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(ᖪ 26: 187-195 (2006ٿέ៉ Formosan Entomol. 26: 187-195 (2006)

Three () Newly Recorded in Taiwan

Wen-Chi Yeh * Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nanhai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan Hsin-Chieh Tang Education Division, Taipei Zoo, 30 Hsinkuang Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 116, Taiwan Szu-Lung Chen Division, Taipei Zoo, 30 Hsinkuang Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 116, Taiwan Mei-Hua Tsou Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, 125 Lihder Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan

ABSTRACT

Three species, namely Sinolestes edita Needham (Synlestidae), Zyxomma obtusum Albarda (), and Macromidia ishidai Asahina (), are reported from Taiwan for the first time, and the genera Sinolestes and Macromidia are new to Taiwan as well. Morphological diagnosis of both sexes of the three species is provided, including descriptions of their habitats and ecological habits.

Key words: Sinolestes edita, Zyxomma obtusum, Macromidia ishidai, new record, Taiwan

Introduction Chen) (Yeh and Chen, 2000), Somatochlora taiwana Inoue and Yokota (Inoue and Lieftinck et al. (1984) published the Yokota, 2001), Neurobasis chinensis first checklist of Taiwanese dragonflies chinensis (Linnaeus) (Yeh and Chen, with a total of 135 species and subspecies 2004) and Sympetrum fonscolombii (Selys) recorded. Additional species have (Tsou, 2005). Up to 2005, 148 species and subsequently been added to Taiwan’s subspecies were known from Taiwan. In Odonata fauna, i.e., Tramea transmarina the present study, we report on three euryale Selys (Matsuki and Lien, 1989), species, i.e., Sinolestes edita, Zyxomma Polycanthagyna ornithocephala (McLachlan) obtusum, and Macromidia ishidai, which (Matsuki and Lien, 1991), Anotogaster are new to the Odonata fauna of Taiwan. flaveola Lohmann (Lohmann, 1993), Habitats and ecological habits of each Gynacantha ryukyuensis Asahina, Onychargia species are also noted. atrocyana Selys, Planaeschna ishigakiana flavostria Yeh, Rhyothemis regia regia Material and Methods (Brauer) (Yeh, 1996a), Ceriagrion nipponicum Asahina (Yeh, 1996b), Sarasaeschna lieni Adults, larvae, and exuviae were (Yeh and Chen), S. tsaopiensis (Yeh and collected from the field by net, by

*Correspondence address e-mail: [email protected]! Three Dragonflies New to Taiwan 187 aquatic net, and by hand, respectively; yellow abdominal markings more developed, adult specimens were subsequently treated lateral sides of each segment predominantly with acetone for 8-24 h for permanent yellow. Pterostigma remaining pale preservation. Diagnosis of each species yellowish-brown when mature. Ovipositor was based on the examination of acetone- yellow at upper edge, stout and prominent, treated specimens, with the naked eye or lateral valvulae ventrally with a series of under a 10× magnifier and 45× strong teeth (Fig. 4). stereomicroscope, with reference to color Measurements (in mm): ♂, abdomen photos of living . Adult identities 52-58, hindwing 41-47; ♀, abdomen 54 , of larvae or exuviae were confirmed hindwing 46-48. according to the references of Chao (1947) Materials examined: ILAN: Datong, and Ishida (1996). Morphological terminology Mingchi, 1♂1♀, 10-IV-2005, W. C. Yeh; 2 and methodology of measurements follow ♂1♀, 19-IV-2005, S. L. Chen, H. C. Tang Sugimura et al. (2001). and W. C. Yeh; Nanao, Shenmihu, 5 penultimate stadium larvae, 20-X-2005, Sinolestes edita Needham (Figs. 1-6) W. C . Ye h . Sinolestes edita Needham, 1930. Zool. Sin. Distribution: Apart from the records Series A, 11(1): 243. in Taiwan, this species has only been Sinolestes truncata Needham, 1930. Zool. recorded from southeastern China (Fujian, Sin. Series A, 11(1): 243-244. Guangdong, Guangxi, and Zhejiang provs.) Sinolestes ornata Needham, 1930. Zool. (Wilson, 2003). A photo by Ugai (1999) Sin. Series A, 11(1): 244. suggests its occurrence in northern Vietnam. Type depository: Bureau of Entomology, Notes on habitat and habits: Nanking, China. Currently, S. edita is recorded only from Diagnosis the mountain forests at 1000 m in Male (Fig. 1): Body deep metallic- elevation from Ilan Co., northeastern green with pale-yellow markings. Posterior Taiwan. The habitat of this species is portion of head yellow, compound eyes composed of small puddles in semi-shaded pale-green. Pronotum yellow laterally, brooks with clear and slowly flowing anterior side of synthorax with broad water, which is similar to that of longitudinal humeral stripe extending Megalestes maai. These two species are from ventral part to upper 1/5 of syntopic in Mingchi and Shenmihu. The mesepisternum; lateral side of synthorax adult males of S. edita adopt a guarding with yellow metepisternum and metepimeron, strategy for its breeding sites by hanging except for an upper small metallic area on branches or tall grasses growing on the former. Wings transparent, around the small puddles; they seldom pterostigma large and conspicuous, pale change their perching sites. The reaction yellowish-brown, darkening with age and of a resident male against to a conspecific ultimately becoming totally black. Legs intruder is not intense. The resident may black. Abdomen dark, lateral sides of 2nd chase the intruder for a while for only a segment yellow; 3rd-7th segments with short distance, and the face-to-face basolateral spots, 9th and 10th segments territorial dispute between them in the pruinose when mature. In dorsal view, air is usually short. Sometimes, up to superior anal appendages forcipate, long, three males may occupy and share the pointed, and incurved, inferior anal same puddle. The female oviposits on soft appendages very short and obscure (Fig. shoots of branches or vines 1-2 m above 3). the water surface, and the partner male Female (Fig. 2): Similar to male, but guards her nearby. We have recorded

