ideas make regulation work, and then we on freedom of Aristotle and Cicero, By LEWIS E. LLOYD will have "radical socialism" pain­ to the limits of kingly power set lessly, under the anesthesia of "lib­ forth in the Magna Charta, to the eral" novocaine. doctrine oLE natural laws spelled out The worm at the heart of Harri­ by John Locke and David Hume. son's apple is this: he believes in a Mr. Wilson then analyzes the ICon­ conflict between parties that (as he stitution under the following heads: says) "agree on ends, disagree on Constitutional Limitation on Gov­ means, and have an equal opportuni­ ernment, Due Process of Law, the ty to attract 51 per cent of the Bill of Rights, the Supreme Court people to their side." Even con­ and Judicial Review, Division of the servatives are to agree, as a premise, Powers of Government into Three that we all agree on the ends of Departments, a Dual Form of Gov­ collectivism, and disagree only on ernment Including the Nation and the means of reaching those ends! the States, Representative Govern­ It is like saying, "Let's agree that ment, and a Congress of Two Houses. we all want to go to Sodom, and It is a masterful analysis. let's discuss the better road to get What does the analysis boil down there." This is called the Road to the to? It is this: cons,titutional liberty Right. E. MERRILL ROOT is liberty from government. The Constitution is a long series of "thou-shaH-nots" directed at the One of the few "protection" argu­ More Than Words government. The framers of the rrients ever written, this solidly Constitution sought to negate power grounded book explores the his­ The Constitution of the United States of one man over men, power of a tory and structure of the entire of America, A Bulwark of Liberty, majority over a minority, power of tariff problem, in relation to de­ by Everett P. Wilson. Foreword a minority over a majority, power fense, industrial research, wage by Thomas James Norton. Ap­ of a government over the governed. levels, and international trade. They sought to prevent sulbstitution pendices: Declaration of Inde­ of government judgment over in­ pendence and U. S. Constitution. Dr. Lloyd, head of business re­ dividual, and of a government of 132 pp. Chadron, Nebraska: Ever­ search for The Dow Chemical men over a government of law. ett P. Wilson. $1.00 Company, argues that free trade The strategy worked. American is a myth in practice and inde­ How many of the great public issues citizens, free from arbitrary govern­ fensible in theory. Sovereign na­ of the day hinge on interpretations mental interference, spread out from tions, he says, cannot and do not of the Constitution? The Bricker their toehold on the North American leave their industries unprotected; Amendment, the union shop, the continent and grew to form the they resort not only to tariffs but Fifth Amendment, states' rights, the richest and freest nation on earth. to currency manipulation, cartels Supreme Court desegregation order, America !became synonymous with and other delvices that ,a,ccom­ world governm'ent, the rise of the liberty and provided a beacon and 'Plish the purpose. This is a key Executive-these are constitutional haven for, in the words of Emma book in its field. questions. Well, then, what is the Lazarus, the "huddled masses yearn­ 224 pages. $3.50 Constitution? ing to breathe free." It is not enough to mouth the Time and men, however, have words of a twentieth-century Su­ eroded much of the handiwork of THE DEVIN-ADAIR CO. preme Cour,t juris,t and a New Deal the Founding Fathers. Mr. Wilson 23 East 26th St.: New York 10, N. Y. President that "the Constitution is notes, for example, that the Presi­ Gentlemen: Please send me copies what the judges say it is." In this dent claimed constitutional authority of TARIFFS by Lewis E. Lloyd age of pragmatism and positivism, when he seized the steel indus,try o $3.50 per copy enclosed this, unfortunately, may be true. in 1952. This incident alone should warn those 'concerned with Uberty o Please send list of your books Judges are political appointees; a governor of a pivotal state who de­ that they cannot rest easy. What Name (please print) livers his delegates in political con­ was won on the battlefields of Sara­ vention can be named to head the toga and Yorktown is today in highest bench in the land. Words jeopardy. As students return to col­ Street .. enunciated nearly two centuries ago lege and high school this fall, one are imperfect restraints against men can only wish their parents would Citv .. lustful for power. furnish them copies of this brilliant essay. WILLIAM H. PETERSON Zone State . Yet the Constitution is more than

