Environment Committee

ATTACHMENT C

DRAFT REGISTER OF SIGNIFICANT TREES 2013 (WITH AMENDMENTS SHOWN IN RED AND UNDERLINED)

The Vision ix Executive Summary xi Part A Introduction A-1 1. Background A-1 2. Purpose and Objectives of the Register of Significant Trees A-2 3. Significant Trees as Heritage Items A-3 4. Assessment and Classification Criteria A-4 5. Context A-6 6. Review Process and Community Consultation A-7 7. Relationship to Other Plans A-8 8. Other Related Controls and Listings A-9 9. Register Listings A-11 10. Managing Ageing Trees A-12 11. Monitoring and Reviews A-13 Part B Sydney's Cultural Landscape B-1 1. Overview B-1 2. Early Garden Influences B-3 3. Private Gardens B-6 4. Public Planting Schemes B-8

© City of Sydney Register of Significant Trees 2013 - Draft for Council Adoption (May 2013) ii Part C Significant Tree Listings C-1 Precincts and Map C-1 1. King Street Wharf and Walsh Bay C-3 1.01 Sussex Street (adjacent 20 Sussex St) C-4 2. The Rocks and Millers Point C-6 2.01 Argyle Place Park C-7 2.02 Observatory Park C-9 2.03 Agar Steps C-11 2.04 Argyle Street C-13 2.05 Cumberland Street (Bridge Stairs) C-15 2.06 Upper Fort Street, Observatory Hill C-16 2.07 Lance Kindergarten & Childcare Centre C-18 2.08 Fort Street Public School C-19 2.09 The National Trust of Australia (NSW) & SH Ervin Gallery C-20 2.10 Dawes Point Reserve C-22 2.11 Dawes Point Park C-24 2.12 First Fleet Park & Circular Quay West C-26 2.13 Campbells Cove Jetty C-28 2.14 Cumberland Street (at Lower Fort Street) C-30 3. Northern Financial & Alfred Street C-31 3.01 Macquarie Place Park C-32 3.02 Farrer Place C-34 3.03 Macquarie Street Palms C-35 3.04 State Library C-36 4. Western Commercial C-37 4.01 Lang Park C-38 4.02 Wynyard Park C-40 5. Retail Centre and Martin Place C-42 5.01 Hyde Park Barracks C-43 5.02 Martin Place C-44 6. Town Hall & Mid City C-45 6.01 Hyde Park C-46 7. Haymarket C-51 [No current listings] C-52 8. Southern CBD C-53 8.01 Belmore Park C-54 8.02 Elizabeth Street C-56 9. Surry Hills North C-57 9.01 Albion Street C-58 10. Surry Hills South C-59 10.01 Bourke Street C-60 10.02 Devonshire Street C-61 10.03 Phelps Street C-62

© City of Sydney Register of Significant Trees 2013 - Draft for Council Adoption (May 2013) iii 11. Redfern West C-63 11.01 Redfern Park C-64 11.02 Waterloo Park - North C-66 11.03 Our Lady of Mount Carmel Primary School C-68 11.04 "Currency House" 201 Cleveland Street C-69 11.05 Former Rachel Foster Hospital C-70 12. Redfern East C-71 12.01 Elizabeth McCrae Playground C-72 12.02 Walker Street C-73 12.03 St Saviours Anglican Church & The Redfern Centre C-74 12.04 Baptist Street C-75 13. Chippendale C-76 [No current listings] C-77 14. Ultimo C-78 14.01 Wattle Street C-79 15. Pyrmont C-80 15.01 Carmichael Park C-81 16. Darlington C-84 16.01 University of Sydney, Merewether Institute - Butlin Avenue and Maze Crescent C-85 17. Camperdown and Forest Lodge C-87 17.01 No. 63 Hereford Street, Forest Lodge C-88 18. Glebe West C-89 18.01 No.15-23 Catherine Street and Seamer Street Reserve C-90 18.02 Dr H J Foley Rest Park C-91 18.03 Glebe Library Gardens C-93 18.04 Kirsova Playground C-94 18.05 Minogue Crescent Rest Park C-95 18.06 No. 21 Westmoreland Mitchell Street C-96 18.07 Glebe Public School C-97 18.08 St Johns Anglican Church C-98 18.09 No.177 Bridge Road C-101 18.10 No.156-160 Bridge Road former "Abbey Restaurant" C-103 19. Glebe East C-104 19.01 Wentworth Park - Bridge Road C-105 19.02 No.261 Glebe Point Road C-108 20. Glebe Point C-109 20.01 Jubilee Park (inc Old Tram Terminus Group) C-110 20.02 Pope Paul VI Reserve C-114 20.03 Arcadia Road C-116 20.04 Avenue Road C-117 20.05 No. 415 Glebe Point Road Cook Street C-118 20.06 St Scholastica's College (Toxteth Park) C-119 20.07 No.26 Boyce Street C-121 20.08 "Hartford" 244 Glebe Point Road C-122 20.09 "Bidura" 357 Glebe Point Road C-123 21. Darlinghurst C-124 21.01 Green Park C-125 21.02 Darlinghurst Court House C-127

