- VEGETATION SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
THE VEGETATION OF THE RAVENSTHORPE AREA WESTERN AUSTRALIA
MAP AND EXPLANATORY MEMOIR 1:250,000 SERIES
BY J,S, BEARD
Vegmap Publications Perth 1973 VEGETATION SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Index to 1 :250,000 Series
Numbered sheets have been published.
GERALDTON
OONGARA & PERENJORI
7 8 BENCUBBIN HILL RIVER & MOORA JACKSON KALGOORLIE
6 PERTH . KELLERBERRIN SOUTHERN CROSS BOORABBIN
5 2
CORRIGIN PINJARRA HYDEN LAKE JOHNSTON
9 10 11 ESPEIIANCE MALCOLM
•Published in Proceedings of linnaean Society of N- South Wales, Vol. 113, 11168.
Sales & Enquiries:-
Vegmap Publications, 6 Fraser Road, Applecross, W.A. 6153. VEGETATION SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
· THE VEGETATION OF THE RAVENSTHORPE AREA WESTERN AUSTRALIA
MAP AND EXPLANATORY MEMOIR 1:250,000 SERIES
BY J,S, BEARD
Vegmap Publications Perth 1973 . VEGETATION SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Index to 1 :250,000 Series
Numbered sheets h,.., been published.
GERAlDTON
DONG A RA A PERENJORI
7 8
Hill RII/ER , MOORA BENCUBBIN JACKSON KALGOORLIE
6 PERTH . KEWRBERRIN SOVTHERN CROSS BOORA881N
' 5 2 PINJARRA CORRIGIN HYDEN lAKE JOHNSTON
4 9 10 11 NEWDEGATE DUMBLEYUNG RAVENS THORPE ESPEIIANCE MALCOLM
•Published In Proceedings of Llnn-n Society of N- South Waln, Vol. 83, 1111111,
Sales & Enquiries:-
Vegmap Publications, 6 Fraser Road, Applecross, W.A. 6153. VEGETATION SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
THE VEGETATION OF THE RAVENSTHORPE AREA WESTERN AUSTRALIA
MAP AND EXPLANATORY MEMOIR 1:250,000 SERIES
BY J,S, BEARD
Vegmap Publications Perth 1973
------~------~------~-----··· ·----·------2 -
VEGETATION SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
EXPLANATORY MEMOIR TO l : 250,000 MAP SHEET
"RAVENSTHORPE"
by J. s. Beard
I N T R O D U C T I O N
The RAVENSTHORPE area stretches from latitude 33° to 34°s, and longitude 120°00 1 to 121°30'E. It lies on the south coast of Western Australia, the/ coastline tending east and west -and lying just within the southern boundary of the map. The name is derived from a township on the western edge of the map established as a mining settlement in the 1890's, though it was not actually christened "Ravensthorpe" at that time. This name had_been bestowed on the locality many years before by John Septimus Roe in 1849 in honour of Bishop--short.who was making the first episcopal visit to the colony in that year and had been vicar of Ravensthorpe in Northamptonshire, England. The southern coastline of Western Australia was discovered by the Dutch under Pieter Nuyts in 1627 and was first accurately charted from the sea by Matthew Flinders in 1802, when the Barren Ranges were discovered and named. The Ravensthorpe district was first traversed by land by two English lads named James Newell and James Manning who were marooned on the coast further east opposite Middle Island in the Recherche group in 1835 and made their way on foot to King George Sound. John Eyre and his native companion also passed this way in 1841 during Eyre's epic continental crossing. The first land-based exploration was conducted by J.S. Roe, Surveyor-General of Western Australia in 1848-9 when he led a party to the southeast from Perth, passing eastward by way of Mt. Madden and the Fitzgerald Peaks just to the north of the Ravensthorpe map and reaching the Russell Range near Israelite Bay, whence they returned by a coastal route through Esperance and the present site of Ravensthorpe. Most of the features of the Ravensthorpe districtreceived their names from Roe on this expedition. Botanical specimens were collecte'd as they had been previously on the Flinders expedition, (Mercer, undated).
The first two settlers came into the district to run sheep in 1871, when w. Dunn settled with his family at Cocanarup on the Phillips River 16 km west of Ravensthorpe and A. Moir at Fanny's Cove on the coast near the mouth of the Lort River. Both these pioneers were in due course killed by natives but their families continued to run the stations. The first prospecting in the metalliferous area of the Ravensthorpe Range started - 3 -
about :. 0 -'?J: and mines for both gold and copper were opened .a few years la·'.:'.'~ , l c:c_,-j_ng to the establishment of townships at Ravensthorpe and. Hope·c:oc:n, the latter acting as the supply port for Ravensthorpe. A government smelter was built in 1906. A public company to operate a number of the mines was floated in 1905 but ceased operations in 1911 and all mining petered out by 1918. It has revived again in recent years. A jetty at Hopetoun was constructed in the 1890's and extended in 1906. A railway linking the port with Ravensthorpe was laid down in 1908-9, but was closed and taken up in 1936 (Jubilee Booklet 1951).
Overland conununications·from Ravensthorpe were poor for many years. From early times a track existed from Albany to Esperance passing through Ravensthorpe, which has gradually been improved into the modern bitumenised south coast road. The brothers w. and R. Dunn opened a bush track to Norseman in 1892 which is still usable and another ("Hall's Track'') was opened to Pingrup in the l.920's. Bush tracks opened by fishermen give access to beaches all along the coast.
Farming development began when the mines came in, but was limited to the heavy soils over basic rocks in and around the Ravensthorpe Range. These farms steadily grew in number to over 70 in l930, but most of them were abandoned during the depression (Jubilee Booklet, 1951). A rabbit-proof fence was established in 1902-3 and has been maintained since to protect this farming area, running north from the coast at Starvation Boat Harbour to pass about 30 km east of Ravensthorpe. It was not until the 1950's when farming on the Esperanc~ plains began to go ahead that large scale development of the light and relatively infe:i:tile heath and mallee soils came to be undertaken. The result of this development of the past 20 years is that at the time of writing (1970) farms now occupy most of the country between the Ravensthorpe-Esperance Road and the coast and have spread 15 to 25 km inland of the road on the easier country east of the Oldfield River. A new township has been founded at Munglinup and survey lines for the · examination of the terrain and the soils have been cut by the Lands Department in order to assess potential for further farming development, in the whole of the rest of the map area.