662 THE FREEMAN Mao's Paradise How did the Red Chinese regime cisms they become a part of the arrive at the census figure of 601,­ dossier of the trainee. His soul be­ China Under Communism: Th., First 912,371 as the total population? comes public property. Five Years, by Richard L. Walker. For instance, after the author That is communisrm in a nutshell 403 pp. New Haven: Yale Univer­ documents the four types of psycho­ in Russia and in every satellite, in­ sity Press. $4.50 logical control over the Chinese cluding Red China. people, he deduces as follows: While some readers (and review­ This silgnificant book will be greatly ers) will note that the "initial ac­ used in research ,for years to come. The autobiographies or diaries complishments of the Mao regime Indeed it rcan hardly become out­ are mostly confined to ideological ... have in many respects been dated, it is so well documented. life histories and constitute a process of deep self-analysis. Required con­ unmatched in modern Chinese his­ Other five-year periods (if Icom­ tent includes "principle." "stand" tory," others will note that "Refu­ munism lasts that long in China) criticism of family and frIends cla~s gees and expelled ,missionaries from will be examined, but this is like self-analysis, and corr~ct "con'tent." communist China began in 1952 re­ a t,ape-recording of the first five They are read in small groups and porting shor,tages ... in ,cooking years. Nothing like this has been someUmes in the large groups, and then criticized. After being written oil, rice and even the bean-cake done heretofore in reporting and many times in line with the criti- needed for fertilizer, and the serious interpreting Chinese communism. Myths are demolished in this scholarly work: the myth of the s "agrarian reformers," the my,th of deviation from the 'Soviet pattern, How to Protect Your Capital and the myth that Chinese would be Chinese first and Com:munists sec­ Income in this Advanced Market ond, the myth tha,t the Chinese can always swallow their conquerors. ~TH the market at record high levels and quality stocks yielding only 4% Dr. Walker points out that the or even less, prudent investors are taking action to protect their capital and income against possible loss. Soviet pattern is meticulously fol­ These investors hold a sizable defensive reserve and are concentrating their lowed, not only in the five-year capital in only the strongest stocks, avoiding both the weaker competitors and the ma'rket leaders that have been bid up to speculative prices. plan, but also in sO-lcaned land re­ To help you choose the strongest stocks for your own portfolio, the Value form (substituting the State for the Line Survey provides you with four ,commonsense measurements of value. With fOI'imer landlord !who has been exe­ these exclusive measurements you can see at a glance which of the 654 major stocks are best for income, appreciation, safety or long-term growth. cuted); in ,colle,ctivization, slave Full-page Value Line Ratings & Reports give you the earliest advance esti­ labor for the building of pUiblic mates of earnings, dividends and normal prices both for this year and 3 to 5 works, regimentation, the purge of years ahead. You also see how each stock is appraised currently-whether underpriced, fairly priced or overpriced. the "unreconstructed" opposition; in This may be the time to check the sto·cks you own against this objective expansionism and a new imperial­ current guide to more than 700 stocks, kept up-to-date weekly. ism; in the total organization of all SPECIAL: You are invited to receive the latest 64-page issue covering classes of society so that the State Aircraft and' Auto stocks AND the valuable Summary of Value Line Advices owns every man's soul. and Rankings on all 700 stocks. These are yours at no extra charge under this S·pecial Introductory Offer. In addition. you would receive in the next 4 The vast amount of factual ma­ weeks n,ew reports on over 200 stocks and 14 industries to guide you to safer terial that has been amassed and and more profitable investing. Included are: Union Carbide Standard Oil (N. J.l U. S. Steel DuPont classified for this book has ,come Dow Chemical Standard Oil (Ind.) Bethlehem Steel American Can Gulf Oil Texas Company Republic Steel Merck from the monitoring in Hong Kong Allied Chemical Minn. Min. & Mfg. Armco Steel Cities Service of ,com,munist radio broadcasts, and Olin Mathieson Chem. Sinclair Oil National Lead American Radiator Bank of America Chase Manhattan Ok. Soconv Mobil and 200 others from .complete coverage of the ver­ $5 INTRO:DUCTORY OFFER nacular press and the principal Includes 4 weekly editions of the Value Line Survey--