© City of Sydney Register of Significant Trees 2013 - Draft for Council Adoption (May 2013) iv 22. Elizabeth Bay C-129 22.01 Beare Park C-130 22.02 Macleay Reserve C-132 22.03 Reg Bartley Oval (inc Rushcutter's Bay Kindergarten) C-133 22.04 Macleay Street C-136 22.05 Manning Street C-137 22.06 Tusculum Street C-138 22.07 Victoria Street C-139 22.08 St Lukes Hospital C-140 22.09 "Wayside Chapel" 29 Hughes Street C-142 22.10 "Bomera" & Tarana" 1 Wylde Street C-143 22.11 "Coonana" 42 Bayswater Road C-145 22.12 No.34A Billyard Ave C-147 22.13 "Berthong" 36 Billyard Ave C-148 22.14 "Boomerang" 42 Billyard Ave C-149 22.15 "Birtley Towers" 8 Birtley Place C-151 22.16 "Salamanca" 53-55 Elizabeth Bay Road C-152 22.17 "Adereham Hall" 71 Elizabeth Bay Road C-153 22.18 "Ercildoune" 85-91 Elizabeth Bay Road C-154 22.19 "Kincoppal" 93 Elizabeth Bay Road C-155 22.20 "Tresco" 97 Elizabeth Bay Road C-158 22.21 "Templeton" 3 Holdsworth Avenue C-161 22.22 "Chatsbury""Ithaca Gardens" 12 6-8 Ithaca Road C-162 22.23 "Habitat" 1 McDonald Street C-163 22.24 "Tradewinds" 14-16 Onslow Avenue C-164 22.25 "Elizabeth Bay Gardens" 15-19 Onslow Avenue C-165 22.26 "Bayview Towers" 20-22 Onslow Avenue C-166 22.27 "Aquarius" 50-58 Roslyn Gardens C-168 23. Woolloomooloo C-170 23.01 Cook & Phillip Parks C-171 24. Moore Park and Paddington C-173 24.01 Oatley Road Reserve C-174 24.02 Oxford Street Reserve C-175 24.03 Martin Road C-177 24.04 Napier Street C-178 24.05 Selwyn Street C-179 24.06 Sydney Boys High School & Sydney Girls High School C-180 24.07 Victoria Barracks C-183 24.08 Centennial Parklands - Lang Road & Federation Way C-185 24.09 Centennial Parklands - Moore Park Golf Course C-187 24.10 Centennial Parklands - South Dowling Street C-190 24.11 Centennial Park - Cleveland Street C-191 24.12 Centennial Park - Moore Park / Anzac Parade C-193 24.13 Centennial Park - Moore Park Rd, Driver Ave & Kippax Lake C-197 24.14 Fox Studios C-201 24.15 "Patrick White House" 20 Martin Road C-203 25. Rosebery C-205 25.01 Crete Reserve C-206 25.02 Turruwul Park C-207 25.03 Durdans Avenue C-209

© City of Sydney Register of Significant Trees 2013 - Draft for Council Adoption (May 2013) v 25.04 Gardeners Road Public School C-210 25.05 Hayes Road C-211 26. Green Square C-212 26.01 Waterloo Park - South C-213 26.02 Austin Grove C-215 26.03 Gadigal Avenue C-216 26.04 Joynton Avenue C-217 26.05 Green Square School (formerly Waterloo Public School) C-218 26.06 No.20 O'Dea Ave C-219 26.07 (Mc Pherson Lane) 904 Bourke Street C-220 27. Newtown C-221 27.01 Hollis Park C-222 27.02 Georgina Street C-224 27.03 University of Sydney (Newtown Campus) C-225 27.04 University of Sydney (Sydney University Village) C-226 28. Erskineville C-227 28.01 Lillian Fowler Reserve C-228 28.02 Newtown Primary School C-229 28.03 No. 136 Rochford Street C-230 28.04 Erskineville Housing Estate C-231 29. Alexandria C-233 29.01 Alexandria Park C-234 29.02 Buckland Street C-236 30. Southern Industrial C-237 30.01 Burrows Road C-238 30.02 Sydney Corporate Park C-239 31. Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens C-241 31.01 Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain C-242 32. Garden Island C-245 32.01 Garden Island / HMAS Kuttabul C-246 33. Victoria Park and University of Sydney C-250 33.01 Victoria Park - Broadway C-251 33.02 University of Sydney, Physics Road & Manning Road C-254 33.03 University of Sydney, Science Road C-256 33.04 University of Sydney, Parramatta Road Frontage C-258 33.05 University of Sydney, University Avenue C-260 33.06 University of Sydney, Western Avenue C-263 33.07 University of Sydney, Fisher Road Precinct C-265 33.08 Sancta Sophia College Group C-267 33.09 St John's College Group C-269 33.10 St Andrew's College Group C-271 33.11 Wesley College Group C-273 33.12 St Paul's College Group C-275 33.13 The Women's College Group C-278 33.14 Royal Prince Alfred Hospital - Missenden Road C-280 34. Darling Harbour C-283 34.01 Darling Harbour C-284 35. Prince Alfred Park, Central and Eveleigh Rail Yards C-287 35.01 Prince Alfred Park C-288

© City of Sydney Register of Significant Trees 2013 - Draft for Council Adoption (May 2013) vi Part D Appendicies D-1 A. Bibliography D-1 B. Statistics and Summary Information D-4 C. Nomination and Assessments D-5

"The great French Marshall Lyautey once asked his gardener to plant a tree. The gardener objected that the tree was slow growing and would not reach maturity for 100 years. The Marshall replied, 'In that case, there is no time to lose; plant it this afternoon!' ".

John F. Kennedy

© City of Sydney Register of Significant Trees 2013 - Draft for Council Adoption (May 2013) vii "It is not so much for its beauty that the forest makes a claim upon men's hearts, as for that subtle something, that quality of air that emanation from old trees, that so wonderfully changes and renews a weary spirit."

Robert Louis Stevenson

Acknowledgements: The City of Sydney would like to acknowledge the following people for their contribution to the production of this Register of Significant Trees, 2013.

