How Lagos Newspapers Report China in Nigeria

Covenant Journal of Communication (CJOC) Vol. 3 No.2, Dec, 2016

An Open Access Journal, Available Online

Tayo Popoola, Ph.D

Department of Mass Communication, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. [email protected]

Abstract: This study is anchored on a range of perspectives regarding the traditional role of the mass media. Whitney (1975, p. 69) asserts that they inform, educate and entertain people as well as deepen their perspectives on issues, but Lasswell (cited in Popoola 2012, p.160) avers that surveillance of the environment, correlation of parts of the society in responding to the environment and transmission of social heritage from one generation to another are their topmost functions. Rao (1968, cited in Martin and Chaudhary, 1983, p. 102) says: “the mass media may not be the prime movers of development in general, but they provide part of the necessary social interactions in a development cycle.” The reports in the Nigerian media on China, a key player in global affairs, were examined with reference to these perspectives. A survey carried out across print media establishments in Lagos, Nigeria, with agenda-setting theory as the anchor, found out that a major determinant of the way China was reported by the Nigerian print media was the newsy nature of developments back home in China. The newsy nature, however, was what the Nigerian editors considered it to be.

Keywords: Reporting, print media, surveillance, correlation, framing, agenda setting, China, Nigeria.

Introduction aftermath reforms he embarked Development within the People‟s upon, has earned China a Republic in China (PRC), following considerable media attention in the ascension of Xiaoping and the Nigeria, over and above other Asian

TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 countries. The developments in Objective and Method of the Study China today have further confirmed The objective of the study is to Napoleon‟s observation long time ascertain how the People‟s Republic ago. Quoting Kennedy (1993) of China was reported by the through a book entitled Preparing for Nigerian press. To this end, the study the Twenty-first Century, Hague and used the survey method in gathering Harrop (2004, p. 67) say “when data from respondents who are senior China wakes, she will wake the journalists and head of foreign desks world.”The truth of the matter is that of Lagos-based national newspapers China is not only awake today, it has and prominent weekly news become a powerful force, a regional magazines. A simple open-ended power and in the words of Magstadt questionnaire was drawn up to elicit (p, 230) “a nascent superpower.” their comments on the reportage of With an estimated population of Chinese related stories in their 1.28billion and growing at 0-6 per medium. Open ended questionnaire, cent per year, the country remains a according to Sobowale (2008, p. 48) political community with the highest “permits the respondent to answer population in the world. Her the question the way he wants with economy, according to Hague little or no restrictions at all.” The &Harrop (p. 68) has grown fourfold respondent has much latitude to since 1978 and is likely to become respond to the questions as it pleases the world‟s largest in the first half of him or her. The choice of open- the century. The country is the ended questions was informed by the world‟s fourth largest exporter with manageable small sample size of the particular strengths in assembly and respondents. manufacturing. Foreign editors of The population for the study print media establishments in Lagos comprised 57 print media who are the main respondents in this establishments identified by study say China is constantly in the Akinfeleye (2003, pp. 47-57) and news in Nigeria as a result of her Komolafe (2004, pp. 107-112) in heavy presence in the various Nigeria. A sample size of 20 was segments of the Nigerian economy, extracted for this study. This figure especially in the areas of health-care, represents 64 percent of the 33 Lagos commerce, communication, based print media. Those not electrical appliances, education, arts sampled and no longer in circulation and culture, among others. include: Daily Times, National

Concord, Sketch, National Interest, National Mirror, The Democrat,

45 TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 TNT, The Comet, Satellite, The gathering. The information, when Republic, Lagos Horizon, Classique packaged, is called news. In the and Tempo. The study was carried context of Akinfeleye (2011, p. 95) out in the month of January, 2013. “news is an account of what the

Research Questions public wants to know, what they 1. How often is China reported in the must know, what they ought to know Nigerian print media? and as a commercial proposition.”

2. What is the nature of Chinese stories Print Media reported and what informed their Print media refers to newspapers and publication? magazines. A newspaper is a 3. Are Chinese stories favorably or periodic publication containing negatively reported by the Nigerian timely reports. According to print media? Newsom and Wollert (1988) cited in 4. How is Chinese stories rated Popoola (2005a, p. 138-139). compared to other countries in the The newspaper is the medium ‘of Asian geo-political zone? record’. It’s what you consult to find 5. Could the popularity of Chinese out the most important information products in Nigeria, especially in the about everything that happened on a areas of health care, certain date in a community and electronics/communications and surrounding area. Newspapers are valuable information sources. They electrical appliances be attributed to provide clues that a reporter can the prominence given to the Chinese investigate to find a story that was community? missed.