SEPTEMBER 1955 663 shortage ofthese essentials was more who ,constantly wonder how the between a policy of promotion and evident in 1953." Complaints about people of Europe can choose between one of suppression for big business.. lack of meat were countered with two imperialistic forces such as our­ Individually as investors, consumers the reply that "the supply of frozen selves and the Soviet Union. "The and employees, the people foster pork to brother nations [i.e., mem­ German people," he says, "will al­ large-scale enterprises, while col­ bers of the communist bloc] is im­ ways stand on the side of those who lectively they look upon such con­ portant as payment for urgently build barricades for freedom." With centration of economic power with needed industrial machinery." dev1astafing logic he brushes aside genuine concern and distrust. One reader will note: "Short of the various irrelevancies which the Under these conditions of unstable all-out war, it will prove hard to weavers of fantasy are always eager public opinion, it seems that a work­ break the power of this great bu­ to supply. "Neutralism" is disposed able system of competition is one reaucratic despotism which com­ of, along with the last shards of which doesn't leave too much of the munism has erected in China"; while moral ambiguity concerning the job for the government to do. "A another will understand that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. significant measure of the effective­ peasant, far from being the land­ The Free European power bloc, ness of market-determined compe­ happy individual some have painted then, would throw in its lot with tition is its ability to economize the him, is actually fighting communism the United States. Germany's t'wo use of public operation and control." with the only weapon within his large goals-peace and unity-can­ So the question is this: does the fact power: failure to produce beyond not be achieved by knuckling under that some business operations are what his fa,mily must consume. If to the Russians. Rather, they are considerably bigger than others in­ the West does not break the peas­ obtainable only through a demon­ crease or decrease the government's ants' will to resist by sending sur­ strable willingness to use military job? pluses into China---'which continues strength, if necessary. Peace is de­ One way to look at the question is to ex:port food even when its o'wn sirable---4but there is an alternative. to join the author in an interesting people are starving-these peasants And a United Germany cannot be ,case study of the so-called alumi­ themselves may break the power of achieved under the conditions of num monopoly. Sure, one company the great despotism. Soviet despotism, which would open controlled the supply! But demand GERALDINE FITCH the sluiceways for communism to was something else again. Were inundate the rest of Europe. people going to use aluminum as a While Americans cannot wish substitute for glass, or c@pper, or Barricade for Freedom themselves in the geographical situ­ steel, or some other metal, or wood, ation of the German people, they or plastic, or what? At one time, World Indivisible, by Konrad Ade­ can at least envy them the wisdom aluminum was used mostly for pots nauer; introductions by Ruth of their leader. Chancellor Ade­ and pans. Then the transportation Nanda Anshen and Ernest Jackh; nauer's examination of the world industry became a heavy user. Alu­ xxx plus 128 pp. New York: situation is exemplary both for the minum wiring took the lead over Ha:vper & Brothers. $2.75 unyielding realism of his diagnosis, copper. And by 1948, the heaviest and for the determined hope of his consumer was the building industry. Part of Harper's series of "World projected cure. Were our own states­ But there was competition at every Perspectives," this. little book is a men to bring themselves as readily turn in the struggle of aluminum study in progressive clarity. The to grips with the realities of the to find a market. general introduction, by Miss An­ world situation, were they as forth­ The most fascinating part of the shen, is a meaningless