Equine Husbandry & Equestrian Sports
Major General (Dr) B. S. Panwar A VSM, SM (RETD.)
Colonel (Dr) K. N. Yadav Disclaimer Science and technology are constantly changing fields. New research and experience broaden the scope of information and knowledge. The authors have tried their best in giving information available to them while preparing the material for this book. Although, all efforts have been made to ensure optimum accuracy of the material, yet it is quite possible some errors might have been left uncorrected. The publisher, the printer and the authors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent errors, omissions or inaccuracies. eISBN: 97881239xxxxx Copyright © Authors and Publisher
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• Hyderabad • Pune • Nagpur • Manipal • Vijayawada • Patna Preface Equine management is a multi disciplinary concept and in depth knowledge is required to achieve optimalresults in terms of health, production and work energy output. No doubt, sufficient theoretical knowledge and practical training can only help in scientific management of equine stock. Accordingly, with a view to generate increased awareness and scientific know-how in the field of equine husbandry to the students of veterinary profession in various Agricultural/Veterinary Universities, academicians engaged in teaching animal management to undergraduate courses, there is a felt need of having a standard textbook which deals with the fundamental concepts of equine m9-nagement in the Indian context. Concepts to be meaningful are to be related to environment and foreign textbooks often are of limited help to the teachers, the teachers and the taught with regard to India's equine production, its resources and specific requirement. The authors of this textbook, who have vast experience in all aspects of modern scientific equine husbandry practices, have strived hard to bring this textbook which deals with the basics of equine management in totality. The book is in consonance with the syllabi requirement of undergraduate students of Veterinary Colleges in India. It will make an extremely interesting reading not only to students but to all equine lovers and those actively engaged in the field of equestrian sports. In addition to covering all important concepts of equine husbandry, the book includes chapters on Feeds and Feeding, Reproduction and Breeding as well as on Maintenance of Helath and Disease Control. The Chapters on Doping in equines, FEI Rules to conduct the Equestrian Sports ,Welfare of horses, Equine Dentistry will be of immense value to the readers. The hallmark of the book is its chapter 30 dealing with Equine management in Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Disaster. While compiling the text of thls book, the authors have consulted various text/ referecne books, journals and other pulished/unpublished technical literature including material on web world pertaining to the subject matter and the same wherever quoted/reproduced in the text is hereby duly acknowledged. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Maj. Gen. (Dr) 8. S. Panwar, AVSM, SM (Retct) Maj Gen (Dr) B. S. Pan war, A VSM,SM (Retd), former "Head of Service, RVC", was born on September 5, 1945. He obtained his BVSc & AH and MVSc degrees from G B Pant University of Agri.and Technology, Pantnagar. He was commissioned in Army(RVC) on January 1, 1969. Whilein service, he continued his academic persuit and obtained PhD (Vety. Medicine) from JNKW Jabalpur. His professionalism of highest order was recognizedat all levels and earned him laurels by -� of prestigious fellowships of National Institute of Commrmit:a-ble Diseases (FISCD) and National Academy of Veterinary Scien·ces (FNAVSC). He has been the Panel Veterinarian with the Fedration Equistrian Internationale (FEI), Vke President, Equestrian Fedration of India (EFI), and Vice President, Defence Service Officers Institute. During his long tenure lasting almost 37 years, in Army, he had a very wide a exposure having served at almost all in1portant positionsof RVC. His key areas of professional interest include Epidemiology and control of communicable disease, modernization in disease diagnostic techniques and Therapeutic approach, Geographical surveillance of diseases in Army animals, Equine Reproduction, Cryo preservation of equine Semen and Embryo Transfer Technology, Specialized Breeding and Training of Sports horses as well as of Army Dogs, Technical updation of Veterinarians and Para Veterinary personnel and improving the man management practices in RVC. He has been directly related with Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) projects related to Veterinary Science in Armed Forces. In recognition of his distinguished service of exceptional order and devotion to duty, General B. S. Panwar was confined with, Army Commander's CommendationCard, Chief of the Army Staff Commendation Card, Sena Medal AVSM (Ati Vs-ihisht Seva Medal) is a medal awarded for distinguished service of an exceptionalorder in the Indian Army and finally Ati Vishisht Seva Medal SM (Sena Medal) in a medal awarded for exceptional devotionto duty or corerage as have special significance in the service by His Excellency., the President of India. He