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הגירה כתב עת אקדמי רב תחומי מקוון Hagira – Israel Journal of Migration

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הגירה כתב עת אקדמי רב תחומי מקוון Hagira – Israel Journal of Migration הגירה כתב עת אקדמי רב תחומי מקוון Hagira – Israel Journal of Migration גיליון מיוחד : מבקשי מקלט ופליטים בישראל עורכת אורחת : רבקה רייכמן Special Issue: Asylum seekers and Refugees in Israel Guest editor: Rebeca Raijman גיליון 7 תשע " ז Vol. 7 2017 הגירה כתב עת אקדמי רב תחומי מקוון Hagira – Israel Journal of Migration עורך ראשי: :Editor-in-Chief פרופ' סרג'ו דלה-פרגולה Prof. Sergio DellaPergola עורכת משנה: :Associate Editor פרופ' רחל שרעבי Prof. Rachel Sharaby עורכת אורחת: :Guest Editor פרופ' רבקה רייכמן Prof. Rebeca Raijman חברי המערכת: :Editorial Board פרופ' משה סמיונוב Prof. Moshe Semyonov פרופ' לילך לב ארי Prof. Lilach Lev-Ari ד"ר ריטה סבר Dr. Rita Sever ד"ר קארין אמית Dr. Karin Amit רכז המערכת: :Editorial Coordinator מר דורון דגני Mr. Doron Dgani עריכה לשונית: : Linguistic editor גב' אליה דמטר )עברית( (Mrs. Elia Demeter (Hebrew גב' דנה בוסין )אנגלית( (Mrs. Donna Bossin (English חברי המועצה הרחבה: :Extension Council פרופ' יהודית בוקסר ליברנט Prof. Judit Bokser Liwerant אוניברסידאד נסיונל אוטונומיה דה Universidad Nacional Autonoma מכסיקו )UNAM(, מכסיקו סיטי de Mexico, Mexico City פרופ' בארי צ'יזוויק Prof. Barry Chiswick אוניברסיטת אילינוי University of Illinois at Chicago שיקאגו Chicago פרופ' אנדרו מרקוס Prof. Andrew Markus אוניברסיטת מונאש ,Monash University מלבורן Melbourne פרופ' חוזה מויה Prof. Jose Moya אוניברסיטת קולומביה Columbia University ניו יורק New York פרופ' ריינר מונץ Prof. Rainer Munz המכון לכלכלה בין לאומית, המבורג Hamburg Institute of International מנהל המחקר והפיתוח בקבוצת ארסט Economics, and Erste Bank, Vienna פרופ' עליאן אלקרנאוי Prof. Alean Al-Krenawi אוניברסיטת בן גוריון בנגב Ben Gurion University נשיא מכללת אחווה Achva Academic College פרופ' נח לוין אפשטיין Prof. Noah Lewin Epstein אוניברסיטת תל אביב Tel Aviv University פרופ' עוזי רבהון Prof. Uzi Rebhun האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים The Hebrew University of Jerusalem פרופ' ניסן רובין Prof. Nissan Rubin אוניברסיטת בר אילן והמכללה Bar Ilan University and Ashkelon האקדמית אשקלון Academic College פרופ' סמי סמוחה Prof. Sammy Smooha אוניברסיטת חיפה Haifa University כתובת המערכת: :Editorial Address The Institute for Immigration המכון להגירה ושילוב חברתי and Social Integration המרכז האקדמי רופין Ruppin Academic Center עמק חפר Emek Hefer 4025000 2025000 ישראל Israel דוא"ל: E - mail: [email protected] ISSN 2223-0009 עמוד מאמרים מקוריים Original Articles Pages סרג'ו דלה פרגולה, רחל שרעבי / דבר העורכים 01 Sergio DellaPergola, Rachel Sharaby / Editors' Note רבקה רייכמן / דבר העורכת האורחת 02-06 Rebeca Raijman / Guest Editors' Note ליסה אנתבי ימיני / מבקשי מקלט אפריקאים בישראל: אי-ליגליזציה , התאגדות ויחסי גזע )תקציר( 07-20 Lisa Anteby-Yemini / African Asylum-Seekers in Israel: Illegalization, Incorporation and Race Relations נועם תירוש ועמית שכטר/ "מידע הוא כמו לחם בשבילי״: מקומם של אמצעי תקשורת בחייהם של פליטים ומבקשי מקלט בישראל )תקציר( 21-44 Noam Tirosh and Amit Schejter / "Information is like your daily Bread":The Role of Media and Telecommunnications in the the Life of refugees in Israel אושרת הוכמן / איום נתפס, מרחק חברתי, והדרה של מבקשי מקלט מסודאן ואריתריאה בישראל 45-66 Oshrat Hochman/ Abstract: Perceived threat, Social Distance and Exclusion of Asylum Seekers from Sudan