METHODS OF SURVEY
The vegetation survey of this area has been undertaken at a fortunate juncture when farming development is still in a very early stage. Aerial photographs are available which predate all the recent large scale development and show the pre-existing plant cover of which sufficiently copious relics still exist along roadsides and on farms for - 4 - botanical examination. On the other hand the new roads and above all the survey tracks permit access to country which until very recently was almost impenetrable, covered as it is with dense mallee and scrub.
·· Traverses for the control of photo.;..interpretation and collection of botanical specimens were made by the writer in the Johnston Lakes ar·ea to the north ih October 1964 and in the Barren Ranges and Newdegate area to the west in October 1965. The vegetation maps LAKE JOHNSTON, NEWDEGATE and BRE.rA.ER BAY" on the l: 25 0, 000 scale, with accompanying . descriptive memoirs, were subsequently prepared and published (Beard 1969, 1972). Traverses iri the Ravensthorpe area itself were made in November 1967 and March 1970. On the earlier occasion the traverses were based' on Lands Department survey camps and the writer is indebted to Surveyors McAdam, Alexander and Annison for their guidance and help. In 1970 the traverses were made from a temporary base at Peak Charles and followed new survey lines in the northern portion opened since· 1967.
Mapping was greatly facilitated by the use of Lands Department classification diagrams, copies of those completed up to the time of working being kindly furnished to the writer and covering about half the total area. These diagrams were prepared for the division of country into farms and incorporate an empirical soil survey recognising five soil types. As there is a very close correlation between soil and vegetation it follows that the soil classification is a vegetation classification also, a fact which is recognised by the surveyors who use the plant cover as seen in aerial photographs for the mapping of soil boundaries. The soil/vegetation classification employed in the Ravensthorpe area is as follows·, with the terms as used by the surveyors:-
( Moort, Yate and Jam Type 2A ~ Red loam to clay-loam
( Mallee, Blue Mallee, Moort, Broombush and Ti-tree Type 2B ( ( Clay or sand on clay to 18" depth (45 cm)
Mallee, Blue Mallee, Chittock, Munjie, Blackboy Type 3A Sand on gravel 6" to 36" depth (15-90 cm)
Bariksia, Munjie 3B Deep sand, over 36" deep (90 cm)
( Nori;,..arable land. Rocky 'country, Yate swamps, 3C ( { and steep river slopes. - 5 -
In explanation of the.above:
2A Moort = Eucalyptus platypus, Yate = E. occidentalis, Jam= Acacia acuminata These are low forests and woodlands, the only tree formations in the area, and occupy the most moisture-retentive soils.
2B Blue Mallee = Eucalyptus tetragona. Malleeincludes any other Eucalyptus species of mallee form. Broombush and Ti-tree are also very inclusive terms, ge:ri:-erally Casuarina and Melaleuca. 2B is in effect the mallee formation.
3A Chittock = Lambertia inermis. Munjie = Nuytsi? floribunda. Blackboy = Xanthorrhoea gracilis. 'I'he Blue mallee, E. tetragona, is the most conspicuous element in this formation which is the mallee-heath characteristic of ironstone soils.
3B Banksia = B. speciosa (mainly). This is the scrub heath formation of deep sands.
3C Under this heading we have a whole range of types, usually somewhat localised, which have to be further subdivided in vegetation mapping.
A certain amount of re-interpretation was required in order to incorporate the above survey data in the vegetation mapping but it was adapted as a basis and extrapolated to other areas not covered by the surveys, using 1 inch to l mile photo-mosaics. The photography used was dated November 1957. A completed series of 12 diagrams on the scale of 1 inch to 1 mile taken from the survey diagrams and mosaics was reduced photographically to 1:250,000 and redrawn to form the vegetation map on a topographic base provided by the Division of National Mapping, Canberra.
Concepts in the classification of vegetation, nomenclature and other aspects of procedure were dealt with in Beard (1969).
The vegetation map shows everywhere the original vegetation present before settlement in modern times. - 6 -
DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
CLIMATE
A detailed description of the climate of this area is divided between two climatological survey bulletins of the Corrnnonwealth Bureau of Meteorology (1962, 1971), that for Region 12 (Albany) including Ravensthorpe and Hopetoun, while the country further east is included in the Esperance Region. As the district is ohe which lacks pronounced physical features the rainfall isohyets are somewhat regular and arranged parallel to the coast. Average annual rainfall drops steadily from 500 mrci on the coast·to 330 rrnn at the inland edge of the map a;rea. The broken country of the Ravensthorpe Range introduces a slight disturbance to the pattern by bringing about a small increase in annual rainfall locally. The seasonal distribution of rainfall is of a mediterranean type with concentration in the winter months. At Hopetoun, annual average 489 mm recorded over 56 years, 71% is received in winter and at Ravensthrope with 412 rrnn over 55 years, 64%.
A climatic classification based on the length of the dry season according to the methods of Bagnouls and Gaussen (1957) has been found significant for use in the vegetation survey and to correspond well with major vegetation boundaries. According to this the coastal sector of the Ravensthorpe district for a distance of 50 km inland enjoys a "Warm Mediterranean" climate with an annual dry season of 5 to 6 months in average length. This sector will be found to coincide with the distribution of scrub heath and mallee heath on sandy and lateritic soils and is suitable for artificial pastures and stock raising. Further inland the drier climate is classified as "Dry Warm Mediterranean" and has 7 to 8 dry months in the year on the average. This sector corresponds to the mallee and is· suitable for wheat growing.