ௐ˟ഇס̱˩˟ᖪௐٿέ៉ 188 Figs. 1-6. Sinolestes edita. 1, Male; 2, female; 3, male anal appendages, dorsal view; 4, female ovipositor, lateral view; 5, eggs inserted inside plant shoot; 6, penultimate stadium larva.

Polygonum chinense Linnaeus (Polygonaceae) ovipositor to drill a tiny hole, instead of and Hydrangea angustipetala (Saxifragaceae) cutting a slit, on vegetation surface, and being used as oviposition media by then lays several eggs through the hole females. Interestingly, females use a into the pith of the shoot (Fig. 5). Each unique penetrating method when laying instance of ovipositing behavior, including eggs. Unlike most other female damselflies, drilling a single hole and laying several the female of S. edita use its powerful eggs, may take 2-4 min, and the entire

Three Dragonflies New to Taiwan 189 oviposition process on a single shoot may provided by May (1933, as S. ornata) and last for more than 1 h, if not disturbed. Asahina (1956), respectively. At present, In May under normal indoor conditions, no wing-banded form has been observed eggs hatched about 25 days after among the specimens collected in Taiwan. oviposition. In China, S. edita occurs in mountainous Zyxomma obtusum Albarda, 1881 (Figs. areas around 220-1900 m in elevation, 7, 8) and adults appear from March to July Zyxomma obtusum Albarda, 1881. In Veth (Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, (ed.), Midden Sum. Exped. Neur.: 1, pl. 1, 2002, 2003). Taiwan adults of this species figs. 1-2 were only found in April and May, and disappeared at the beginning of June. Type depository: National Museum of Hence their emergence season is estimated Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. to start from the beginning or middle of Diagnosis March. The discovery of the penultimate Male (Fig. 7): Heavily pruinose on stadium larvae (Fig. 6) in Shenmihu in entire body or abdomen only when October and final stadium larvae in mature, compound eyes deep gray. Wings Mingchi in January and February reveals transparent with whitish veins, dark that their larvae usually overwinter in brown at basal extremes and apical areas the full-grown stage and can emerge beyond pterostigmas. quickly when the weather becomes warm Female (Fig. 8): Overall appearance in spring. Furthermore, at Mingchi, we similar to Z. petiolatum Rambur, but has found that the larvae of S. edita and M. a thicker and robust abdomen. Base of maai can live together in the same water abdomen oval-shaped and less tumid than body, but they reach the final stadium in in Z. petiolatum. Body dull brownish, different seasons, and hence also the compound eyes greenish. Wings with appearance of their adults as well, i.e., apical dark brown areas smaller than on the latter appeared only after the male or totally lacking. disappearance of the former. Based on Measurements (in mm): ♂, abdomen these observations, we suggest that, at 34-36, hindwing 38; ♀, abdomen 33-37, least in northeastern Taiwan, these two hindwing 38-41. species might have evolved an emergence- Materials examined: PINGTUNG: segregating strategy to avoid competition Hengchun, Kenting, 2♂1♀, 26-IV-2005, within the same niche. W. C. Yeh. TAITUNG: Lanyu (Orchid I.), Remarks: When Needham established Hongtou, 1♀ and 15 exuviae, 22-IX-2004, the Sinolestes, three new species, W. C. Yeh; Ludao (Green I.), Gungguan, 1 viz. S. edita, S. ornate, and S. truncata, exuvia, 11-XI-2005, S. L. Chen. were accommodated in it. According to Distribution: India, Indonesia, Japan Needham, these three species could be (only in the Daito Islands of the Ryukyus), distinguished from each other by the Malaysia, the Philippines (Tsuda, 2000), male wing pattern; that is, the wings are and Taiwan (new record). either hyaline or with dark cross-bands of Notes on habitat and habits: In different widths. However, these characters Japan, according to Sugimura et al. were later corroborated to be intraspecific (1999), Z. obtusum mainly inhabits in variations (Chao, 1947; Wilson and Reels, shaded ponds and swamps with rich 2003), and now only S. edita can be organic detritus on the bottom and dense regarded as the valid name representing stands of Pandanus odoratissimus Linnaeus the three “forms”. Re-descriptions and (Pandanaceae) on the banks. Adults are detailed illustrations of S. edita were active from late March to early December.