and Eritrea in Israel (Abstract) הדס ירון מסגנה ואורן רמתי / במקום בו הזמן עוצר מלכת: מתקן חולות והחוק למניעת הסתננות )תקציר( 67-83 Hadas Yaron Mesgena and Oran Ramati/ Where Time Stands Still: Holot Detention Facility and the Israeli Anti-Infiltration Law אפרת בן זאב וניר גזית / הומניטריות מצבית: חיילים ישראלים ומבקשי מקלט על גבול מצרים-ישראל 84-101 Efrat Ben-Zeev & Nir Gazit / Situational humanitarianism Israeli soldiers and asylum seekers on the Egyptian-Israeli Border (Abstract) מאמרים מהשטח From the Field שלומית בן שמואל / גשר על פני מים סוערים - סיפור של טיפול שהוא חיפוש אחר תקווה: טיפול במבקשי מקלט במרפאת "גשר" Shlomit Ben-Shmuel Bridge over troubled waters - A story of treatment in a 102-111 search for hope Treatment of asylum seekers at the Gesher (“Bridge”) Clinic (Abstract) סיגל רוזן/ "אף פעם לא סיפרתי מה קרה לי בסיני" הקשיים באיתור וזיהוי ניצולי מחנות העינויים והתנהלות רשות ההגירה כלפיהם Sigal Rozen / Abstract: "I Never Told What Happened to Me in Sinai" On the 112-134 Difficulties of Identifying Survivors of the Torture Camps and the Conduct of the Immigration Authority toward Them (Abstract) 135-141 תקצירים Abstracts 142-148 149-150 ביוגרפיות Bios 151-152 דבר העורכים אנו שמחים להגיש לקוראים את הגיליון השביעי של כתב העת המקוון הגירה, המתפרסם בחסות המרכז האקדמי רופין, וקהילת הגירה ודמוגרפיה באגודה הסוציולוגית הישראלית. הגיליון מוקדש הפעם לנושא של פליטים ומבקשי מקלט בישראל, בעריכתה של עורכת אורחת - פרופ' רבקה רייכמן מהחוג לסוציולוגיה ואנתרופולוגיה באוניברסיטת חיפה, הנחשבת לאחד החוקרים המובילים בתחום זה ובתחומי הגירה נוספים. רבקה רייכמן שימשה ראש קהילת הגירה ודמוגרפיה באגודה הסוציולוגית הישראלית, ופרסמה מחקרים רבים בנושאי הגירה בין-לאומית, ריבוד חברתי, שוק העבודה, מהגרי עבודה והקהילה הדרום-אפריקנית בישראל. אנו רואים חשיבות רבה בהקדשת גיליון זה למחקרים בנושא פליטים ומבקשי מקלט. הנושא מהווה חלק משיח מורכב על הגירה מרצון ושלא מרצון העומד על סדר היום העולמי ומהווה אתגר הן למדינות הן לקהילות מקומיות. יש לו השפעה הולכת וגדלה על האופי וההרכב של ההגירה גלובלית בעולם משתנה. משבר הפליטים באירופה עלה לכותרות בשנים האחרונות, אם כי טרם נמצאו פתרונות וסידורים מוסדיים יציבים ומשביעי רצון. לסוגיית הפליטים הסתעפויות רבות בתחומים שונים, ביניהם: חקיקה, זכויות אזרחיות, תרבות, בריאות, פוליטיקה, מגדר, דמוגרפיה, זהות אתנית, לאומית ודתית, רב-תרבותיות, ועוד. עם סוגיות מעין אלה מתמודדת היום גם החברה הישראלית, ועשויה להיות להן השפעה משמעותית לטווח ארוך. ישראל ניצבת היום כמדינה המפותחת ביותר במזרח התיכון, והמדינה התעשייתית היחידה שיש לה גבול משותף עם יבשת אפריקה. בעשורים האחרונים הגיעו רבבות פליטים ועקורים, בעיקר מאפריקה, שמעמדם מראשית דרכם על אדמת ישראל הוא של שוהים בלתי חוקיים. קהילות הפליטים ומבקשי המקלט בולטות בעיקר בערים הגדולות בישראל, מלבד המובלעות המוסדיות שבהן הם מצווים לשהות בכפייה. נוכחותם מציבה בפני החברה הישראלית אתגרים בתחומי העבודה, החוק, התרבות, הדת, והיחסים בין קבוצות אתניות שונות. מאחר שמדינת ישראל היא חברת הגירה המעודדת באמצעות חוק השבות וחוק האזרחות את עלייתם של יהודים ובני משפחותיהם הלא-יהודים, סוגיית השתלבותם של פליטים, מבקשי מקלט, וגם של מהגרי העבודה שמספרם בישראל הרבה יותר גדול - היא ייחודית. במינוחה של רבקה רייכמן, כל אלה הם "מהגרים לא-אתניים", ועל כן קיים בישראל דיסוננס גדול וכואב בין מדיניות מקבלת מהגרים יהודים, מצד אחד, ומדיניות דוחה מהגרים לא-יהודים, מצד שני. קובץ המאמרים הנוכחי מתכוון לתרום תרומה ייחודית לראייה ולתובנה רחבה ומשולבת של סוגי ההגירה השונים הפוקדים את מדינת ישראל בימינו, והמשפיעים על הרכב ועל מהות הקולקטיב במקומותינו. בעקבות זרמי ההגירה החדשים, המציאות החברתית והתרבותית במדינה הופכת ליותר