City Of Sydney Team Karen Sweeney Phillip Julian Joel Johnson

External Advisors Robert Smart - Arterra Design Pty Ltd Gwilym Griffiths - Arterra Design Pty Ltd John Oultram - John Oultram Heritage & Design Pty Ltd Colleen Morris - Landscape Heritage Consultant

Arterra would also like to acknowledge the substantial work and research undertaken by LandArc Pty Ltd in their production of the original 2005 Register.

Photography:- All photographs by Arterra Design Pty Ltd and dating from late 2012 unless otherwise noted. The Vision

Significant trees are an important part of the natural and cultural landscape of the City of Sydney. They greatly contribute to our City’s heritage and unique character and help make our City healthy and more beautiful.

The City works to recognise and protect trees with unique historic, cultural or botanical values. The Register of Significant Trees identifies trees in the City’s public parks and streets as well as privately owned properties to help guide their management so they are protected for future generations.

The City is committed to promoting and protecting these important trees and their landscape settings. They play an important part in Sydney’s past and future and often hold a special place in peoples’ hearts.

We are working to maintain and expand a diverse urban forest which includes our most significant and historical trees to continue the proven benefits of plants and trees in a city.

Lord Mayor "They are beautiful in their Cr Clover Moore peace, they are wise in their silence. They will stand after we are dust. They teach us, and we tend them."

Galeain ip Altiem

© City of Sydney Register of Significant Trees 2013 - Draft for Council Adoption (May 2013) ix "Someone's sitting in the shade today because someone planted a tree a long time ago." Warren Buffett Executive Summary

The purpose of this Register of Significant Trees is to identify and The heritage values for each listed tree or group of trees has recognise the importance of significant trees in the landscape, to been summarised into a Statement of Significance which guide their management and to ensure their protection for future involves interpretation and analysis of comparative points of generations. The Register of Significant Trees is not a static importance (eg. values including rarity, biodiversity, individual document and will be subject to ongoing review and updates. and/ or group, landmark, representative and integrity, research and social, cultural and spiritual associations). The criteria relate The Register forms part of a suite of documents that provide the to both cultural and natural significance of an item and place. tools for tree management and planning in the City of Sydney The heritage values of a significant tree or group of trees are and include the following:- almost always multi-layered.

• Tree Management Policy Opportunities for public nominations were invited on Council’s • Urban Forest Strategy web-site and 35 19 individuals and various groups provided • Street Tree Master Plan nominations for either individual trees or groups of trees, • Tree Management Controls nominating 320 476 trees in total. All nominations have been investigated and assessed. The assessment methodology for determining the significant trees is based on criteria developed by the NSW Heritage The Register of Significant Trees has listed a total of 2622 2668 Office, in accordance with the Burra Charter. This provides a significant trees (excluding the Domain & Royal Botanic Gardens consistent approach to heritage identification and assessment managed by the Botanic Gardens Trust) and can be applied to all types of heritage places and items. The information contained in the 2013 Register builds upon the The trees have been divided into precincts according to the extensive work done for the 2005 document which included a Precinct Plans established under the City of Sydney Street Tree thorough physical examination of trees and the relationship to Master Plan 2011. their natural occurrence or cultural history, further supported by field work examination of reports, photographs, archival material The management of this collection of significant trees within and oral evidence. The collected data was evaluated on the a highly urbanised environment raises a number of important basis of each tree’s (or group of trees) contextual relationship to issues. Many of the scheduled trees are of a similar age group. other similar trees and their relative importance in terms of the The fact that many of the trees were planted during the latter following criteria:- part of the nineteenth century, means that many of these giants, • visual and aesthetic significance particularly the Moreton Bay Figs, are rapidly approaching • botanic and scientific significance senescence. Rather than this being a long-term phase, the • ecological value increased level of stress in our urban environment is often • historical and commemorative significance accelerating the processes of decline. Furthermore, these large • social significance specimen broad leaf trees that have created Sydney’s outstanding landscapes are no longer being planted in most locations. Often there is simply not enough space. In the absence of any staged

recruitment, these ageing cultural landscapes are all the more important. It is necessary that the City continue a coordinated strategy to address these issues on a city-wide basis.

The enhanced status of significant trees should be used to promote a broader community awareness and to highlight Council’s commitment to the protection of these trees and their contextual landscapes. In this exercise, it is important to emphasise to the community the significance of “place” – not simply recognition of the listed item(s) but an understanding of the value of the trees within the broader landscape.

It is recommended that these initiatives be promoted by Council as part of an ongoing community-based exercise ensuring broad media coverage, web-site information, community involvement, opportunities for further nominations and review, and education in appropriate conservation strategies.

Figure A1- Moreton Bay Figs are a prominent feature around Sydneys' Harbour and in our Victorian era planting and parks.

Figure A2 - Washingtonia and Phoenix palms were a common planting and are still often prominent within Sydney's Victorian era parks.

© City of Sydney Register of Significant Trees 2013 - Draft for Council Adoption (May 2013) xii "Trees are the best monuments that a man can erect to his own memory. They speak his praises without flattery, and they are blessings to children yet unborn."