Conceptual Framework Just as newspaper offers information Reporting on happenings in a political Reporting simply means to account community, the medium also for a situation. It is a kind of provides the lead which reporters “surveillance duty” according to could pursue for publication. Tracing Iyere (2011, p.116). It is not only the origin of the name, Uyo (1987, p. about accounting for a situation. It 6) says: also involves relaying that account to There is a French word nowelles, an audience that is literate enough to which through imitation in Middle decipher that account, as content English, became newes. The French availability does not automatically also have a word papier, derived translate to reach (Morah, 2011, from the Latin word papyrus, the p.130). Hence, Popoola (2011, p. 4) material on which people could says a reporter is a person who has write and print. News and papier together make up newspaper. undergone training in the art of information

TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 Magazine Western media portrayed Chinese Unlike newspaper, magazines are sale of arms to Palestinian Liberation collections of various editorial Organization (PLO); an action which materials, which are judged to be of was editorially framed as a subtle interest to the reading public support for terrorism. Here, PLO was especially when public interest is portrayed by the West as a terrorist conceptualized as a value that has the organization rather than a freedom potential of universal application fighter (Eze, 2011, p. 51). This (Omojola, 2011, p.353). Attempting explains why Fairclough (1995, p. a distinction between newspaper and 83) says “framing can be blatantly magazine, DeFleur and Dennis manipulative.” In the context of (1981, p. 148) say magazine “show Hague & Harrop (p. 114), framing less concern for information on the has to do with how an event is immediate day‟s events and more for narrated as a coherent story: interpreting and correlating topics in A frame focuses on particular aspects a broader context.”Magazine is a of a problem, its origins, remedies hybrid of books and newspapers. The and evaluation. It encourages word „magazine‟ is an outgrowth of viewers and readers to portray the topic in a similar way. the French word “magasin”, which in turn comes from the Arabic Quoting Entman (1993), Hague and “mahkzan”, meaning a general Harrop (p. 115) further contend that storehouse. In journalism idiom, “as the concept of a story suggests, newspaper and magazines are known the journalist must translate the event as print media because they simply covered into an organized narrative involve impressing ink on paper. which connects with the viewer or reader”. However, Parenti (1986, p. Literature Review 220) is of the view that for framing A major problem confronting China to be effective, it must rely on truth, in the post-Mao era has been how to adding that “the most effective erase the negative impression created propaganda is that which relies on by foreign media. Since the cold war framing rather than on falsehood.”He era between the US and USSR, the stresses that by bending the truth Western press and their allies across rather than breaking it, through the world had embraced framing application of emphasis, nuances, when reporting communist China. innuendo and peripheral The situation would become worse embellishments, communicators can whenever create a desired impression without China was involved in certain things resorting to explicit advocacy and that ran contrary to the interests of without departing too far from the the West. For instance, Burleigh appearance of objectivity. (2009, p. 136) recalls how the

47 TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 Framing could be achieved through hill but was inhabited by human the manner in which news is beings who like to play ping-pong, packaged, the degree of exposure, sip soda, and even fall in love and do placement of story/picture (whether a turn on the dance floor.” front page or back, lead story or last), Furthermore, Parenti (p.131) asserts the tone of presentation (sympathetic that the “fanatical Asian or slighting), and the type of communists” were now described as headlines among others. Hence, “moderate.”Quoting a well-known Baran and Davis (2009, p.322) say US magazine, Newsweek in its “news coverage can strongly August 29, 1977 edition, Parenti says influence the way news readers or “Peking‟s post-Maoist leaders are viewers make sense of news events presiding over a strongly entrenched and the major actors in the events.”In and resolutely pragmatic this way, it is possible for the media government.” Quoting the New York to mislead their audience by telling Times in its edition of December 31, them what to think about a story. 1978, Parenti adds that “press reports