The Bureau of Meteorology in the Climatological Survey bulletins referred·to has investigated the average length of the growing season for agricultural purposes. This is taken to be the period during which average rainfall exceeds effective rainfall as calculated by the p Prescott formul, = 0.54 where Pis the effective rainfall and Ethe 07E • evaporation in inches per month. The period of wet months so calculated is the converse of the ''dry" period used in the bioclimatic classification where it is derived in quite a different way and it is interesting to note that the results are identical, the map in Fig.7 of the Bureau's Region 12 bulletin showing 6 to 7 wet months for the coastal sector and 4 to 5 wet months furthe~- ·'-" 1 c'"'d. - 7 -
Average rainfall figures for Ravensthorpe furnished by the Bureau of Meteorology are given in the accompanying table. Temperature has been recorded in the district for too few years as yet to be significant, and there are no data on humidity.
TABLE METEOROLOGICAL DATA RECORDED AT RAVENSTHORPE
RAINFALL (millimetres) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total Average 20 23 33 33 44 44 48 43 41 38 28 23 418 Highest 168 179 117 114 119 118 129 137 145 122 105 140 179 Lowest nil nil nil 3 8 16 12 9 7 4 nil nil Highest one day 103 63 44 51 63 28 40 40 31 47 53 94 103 Av. no. wet days 6 6 7 8 11 : 13 14 13 11 10 8 5 112
GEOLOGY
No geological map for the whole district has been published but there have been local studies of the mineraliferous belt around the town of Ravensthorpe. In general the district forms part of the granite shield of Western Australia but there is less outcrop of granite than in many other places due partly to the appearance of ancient basic rocks and partly to an overlay of Tertiary sediments. In the west of the area the Ravensthorpe Range and adjacent hilly country are associated with the outcrop of "greenstones", archaean metaigneous and meta-sedimentary rocks which are in general basic though they have acid inclusions known as "whitestones". The north-eastern extremity. of the Barren Ranges which appears at the Southwestern corner of the map consists entirely of· whitestone. The greenstones appear to be folded into the granite basement and strike NNW-SSE. They are mineralised and deposits of gold and copper have been worked .•
In the •,northwestern portion of the map area, north of the Ravensthorpe Range and in and to the north of the headwaters of the Oldfield .River the granite basement is exposed. Elsewhere the entire country is blanketed with Tertiary sediments originally deposited on the continental slope. They consist of thin-bedded mudstones and siltstones and form a land surface of. little relief which slopes upward from sea level. These sediment~ are classified with the Plantagenet Beds of the Albapy District and referred to Upper Eocene age (Cockbain 1968). - 8 -
PHYSIOGRAPHY
The relief of the country is related to the. geological structure. In the greenstone belt the rocks have been relatively resistant to erosion and the country is hilly. Ravensthorpe township appears from aneroid readings to lie at about 260 m above sea level and the Ravensthorpe Range ~ight rise another 120 m beyond this. This country is much dissected by small creeks. The Tertiary sediments on the other hand form broad even surfaces which have been trenched by a number of :.rivers rising further inland but are otherwise little dissected. These surfaces are pitted by small round lakes and swamps but in contrast with their continuation to the east in the Esperance Plains there is an absence of granite domes protruding through the sedimentary mantle.
In general the country rises steadily from sea level to attain the 180 m contour about 40 km inland beyond which it levels off into a · gently undulating plain-which-continues until the granite country is reached, where a further rise commences. In the northwest a height of 400 m above sea level is attained. The various small rivers flowing to the south coast have cut deep and steep-sided valleys into the land surfa~e of-the Tertiary sediments, showing that the dissection is relatively young. In the interior, drainage is into salt lakes - Lake Mends and Lake Tay. The Lort River is the only one of the coastal rivers to have cut back far enough to drain part of this lake country.
In the Quaternary period sand dunes have been built up along the coast and are of several different ages varying from loose drift sa~d accumulating now to well consolidated old dunes. In many cases these impound small lakes on the inland side.
SOILS
In.the greenstone belt the soils vary from skeletal, shallow and rocky on the rr,ore broken ground to mature deeply weathered red loams on the lower and more even ground. The former so£ls carry mallee and thicket, and the latter woodlands. On the Tertiary sediments the soils are as recogriised·by the surveyors and described in an earlier ,' .. section of this memoir~ Within 25 miles of the coast the soils of the old flat land suriaces have been intensely lateritised, the typical profile consisting ~f ·. about 40 cin of bleached sand overlying a dense band of pea ironstone some·s cm thick, arid this over a mottled clay or loam, very compact: beflation of the upper sand horizon has reduced its thickness locally, and transport of sand to other areas has increased it, also locally. Where the sand exceeds about 90 cm in thickness, the - 9 - scrub heath association replaces mallee heath. Further inland on the Tertiary sediments lateritic ironstone is absent but the soils still exhibit profile differentiation with a Fale grey sandy or silty horizon up to 45 cm thick, overlying clay. This is a typical mallee soil. Where the sand is deeper locally, patches of mallee-heath occur. Owing to the flatness of the country in the mallee belt and the clay subsoil, much of the area ~s winter-wet and there are extensive patches of "gilgai" (uneven or mounded surface). Soils of the steep sides of the valleys are skeletal: where rock is close to the surface a brookbush or mallee-heath. vegetation.may replace mallee.