Lord Orrery Part A Introduction

1. Background

The City of Sydney is located on one of the greatest natural sparse Aboriginal population was dependent on the continuity harbours in the world. It is Australia's largest city and the capital and management of limited resources. European settlers, of NSW. The Council's Sustainable Sydney 2030 Strategy looks initially through timber-getting and clearing for farming and later to secure Sydney's future, its prosperity and livability as a model through urban and suburban expansion, had a dramatic impact green City, with a developing and well protected urban forest. on this balance, irreversibly altering aboriginal society, existing natural ecosystems and biodiversity. The City understands the importance of trees and the numerous benefits they provide. The Register of Significant Trees 2013 Past heritage studies and local histories have tended to focus on essentially provides a review and update on the previous work the City of Sydney’s rich and complex social and cultural history, undertaken in 2005. The main aim of this current Register is to:- particularly its built environment since European settlement. This • record and update changes to the existing trees and history is reflected in the extraordinary number and diversity of their listings; listed heritage sites and relics which tell the story of Sydney’s • improve the usability and readability of the document; development from convict settlement, agricultural town and port, • improve the communication and promotion of this to Australia’s largest urban centre. valuable resource; • facilitate the potential adoption of web-based and mobile Since European settlement in Sydney Cove on the southern device access to the information; shores of Port Jackson, the natural vegetation cover has • facilitate the use of the Register as a more dynamic and been reduced to a few scattered individual trees and shrubs, updatable public resource and descendants of this once vast and complex natural system. • review and assess any new nominations for inclusion on These descendants are largely confined to the Royal Botanic the register. Gardens, Mrs Macquaries Point, the steep slopes of Garden Island and parts of Glebe. They include a few Forest Red The City of Sydney, comprises an area of approximately 26 Gums, Blackbutts, Swamp Oaks, Cheese Trees, Sweet-scented square kilometres, covering an area bounded by Sydney Pittosporum, Blueberry Ash, Hickory Wattle and a few shrub Harbour in the north, and the local government areas (LGAs) species. Of all these natural remnants the Port Jackson Fig, a of Woollahra and Randwick in the east, Botany in the south and ubiquitous lithophyte, remains a true survivor – highly adaptable Marrickville and Leichhardt in the west. and a constant component of the city’s urban landscape.

In 1788, this area was covered in a vast, uninterrupted mosaic As the natural vegetation was cleared, a new cultural landscape of vegetation which included estuarine and freshwater wetlands, began to take shape. In 1879, Charles Moore, Director of the open woodlands on steep sandstone scarps, heaths and Botanic Gardens reported on the disappearance of the last Banksia scrubs on old sand dunes and forests on the richer naturally occurring Eucalypts in the Domain. Avenues and shale-derived soils of the higher ridges and plateaus. The parklands of planted native and exotic trees progressively

replaced these natural landscapes with all their understorey and wild flowers. By 1902, Joseph Maiden, Director of the Botanic 2. Purpose and Objectives of the Gardens, wrote about the 100 remaining native plants “growing Register of Significant Trees without cultivation in the Outer Domain” (Benson & Howell, p. 45, 1990). The new cultivated landscape of Sydney’s public In early 2012, a brief was prepared by the City of Sydney for the parkland, dominated by Moreton Bay Figs and Port Jackson review and update of the existing 2005 Register of Significant Figs, was established during this mid- to late nineteenth century Trees. It was stated in the brief that:- period – a landscape which was to transform the visual and “Significant trees are often the last indicators of former natural and aesthetic character of Sydney. cultural landscapes and provide a valuable heritage resource on many levels. The community correctly places high importance This is now an ageing landscape within an increasingly on the recognition and protection of significant trees”. urbanised environment. These multi-layered heritage values are being threatened by a range of processes and interventions. The purpose of the Register of Significant Trees is:- Space for these trees is continually being reduced under these “To identify and recognise the importance of significant trees in pressures of urban intensification and the associated impacts the landscape, to guide their management and to ensure their are often accelerating the loss of these heritage values. The City protection for future generations”. of Sydney has responded to these broad range of issues in a number of ways including preparation of environmental planning The Register forms part of a suite of documents under the City's instruments, development and regulatory controls, ongoing Tree Management Policies. These documents provide the tools monitoring and compliance as well as community-based for tree management and planning in the City of Sydney. initiatives and education. The core objectives of the Register are:- • to allow the City to identify and recognise the importance of trees in the landscape, to guide their management and to ensure the protection of significant trees for future generations; • to provide a document that is an integral part of a suite of documents that facilitates the management of the City's Urban Forest • to develop a consistent analytical approach to significant tree assessment based on accepted heritage assessment criteria; • to provide an important tool for the future planning, protection and management of significant trees on private and public land; • to raise public awareness, community interest and a broader sense of value and worth of significant trees; • to ensure thorough consultation with all key stakeholders;

Figure A3 - Norfolk Island Pines and Palms in Jubilee Park, Glebe.

3. Significant Trees as Heritage Items

A Register of Significant Trees is essentially a heritage study. They may also be part of significant sites (eg. early estates) and Significant trees are commonly the last vestiges of former natural contribute to the setting of important buildings and spaces. and cultural landscapes. These trees retain exceptional values in terms of their contribution to our urban environment. They In recognising the significant trees within a local area, have a recognisable range of values – natural, aesthetic, visual, greater meaning can be brought to the past, allowing a richer scientific, social and historic. These trees can be symbols of understanding of the present. This in turn can provide the basis great spiritual power, they may have associations with individual for better methods of protection, care and management for the people and communities or tell stories of other times and places. future. The assessment of heritage significance is a dynamic They may record the historic development of a place, trade process, changing with the passage of time and reflecting the routes, connections and communications. Significant trees often way people interact and perceive the relative importance of visually dominate a place by their shear size, scale and visual places and items, particularly as parts of this collective heritage impact. are lost.

Remnant trees from former natural ecological communities may retain valuable habitat and faunal corridors for other endangered and dependent species. These trees also offer a valuable gene pool for future scientific research, conservation and restoration.

Figure A4 - Large Moreton Bay Figs are a prominent landscape feature around Sydney's Harbour and in our Victorian era parks, such as this magnificent specimen at the end of Glebe Point Road, in Pope Paul VI Reserve, Glebe.