In the post-Mao era during which still talked about mass discontent, Dominick (2009, p. 427) says “the poverty, instability, lagging market place, rather than the production and other signs of communist party is now the major political and economic disarray in influence on the content of Chinese China.” media,” a window of opportunity is While post-Mao reforms in China are open for Chinese media to erase globally applauded with some of the derogatory ways by commensurate publicity by the which China has been portrayed. foreign media, the fact remains that Dominick has observed that under framing still continues to play a the new dispensation, the country prominent role in the reportage of now has about 2,000 newspapers and China in the foreign media. They 10,000 magazines with a combined wait patiently for events to unfold; circulation of nearly 200 million. following which it is packaged in Says he: China recently replaced form of framing. Magstadt (p. 235- Japan as the country with the largest 236) capture this trend in the newspaper circulation and now following words: has16 newspapers that rank among China has begun suffering from an the top 100 in circulation. increasing crime wave. Theft and (Dominick, p. 427). Parenti (p. 131) robbery have been particularly bad avers that the US media mirrored the in the cities, while drug related shift in official policy and suddenly crimes and prostitution are also on discovered that “China was no longer the increase – all representing the underside of China’s economic a menacing giant nor a mindless ant- expansion. Corruption is also

48 TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 rampant in China now. Business and agreements between Nigeria and politics have become tainted by China. Correlation, on the other routine acts of bribery, nepotism and hand, involves interpretation of the unofficial favoritism. information collected from the Hardly is there any country in the environment. When editorial, news global arena that is spared of crimes analysis or commentary is published as well as the social-economic and on the developments in China, the political challenges listed in the Chinese government may be forced foregoing. The problem is a global to take some positive action to one though the proportion varies redress any ensuing problems. from one country to another. Transmission of social heritage from Theoretical Framework generation to generation is the The primary obligation of the mass socializing function of the media media in any polity is that of feeding through conscious education and the citizenry with information about enlightenment. It is an established happenings in their environment and tradition that newspapers and beyond (Abubakar, 2011). Lasswell magazines must devote substantial (1948), cited in Popoola (2005b p. space to foreign news in order to 30), says that the three major keep their readers abreast of functions of the mass media are development in their environment “Surveillance of the environment, and beyond. This norm must be correlation of parts of society in maintained and passed on from responding to the environment and generation to generation; hence, the Transmission of social heritage from theoretical role upon which this one generation to next.”For a better study is erected is the agenda-setting understanding of the paper, each of theory of the mass media. the three concepts could be briefly Reflecting on this, Dare (1997, p. explained. 535) says “studies have indicated Surveillance has to do with the that the news media perform an primary responsibility of the media agenda-setting function” pointing out with regard to combing the that “those topics given the most environment for useful information coverage by the news media tend to that would make life meaningful for be the topics the audience identify as the people. In this context, the the most pressing issues of the day. media, especially the print brand, Semetko (1996, p. 271) made a having professionally combed the similar assertion. He contends that environment could discourage any “agenda-setting research has practice that does not conform to the provided substantial support for the laws of the land in the area of trade hypothesis that the issues that are relations as well as bilateral most prominent in the news are also

49 TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 the issues that are most important in “rather than helping to reinforce or public opinion.” This is exacerbated re-inscribe unpopular practices, they by the fact that the media, such as the should…help the society realize the press, do not exactly reflect social need for a balance in power and reality because news is filtered, politics.” The social responsibility chosen and shaped by reporters and tasks of a reporter can, therefore, not their editors (Abdulrauf, 2011, be over-emphasized. p.341).Explaining further, Folarin Data Analysis (1998, P. 68) declares: This study adopted the survey Agenda-setting implies that the mass method in gathering data from media predetermine what issues are respondents who are senior editorial regarded as important at a given time staff members of print media in a given society. Agenda-setting theory does not ascribe to the media establishments in Lagos. Simple the power to determine what we open-ended questionnaire was actually think; but it does ascribe to administered on the editors (foreign them the power to determine what we desks) who, by their experience, and are thinking about. professional placement are more

The fact that the media perform the suited to respond to the questionnaire agenda-setting function toward an items. The newspapers and audience is an indication of a social magazines media whose editors were responsibility function. According to contacted are listed hereunder: Adenle and Oso (2014, p. 103),

1. The Guardi 11. Business Hallmark 2. The Nation 12. PM News 3. The Sun 13. Nigerian Tribune 4. The Punch 14. Vanguard 5. Business World 15. Hallmark newspaper 6. Daily Champion 16. National Daily 7. ThisDay 17. National Mirror 8. Nigerian Compass 18. News watch magazine 9. Newswatch newspaper 19. Daily Independent 10 .Daily Trust 20. The News magazine

The respondent‟s responses to the items are hereby presented.