In the granite country. of the northwest the undulating country bears soils.in a catenary sequenc::e •. On the highest ground there are ancient lateritic plateau soils with an upper horizon of yellow sand overlying laterite, or decomposed granite. These soils carry scrub heath and broombush thicket. Where granite crops out or is close to the surface it supports broombush thicket. On middle slope sites mallee soils are found except for occasional patches of clay which support low forest of Eucalyptus platypus and its associates. In the bottom lands the soils are deep, sandy and calcareous and have mainly carried woodland though most of it has been burnt out in recent years. The sandy nature of the bottomland soils here is a matter for comment since in similar catenas further north it is usual to find clay or clay-loam with an abundance of Eucalyptus salmonophloia and E. salubris. Here, however, the situation is different and these two species are rare to absent in consequence, their place being taken by E. oleosa and E. flocktoniae. The soils developed on the Tertiary sediments are Miocene or post-Miocene in age and it is noticeable that laterite is confined to a belt along the coast where the rainfall today is higher than inland. The mallee soils show profile differentiation but no laterite, suggesting that they developed under a rainfall distribution pattern similar to that of the present, though precipitation may have been higher than now. On the other hand further inland still on the granite one encounters laterite again in the plateau soils and this suggests that there has been more than one period of laterite formation and that the interior laterites are older than the coastal.
HUMAN INFLUENCES
Until quite recently, that is, until the past two decades, the vegetation of this area was among the least modified by man in the whole State. Settlement had effected only a small amount of clearing around the town of Ravensthorpe and the grazing of sheep had been limited to some few favourable pockets along the river valleys and -10 - coastal flats. -Aborigines had previously been in the habit of burning the country and had undoubtedly modif1ed the vegetation by doing so, but we have no means of knowing what the nature of this modification was. In any case the adaptations of heath plants indicate a much longer fire history and it may be that fires started by lightning may have swept this area regularly for millions of years.
In recent:years land clearing for agriculture has become widespread.and' is proceeding rapidly, while fires escapting from farmers' burning-off operations have swept far into still undeveloped areas, and have been both more frequent and more severe than previously. ·rn consequence nearly all stands of larger trees in woodland formation, which formerly would not have been burnt at all due to their sparse undergrowth; have been ravaged and the trees killed.· The regrowth of the present stage is indistinguishable from mallee. - 11 -
DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION
PLANT FORMATIONS
The plant communities mapped are classified primarily by physiognomy into formations which may be subdivided into associations according to floristic composition. The formations found in this district are nine in number, with 19 units distinguished on the vegetation map, as follows:
A. LOW FOREST
1. Low Forest of Eucalyptus platypus and associates, found on pockets of clay soil.
B. WOODLAND
2. Sclerophyll Woodland, occupying loam soils, generally on bottom land sites. Seven different associations or consociations are found:-
Eucalyptus salmonophloia (Salmon gum) E. salmonophloia with E. oleosa E. oleosa - E. flocktoniae E. transcontinentalis - E. flocktoniae E. loxophleba (York gum) E. occidentalis (Yate) E. loxophleba, E. occidentalis, and E. salmonophloia.
C. SHRUBLAND
3. Broombush Thicket. A very dense shrub formation found on shallow sandy soils over rock and laterite •. Three different associations can be recognised.
(a) Casuarina-Acacia-Melaleuca association in the Hyden vegetation system.
(b) Casuarina-Calothamnus-Melaleuca association in the Oldfield system.
(c) Acacia-Casuarina-Melaleuca assoc:ation in the Lake Hope system. ~I
4. Barren Ranges Thicket • .A very dense shrub formation found on mountain ridges in the Barren Ranges, also on the Ravensthorpe Range and Mt. Desmond. ·- :.2 -
5. Coastal Dune scrub. An: open shrub formation found on old vegetated dunes near the coast. Eucalyptus angulosa and Acacia cyclopis are the principal dominants.
6. Mallee. An cpen to closed eucalyptus shrub community, with variable low shrub ground layer. Mallee soils have typically a texture differ~~tiated sand-over--clay profile. Five different mallee . I associations are recognised:
Eucalyptus eremophila E. eremophila - E. oleosa E. eremophila - E. forrestiana E. redunca - E. uncinata E. nutans - E. gardneri
7. Tea-tree Scrub. An open to closed shrub community with Melaleuca parviflora as sole dominant.
8. Mallee-heath. A sparse to open eucalypt shrub community with dense heath ground layer, on lateritic soils. E. tetragona is characteristic.
9. Scrub-heath. A sparse to open tall shrub community in which species of Proteaceae are prominent, with a dense heath grdund layer mainly of Myrtaceae on deep sand soils. Three different associations can be recognised:
{a) The interior heath association in the Hyden vegetation system, in which Grevillea excelsior is characteristic.
(b) The association of the Esperance plains (Esperance system) dominated by Banksia speciosa and Lambertia inermis.
{c) The association of the coastal plain (Fanny Cove System) with Banksia speciosa.
These have not been separately indicated in mapping • .. .,,,J;:-"..
PHYSIOGNOMY
The physiognomy of.ali of'the formations appearing here has been fully described in previous work, principally in the memoirs . . - - . . . ~ . accompanying the Boorabbin-Lake Johnston and Newdegate-Bremer Bay maps (Beard 1969, 1972). Illustratio~ has been effected by means of measured profile diagrams, Dansereau diagrams and photographs. - 13 -
CLASSIFICATION'
The relevant- classification formulae are as follows, of which those in the Beard,;,;,Webb column appear on the vegetation map:
Beard-Webb Kuchler Dansereau Vegetation Unit formula formula· formula (Beard. 1969) (Klichler 1949) (Dansereau 1951)
Low forest eLc Blc Tleaxc ScleJ::Ophyll woodland eMi Bnli.szt Tmeaxi.Fmleaxb Broombush thicket csc B$C Fmejaxc Barren_Ranges thicke_t edSc Bsc Fmeaxc Coastal -c;iune scrub eaSi Bsi Ftmenaxi Mallee eSi Bszi Fteaxi.Fmeaxc Teatree scrub mSi Esi Ftenxi Mallee heath eSZc Bszc Fteaxi.Fmeaxc Scrub heath xszc Bszc Fteaxi.Fmeaxc
Species designated in mapping:
C Casuadna spp. a. Dryandra quercifolia Meissn. e6 E. loxophleba Benth. e_ E. occidentalis Endl. I e8 E. salmonophloia F. Muell. elO E. transcontinentalis Maiden ell E. ,flocktoniae Maiden el5 E. eremophila (Diels) Maiden · .. e22 E. oleosa F. Muell. e26 · E. tetragona (R.Br.) F. Muell. E. redunca Schau. ~27 e28 E. nutans F. Muell. e32 E. forrestiana bieis e33 E. platypus Hook. m Melaleuca parviflora Lindl.