can be contacted at; [email protected] or B.R. House, Al-26, Defence Enclave, Meerut-250 001. Col. K. N. Yadav Col K. N. Yadav was commissioned on 29 Now 1982 in Remount Veterinary Crops (RVC) of Indian Army. He obtained his BVSc & AH with Honours Certificate from JNKW Jabalpur and Post Graduated (MVSc) in Animal Breeding from HAU, HISSAR. He did hjs National Diploma in Equine Husbandary Medicine and Surgery from RVC Centre and College with distinction and also awarded Membership of National Academy of Veterinary Sciences for his distinguished service to the profession. Col Yadav has attended and qualified All Arms Equitation and Management Course of11 month durationand Dog Training Course with army officers of other nations at RVC Centre and College. The author has wide experience on equines and related fields for over 25 years. In Army , he had been Instructor for Equine Breeding and Genetics for officers at ·RvC Centre and College, Breeding Officer in Equine Breeding Stud and Commanded hospitals at Himalayan region, as well as North Eastern region and peace station. Under Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) the author was on deputation at Field Research lab now known, Defence Institute for High Altitude Research(DIHAR) Leh, LadakhCT& K) as Deputy Director where he handled various research projects on Equines, Bovines, Double Hump Camel, Poultry as well as Rural Development and Forestry. Before serving in Army Col. K. N. Yadav started his career as Cattle Development Officer at BAIF, Urulikanchan, servedas Veterinary Officer at a Dairy Development Corporation for Short Duration and Asstt. Prof (Astt. Dairy Cattle Breeder) at college of Veterinary Sci. and A.H. Jabalpur for two years. He was co-opted in Leh, ladakh region to carry out the Embryo Transfer trials in Yak, for the first time in India. Col. Yadav commaneded the Remount and Veterinary Squadron (NCC) at Madras Veterinary CoJlege and was responsible for shaping few meritorious horse riders who achieved laurel at national level in equestrian sports. Equine and Bovine fertility improvement programme with modern managemental approach is his special area of interest and had achieved success with repute. Presently, he is serving as Senior Veterinary Officer at a Mill Farm with a mandate to render professional expertisation. He has published various research papers/ technical articles and had been Asstt. Editor of Journal of Remount and Veterinary Crops. He can be contacted at [email protected] or Yadav Bhavan, Sibora (Sagar) - 470 120, Madhya Pradesh Contents CHAPTER PAGE 1. Introduction 1 2. The Horse Through Ages t• 3. The Points of the Horse and Dentition 29 4. Care of Teeth and Dentistry 37
5. Systems of Breeding 43 6. Selection Procedure 53 7. Reproductive Cycle 73
8. Specialized Management of Breeding Stock 93 9. Artificial Insemination and Frozen Semen Technique 133
10. Embryo Transfer Technology 163
11. Common Reproductive Disorders 175 12. Description of the Horse 197 13. Examination for Soundness 219 14. Stabling 239
15. Grooming and Stable Management 247 16. Care of Feet and Shoeing 279
17. Principles of Equine Feeding 305 18. Types of Feed and Fodder 317 19. Feeding Standards and Nutritional Requirments 329 20. Practical Feeding of Various Classes 355 21. Storage of Feed 375 22. Saddlery 383
23. Transportation 409 24. Antimicrobial Therapy 415 25. Important Diseases and their Prevention 423 EQUESTRIAN SPORTS
26. Historical Background 509 27. Dressage 519 28. Drug Abuse and Dope Testing 549 29. Welfare Requirement of Horses in Equestrian Sports 567
30. Conservationof Indigenous Equine Species 585 31. Equine Management in Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Disaster 601 Index 637 Chapter 1 Introduction
he Horse Equus cabnllus is derived from the Anglo Saxon word Hors whkh means swiftness. It is logical to suppose Tthat this genus was able to survive the vicissitude of time and animal attack due to its speed. Probably the horse is the last animal which was domesticated by mankind and the earliest trace of horse hitched to a chariot goes back about 2000 B.C. The mounted horses were given place in Olympic Games in 648 B.C. There are vast territories in the pJains of northern and north western regions, in the hills and foothills,arid and semi-arid regions and many other parts of the country where horses, ponies, mules and donkeys are the most valuable pack animals for transportation of men and material. In spite of the road development and introduction of mechanical transport in most parts of the country, the economics of haulage of goods and transportation of men and material over short distances are still in favour of draught animals. Army, paramilitary forces and the police make use of horses for mobility, patrolling, riot control duties and the like. Horses are also widely used for races, polo, equestrian sports, hunting and various other purposes. Although, owing to development of modern methods of communication and transport, requirement of horses for transportation has declined world over, yet our country has still retained their usefulness as pack and riding animals. Mules have their use both in military establishments and civilian occupations for haulage of goods. These animals have the greatest use as pack animals in different mountaineous regions. They get preference over hill ponies because of their greater strength, sturdiness and sure-footedness. 1 Equine Husband111 & Equl'slrian Sports
