Overview of
the French space programmes
R. Bonneville, CNES DSP/DA
Brussels February 29, 2012
1 French national effort in space
■ the French government invests in space through :
the CNES budget (see below)
the PIA (Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir) : 500 M€ over 2011- 2020 ½ for future launcher preparation ½ for innovative platforms & satellites
the part of the Defense budget dedicated to space projects
the French contribution to Eumetsat (39 M€ in 2011); that contribution is managed by Météo-France (the French meteorological organization)
the resources (mainly manpower) dedicated to space activities by the laboratories and scientific research organisms (CNRS, CEA, ONERA, Universities, Météo France, Ifremer, IRD, etc) The role of CNES (1)
■CNES is a public entity in charge of proposing a space policy to the French government and of implementing the policy decided by the government ■it provides all ministries with a technical expertise on space- related matters ■ it has the two functions of programme agency and of technical centre ■ its expertise at system level and at technical level allows CNES to master from end to end the design, development, qualification and operation of complex space systems ■CNES is in charge of implementing the French national space programmes, directly or by delegation of the government entities ■CNES represents France at ESA and manages the French contribution to ESA ■CNES is in charge of co-ordinating the French scientific research in space The role of CNES (2)
■CNES has been the architect and design authority of the whole Ariane launcher family on behalf of ESA (EADS-Astrium being prime contractor) The role of CNES (3)
■ CNES is also the father of the SPOT family of Earth visible imaging satellites, and of the mini and micro satellites families Proteus and Myriade
Parasol (Myriade family)
Spot 5
Corot (Proteus family) The role of CNES (4)
■CNES operates the Kourou launch base ■its operates its own satellites and, by delegation, the French government’s satellites ■it is in charge of the ATV control centre, under ESA contract ■it is in charge of monitoring the position acquisition of the Galileo IOV satellites ■CNES has also been among the early promoters of several innovative space systems and techniques : ARGOS, Cospas- Sarsat, EGNOS, Galileo, ocean altimetry ESA programme and multilateral programme
■the CNES space programme is two fold: participation to the programmes of the European Space Agency (ESA); France participates to almost all the ESA programmes the multi lateral programme ■both sets of activities, ESA and multi lateral, are built in a logic of complementarity ■as a matter of fact, there is no project in the French space programme which is not implemented in a co-operative framework with partners, national research organizations, government entities (e.g. Defense), national space agencies in Europe or outside Europe
The ESA programmes
■France is a major contributor to ESA (25 to 30 % of the contributions of the member-states) French contribution to ESA : 685 M€ / year (in current economic conditions) up to 2010, then 755 M€ in 2011, 795 M€ in 2012 and 824 M€ in 2013 ■France participates to almost all the ESA programmes the mandatory programs (contribution proportional to the relative GNP, i.e. 15.5% for France), essentially the space science programme + the TRP (Technology Research Programme) and the general budget the optional programmes (contribution decided case by case by the member states according to their priorities) : GSTP (General Study Research Programme), launchers (Ariane 5, VEGA, Soyouz/Kourou, NGL), exploration, ARTES (telecommunications), navigation, ISS exploitation, EOEP (Earth Observation Envelope Programme), etc.
8 The multilateral programme
■the multilateral programme complements the ESA programmes on focused scientific and/or technological objectives of high interest for the French users ■the multilateral programme includes co-operations with other European (Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Sweden) or non European countries (USA, Russia, Japan, India, China, Brazil) ■the multilateral programme also finances French in-kind contributions to certain European programmes : scientific instruments and data exploitation for ESA’s space science mandatory programme and to ESA’s exploration programme hardware and data exploitation for ESA’s Earth Explorer missions : • SMOS : Proteus platform • SWARM : magnetometers hardware and data exploitation for ESA/Eumetsat’s missions : • METOP : IR atmospheric sounder IASI • Jason 3 : platform ■the multilateral frame also includes the space activities for the French Defense (Helios, Athena-Fidus, Elisa, CSO-Musis) CNES in summary (1)
■ around 2400 agents on 4 sites Paris - Halles : headquarters Paris - Daumesnil : launchers Toulouse (+ Air / Adour) : satellites Kourou (French Guyana) : launch site (« European space port »)
Kourou 11% Paris-Daumesnil 9%
8% Paris-Halles
72% Toulouse CNES in summary (2)
CNES 2011 multi lateral budget (2011 M€)
Government funding: 760,1 M€ External expenses: 1185,8 M€
External Personnel funding: costs: 648,1 M€ 222,4 M€ Access to space
Ariane 5 lifting off from Kourou (credit: CNES) The Ariane launcher family has been developed under CNES’s authority
■ France and Europe shall have in all circumstances an independent access to space
■ that means (i) the availability of a set of complementary launcher(s), presently Ariane 5, Soyouz at CSG, Vega (ii) a reliable, safe and efficient launch base: the Kourou space Soyouz maiden flight from Kourou, Oct. 2011 (credit: CNES) center in French Guyana (CSG)
Telecommunications