and embar­ right in seeking to protect the in­ study shows the big fellows jockey­ rassing mishmash of phrases. Mr. terests of their own country, we ing for position through the years Jackh's preface is somewhat better; would in the long run have very since 1909. Of the 100 largest indus­ it is at least intelligible. If the read­ little to fear from the Soviets. tries shown in the 1909 list, only 36 er can survive these trying intro­ M. STANTON EVANS remained in the block of the 100 ductory pages, or better yet, if he largest for 1948. In 1909, the iron merely skips them, he will be richly and steel industry dominated the rewarded by the book itself. Giants in Their Place big. business sector of the economy Konrad Adenauer sees Germany with nearly a third of the total as a buffer between the forces of Big Enterprise in a Competitive assets of the 100 largest corpora­ Russia and the United States. He System, by A. D. H. Kaplan. 269 tions. But by 1948, steel was sharing deceives neither himself nor his pp. Washington: Brookings Insti­ second spot with transportation reader with reg1ard to the precarious tution. $4.00 equipment, while the petroleum in­ situation of his country. Grimly as­ dustry had climbed to first position. sessing Soviet intentions, he is yet During a business boom, a book can One gains the impression that the hopeful about the future. He en­ be published, casting the industrial footing is indeed slippery at the top visions, as a solution to the present giants in a favorable light. That of the business world,· and the great power struggle, the creation of a would not happen in a period of lubricant is competition. third power bloc in a viable and depression, when bigness is badness Many minds will be relieved to cohesive Free European Community. and all·business is suspect. learn that big business does.not con­ His recognition of two camps does At least, author A. D. H. Kaplan stitute a serious threat to liberty·in not mean,however, that Adenauer contends that American public opin­ America. But. there·are others who sides ·with the moral mugwumps ion has a split personality, wavering believe, that big government is the

664 THE FREEMA'N only real monopoly to be feared. forms emerging from the struggle no danger of being told that he was This study will not diminish their with lower, why should this process talking nonsense, to make this con­ fear. stop and life become frozen, once the tradiction crystal clear: For those to whom the bookish stage of socialism is reached? "We are in favor of the state dying details of this exhaustive analysis One of the most blatant contradic­ out, and at the same time we stand Inight not appeal, there is an excel­ tions in Soviet political thinking, as for the strengthening of the dictator­ lent movie version with the same Mr. Carew Hunt shows, is in regard ship of the proletariat, which rep­ title-45 minutes, in color, $25 rent\al to the State. It is a Marxist dogma, resents the most powerful and from Encyclopedia Britannica Films, emphasized by Lenin, that the State mighty authority of all forms of WHmette, TIlinois. PAUL L. POIROT will ultimately wither away. But state which have existed up to the the whole trend of Soviet develop­ present time." ment has been in the opposite direc­ If the whole book is a boiled-down Debunl{ing Marxism tion, toward a tremendous build-up summary of the most effective argu­ of the traditional supports ofa ments against Marxist socialism, the Marxism Past and Present, by R. N. despotic State: a huge standing concluding chapter is a very fine Carew Hunt, 180 pp. New York: army, an enormous police system, a climactic sfcrt~ment of the author's The Macmillan Company. $2.75 vast network of spies and informers. position." The transference of the It remained for Stalin, when he had means of production to public own­ Here, within the covers of a small become so powerful that he was in ership and the planned society are book, is about as tidy and scholarly a job of debunking Marxism as one could hope to find. The author is a British scholar, author of another excellent book on the theory and practice of communism. In the THE DECLINE present work he subjects the works of Marx and of Marx's Soviet dis­ ciples, Lenin and Stalin, to acute OF THE and informed analysis. With typi­ cally British calm restraint and gen­ AMERICAN tle irony the author ticks off one contradiction, fallacy and false as­ sumption after another until Marx­ REPUBLIC ism .is stripped of all