ௐ˟ഇס̱˩˟ᖪௐٿέ៉ 190 On the main island of Taiwan, and the compound eyes vividly deep green. offshore islands of Lanyu and Ludao, we Synthorax anteriorly with short yellow have collected or witnessed adults in dorsal stripe at lower 2/5 of mesepisternum, January, April, May, September and laterally with 2 longitudinal yellow November. Adults were observed ovipositing stripes at center of metepisternum and or holding their breeding sites in various posterior 1/3 of metepimeron, and kinds of water bodies, including a lake in dorsally with 2 transverse stripes before a low-elevation mountain forest, a water- and behind base of forewings, anterior containing concrete tank, and temporary stripe covering posterior part of ante-alar pools in arid woodlands and grasslands. sinus. Wings transparent, pterostigma It seems that they were well adapted to dark brown, 2 mm long, and subtending those water bodies, which are frequently 2 cells. Legs black, basal 3/5 of fore disturbed by human activities, and femora yellow both dorsally and ventrally, apparently can tolerate highly turbid middle and hind tibiae with indistinct water. Like Z. petiolatum, Z. obtusum is pale keels on apical 1/2 and 4/5, a crepuscular species in that adults are respectively. Abdomen clubbed at 7th-9th more active at dusk, and it frequently segments, black, with slim longitudinal coexists with Tholymis tillarga whose dorsal stripes on 2nd-7th segments; adults also tend to be crepuscular. In lateral side of 2nd abdominal segment Kenting, in addition to T. tillarga, we with 2 spots on auricle and posteroventral also observed the adults of Z. petiolatum corner, respectively. Superior anal appendages and Z. obtusum appearing simultaneously crescent-shaped in dorsal view, largely at the same water body. Copulation is yellow medially (Fig. 11). completed in flight and lasts for only 5-10 Female (Fig. 10): Similar to male, seconds. After copulation, the male then but abdomen not clubbed and tibiae guards the female as it oviposits by unkeeled. Wings tinted brownish (probably hovering around her. Females adopt the variable with age). Valvula vulvae (subgenital same oviposition style as Z. petiolatum, plate) of 8th abdominal segment short, flying to and fro swiftly above the water reaching a little beyond apical margin of surface and, by means of a dipping action, 8th tergite, apex broadly and squarely attach eggs to floating materials or notched (Fig. 12). intervening areas between rocks and the Measurements (in mm): ♂, abdomen water. 40, hindwing 37; ♀ , abdomen 39, Remarks: Zyxomma obtusum is a hindwing 38. well-known species, and its detailed Materials examined: PINGTUNG: morphological description and illustration Shizi Neiwen, 1 ♂ , 12-VI-2005, M. H. were given by Sugimura et al. (2001). Tsou; 1♀, 25-VI-2005, M. H. Tsou and W. C. Yeh; 15 exuviae, 24-V-2005, H. C. Macromidia ishidai Asahina (Figs. 9-12) Tang and S. L. Chen. Macromidia ishidai Asahina, 1964; Kontyu Distribution: Taiwan and Japan 32(2): 304-306. (Iriomote Island and Ishigaki Island of the Yaeyama Islands). Type depository: The Collection of Kyushu Notes on habitat and habits: University, Kyushu, Japan (probably the Information regarding the habit of M. Collection of the Entomological Laboratory). ishidai in Taiwan is limited. Preliminary Diagnosis field observations show that it prefers Male (Fig. 9): Body metallic-green small shallow creeks with a slow current with yellow markings. Labium yellow, and clear water in low-elevation mountain labrum black, face entirely metallic-green, forests. It is assumed that adults emerge