Table 1: Reporting China in The Nigerian Print Media

Item Option F % How often is China Daily - - reported in the As the need arises 20 100 Nigerian press? Total 20 100

Table 1 shows China is reported in especially, stories on technological the Nigerian print media whenever breakthrough and medicine.” the need arises, meaning that any The PM News/The News magazine time newsworthy story comes in, it foreign desk editor on his part says gets published after passing through the Chinese stories got published the gate-keeping process of the because they were of special interest newsroom. to readers. “Stories about crime,

On the nature of Chinese stories community development, disasters, reported as well as what informed Chinese government policies that their publication, the foreign desk could affect Nigerians in China as editors claimed it centered on well as Nigerian businessmen and politics, crime, economy, relations women in China usually receive between Nigeria and China, special considerations while deciding technology, road construction, on stories for publication”. energy, sports, tourism, and The foreign desk editor at ThisDay agriculture, among others. The newspaper similarly contends that foreign desk editor of National the Chinese steady growth, their Mirror said, while adducing reasons exploits in automobile and for the publication of Chinese stories communication technology as well that, “Some of the stories are as cheap products are newsworthy irresistible and would surely serve factors which the medium usually the best interest of Nigerian readers, consider.

Table 2: How Favorable are the Published China-related Stories?

Item Option F % Are Chinese stories Yes 9 40% favorably or No 12 60% negatively reported? Total 20 100%

From Table 2, 40% of the economy, an emergent regional respondents said the Chinese stories power in Asia, as well as a country were favorably reported while 60% exerting enormous influence on disagreed. Some of the 40% Nigeria aptly capture this situation. respondents who claimed the stories The 60% who said “no” argued that were positively reported contended the question is “neither here nor that the stories were true reflections there” as newspapers and magazines, of the situation in China. A growing based on their professional callings are expected to publish stories as

51 TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 they come, bearing in mind that they are not makers of such stories.

Table 3: Rating Chinese Stories

Option F % How is China stories Highly rated 13 65 rated viz-a-viz other Lowly rated 4 20 countries in the Asian Equally rated 3 15 Geo-political zone? Total 20 100

Going by the statistical information products from other Asian deducible from Table 3, 65% of the countries.” Some 20% of the respondents rated China over and respondents however rated Chinese above other countries in the Asian stories low in relation to other Asian geo-political zone. The foreign desk countries. Some of the respondents editor of PM News/The News claimed that the Chinese do not Magazine, for instance, argued that advertise their products and that “China is growing in leaps and whenever they have problems, they bounds and growing to become a don‟t address them openly. The world power in spite of the world‟s foreign desk editor of Business economic recession.”He stressed World newspaper said “the Chinese further that “China is gradually community still operates with the becoming the next biggest economy political philosophy of their in the world.” country.” Some 15% of the

The foreign desk editor at Hallmark respondents, however, said all the newspaper said that “Chinese countries in Asia were rated equally products are readily available, with China. cheaper in comparison with similar

Table 4: Popularity of Chinese Products

Option f % Could popularity of Chinese products in Yes 11 55 Nigeria be attributed to the prominence No 9 45 given to the Chinese community? Total 20 100

On Table 4, 55% of the respondents at Daily Independent newspaper claimed that the popularity of argued that “there is no way you can Chinese products in Nigeria, report politics, business and especially in the areas of health care, economy without China being a electronics among others, are as a leading economy.” result of the level of prominence The respondent at National Mirror given to Chinese community by the newspaper said: “Chinese products Nigerian print media. The respondent are popular amongst Nigerians

TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 because they are regularly educated, Nigeria was due to the inclination of sensitized and enlightened about the African businessmen to opt for low robustness of the Chinese prized goods.” economy.”A similar view was Discussion, Conclusion and expressed at the Nigerian Tribune Recommendations that “China is the second largest The study examined the Nigerian economy in terms of the GDP and press reported China. Nigeria, it purchasing power after the USA. It is should be noted, operates a plural the world‟s fastest growing economy media system in which government, with growth rates averaging 10 private individuals and religious percent over the past 30 years. China bodies are the owners of the existing is also the largest exporter and media in the country. However, the second largest importer of goods in print media covered by this study are the world.” all privately owned. This decision is