• . .'.i.':.,' - 14 -
VEGETATION SYSTEMS
A vegetation system consists of a particular series of plant communities recurring in a catenary sequence or mosaic pattern linked to
topograpl;lic 1 pedologica:l,.and/orgeological features (Beard 1969). A vegetation system is a-subdivision 0£ a botanical district. Eleven systems can be recognised in the Ravensthorpe district as shown in the Figure·oelow~ Ali belong to the Eyre botanical district in the sense of Diels (1906). and of Gardner and Bennetts (1956). A detailed account of these systems follows. It will be observed that ~ey are in a general way arranged parallel to the coast which reflects the zonation of climate - past and present - on soils, but is partly due also to arrangement of physical features in relation tc the coastline. The first three of the systems call for little comment as a very small portion only of each of
them intrudes at the western edge of the map 1 and they have been fully dealt with in the memoir on the adjoining Newdegate sheet (Beard 1972).
HYDEN LAKE HOPE SYSTEM SYSTEM
CHIDNUP SYSTEM-_... LORT SYSTEM OLDFIELD SYSTEM
ESPERANCE SYSTEM
QUALUP SYSTEM BARREN RANGES SYSTEM SOUT"1£RN OCEAN
1. THE BARREN RANGES SYSTEM .
The extreme eastern end of the Barren Ranges, terminating in No Tree Hill and East Mt. Barren, brings a portion of this sytem onto the map. The vegetation comprises principally a thicket about 1.5 m tall of Eucalyptus preissiana, E. lehmannii, Dryandra quercifolia and - 15 - associated species on the slopes and ridges of the low quartzite ranges. E. tetragona rnallee-heath covers the pediments of the ranges, E. redunca - E. uncinata. mallee the slopes of rivers entrenched into the pediments, and Eucalyptus-Acacia scrub on coastal dunes. The system and its components have been fully described in Beard (1972). ·
2. THE QUALUP SYSTEM
This system is co-extensive with a coasta~ lowland formed upon the Tertiary Plantagenet group of rocks.. In general this forms a gentle slope rising inland from near sea level, trenched by the courses of small rivers which flow across it. The surface is old and the soil much matured into a lateritic profile with a surface horizon of bleached sand overlying a layer of ironstone nodules. The vegetatio~ of this is E. tetragona mallee heath, giving way to a Banksia - cominated scrub heath where the surface sandy horizon is deepest. The coastal lowland of this system is continued to the eastward in•the Esperance system which it closely resembles. The two have however been separated on account of significant floristicchanges which occur, with the vicinity of the Phillips River as a convenient point of division. For example Banksia attenuata drops out at the Fitzgerald River, but B. coccinea and B. baxteri reach the Oldfield. On the Esperance plains they are replaced as dominants of the scrub heath association by Banksia specios~ which begins at Hopetoun, and by Lambertia inermis which is present but inconspicuous inland of the Barren Ranges. Hakea cucullata and H. victoriae do not appear to occur east of the Phillips River. A complete analysis of floristic changes over this range must await further studies of the Esperance plains. The Qualup system received full treatment in Beard (1972).
3. THE CHIDNUP 'SYSTEM
The Chidnup system occupies a gently undulating high plain forming a watershed between drainage of the Swan - Avon system and of short rivers flowing to the south coast. This high plain is interrupted near the westerhboundaryof the•Ravensthorpe map and is eventually continued further east by an analogous but in many ways dissimilar high plain in the Lort System.· The surface in the Chidnup system stands high (about 360 m above sea level), is gently undulating, undissected by rivers and is reasonably well drained. In the Lort system it stands lower (about 180 m above sea level), is very flat, is trenched by the Lort and other rivers, and is ill-drained and winter-wet with areas of gilgai soil. The principal plant 'formations are mallee and mallee-heath but there are floristic differences, e.g. with E. falcata replaced by E. forrestiana in the Lort System.
------~~------.16 -
4. THE RAVENSTHORPE SYSTEM .
. Part o.f the area .of -this :system occurs on the Newdegate' map where it has already beep described {Beard 1972). It is associated with the outcrop of greenstone rocks _around the town of Ravensthorpe where the settlement was directly due to the presence of these rocks which are metalliferous and also give rise to fertile, moisture-r_etentive sqils suitable for agriculture. Soil depth on the greenstone varies according to topogr~phy, shallow and rocky on the ridges, deeper on midslope, very deep in the botto!f!lands. The vegetation types associated with·this ca:tenary sequence _are Thick~t, Mall.ee and Sclerophyl,l Woodland or-" Low Forest. There is al$O a patch of malle-heath south-west of Mt. Desmond on a. remnant of pla_teau surface.
THICKET
The thicket of the summit ridges of the Ravensthorpe Range and Mount I)esmond is s~milar to that of the Barren Ranges, that is to say it is dominated by the -low mallees Eucalyptus preissiana and E. lehmannii, with Dryandra qµe,rcifolia., A full list of components has not been made, but E. tetragona and :.other .mallees are known to occur, with Banksia· lehmanniana,Casuarina, campestris, Calothamnus (?) pinifolius, Melaleuca uncinata, Beaufo:r;tia_squarrosa, and Grevillea platypoda. Eucalyptus ' ' desmondensis, named from Mt. Desmond, inhabits the foot-slope of the range.
MALLEE
There'are considerable areas of mallee on the pediments of the Ranges and on a stretch of low hilly country south of Ravensthorpe. The two most consistent and typical species are Eucalyptus nutans and E. gardneri which in favourable places and given freedom from fire increase in stature to form dense low forest. - 0th.er species known to occur .,are E. loxophleba, E. tetragona, E. uncinata, E. flocktoniae, E. conglobata among the mallees and E. spathulata, E. platypus, E. annulata and E. stoatei all of ...-,hich form small single-stemmed trees known as marlocks •. Non~eucalypts include Hakea laurina, Banksia lehmanniana, Beaufort:i;a squarr:osa and Melaleuca uncinata.