4. Assessment and Classification Criteria

Over many years, various bodies have sought to establish a set There are five basic categories in the assessment criteria; of guidelines or criteria for what exactly constitutes a “significant 1. Outstanding Visual or Aesthetic Significance tree”. Many listings of significant trees have relied largely on a 2. Botanic or Scientific Significance nomination process involving community and special interest 3. Significant Ecological Value groups, stakeholders and interested individuals. In some 4. Historical and Commemorative Significance cases, these listings have been critically evaluated by a panel 5. Social Significance of experts to determine whether a tree or a group of trees should be included within a Register. A number of listings have Significant trees are assessed through systematic research, focussed on quantifying "significance attributes" using a range field work and documentation. A thorough physical examination of numerical weighting and scaled formats. These listings have of trees in relation to their natural occurrence or cultural history is often strived for objectivity but have been hamstrung by their conducted and supported through reports, photographs, archival level of complexity. material and oral evidence. The collected data is evaluated on the basis of each tree’s contextual relationship to other similar This study has been guided by established and tested practices trees and its relative importance. in heritage identification and assessment. The process has highlighted a consultative approach with the community which Typically for a tree to be considered for listing on the Register it includes public nominations of significant trees, public exhibition will need to satisfy at least two of the above criteria, especially if of the Draft Register, opportunities for submissions and review the primary element for listing is simply visual and aesthetic value. of listings by a panel of independent experts. This limits the subjectivity of the nomination and assessment, providing a robust and defendable selection process. In developing the criteria for the Register of Significant Trees, an underlying concept of value and worth must be established For example; if a resident were to nominate a large Lemon to provide a qualitative assessment given the enormous range Scented Gum (Corymbia citriodora) in their neighbour’s front of trees encountered in such a survey. The Register must also yard that is only 20 years old because they like it and want it provide a consistent analytical approach to maximise its value protected. It may satisfy the aesthetic criteria but it is not of any as a reference document which will facilitate the protection and great botanic or scientific value, it doesn’t provide great ecological ongoing management of these trees within a rapidly changing significance, and it is not associated with any historical event nor urban environment. have any strong social significance - it would therefore not be eligible for listing on the Register. The classification criteria used in the 2005 Register was based on criteria from the Register of the National Estate, (developed As outlined in the City's over arching Tree Management Policy, in accordance with the Burra Charter) which was closed in all trees are valued and are subject to the provisions of the 2007 and is no longer a statutory listing. This is not to say that City of Sydney's Tree Management Controls, City Plan and the criteria is no longer valid. It was however ‘academic’ in its Development Control Plan. This later document specifically explanation and was geared mainly towards the assessment of outlines the requirements for protection and retention of trees heritage items of the built form. within the City's control. Large and beautiful trees are still protected even though they may not satisfy the requirements In this review of the Register of Significant Trees the assessment for listing in the Register. Also, listing on the Register does not criteria has been updated. While still using the general principles automatically prevent a tree from being removed in the future. outlined in the Burra Charter, the NSW Heritage Office Manual It does however, place a greater emphasis and scrutiny on for Assessing Heritage Significance and retaining the main any developments or activities that may impact on the long elements of the 2005 document, the updated criteria provide term health, enjoyment and visual or historical association a more ‘tree focused’ assessment that is less academic in surrounding the tree or group of trees. its wording. This will allow more people to understand the assessment process.

The following outlines the current assessment criteria for listing on the Register of Significant Trees.

Outstanding Visual or Aesthetic Significance Historical or Commemorative Significance a. Tree(s) that are outstanding for their height, trunk a. Tree(s) that are associated with public significance or diameter or canopy spread. important historical and commemorative events. b. Tree(s) that occur in a very prominent location or context. b. Tree(s) associated with a heritage listed place and c. Tree(s) that contribute significantly to the landscape in representative of that same historic era. which they grow [including streetscapes, parks, gardens c. Tree(s) that are particularly old or vulnerable. or natural landscapes]. d. Tree(s) that are associated with a significant person or d. Tree(s) that exhibit an unusual growth form or physical group of persons. feature, including unusually pruned forms. e. Tree(s) that exemplify an important and valued taste or Social Significance landscape style. a. Tree(s) that have strong or special associations with a particular community or cultural group for reasons Botanic or Scientific Significance of strong religious, spiritual, cultural or other social a. Tree(s) that are rare or of an important genetic value associations, including trees associated with aboriginal that could provide important and valuable propagating heritage and culture. stock. This could include specimens that are particularly b. Tree(s) that are important to the local community and/or resistant to disease or climatic extremes or have a are important to a community’s sense of place. particular growth form. b. Tree(s) that demonstrate a likelihood of producing information that will help the wider understanding of natural or cultural history by virtue of its use as a research site, teaching site, type locality or benchmark site.

Significant Ecological Value a. Rare, threatened or locally uncommon species or ecological community. b. Indigenous remnant tree(s) that predate the urban development in its immediate proximity. c. Tree(s) that make a significant contribution to the integrity of an ecological community, including its role as a seed source or specialised habitat. d. A remnant specimen now reduced in range or abundance, which indicates the former extent of the species, or particularly range limits. e. Tree(s) which provide a significant habitat element for rare, threatened or locally uncommon or common native species.

5. Context

It is important to recognise that “significance” is inextricably linked to “place”. Significant trees do not generally occur in isolation – rather they are important components in defining the broader context and character of the landscape. Listings may be composed of a number of trees, possessing as a whole entity, the values for significance recognition, whilst each individual tree, as a component, may or may not be considered significant in its own right.