pretense of infallibility and revealed as a mass of pretentious humbug. And How to Rebuild It One of the biggest contradictions between Marxism and the visible By JOHN T. FLYNN facts of life was the marked im­ provement in the living conditions Men and women now 40 have never. experienced in their adlilt of the industrial 'Working class under the capitalist system which, accord­ years that kind of society which their parents knew as the American ing to Marx, was predestined to Repuhlic; they live in the war-weary, government-directed, tax­ bring ever greater misery and deg­ harried, superficially prosperous fahric of the once-imposing edi­ radation. Another is the location fice ofa free society.... "Our basic disease," says Mr. Flynn in of the successful violent collectivist this, his most important hook, "is that we have abandoned the revolutions of our Hme: Russia, American system of government." He traces the causes of the Re­ China, Yugoslavia. It was one of puhlic's decline, appraises the people who brought it about and the Marx's cherished dogmas that "no condition to which it has led us, and ends with a broad program for social order ever perishes before all the restoration of basic American principles. the productive forces for which there is room in it have developed." But The Decline of the American Republic is a powerful and urgently no one could reasonably assert that needed textbook for our times. $3.00 capitalism had developed all its pos­ sibilities in these three countries. The author harasses the Marxists THE DEVIN-ADAIR COMPANY 23 East 26th Street, New York 10, N.Y. with other questions. If, according to the Marx[st pattern, the prole­ Gentlemen: Please send me copies of THE DECLINE OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC by John T. Flynn tariat is increasingly degraded un­ der capitalism, how are its members D $3.00 per copy enclosed 0 Send me your latest catalog to acquire qualities which would fit Name (please print) ',' , '.' : ". them for leadership in the new so­ ciety?And if history, as Marx and Street -' . Engels would have us believe, is the City...... Zone State . record of higher economic and social

SEPTEMBER 1955 665 of the essence of socialis,m. And a popular education. The extent of the the printing industry ... have come nation-wide planned economy is in­ problem is startlingly revealed by about through collective bargaining compatible with freedom of voting the market demand for this book. and unilateral action on the part for a congress or parHament. For, A month after release it was already of the International Typographical as Mr. Carew Hunt puts it, "If pro­ selling fifth among the nation's non­ Union." duction is to be planned some body fiction. Sales totalled about 100,000 The truth is, of course, that how­ of persons must do the planning, and in the first three months. ever they have evolved and come this becomes impossible if the plan The author expiains why the about they are not rights. They come is liable to be reversed at any mo­ United States during the past quar­ closer to being a racket, a violation mentby a vote in a popular as­ ter century has had so many poor of the free market, a combination in sembly." readers. He first documents the restraint of trade, an unconscionable And in the last paragraph the causes, then glives a specific cure in shakedown no more to be condoned author delivers a telling blow against the form of lessons whi'ch parents than blackmail, no more to be justi­ the utopianism which has often, and may use to teach Johnny to read. fied than featherbedding, make­ not least in modern times, taken a The basis of the d~fficulty, he says, work schemes, stand-in jobs and fearful holocaust of victims: "It is is that the emphasis is given to the those other tricky devices of orga­ easy enough to attack any economic word method rather than teaching nized labor for exacting more pay system, as it is certaiin to contain the letters and their sounds. We are for less work. features which are open to criticism, advised to return to the phonic The author seeks to prove in 110 and to make large promises of re­ method. pages that it is right and proper placing it by a new order of ideal The invention of the alphabet re­ that some men be compelled to pay harmony. But in an imperfect world pla'ced the picture method, greatly other men f'Or the privilege of earn­ no such order is attainable.. 