However, 45% of the respondents not deliberate. The once dominant differed. One of them from the Sun government-owned print media newspaper said “a field research may operating in the axis investigated be necessary to answer the question.” such as Daily Times, Lagos Horizon The answer from Hallmark and New Nigerian were out of newspaper equally said: “the influx circulation when the study was of Chinese products does not mean carried out in the first quarter of they have any viable quality.”He 2013. It is instructive to note that opined that many of the Chinese government-owned print media products were of low quality. He across the country have been having specifically mentioned Chinese it rough since the return of phones which many Nigerian youths democratic governance in Nigeria in are now avoiding due to its poor 1999. One of the reasons for this is quality. Another respondent who the content consumers‟ lack of trust shared this position is the respondent in what they publish. from National Daily newspaper. He A cursory look at the way China is said the Chinese have studied reported, represented or projected in Nigerians to discover that many are the Nigerian press can be situated below the world poverty level and within the three main functions of therefore taken advantage of that to the mass media put forward by bring in sub-standard goods. The Harold Lasswell mentioned earlier. foreign desk editor at Nigerian The first is surveillance. An Compass, however, quoted the undisputable fact behind the Chinese ambassador to Nigeria Deng reportage of Chinese stories by all Boqing as saying that the “the influx the print media covered by the study of sub-standard Chinese products in is the urge to keep the public abreast

53 TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 of developments in China. That all some journalists on the foreign desks the surveyed print media arrogated are disengaging, new and younger this duty to themselves is normal and ones are being recruited and should be expected. According to socialized into this tradition. Even Glynn et al (1999, p. 382) “print and though the surveyed media are electronic news media have become privately owned, traces of censorial a ritualized force to which we entrust interference by their owners were not much of this responsibilities”. detected.

The second function is that of Going by the nature of Chinese correlation. Another major stories published, one could assert influencing reason behind the that they were guided by professional decision by the surveyed press to canons of objectivity. Objectivity in make Chinese stories part of their this sense is in the context of Merrill media menu for their audience stems (1974, p. 156) whose goal is that of from the need to keep them “reportorial detachment and (audience) in touch with what others neutralism” and in the words of are thinking about the happenings Omojola (2008, p. 175) where the back home in China. There are many audience of the media are not denied Nigerians in China - businessmen the “right to be seen, heard or react” and women, students and so forth to the published story. just as there are lots of Chinese Earlier, the study put forward five businessmen and women in Nigeria. research questions in the beginning: As a matter of fact, a Chinese town RQ1 asked how often China was exists at Ojota, a Lagos suburb. reported in the Nigerian print media. There are also Chinese schools in The study found out that China was Lagos as well as numerous Chinese reported whenever newsy activities hotels and restaurants. The or development occurred. This is the correlation function therefore serves position of all the foreign desk to keep in touch with one another editors covered by this survey. citizens of both countries. RQ2 sought to know the nature of

The second function, going by the Chinese stories reported. The study way it has affected the operations of found out that they bothered on the Nigerian print media also has a politics, crime, economy, sports, direct connection to the third technology, health care, tourism function of mass media put forward among others by Lasswell. This function is that of RQ3 asked if the reported Chinese transmission or the passing of the stories were positive or negative. norms from one generation of While 40% of the respondents said practicing journalists to another. As

54 TAYO P. CJOC (2016) 3(2) 44-58 the stories were favorable, 60% recommend the suggestion of Glynn claimed they were negative. Many of et al (p. 386) that “government and such negative stories were published other stakeholders should try to on front page, others on the back influence the press and by that the page and the rest published on the public agenda.” foreign page inside the newspapers. 2. The Chinese government, corporate Some of the magazines gave cover bodies and other stakeholders should treatment to Chinese stories. consciously work towards setting RQ4wanted to know how Chinese agenda for positive image. This is stories were rated by the Nigerian because reporters are often driven by print media compared to stories from an assumption that audiences will other countries in Asia. Some 65% of want to know about the stories the respondents rated China highly. published and consequently buy the Far less 20 percent rated China low newspaper or magazine so as to and 15 percent rated the country digest its contents. If deliberate equally along other countries in the efforts have been made to set agenda Asian geo-political zone. for positive image, it goes to suggest RQ5 sought to know if the that when people buy the popularity of Chinese products newspapers, or magazines, what they among Nigerians and especially in would read would be the type of the areas of health care, positive stories they wish to see. electronics/communication and 3. To tackle the problem of framing electrical appliances could be which the study identified, the paper attributed to the prominence given to recommends the need for the the Chinese community by the Chinese government to develop the Nigerian print media. Some 55% of context of media presentations and the respondents agreed while 45 % stories which can lead reporters to disagreed. emphasize certain aspects of Chinese Consequently, the study puts forward life or an event. the following recommendations: 4. The various government agencies 1. Negative stories are highly responsible for the standardization of injurious to the reputation of any products should step up efforts at nation-state. The need exists to eliminating exportation of poor or control where it is possible, the sub-standard Chinese products into outbreak of such stories. To achieve Nigeria this, the paper

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