Three Dragonflies New to Taiwan 191 Figs. 7-12. 7 and 8, Zyxomma obtusum; 9-12, Macromidia ishidai. 7, Male; 8, female; 9, male; 10, female; 11, male anal appendages, dorsal view; 12, female valvula vulvae, ventral view.

earlier in May, since numerous exuviae dusk near a gravelly shore adjacent to a collected in late May were already badly small pool, in a similar manner as other worn. Males were observed to hold their flowing water corduliids, i.e., by quickly territories at an open stretch, by cruising flying to and fro for a short distance (less to and fro at a short distance and 1.5-2 m than 1 m) very close to the water surface, high above the water surface. A female using the end of the abdomen to was once observed to oviposit singly at repeatedly dip into the water surface at

ௐ˟ഇס̱˩˟ᖪௐٿέ៉ 192 the same spot. Remarks: A male adult collected in References Taiwan was recently compared with a male M. ishidai from Iriomote Island, Asahina, S. 1956, Dragonflies from West and the result confirmed that they are Tien-mu-shan, Central China. Ent. identical. The most evident difference Meddr. 27: 204-228. between the Taiwanese and Japanese Asahina, S. 1964. Descriptions of new M. ishidai is the coloration of the and little known dragonflies from the mesinfraepisternum. According to published Ryukyus (Odonata). Kontyu 32(2): information (Asahina, 1964; Sugimura et 299-310. al., 2001) and the specimen examined, Chao, H. F. 1947. On the systematic this sclerite is described as being or position, nymphal character and new appearing yellow, but it is bronze-black species of the genus Megalestes Selys in the Taiwanese specimens. Generally, and Sinolestes Needham (Odonata). the yellow markings of Taiwanese specimens Biol. Bull. Fukien Christ. Univ. 6: are smaller and less developed. In 15-25. Japanese specimens, for example, dorsal Ishida, K. 1996. Monograph of Odonata stripes are usually present on each larvae in Japan. Hokkaido Univ. abdominal segment except for the 10th, Press, Sapporo, Japan. 446 pp. (in and the lateral sides of the 2nd abodominal Japanese) segment are largely yellow; in Taiwanese Inoue, K., and H. Yokota. 2001. specimens, dorsal stripes are lacking Somatochlora taiwana spec. nov., a behind the 7th abdominal segment and new dragonfly from Taiwan (Anisoptera: the lateral sides of 2nd abdominal Corduliidae). Odonatologica 30(2): segment retain only 2 small yellow spots. 217-221. This species is listed in the IUCN IUCN. 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Red List of Threatened (1996) as Threatened Animals. Available at endangered, and deserves further http://www.redlist.org/ investigation and study for its conservation Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. 2002. status on the island. Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments at Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Acknowledgments Western Guangdong, China, 1998 and 2000. South China Biodiversity We are indebted to Prof. Jih-Ching Survey Report Series no. 7. KFBG, Lien and Dr. Shen-Horn Yen for their Hong Kong. ii+25 pp. kind reading of a preliminary draft of the Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. 2003. manuscript, and for their corrections and Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments valuable suggestions that made this at Nanling National Nature Reserve, article more adequate and informative. Northwest Guangdong, China, June- We are also grateful to Mr. Chun-Yi Pan, July 2000. South China Biodiversity Rong-Shuan Wu, Ching-Feng Lin, Jing- Survey Report Series no. 29. KFBG, Fu Chen, and Yi-Luen Hou for providing Hong Kong. ii+48 pp. the field information about the three Lieftinck, M. A., J. C. Lien, and T. C. Maa. described species. Mr. Mitsutosi Sugimura 1984. Catalogue of Taiwanese Dragonflies is thanked for donating WCY the (Insecta: Odonata). Asian Ecological specimen of Macromidia ishidai for Society, Taichung, Taiwan, 81 pp. comparison. This study was partly supported Lohmann, H. 1993. Revision der by the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Cordulegastridae. 2. Beschreibung (TFRI). neuer arten in den gattungen