'It is a simplifying writing. How much ing a living, and that whom the disease of the soul,'says a Grecian ea'~ier it is to learn one alpha:bet of employer hires is none of the em­ sage, 'to be in love with impossible 26 letters than separate symbols for ployer's business. Those are a couple things.' " each of the 550,000 words in the of points he couldn't prove in a WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN English l'anguage. million pages. Does the phonic system really '~ , !\ work? The author tells us that there The tie-in between this book and ~-'o~;,Plionic are almost no remediall reading Irvin G. Wyllie's The Self-Made Reading cases anywhere in the world except Man in America lies in the fact that in the United Sta1tes, nor were there if the "rights" Mr. Porter so vigor­ Why Johnny Can't Read, by Rudolf any here until about thirty years ously espouses had been in effect in Flesch. 2122 pp. New York: Har­ ago. Observation of the use of the those halcyon days of yesteryear per & Brothers. $3.00 phonic system in Europe shows that when self-made men were self­ Back in 1779, when this country was by the end of the second grade of making all over the place, there in its infancy, Thomas Jefferson ad­ school pra,cticaHy any child can read wouldn't have been any. Self-made vocaJted general popular edu:catlion. orally almost anything in print. men, that is. Actually there weren't He believed this necessary to qualify In addition, the phoni'c system as any anyway, as author Wyllie makes thecitlizenry to preserve their free­ Dr. Flesch pres'cribes it tea'ches the clear. But it is true that in the dom under self-government. If Jef­ child to spell-an abiUty whi1ch pro­ century or so preceding World War ferson were to return today and 'See fessors and employers of secretarial One a considerable number of Amer­ how· it is working out, I wonder personnel often find to be seriously icans madre the long and arduous­ what he would·say? To bring him­ lalcking. This book will undoubtedly and sometimes crooked-trek from self up to date on affairs, he might help many palrenrts to solve Johnny's rags to riches. well start with Rudo}f Flesoh's hook, pHght by giving the phonic system That couldn't be done today. Why Johnny Can't Read. a try at home. When you must pay continuing 'TIhe author, born in Austria and ~ARGUERITE HARPER tribute t'O a labor union for the privi­ trained as a lawyer, came.to the lege of working, and risk losing your United States in 1938. He has con­ job or having your brains knocked triJburted to various magazines, writ­ out if your production exceeds the ten five books, and is now a free­ Good-and Better low limit set by the union over­ lance writer and a lecturer at New lords, you'll never get rich. Unless, York University. Job Property Rights, by Arthur R. of course, you are one of the over­ lords yourself. But that's something Dr. Flesclh wrote this book pri­ Port,er, Jr. 110 pp. New York: marily for parents whose children else again. Columbia University Press. $2.50 Here are a couple of smoothly can't read-despite their general The Self-Made Man in America, by written and thought - provoking Irvin G.Wyllie. 210 pp. New books that are distinctly worth read­ Brunswick: Rutgers University Any Itook reylewed in this .look Section ing, however much you may disagree Press. $4.00 (or any eth,r cun,nt book) supplied by with some of the conclusions, par­ r••mmail. You pay only the boekstor. Says the author of Job Property ticularly in the Porter job. Some prlc•• We p.y the postag., aaywh.r. in Rights, "It is the thesis of this grand long-ago drawings of Charles the world. (atal.gul on retluest,. THE IOOIMAILEI, 10. 101, New Y.rk 16 study that job property rights have Dana Gibson add much to the Wyl­ evolved in the composing rooms of lie book. c. O. STEELE

666 THE FREEMAN NO-Like most young people, he is an idealist. As such, he can never be alone. Countless forces contend for his mind, to con· THE FREEMAN vince him that they can answer his IDany questions. The answers Subscripdon Deparbnent that sway him today are the decisions which will guide America Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. tomorrow. For years the forces of the Left have understood this Enter a subscription to the FREEMAN -and acted accordingly. As a result, yesterday's rebels are now at the special student rate of $4.00 entrenched. If they are ever to be routed-if collectivism is ever a year, for tJhe student listed below: to be defeated-the voice of freedom must make itself heard on $--enclosed __Bill me later the campus.