The donkey is an important animal in the economy of landless labourers, small and marginal farmers and other poorer sections of the society, both in rural qnd urban areas. The crisis in the conventional energy sector and looming shortage of petroleum products would demand that sufficient attention is bestowed on the sound animal husbandry practices for the upkeep and further development of horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules, for their efficient and economic utility. Systemic horse breeding in India dates back to 1779 when British Army created the stud Department for breeding horses in India with a view to meet their requirement of horses for army. Seven studs were set up in different parts of the country which played a vital role to make locally-bred animals available to army and also improved the quality of indigenous equines. Further, keeping in view the ever increasing requirement of horses and mules in army and with an· aim to rehabilitate the Indian soldiers who left Army after world war I, four breeding areas were set up at Shahpur, Chenab, Montgomery and Pindi for breeding horses and mules. However, after world war II and subsequent mech�1nization, the requirement of ho:ses and mules in army was reJuced significantly. As a result, breeding areas located in southern part were gradually closed whereas those in western part formed part of Pakistan after partition in 1947. In the post-Independent India, Meerut breeding area was opened with its headquarters at Babugarh in 1948, and breeding operations were started in various centres in UP, Punjab and Rajasrhan to meet the requirement of army animals and to improve the quality of local equines. Subsequently, for Punjab and Rajasthan, seperate breeding area was opened with its headquarters at Jalandhar Cantonment. However, the number of horses and 1nules available from these resourses were not able to meet the requirement of army, as such. Equine breeding studs were established by Army at Babugarh in 1957 and at Hisar in 1965. Over a period of time, these breeding studs developed role models in the country and met the requirements of army in totality leading to gradual closing of breeding areas earstwhile functioning under the aegies of army. Meanwhile, many privately owned studs were opened in various parts of
2 Introduction the country for breeding thoroughbred horses primarily for racing in the turf clubs. Simaltaneously, some state governments opened studs for provision of quality stallion services to farmers so as to conserve the local breeds and to improve the quality of equines used for haulage of men and materials. The equine production is closely associated with the functional requirement of each country viz Thoroughbreds for racing, Warm blood horses for equestrian sports, Half breds and indigenous breeds for saddle horses, pack ponies and mules for haulage of goods etc. Presently, the equine breeding activity in India is going on through various state's owned horse breeding centres and private stud farms. However, for want of realistic equine breeding policy,the quality of indigenous breeds of horses could not be significantly improved for want of good germ plasm and adoption of indiscriminate breeding activities. It is worth mentioning that in the field of equine breeding, army has done a commendable work by improving the quality of horses and mules to meet its own requirements and also successfully upgraded the horse flesh for equestrian sports which has proved their mettle not only within country but also internationalJy through organized and systematic breeding activities. Army equine breeding studs are producing not only thoroughObreds but also halfbreds and quarter breds of various blood line to maintain the quality animals in army and also the life line of equestrian sports in the country. Similarly, owing to lack of sound breeding policies and plarmed upgradation of indigenous breeds of horses being used for haulage of goods, such animals underwent indiscriminate breeding and very few good specimens are left behind which are sturdy, relatively disease resistant and are most suited to the agro-clirnatic conditions prevailing in the country Population Trend of Equines in the Country Population trend in respect of horses/ ponies, donkeys and mules as recorded by periodic animal census in India from 1951 to 2000 is given below:
3 Equine Husbandry & Equestrian Sports
Population Trend of Equines (in 000s) Year Hgrsef·and Ponies Donkeys Mules