Significant trees are a product of natural environmental opportunities and the cultural impact of landscape modification and human intervention over time. Cultivated landscape elements, garden escapes and exotic weeds are now overlaid to varying degrees upon a former natural vegetation pattern. Cultural and historic planting also reflect intricate patterns of development, providing a guide to the way the landscape has changed since European settlement in Port Jackson. Significant groupings of cultivated trees are thus traceable to the large private estates and ‘marine villas’ which dotted the harbour foreshores and sandstone scarps, the early trading and transport corridors, educational and other government institutions, the Crown lands and commons and outlying village centres. In this way, significant trees are often an integral part of the layering of associations of places and people. Figure A5 - Queensland Kauri, Tuckeroo and Washingtonia Palms associated with the historic "Bomera" and "Tarana" As previously discussed, significant trees often visually residences, Potts Point. dominate a local area by their shear size. However this particular attribute, by itself, may not necessarily mean that the tree(s) social and visual significance today may in time achieve great are significant. Some trees, such as Eucalypts, can achieve significance and value to future generations. dramatic proportions in a relatively short time frame but may not be assessed as “significant”. It is important to recognise that Trees are living, growing organisms which are affected by the the process for determining significance must consider the full environment around them and conversely, trees will make their range of criteria. Furthermore, it is possible that some significant own impact felt over time. These dynamics are not contained trees for listing are not at all large in scale but may possess within a static document and this point emphasises the need to extraordinary botanic or scientific significance in terms of rarity monitor, upgrade and modify the Register over a period of time. or representative values. These examples highlight the need for detailed investigation, comparative analysis and review of local Part of this process and review is aimed at allowing the Register contextual relationships and relative importance of potential to be come a more dynamic internet based resource that can be listings. more easily updated and even used and accessed via mobile computer devices. In assessing significant trees, a balance is established between items which have the qualities of significance and those items of possessing fewer attributes according to the criteria. It is important that listed items should not in any way reduce the value or deem expendable those trees which are not scheduled on the Register. For example, immature trees of little historic,

6. Review Process and Community Consultation

Appointment and Review Project Control Group In accordance with the City of Sydney’s competitive tender Throughout the study, Arterra Design has liaised with Council’s policy, Arterra Design Pty Ltd was selected to prepare this Project Control Group on a regular basis for guidance, review update and review of the Register. As part of the team, Arterra and comment on the process, formatting and outcomes of the engaged the services of John Oultram and Colleen Morris as study. The Project Control Group has also assisted in relevant specialist landscape heritage advisors. land ownership details, map bases and property descriptions affecting the future management of significant trees. Colleen Morris is a heritage consultant that specialises in gardens and landscapes. She is the author of the award winning Public Exhibition Lost Gardens of Sydney published by the Historic Houses Trust The Draft Register of Significant Trees 2013 will be placed of NSW in 2008. She has written numerous articles and papers on Public Exhibition was placed on Public Exhibition from the for journals and National Trust publications and was a major 8 March 2013 through to the 5 April 2013, for comments and contributor to the Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens feedback from the community and stakeholders. (2002).

John Oultram Heritage & Design was established in January 1998 by John Oultram. The practice specialises in the provision of heritage conservation plans and heritage impact statements. The company is listed on the Heritage Office of NSW register of heritage consultants.

The draft of the Register of Significant Trees 2013 has been prepared during the period from May 2012 to December 2012. The study has involved the review of the existing 2005 Register, review of subsequent studies and photographic records, planning instruments and policies, community consultation, aerial mapping, detailed field investigation and ground truthing, evaluation and assessment of significance and an examination of potential threats and future directions for heritage protection.

Public Nominations The community was also consulted in the development of this updated Register. Opportunities for public nominations were advertised and invited on Council’s web-site using a standard nomination form. The nomination period of six weeks was from 1 September to 30 October 2012. A total of 35 19 individuals and various groups provided nominations for either individual trees or groups of trees. All nominations have been investigated and assessed and a Summary Report tabled in the Register (refer to Appendix C: Public Nominations and Assessments).

7. Relationship to Other Plans

This review has considered the following City of Sydney policies The Register of Significant Trees is informed largely by the and documents with relevance to trees; Greening Sydney Plan and the City’s Urban Forest Strategy. - Sustainable Sydney 2030 This strategy will influence the Register with regard to impacts - Greening Sydney Plan 2012 and opportunities for significant tree protection, and improved - Street Tree Master Plan 2011 communications and promotion of this valuable resource. - Tree Management Policy - Tree Preservation Order 2004 and Tree Management In turn, the Register, both informs and, responds to the statutory Controls planning instruments such as the City of Sydney LEP 2012 and - City of Sydney Council LEP & DCP the related Development Control Plans and Heritage Listings. - Urban Forest Strategy (Draft)

STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

Sustainable Sydney 2030 City of Sydney Tree Policies

Environmental Management Plan Tree Management Policy (Overall Guiding Tree Policy)

Urban Forest Strategy Greening Sydney Plan Street Tree Master Plan Strategic Focus Areas

Urban Canopy Register of Significant Trees

Urban Ecology Park Tree Management Plans

Community Empowerment Tree Preservation Order & Tree Management Controls Operational Focus Areas Tree Donation Policy New Development

Community Greening Volunteering Education The City of Sydney LEP, DCP's (including LEP heritage listings) Public Domain

Figure A6 - The Greening Sydney Plan - the relationship of the key planning documents and where the Register of Significant trees sits within the wider suite of City documents and planning instruments.