Name _ YES-For in another sense this student is alone-terribly alone. He is a Conservative. There is no sparkling young professor to Stree1:-- _ buttress his beliefs, no host of undergraduate sympathizers sur· rounding him. This student is the rebel of today. Will you help C.ity Zone__ State__ give him access to the philosophy of freedom? Will you show him that he is notalone? College Year of graduatioD.-- (Use similar form for additional names) Through the FREEMAN, you can do this. A· gift ·subscription to some~ a college student will bring the libertarian philosophy to My Name; _ one who otherwise might never know it. This is a project which cannot wait until tomorrow. Tomorrow is already here, on Stree...... _ America's campuses. City Zone__ State__ FILL OUT THE COUPON TODAY RIGHT TO WORK work. Mussolini started GAW in for the climber that upon reaching Are unions above the law? In di­ Italy; it has effectively heLped to the last rung, he suddenly discovers rect violation of a Wisconsin "right kill Italian business. GAW means the the steps have disappeared and his to work" law, imported UAW-CIO end of free enterprise simply be­ progress was an illusion." goons forcibly prevented non­ cause it means the end of enterprise. How Valuable Is a College Educa­ tion? 3 pp. Eugene, Oregon: Eugene strikers from going to their jobs at There's a hope, though. State laws prohibit unemployment compensa­ Parents' Council for Education, the Kohler Company. The strikers BuUetin No.7, Vol. V, April 21, went into action· because wages at tion to be given if wages are also re­ 195'5. Free on request; send 3¢ self­ Kohler were high, not low. The ceived. Keep these laws on the addressed envelope union wanted its slice and would books. Individual States Can Save Amer­ POLITICS use any means to get it. Vandalism ica! by Harry T. Ev'eringham. 2 pp. and riots ruled at the factory gates, June 15 issue Free Enterprise, Ber­ The 1952 electorate, ,more sinned while the local sheriff sat on his wyn, Illinois. 20 cents against than sinning, thought it was hands. This situation "emphasizes voting to destroy the grotesque Ad­ the nO-lman's land in which leftists ministration of Truman. Fat hope. LIBERTY and union racketeers can wreak "Portsided" Eisenhower cheerlead­ their havoc on ... industry, on com­ We are disturbed. Something is ers "drum, drum, drum" a propa­ munities, and on working men, if wrong with this country, we know. ganda tattoo telling us that Ike is It, states are prohibited from any But what? We are losing liberty, but but no amount of political bilge effeotive action against local riots, how? There are facts to learn in dished out from 1600 Pennsylvania violence, and coercion." books to read, but where? This Ayenue can serve to deify a man Kohler of Kohler News for April pamphlet lists those 'books by title who perpetuates what the people 19'55. 40 pp. Write to Kohler Co.' and subject matter. You can run asked him to get rid of. Kohler, Wise. Single copy free ' your finger down the alphabet and The Controversialist Newsletter, fortnightly edited by Walter J. LABOR pick out the subjects you are inter­ ested in, .and volumes which deal Ward. 4 pp. P. O. Box 225, Seneca .Ol'.Henrygavehis employees $5 a with those subjects. The material is Falls, N. Y. Single copy free, $2.50 per year day in 1914. This was a big jump in presented so that you may graduate prevailing wage levels, driving peo­ from cursory knowledge to te'chnical ple to the Ford -plant-and encourag­ proficiency.·The selections "will·give TAXES ing them to produce. Henry's grand­ the individual who is devoted to the America's heavily centraFzed fed­ sons pUlled a reverse. With one eye preservation of the American form Eral government and her irrespons­ cocked at General Motors competi­ of government a comprehensive idea ible foreign policy are better geared tion and the other being blackened of the dangers that confront us." to juggling with the loot from hea,vy by old-Socialist Reuther, Henry The Who, What, Where Reading taxes ,. than they are to safeguarding Ford II et freres set UP a GAW pro­ List, compiled by Houston Chapter, the interests of the nation. But tak­ gram that encourages people not to Pro-America. 30 pp. Do You Know ing ,care of American interests would Company, P. O. Box 13351, Houston remove the prod of fear which com­ 19, Texas. 25 cents pels the American people to .yield their political and economic rights SOCONY MOBIL EDUCATIO'N to the ever-growing national gov­ OIL COMPANY, INC. College is not meant for everybody. ernment. One abuse feeds on an­ other. Simultaneous action must be Dividend No. 178 Many youths arefar better off wad­ ing directly into ibusiness, the farm, taken to destroy them all. The states, the factory, rather than spending the Congress, and the voters .must another four years in an institution act to cut taxation, whereupon un­ which has been dragged down.to a necessary spending will necessarily The Board of Directors on July level somewhere IbetiWeen the aca­ be .reduced. We can pare down 26, 1955, declared a quarterly demic misfit and the "brain." Pleas­ everything but defense, and we can dividend of 50¢ per share on ing every/body pleases nobody. To even take a lot of the fat out of the outstanding capital stock of this Company, payable Sep~ democratize higher education is just that. tember 10, 1955, to stock­ another way of lowering standards A Solution to Our Three Insoluble Problems-Cut Taxes; a radio talk holders of record at the close until the college diploma means of business August 5, 1955. by Senator William E. Jenner, July nothin.g. "A real danger exists ... W. D. BICKHAM, Secretary 10, 1955; Manion Forum of Opinion, in making the ladders so pleasant South Bend, Ind. 10 cents

668 THE FREEMAN AN OSCAR to the Swiss Watchmakers The Freeman's badge of excellence for free enterprise advertis'ing. Copy prepa1red by Foote, Cone and Belding.