מורכבת וטרנס-לאומית. מגמות אלה מחייבות יכולות ניתוח וקבלת החלטות מעודנות ומשוכללות על-ידי הדרגים הממונים בכנסת ובזרועות הביצוע הממלכתיים. אנו תקווה שהחומרים החדשים המוגשים בגיליון זה של כתב העת הגירה יתרמו גם הם ליכולות משופרות להגדיר ולנהל מדיניות הגירה מקיפה, רלוונטית, רגישה ומעודכנת במדינת ישראל. סרג'ו דלה-פרגולה רחל שרעבי עורך ראשי עורכת משנה הגירה 7 ׀ תשע"ז Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Israel Rebeca Raijman In recent years the number of asylum seekers arriving in industrialized countries has grown as a result of armed conflict, civil unrest, and safety concerns. Images of asylum seekers arriving by land or sea in countries in southern Europe, Australia and South Asia have populated the news and given rise to hot debates, on both the political and public opinion levels in many destination countries, including Israel. Since the middle of the 2000s significant flows of African asylum seekers, mainly from Sudan and Eritrea, have reached Israel. A dramatic increase in these flows occurred in 2007, but it was most marked in 2010-2012 when over 42,000 asylum seekers arrived. Since 2012, with the erection of a fence along the Egyptian border the arrival of African migrants has dwindled, and only a tiny number have been able to cross the border. By the end of 2016, 40,274 asylum seekers resided in Israel, comprising less than one percent of the country’s population. Most (92%) originate from Eritrea and Sudan (Population and Immigration Authority, 2017), countries known for severe human rights violations. These asylum seekers are given Temporary Group Protection (TGP) status, which grants them immunity to deportation, in line with the principle of non-refoulement endorsed by the Refugee Convention of 1951, to which Israel is a signatory, but it does not offer socio- economic rights (see Kritzman-Amir, 2015). Asylum seekers are defined by the Israeli state as “infiltrators” who make illegitimate claims for asylum in Israel. The legal basis on which the state determines its policy is the anti-infiltration law passed in 1954, which was originally designed to secure Israel’s right to protect itself, and authorizes severe measures against individuals from enemy states who enter Israel unlawfully to commit terrorist attacks (see Yaron Mesgena and Ramati in this special issue). Since 2008 the government has attempted to introduce an amendment to this law which would allow the state to hold asylum seekers in administrative detention, that is, without trial or even an indictment (Sabar and Tsurkov 2015). To this end a new facility, Holot Detention Center, was constructed close to the Egyptian border to accommodate asylum seekers upon their arrival into Israel, as well as asylum seekers already residing in the country (Hochman and Herkowicz-Amir 2016). Thus the state applies the policy—or threat— of detention as a means to influence those who are in Israel to leave, and to deter other potential asylum-seekers from attempting to enter. Asylum seekers are denied welfare rights and social rights, and de jure they do not have the right to work in Israel. Under TGP status Eritrean and Sudanese nationals were not permitted to submit individual asylum applications and have their case heard until 2013. Since then some thousand asylum applications have been submitted, but recognition rates remain exceptionally low—less than one percent (Kritzman-Amir, 2015).
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