SCLEROPHYLL WOODLAND
The woodlands occupy broad valleys in which the soil is at its deepest. Such land ha~ mostly been cleared. for farming. The commonest
species v1as evidently '~'!:lle Y-ork gum, E. loxophleba, growing to 12 m. It is favoured by the soils more sandy at the .surface. The salmon gum, - .17 -
E. salmorophL0i,y.- is a larger tree attaining 18 m and may be in mixture or not with E. loxophl.eba. - Yate, E. occident;alis, 0£, similar stature1 tends to cling··to, watercourses •. E. annulat;a, a smaller tree_, may _ associate locally.: -- Li.ttle now remains o,f the original undergrowth in __ these-woodlands.
5. THE FANNY'S COVE SYSTEM
Named from the spot where the first settler in the district, A. Moir, landed and established himself in 1871, the Fanny's Cove System occupies a narrow littoral plain between the sea and the edge of the gently rising old land surface of the Esperance system. The Fanny's Cove system has a young land surface of quaternary sands, some of it piled into dunes of various ages, mostly vegetated but with some patches of loose drift sand. The dunes are almoF·- everywhere present and frequently impound small shallow lakes and swamps or closed estuaries. In the west there is no topographic break on the inland side, but further east a decayed former sea cliff becomes apparent which rises to become 30 m high still further east at Esperance. On the seaward side 'of the dunes there is a low scrub in which Scaevola crassifolia is dominant, an association which varies little around the West Australian coast. Otherwise the. principal species are Eucalypt;us angulosa and Acacia cyclopis with an understory of Melaleuca pentagona or M. sclerophylla. The community is much burnt and rarely has a chance to develop any mature structure. Occasional big old specimens of Melaleuca pubesceris suggest that that species might in time become dominant if fire were excluded. Old well consolidated dunes may develop a mallee-heath association with Eucalyptus tetragona and E. preissiana.
Inland of the dunes there is a flat and swampy sandy plain carrying a scrub heath with Banksia speciosa dominant. Eucalyptus platypus var. heterophylla may form patches of low woodland in depressions, while swamps are colonised by thei paperbark tree Melaleuca -pa:rviflora ~- - -
6. THE ESPERANCE SYSTEM
As previously noted•,. '1:he- Esperance . system continue& eastward to the coas'l::al plain of the Qualup system developed on Tertiary Plantagenet sediments and rising gently from sea level to an ~ltitude of 180 min 30 km. The plain is trenched by the valleys of small seasonally intermittent rivers rising further inland, and its surface is pocked with small' round depressions which form interni.:!-tten~ freshwater lakes or paperbark and yate swamps. .The surface of the plain carr~es a laterit;ic .,.. 18 -
'>:qoil probably f_ormed .9-uring a.,; previous period which features bleached san,4 of. variable depth over],ying a layer of ironstone nodules, and this over a_ dens.e mo.t,~~e_d subsoil. The veget,~tion of this is mallee-he_ath charac_terised b¥: Eucalyptus t?etri:!gona except where the_ surface sand is 90 cm or more in depth when there is a change to scrub ~eat with Banksia dominant. The valley slopes support mallee or E. occidentalis woodland.
MALLEE-HEATH
,,,_,. _ .. ____. ., The .f.ollewing composftion is based on collection soutq. of Mun,glin.;u.p:,
Mallee Eucalyptus tetragona, E. te_traptera, E.incra[:isata.
Large shrubs_ Banksia baueri, Calothamnus quadrifidus, Dr_yandra Jop,gifolia., Lambertia inermis.
~e~ium shrubs Acacia aff. cupularis, A. subcaerulea, Adenanthos . c;uneatus, Banksia pulchella, B. peolaris, Casuarina humiJ-is, C. thuyoides, Hakea corymb0,sa, H. c::ra~sif.olia, H•. cinerea ,,,H. pandanicarpa,, J_$opogon buxifolius, I. trilobus, I •._ pqlycephaJus, LaJ?ichea lanceolata, P~trophile teretif0li-a.
-,.:, , Small shrubs and . Andersonia parvifolia, Anigosanthos rufa, Banksia Herbaceous plants repens, Calythrix dec_andra, Chamaelaucium, ~prming the heath mS:gapetalum, Conospermum distichum, C. teretifolium, la¥~F _C. , leianthum, Conostyli~ vagina ta; C. seorsiflora, C. melanopogon, Dampiera oligophylla, Darwinia diosmoides, Daviesia aff. breviofolia, Dryandra _cunea ta:, Gastrolobi um pycnostachyum, Goodenia strophiolata, G. pterygospE::pma, Hibbertia spp.-, Kennedya nigricans, Leschenault;i.a formosa, L. tubiflora, L. stenosepala, Lysinema ciliatum,
Melaleuca thymifolia & spp., Oligarrhena micrantha, Petrophile phylicoides, _Phymatocarpus.s,parsiflorus, Sollya fusiformis, Stirlingia tenuifolia, Synaphea :e,,PPlymoFpha, Vert;icordia chryrsa,ntha, -V. roei, __v.., _.I>lumqsa.
SCRUB HEATH ,
On,4e~p,,i:;ai:1c:L::f:.l}e~e,.)-s a _c;hang~ of dominai:ic:e with _the disappearance -:'?°!=. E'.ucal yptµ~. t~,tragc,p,a in fayour, 9f .Ban~sia SEeciqsa. - B. baxteri and - 19 -
B. coccinea may appear as far east as the Oldfield River. Lambertia inermis becomes much more common, Nuytsia floribunda appears. Otherwise species present appear,to be much the same as in the mallee-heath.