Some things are crystal clear

You'd never mistake this scene. Switzerland earns it. Earns it by selling be sold to A111ericans; fewer American For these are Alnerican fields . her products to the U. S. Almost half, 1Jroducts can be bought by the Swiss. in fact, is earned by the Swiss watches Rich with good, golden Alnerican Up to now, there has been no lack and movements that America buys. grains ... of willingness on the part of Switzerland The books call this "reciprocal trade." to buy from America ... nor, are we Furnishing a large part of the 60 to 70 Two nations buying and selling from sure, for America to sell. And so long million dollars' worth of farm and food each other. Each supplying what the as the chance remains that this willing­ products grown by Americans ... other needs. Both keeping their peoples ness can become the will of the people) Sold to Switzerland-for cash-every more prosperous as a result of it. hope for an equitable solution exists. year. Aluerica and Switzerland have been New facts merit a new look Actually, this is only one corner of enjoying reciprocal trade for many years Any problem, which upsets the happy the picture. For the Swiss people like, in, perhaps, the happiest example of need and buy all kinds of American reciprocal trade on record. and prosperous relationship which has products. IVlachinery. l\IIetals. l\1inerals. existed between our two countries for it was. Drugs, cheluicals, textiles, automobiles, Or ... l04 years, deserves a fresh look. and even airplanes. A Swiss purchase How quickly the picture changes There is such a problelu. That is now order which has totaled 1Jh billion crystal clear. dollars in the last nine years alone. And America has now raised her tariff on every penny of it paid to America in jeweled-lever Swiss watches and move­ Published by cash! lllents by 50<;6. Additional restrictions THE WATCHMAKERS OF SWITZERLAND baye been iluposecl. And even further Where does Switzerland get the during the 104th anniversary of restrictions are being considered. TheTreatyof Friendship and Commerce cash to pay its bill to America? I t takes no crystal-gazer to see what pledged between the people of Like any good businessman or nation, can ha1Jpen ... fewer Swiss watches can Arnerica and the people of Switzerland Wishes never beca.rne horses

.••-they -turned in-to horseRovver!

"If wishes were horses-beggars would ride," says an old Scottish Proverb ... but science bypassed the horse and wishes became horse-power. Now, all you need do is pull up to a gas pump and say, "Fill'er up misterl" Your foot touches the pedal. Highways skim beneath your wheels; Iniles are measured in minutes as horse­ power leaps into action. Millions of years ago this power was created when the oil deposits of the earth were formed. Today steel helps release it to serve you. Only steel drill pipe and steel wire rope can withstand the strains of drilling deep into the earth. J&L is one of An1erica's rnajar producers of drill pipe and wire rope. As wells go deeper and as new drilling techniques are developed, J&L keeps pace with the oil producing industry vvith new and better steels.

Look to J & L ... for the steels that work for modern industry