■digital economy is one of the most dynamical sectors of the world economy today and satellites are a major component of broadband communication and multimedia broadcasting systems complementary to ground-based networks ■CNES supports the competitiveness of the national industry via the ESA programmes (ARTES, Alphabus / Alphasat) and the multilateral programme (PIA: NG platforms, Very Broadband Communication + R&D) ■CNES supports the emergence of new space services and applications, e.g. in the fields of health (tele medicin, tele epidemiology) and education Optical observation of the Earth : Pléiades
■ CNES has developed an important nationally-led capability in Earth visible imaging : Spot 1-5, Pléiades ■ Pléiades : a new generation of optical observation of the Earth at high resolution (0.7 m) with smaller and more agile satellites ■ dual character ■ 2 satellites launched in 2011 and 2012 by Soyouz ■ co-operation with Belgium, Sweden, Spain, Austria
The harbour of Casablanca seen by Pleiades (credit: CNES) Monitoring the oceans
Ocean altimetry: the Topex/Poseidon & Jason 1, 2, 3 family
■ Topex/Poseidon (NASA/CNES) launch on Aug, 10th, 1992 (Ariane) end date Jan 18th, 2006 ■ Jason-1 (NASA/CNES) launch on Dec 6th, 2001 (delta-2) still in operation ■ Jason-2 (NASA/CNES/NOAA/EUMETSAT) launch on June 20th, 2008 (delta-2) still in operation ■ Jason-3 (NOAA/EUMETSAT/NASA/CNES) launch planned Apr 2014
15 Monitoring the ocean
Mean sea level
Global scale evolution estimated by Topex-Poseidon and Jason-1 (credit: A. Cazenave)
Ocean dynamics
At global scale: mean surface, geoid and ocean circulation
16 Monitoring the oceans
Ocean Surface Topography Mission (Jason-2) : El Niño 2009
17 Monitoring the atmosphere
■ the greenhouse gas concentrations are a key parameter of the global heating ■ measuring those concentrations and monitoring the source and sink evolution is crucial
■CH4 : Merlin (CNES-DLR 2016) Myriad NG platform (CNES) lidar payload (DLR)
■CO2 : Microcarb (CNES) under phase A
Merlin, a CNES-DLR microsatellite of CNES’s Myriad family (credit: CNES) 18 Monitoring the atmosphere
■ the clouds and aerosols have also a major impact on the Earth’s climate
CALIPSO CALIPSO (CNES satellite of the Proteus family) and PARASOL (CNES microsatellite of the Myriad family) in the « A-train »
19 Monitoring the atmosphere
■space tools represent essential components of operational systems of Earth monitoring ■ although they have not the knowledge as their primary objective, the data they allow to collect are a precious source of information for the IASI/Metop A measures the record decrease of ozone at North pole scientists, e.g. IASI/Metop A Ozone distributions measured by IASI/ METOP A from March 1st to April 1st, 2011 (credit: LATMOS)
20 Space science and exploration
■ ESA’s mandatory space science programme “Cosmic Vision” is the core of the French programme in that domain France provides 25 to 30% of the payloads of the Cosmic Vision missions, i.e. nearly twice its GNP (15.5%) ■ France also contributes to ESA’s optional programmes of robotic exploration (Aurora >ExoMars) and of ISS utilization ■many bi lateral co-operations, mainly with the USA (e.g. Mars Science Laboratory), and with Russia (Phobos Grunt : Phobos in situ+sample return), China (SVOM : gamma-ray bursts) ■nationally led missions, e.g. COROT (star seismology and search of extra solar planets), Pharao (cooled atom space clock), Microscope (test of the equivalence principle) COROT : the 1st super Earth
the 1st “super Earth“ exoplanet : Corot-exo-7b, discovered by the CNES satellite COROT transit method contributions from Austria, Belgium, Brazil, ESA, Germany, Spain
planet radius: 1.8 Earth radius planet mass: 5 Earth masses orbit period: 20.5 h orbit radius : 0.017 au
credit: A. Baglin et al. MICROSCOPE
■ goal : test observable consequences of the unification theories (GR+ standard model) ■ verification of the Equivalence Principle between inertial mass and gravitational mass at 10-15 , i.e. 3 orders of magnitude better than the best tests on ground ■ description : a drag-free microsatellite (CNES Myriad family) 2 ultrasensitive differential accelerometers with capacitive detection by ONERA, France contributions from Germany (ZARM funded by DLR and PTB) and ESA (cold gas µ-thrusters) ■ launch planned in 2016
Microscope, a microsatellite of CNES’s Myriad family (artist’s view, credit: CNES) PHARAO / ISS
■ PHARAO is an ultra stable (10-16 / day) and ultra precise (10-16) Cs cold atom space clock ■ PHARAO is part of ACES (Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space) ■ applications : fundamental physics experimental tests time & frequency metrology, time distribution future generations of positioning and navigation systems future cold atom devices : accelerometers, gyrometers ■ ACES will be installed by late 2013 on the external balcony of Columbus on the ISS and will include the Cs cold atom clock PHARAO an active Hydrogen maser (Neuchatel Observatory, Switzerland) a frequency comparator and a board-to-ground µ-wave link (ESA) Exploring the solar system
■ for scientific reasons Mars is the top priority Mars has kept all the stages of planetary evolution it is the only planet in the solar system (but Earth) where life may have appeared in the past (and might still be present) ■ it is also the only planet where it seems possible to send humans in a not too remote (but still undefined) future … the Mars robot IARES on CNES’s SEROM test facility in Toulouse (autonomous vison & navigation demonstrator) Life sciences in space material sciences under microgravity
■ISS operation and utilization : ATV Control Center in Toulouse CADMOS : French USOC (part of the ISS ground segment) contribution to the ESA ELIPS program CARDIOLAB (cardiovascular research), co- operation with DLR, installed in the Columbus module of the ISS CARDIOMED (cardiovascular monotoring), installed in the Russian module of the ISS (co- operation with IBMP and ROSCOSMOS) DECLIC (fluid physics: critical fluids and solidification of transparent model media), installed in the US lab of the ISS (co-operation with NASA)
■bilateral co-operation with China : CARDIOSPACE (cardio-vascular monitoring) Thank you for your attention