has no statutory implications for development at the place and 8. Other Related Controls and reflects the listing of the place on the LEP noted below. Listings Section 170 Register A broad range of heritage listings, identifying places and items of Under Section 170 of the NSW Heritage Act, State Authorities heritage significance, exist for the City of Sydney. These listings are required to prepare registers of heritage items under their provide the first steps in protecting and managing these places control. Listing on the Register has no statutory implications for and items. Significant trees, as discussed, do not usually occur development at the place. in isolation. They are contextual elements within the broader landscape and ‘places’ which may have multiple layering of There are two types of statutory listings in NSW:- natural and cultural heritage significance. The scheduled items • State Heritage Register – a register of places and items within this Register may also be included under other statutory of particular importance to the people of NSW; and frameworks. • Local Environmental Plans (LEPs) – which include listings or schedules of places and items which have Statutory listings or registers provide a legal framework for this significance within the local government area (LGA). process and they help to ensure that these special places and items are not lost or diminished by unsympathetic development These listings have tended to focus on built heritage and usually or management practices. provide minimal data on natural heritage places or cultural landscape heritage, including parks and gardens and significant trees. In the past, there has been a considerable amount of Australian Heritage Council duplication of listings and to some degree, conflicting data or The Australian Heritage Council (AHC) is the principal advisor to ambiguity in the listings. It can be difficult to find data on specific the Australian Government on heritage matters, having replaced places. For example, items scheduled under Council’s LEP the Australian Heritage Commission in early 2004. The AHC may refer to ‘Palm Trees’ as a specific listing, which are in fact assesses nominations for the National Heritage List and the landmark features of a specific location, such as Macquarie Commonwealth Heritage List. The AHC compiles the Australian Street or Farrer Place. Other generic listings refer to ‘Street Heritage Places Inventory (AHPI), an inventory of places Trees’ and include a number of listed places and items which of significance listed in State, territory and Commonwealth are not necessarily supported by any detailed investigation or Heritage Registers and Lists in Australia. It also compiles the assessment. Australian Heritage Database that includes information on places in the World Heritage List, the National Heritage List, the There are no specific or indivdual trees considered to be of Commonwealth Heritage List and the register of the National State or National significance in this Register. There are listings Estate. The AHC formerly compiled and maintained the Register however which are part of larger parks, buildings or estates that of the National Estate, but this Register was closed in 2007 and have been listed on the State Heritage Register, for example is no longer a statutory list. Listing on the National Heritage List Macquarie Place Park, Centennial Parklands, Garden Island, would only affect activities by Federal authorities. Hyde Park, Victoria Barracks, "Bomera & Tarana", "Boomerang" and "Tresco" residences, to name just a few. Heritage Branch of the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage Scheduled items may form a larger group or collection of significant trees which in combination have a greater level of State Heritage Register significance (eg. the University of Sydney Group). Under the Heritage Act 1977 (amended 1998), the Heritage Branch of NSW Office of Planning (formerly the NSW Heritage Current LEP listings for Significant Trees Office) administers and maintains the State Heritage Register The Register has a role in reviewing and updating existing (SHR), a register of items and places that are considered to have listings under the LEP. Previous study has included assessment heritage significance at a state level. and review of existing significant tree listings based on data provided in now superceded LEP's such as Leichhardt Council’s Heritage Database LEP 2000 (as amended), South Sydney’s Amending LEP 2000, The Heritage Branch also compiles the Heritage Database, a the City of Sydney’s LEP 2000, Central Sydney Heritage LEP collated database of all places listed on statutory heritage lists, 2000 and the Sydney City Heritage Study. including Local Environmental Plans. Listing on the Database

The significance of Glebe’s heritage landscapes is also well has completed a comprehensive Conservation Management recognised with listing in the Register of the National Estate Plan (CMP) for the Royal Botanic Gardens which includes (Glebe Conservation Area) and classification as an Urban significance rankings for many of the established trees. The Conservation Area by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). Gardens and the Domain themselves are listed under the NSW State Heritage Register. A number of tree listings in the current City of Sydney LEP however raise questions over investigation and assessment The Domain also has a separate Plan of Management and its process. For example, some LEP scheduled items include a own Conservation Management Plan. Both the Botanic Gardens mixed palette of street trees that may be visually prominent at and Domain Plan's of Management will be reviewed and updated the group level but lack overall continuity, cohesion and integrity as part of a new Master Plan currently being prepared for the in the landscape. Some trees may simply contribute to the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. broader contextual character of a local neighbourhood, providing amenity values and in some cases, limited biodiversity values Non-statutory Registers (eg. the ubiquitous Eucalyptus spp., Melaleuca spp., Casuarina The National Trust of Australia (NSW), a non-government, spp., and other generic native species planted since the early community organisation maintains a register of landscapes, 1970's period). This update process provides the opportunity to townscapes, buildings, industrial sites, cemeteries and other revisit some of these earlier decisions and to validate and update items or places which the Trust determines have cultural the existing data bases. significance and are worthy of conservation. This process follows a nomination and assessment process, assisted by the Botanic Gardens Trust Nominations Trust’s various committees. Items which are considered worthy The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain is considered to be of listing are given the non-statutory title of ‘classified’. Although of significant heritage status. Apart from the significant trees having no legal force, ‘classification’ ensures recognition of and palms of Macquarie Street, this Register of Significant the item and an authoritative statement by professionals with Trees contains no listings for other trees as they are under the specific expertise in this area of heritage. statutory management of the Botanic Gardens Trust. The Trust

Figure A7 - A Moreton Bay Fig at Mrs Macquaries chair in the Domain.