1951 1514 1249 61 1956 1484 1057 39 1961 1327 1096 53 1966 1148 1054 75 1972 942 994 75 1977 916 917 89 1982 900 1024 131 1987 784 960 169 1992 826 970 197 2000 990 The broad conclusion that can be drawn from the census data with reasonable degre'e of accuracy is that begirming from 1951, there has been a continuous decline in the populationof equines in the country. Further, over the years, there is a gradual decrease in the population of horses and ponies where as increasing trend in population of mules is evident. The changing trends of population amongst equines depict the requirement of animals for haulage of goods and even amongst horses and ponies,horse population might be decreasing more in proportion to pony population. However, due to some serious effo rts in past, 1992 and 2000 figuresin above table show that the downward trends has been arrested. Indigenous Horses :- India has five reconized breeds of indigenous horses which are named as per the geographical area in wl)ich they are widely available and used as saddle or pack animals. The details are as under : Kathiawari - These horses have their breeding tract in Gujarat. These are well known for pace and speed. Marwari - These horses closely resemble those of Kathlawari breed. They are mainly found in several districts of Rajasthan. These are riding horses, tough and sturdy with easy pace. 4 Introduction
Bhutia - Horses of this breed are slow moving type and are mainly found in hilly sub-·mountainous tracts of Himalayan ranges. These horses can walk long distances in hills and are sure-footed. Spiti - From the Himalayan area of India and almost similar to Bhutia in type and conformationbu1: slightly smaller in overall size. Its heightis about 1.22 meter, hardy with plenty of stamina, well muscled with a short, thick neck, straightshoulders, short back and strong limbs and feet. Manipuri :-Horses of this breed are being bred over centuries in erstwhile Manipur State. They possess good speed for use in plains and the sure-footedness required for work in the hills. Manipuri horses are reputed for their intelligence and are widely used for polo, racing and as pack animals. Over the years, these native breeds are being either bred indiscriminately within themselves or cross bred with various other breeds. Each breed has got its own conformation, temperament and typical movement. In the chosen breed, long stride,carrying head and neck high, a well-laid-out shoulder and not too short a back are important while selecting the performance The difficulties in carrying out improvement in native horses and ponies is lack of pedigree or performance records for proper selection of breeding stock. Presently, the selection is primarily based on phenotypical characters such as temperament, typical movements, general conformation, long stride, a well laid out shoulder, carriage of head and neck etc Besides the Indian Breeds of horses, some other breeds such as Baluchi, Hirzai, Unmol and Connemara are also being bred and maintained by some farmers and local breeders in our country and these are also being indiscriminately bred with local equines. The need of the hour is to create a strong gene pool, containing genes for performance as the modern competititon horse and pony by infusing superior germ plasm using Arab and thoroughbred blood lines. In this regard, the Peruvian Paso horse, which is one of the oldest and purest breeds in the world,
5 Equine Husbandry& Equestrian Sports is a good case study. This breed originated from a small horse in east Russia and is now known for its h.ighly individual four beat lateral gait which is inbred and inherent as a result of 450 years of selective breeding. Similarly, the Trakehner breed of horses is one of the oldest in Europe with a history reaching back over 400 years. This breed also originated from a small horse by cross breeding with thoroughbreds and is now w�II known for its verstality and stamina. Further, the Shetland breed of horse, was earliar considered just suitable rides for tiny totsor harness ponies. But now they are genuine performance ponies. The sire 'Jack' of Londonderry stable contributed greatly for improvement of this breed in that of 490 foals entered in stud book at that time 248 were of Jack and 160 were from his eight grandsons. It is also pertinent to know that, the Mongolian horse which descended from Tarpan, has been developed through regular selection over 1000 years. In modern days Mongolian mares are cross bred with Don and Trotter stallions imported from Russia. Also these are cross bred with Budenny and Through bred stallions as part of programme to evolve a 3-breed new horse that can hold its own against the best performance. At present there are 200 breeds of horses in the world. Horses have entered into human heart through their common sense, and excellence in both work and sports. India also possesses some valuable stock of indigenous breeds wh.ich are capable of further development and propagation. Most of the Indian breeds are well-adopted for the specialized type of work they are required to perform, however, the need of the hour is to ensure that this noble animal is conserved and further developed. Experience of many foreign countries does show that with careful selection of pure breeds and through cross breeding,many countries have succeeded in raising equines of distinction and this story of success can be repeated in India too. Accordingly, we have to define our goals and suitably formulate policies to streamline the equine breeding so as to improve our indigenous stock and also evolve ideal horse flesh for competitive performance.
6 Equine Husbandry And Equestrian Sports
Author : B S Panwar And K Publisher : CBS Publications ISBN : 9788181894762 N Yadav
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