Three Dragonflies New to Taiwan 193 Cordulegaster, Anotogaster, Neallogaster Tsuda, S. 2000. A Distributional List of und Sonjagaster (Anisoptera). World Odonata. Privately Published, Odonatologica: 22(3): 273-294 (in Osaka, Japan. 430 pp. German). Ugai, S. 1999. Dragonfly Photo Gallery. Matsuki, K., and J. C. Lien. 1989. Asia Dragonfly website. http://www.asia- Additional notes on the libellulid dragonfly.net/picSearchSpecies.php?S dragonflies of Taiwan. Gracile 40: pecies=1836. 44-67. (in Japanese) Wilson, K. D. P., and G. T. Reels. 2003. Matsuki, K., and J. C. Lien. 1991. On a Odonata of Guangxi Zhuang collection of the aeshnid dragonflies Autonomous Region, China, part I: of Taiwan. Aeschna 25: 2-18. (in Zygoptera. Odonatologica 32(3): 237- Japanese) 279. May, E. 1933. Odonatologische Mitteilungen Yeh, W. C. 1996a. New records of the I. Bemerkungen über das Genus Odonata taken in Taiwan. Tombo Sinolestes Needham, 1930. 39(1-4): 26-28. Senckenbergiana 15(3/4): 256-260. (in Yeh, W. C. 1996b. Note on Ceriagrion German) nipponicum Asahina, a recently Needham, J. G. 1930. A Manual of the discovered damselfly in Taiwan. Q. Dragonflies of China. Zool. Sin. Nat. Conserv. 32: 38-40. (in Chinese) Series A (Beijing), 11(1): 1-345 + xi. Yeh, W. C., and Y. M. Chen. 2000. Sugimura, M., S. Ishida, K. Kojima, K. Descriptions of two new species of the Ishida, and T. Aoki. 1999. Dragonflies genus Oligoaeschna from northern of the Japanese Archipelago in Color. Taiwan, with notes on the status of Hokkaido Univ. Press, Sapporo, the pryeri-group (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Japan. 917 pp. (in Japanese) Odonatologica 29(2): 137-150. Sugimura, M., S. Ishida, K. Kojima, K. Yeh, W. C., and Y. M. Chen. 2004. Ishida, and T. Aoki. 2001. Dragonflies Taxonomic notes on two odonate of the Japanese Archipelago in Color, species from Taiwan. Tombo 41(1/2): English version. Hokkaido Univ. 25-26. Press, Sapporo, Japan. 641 pp. Tsou, M. H. 2005. Dragonflies of Taiwan: Received: December 5, 2005 120 Species. Wild Bird Society of Accepted: May 19, 2006 Taipei, Taipei. 128 pp. (in Chinese)

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ᖪĂ̶Ҿࠎเ۷ࠊた Sinolestes editaٿώ͛ಡጱˬ჌έ៉ࢵѨࡔᐂ۞ᄙཱུϫ ! ! Needham (Synlestidae)ăѷᇆᄙཱུ Zyxomma obtusum Albarda (Libellulidae) ̈́ เԍཱུ̕ Macromidia ishidai Asahina (Corduliidae)Ă҃රࠊたᛳ (Sinolestes) ̈́ ൺཱུ֖̕ᛳ (Macromidia) ࠎາࡔᐂᛳĄॲፂέ៉ٙଳะᇾώĂ޽΍ˬ჌ᅬฯᖪ۞ԛ ၗᙊҾপᇈĂ֭ೡࢗ׎കिᒖဩ׶Ϡၗ௫ّĄ

ᜰᗤຠȈเ۷ࠊたăѷᇆᄙཱུăเԍཱུ̕ăາࡔᐂăέ៉Ą

Three Dragonflies New to Taiwan 195