MALLEE
Little is known of the mallee of the valley slopes. It is presumably very similar to that in the Qualup system where E. redunca and E. uncinata are the dominant species with a lower story of Melaleuca species. In the Esperance system E. goniantha appears to be an important associate with E. redunca.
SCLEROPHYLL WOODLAND
Patches of Eucalyptus occidentalis can occur in the valley bottoms. These are virtually pure stands, with no associated trees or shrubs and little ground vegetation.
7. THE LORT SYSTEM
The Lort .. System is named from the river which bisects it, and occupies the flat plain lying about 180 m above sea level which succeeds the gently rising coastal plain of the Esperance system. Where this flat plain has been.dissected by the rivers, especially by the Oldfield in the west, the-resulting broken country constitutes the Oldfield system. The plain; due to its flatness, is winter-wet, the soil with its sand over-clay mallee soil profile, becoming readily waterlogged in the rainy season. The most swampy areas are "gilgai", i.e. with a hummocky surface. The general plant cover is mallee but there are scattered granite outcrops, patches of sand with mallee-heath, clay patches with Eucalyptus platypus low forest, and scattered lakes and pans which tend to carry or be surrounded by stands of E. occidentalis.
MALLEE·
The mallee in this system is a distinct community, with E. eremophila dominant in association with E. forres;tiana. Strictly speaking neither of the two dominants is a mallee as they are killed by fire, regenerating each time from seed as a single-stemmed tree, as does E. platypus. It is convenient, however, to regard this community as mallee rather than as a kind of very low forest. Other casual mallee species include E. redunca, E. uncinata, E. goniantha and E. flocktoniae. The trees reach 3-4.5 min height and have the usual dense understory about 1 m tall'of Melaleucas, M. pungens, M. cliffortioides, M. scabra, - 20 -
M. . del toides. .The following oth_e,r species have been recorded: -
Bqssia_ea_ lep-tacantha, Boronia ~damsiana, Cryptandra aff. parvifolia, Daviesia juncea, Grevillea pectinata, G. plurijuga, Halgania integerrima, Microcybe multiflora, Pimelea imbricata, Prostanthera microphylla.
OTHER COMMUNITIES
Sandy patches on the plain bring in Banksia media, Grevillea asparagoides and Hakea spp. in the rnallee. Deep sand brings.in Eucalypr,us tetragona and many of its associates from the coastal mallee-heath, although here they forsake their usual association with laterite. Granite outcrops sometimes protrude, mainly in the vicinity of the Lort River. Baeckea crispiflora, Ha~ea_commutata, Eriostemon rhomboideus and locally Casuarina huegeliana have been.collected on outcrops •. Where thel:'e
is a thin skin of soil over granite one finds a broombush thicket in which,··, Casuarina campestris is dominant. Hakea multilineata and Verticordia preissii have also been noted.
Gilgai areas seem to.encourage a greater abundance of Eucal.yptus goniantha in the,mallee and an increase of stature to 2.• 5 m of the Melaleuc.a understory. which becomes.of the "boree" type, large busheg probably of M. lateriflora. Clay patches produce dense stands of Eucalyptus platypus, lakes anq swamps stands of Melaleuca parviflora or Eucalyptus occidentalis. Qn the northern edge of the system near the LortRiverthere is a transitional community o:!: tall mallee (6 m) in which E.oleosa-and.E .. flock.toniae mingle with E. eremophila and E. forrestiana.
8. THE OLDFIELD SYSTEM
There are places where the old land surfaces have been extensively breached by the upper courses of rivers, giving rise to broken country with a close mosaic of different so±l and vegetation types. This is principally the case.,j;n ,the h~~dwaters of the Jerdacuttup and Oldfield rivers, but is ·seen-.3,l.~o on-the Young Ri;ver and to a minor extent on _the Lort. It is this.coun:try:whicl).. constitutes the Oldfield system. The pat,tern of the mosaic varies con;Siderably in . scale. For the most part it has been possible to.distinguish individual plant com.-rnunities on the vegetation map, but on the Jerdacuttup it has been necessary to map as a mosaic •..
- ,,:. ~ . ·: . The. various vegetation, units. are controlled by soil and topography. -.21::-
Undissected remnants of the original duricrusted surface carry Eucalyptus tetragona mallee-heath similar to that in the Esperance system or in some minor instances scr'l.m ,heath of, ·an inland .type. as in .-the Hyden system. The latter occupies yellow·saridwhereas the mallee-heath is on bleached sand. Removal of.· the ·duricrusted :surface has exposed granite or gneiss on which young soils are now.. developed. ·A thin soil with rock outcrops produces broombush thicket, loam produces mallee and clay low forest. Some patches of woodland are found in valley bottoms.
MALLEE-HEATH
This may be assumed .to be of essentially the same composition as detailed in the· Esperance system with E •. tetragona the. most conspicuous species. On the·-Jerdacuttup ·River an -assemblage mapped as this type is actually a fine.mosa,ic of mallee-:heath with yate and broombush on creeks., moo:rt (E. pla,typus) · in depressions. ,,
SCRUB HEATH
Scrub heath of inland type is described under the Hyden system and.is characterisedby·the:presence .ofGrevillea·excelsior with such associc;ttes as Casuarina acu:tivalvis, Banksia elderiana · and Verticordia picta • .•
BROOMBuse THICKET
Casuari-na campestris is.the commonest and most characteristic species together with.Calotharnnus quadrifidus, Melaleuca uncinata and M. elliptica. In the Jerdacuttup drainage Eucalyptus desmondensis occurs sparingly, as a straggly, twisted mallee rising to 4.5 m, c1.t. complete variance with the habit of the broombushes.
MALLEE
Eucalyptus·eremophila·is'dominant and characteristic with a Melaleuca µnderstory. ·
LOW FOREST
E. platypus with E. spathulata and E. annulata forms dense stands on patches of clay soil. - ·22 -
·SCLEROPHYLL WOODLAND
.. "Wo_odland in ·the vall-ey ·bottoms consists essentially of Eucalyptus oc:cidentalis, .rather• ·more rarely with E. oleosa · and E, redunca, or
E. pla·typus and E:._: i/.nnula-ta. Rocky patches carry ·Casuarina huegeliana, Acacia. acuminata and P.ittosporum phillyraeoides.
9. THE HYDEN SYSTEM
A full account of the Hyden system has been given with the _Hyden map sheet (Beard 1972a). The landscape is s9mewhat dissected with small remnants of·an· old·duricruated land surface on which there are communiti.es of s.crub heath· on sand or broombush thicket on laterite. Mo.st of . the country is. covered with mallee but sclerophyll woodlands usually occupy the valleys·. ·It-should not be neces~ary to repeat pere floristic detail given in previous memoirs on Lake Johnston, Hyden, and Newdegate maps (Beard 1969, 1972, 1972a).
10. THE LAKE HOPE SYSTEM
.A. description of this system was originally given in·the memoir to the Lake Johnston sheet (Beard 1969). It occupies a basin of interior drainage around a number of playa lakes, e.g. Lake Tay, Lake Sharpe and Lake Mends. Slopes are gentle, duricrus~ rexnn,ants are not extensive and barely mappable, so that most of the area is covered with mallee a_nd woodland, or with burnt out woodland which has been reduced to the equivalent of mallee. The components of the catena are scrub- and mallee-heath, granite outcrops, mallee and sclerophyll woodland.
SCRUB & MALLEE-,HEATH.
Most of the patches of these communities are too small to be mappable. There is little distinction here between the two formations which grade into one another. Eucalyptus tetragona is normally present, with typi•cal heath elements such •as: Grevil.l.ea excel.sior, Banksia elderiana, B. media, Grevillea incrassata, G. hookeriana, G. paradoxa~ Hakea corymbosa, H. prostrata, Callitris preis{Sii, Exocarpos sp. and Micromyrtus imbricata. Eucalyptus leptopoda is another species of mallee. E. forrestiana was found between Lake Mends and the Lort River.
BROOMBUSH THICKET
On granite in this syst.en the thicket is dominated by Acacia neurophylla a.ssociated with Casua.rina campestr is, C. acuti val vis, - 23 -
C. corniculata, Melaleuca uncinata, Calothamnus quadrif.idus, Banksia elderiam.. and Hakea multilineata. Eucalyptus grossa is common at the transition to adjoining vegetation.
MALLEE
The following are·the principal associates in this system: E. eremophila, E. pileata, E. oleosa, E. flocktoniae, E. incrassata. The first two tend to dominate on the higher ground where the soil is more loamy and more acid, the second two on lower ground where the soil is more coarsely sandy and more calcareous below. They give way to E. incrassata on deep sand. Sandiness on the higher ground is marked by appearance of Banksia media and greater density of the Melaleuca under story. Dense thickets of whipstick Eucalyptus diptera appear on clay patches .and are the equivalent of the E. platypus stands in other systems nearer the coast. Much of the apparent mallee in the Lake Hope system has resulted from the burning .of woodland and there are usually dead trees still present as evidence of this. However it seems probable that both tree.and mallee forms of E. oleosa and E. flocktoniae were originally present in the area, and that not all stands of these two species are to be inferred as originally or potentially woodland.
SCLEROPHYLL WOODLAND
The woodlands belong primarily to the E. oleosa - E. flocktoniae association which is very widespread inland of the mallee and extends eastwards from here as far as the Nullarbor Plain. The soil is sandy at the surface and calcareous below. Height of the trees is somewhat variable ranging all the way up from mallee to a maximum of about 20 m with diameters in proportion. There is a sparse understory of broombush shrubs with Melaleuca uncinata conspicuous but also some species of Acacia and Eremophila. A boree type of understory (2.5 m shrubs of Melaleuca, probably M. lateriflora) occurs at times, usually in saline areas, where E. gracilis also comes in. E. salmonophloia occurs sporadically in pure patches or in mixture where the soil is more loamy, and E. diptera on clay.
11. THE SALMON GUMS SYSTEM
Only a small area of this system, named from the town of Salmon Gums, occurs in the north-east corner of the map. It consists of somewhat flat or gently undulating country covered with mallee of Eucalyptus eremophila or of E. oleosa - E. flocktoniae with patches of woodland of the last-named two species and E. salmonophloia or E. diptera. - 2.4 -
REFERENCES
Bagnouls, F. & Gaussen, H. 1957. Les Climats ecologiques at leur classification. Ann. Geogr. 66: 193-220.
Beard, J.S. 1969. The vegetation of the Boorabbin and Lake Johnston areas, W.A. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.s.w. 93: 239-269.
Beard, J.S. 1972. The vegetation of the Newdegate and Bremer Bay areas, W.A. Vegmap Publications, Sydney.
Beard, J.S. 1972a. The vegetation of the Hyden area, W.A. Vegmap Publications,.Sydney.
Cockbain, A.E. 1968. The stratigraphy of the Plantagenet Group, Western Australia • . Geol. Survey of W.A. Ann. Rept. 1967, p.62.
Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, 1962. Climatological Survey Region 12 - Albany, Western Australia. Melbourne.
Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, 1971. Climatic Survey, Esperance, Region 5, W.A. Melbourne.
Dansereau, P. l951. Description and recording of vegetation upon a structural basis. Ecology 32: 172-229.
Die1s, L.. 1906. Die Pflanzenwelt von West-,.Australien. Vegn. Erde VII, Leipzig.
Gardner, C.A. & Bennetts, H.W. 1956. Toxic Plants of Western Australia. W.A. Newspapers, Perth.
Jubilee Booklet, 1951 (Anonymous). The Ravensthorpe & Phillips River Districts. Printed in Perth.
Kuchler, A.W. 1949~ A physiognomic classification of vegetation. Ann. Ass. Amer. Geog. 39: 201-210.
Mercer, F.R. (undated) Amazing Career. Paterson, Brokensha; Perth. VEGETATION SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
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