9. Register Listings

The entries form the main part of the Register with detailed possible extent of root zone; information for each individual or group listing. For ease of • approximate height, canopy spread and trunk diameter at reference these listings are broken up into strategic Precincts as 1.0 metre above ground level/ extent of any buttressing, devised for the City of Sydney Street Tree Master Plan 2011, with etc; some additional precincts added as necessary to deal with areas • basic visual tree assessment including condition, status, that were not covered under the above plan. The listings are then health, evidence of any obvious physical or structural colour coded depending on their ownership and management. damage, insect attack and pathogens; and The four ownership categories being:- • comments on existing or potential threats • Public Parks and Reserves - Significant trees under the control and management of the City of Sydney Other related trees and palm components are also described • Street Trees - Significant trees under the control and here in order to highlight their importance as contextual management of the City of Sydney elements (ie. these items are not considered to be significant). • Other Government authorities, Institutional, Religious Nevertheless, these other trees and palms are typically integral and Non-government Organisations - Significant trees components of the landscape (both public and private) and have on land under the control and management of other a range of aesthetic, visual and amenity values. They may help Government departments and authorities or Institutional, to define the landscape character of a place and may support Religious and Non-government Organisations (NGOs) the values associated with the more significant trees. In the • Private Ownership - Significant trees under private future, some of these trees may acquire a level of significance. ownership within the boundaries of the City of Sydney. These other components and associated plantings may be For each listing the following information is typically provided:- discussed in the Statement of Significance with regard to their Summary Data: values and relative importance within the landscape (eg. positive, • precinct number and listing description; neutral, intrusive). Management issues, particularly relating • location and full property description, ownership/ to trees which may be considered intrusive (eg. affecting the management, control/ responsibilities and references to growth of a significant tree or an environmental weed species) other listings where applicable; are also discussed. • list of the scheduled items including the number of scheduled items for the property description; and The comments provided on the status, health, condition, potential • known or estimated planting dates. This will typically be threats and recommendations for management are essentially a for the oldest known plantings and not necessarily cover basic visual assessment in the context of developing a heritage all the scheduled items. Register. This data is not intended as a detailed arboricultural investigation or assessment. Further detailed assessments of Historical Notes health, condition and tree management recommendations for • brief summary of the known history of the site and its scheduled trees may require further investigation by a qualified relevance to the planting; arborist. • full botanical description including botanical and common names, other local/ historic names, if applicable; Furthermore, a more generic approach has been taken for • significance attributes of scheduled item; scheduled trees occurring on public and government lands • origin (eg. ornamental/ cultivated – geographic place of which are not under the direct control or management of the origin/ cultivars); City of Sydney. In these instances, individual or specimen trees • relevant issues affecting the status of the tree(s) and within these properties, have been assessed as a group rather recommendations for management and/ or remedial than as individual items. treatment. Statement of Significance This is the description summarising the reasons for the Description significance of the scheduled items. Trees which are assessed • location – detailed description of site location within as having significance in terms of the established criteria are property listing; listed in the “scheduled items”. • extent of influence – reference to canopy cover and

10. Managing Ageing Trees

The trees which forms the main focus of this Register are typically These activities impact in varying ways upon these ageing trees. ageing trees within a rapidly changing urban context. The Each development proposal in isolation may not seem that forces driving the City’s development and urban consolidation significant however, it is the cumulative impacts of these actions of property mean that these trees often have less than ideal over time that are inexorably shifting the balance. space to survive and grow. Many of the City’s significant trees in this Register are under threat from a range of different Significant street and park trees are also under enormous urban impacts. Development is intensifying the processes of pressures, due to their age and from a rapidly increasing urban incremental loss. The requirements for development such as environment, even in established open spaces. These public multiple off-street and underground parking, driveways, garages, areas are often seeing greater traffic loads, both pedestrian drainage retention devices, air-conditioning and ducting, large and vehicular. The spaces for these often large remnant trees service areas and preferences for expansive outdoor paved are diminishing as services increase. Many of these trees are living areas and swimming pools have all substantially increased positioned close to roadways (a legacy of nineteenth century row the building footprint on blocks of land. The intensive nature of planting). These trees may be affected by a range of overhead building in these locations requires dramatic changes to existing and underground services and the requirements for access, soil profiles and is often accompanied by increasing compaction maintenance and renewal of this infrastructure. Compaction of around ageing root systems, significantly altered water-tables, old root zones in these locations, particularly from increasing modification of soil nutrient levels, pH levels, salinity, drainage road and pedestrian traffic are also taking a high toll on the long- conditions and introduction of new pathogens. term viability of many of these specimens.

Figure A8 - An aging row of Moreton Bay Figs along Bridge Road in Wentworth Park Glebe.

Consequently, the city’s heritage is being gradually diminished – individual specimens are being lost from ever smaller groups 11. Monitoring and Reviews of trees. At the broader level, the visual integrity and historical The enhanced status of significant trees should be used connections with some of the landscapes is being significantly to promote broader community awareness and to highlight altered over time. Council’s commitment to the protection of these special trees and their contextual landscapes. The even-aged nature of a vast number of the trees planted during the latter part of the nineteenth century, means that many It is important to emphasise to the community the significance of these giants, particularly the Moreton Bay Figs, are rapidly of the “place” – not simply recognition of the listed item(s) but an approaching a senescent phase. Rather than this being a long- understanding of the value of the tree or trees within the broader term phase, the increased level of stress in urban environments landscape and the urban forest. can effectively accelerate the processes of decline. These initiatives should be promoted by Council as part of an Furthermore, large specimen broad leaf trees, that have created ongoing community-based exercise ensuring broad media Sydney’s outstanding landscapes, are increasingly harder to find coverage, easily accessed web-site information, volunteer space for. Throughout much of the Post-War period and the latter involvement, and opportunity for further nominations and review, part of the twentieth century, there has been little systematic and education in appropriate conservation strategies. approach in many areas of wider Sydney to ensure staged replacements to address these losses. As a result, these ageing The Register of Significant Trees will be subject to the principles cultural landscapes are now in peril. In addition, the replacement of adaptive management. The Register shall be reviewed strategies often emphasise the use of smaller alternate species annually and should be subject to a comprehensive review after that require less space. For example, senescent Moreton Bay 10 years. Figs may tend to be replaced by the smaller Port Jackson Fig, that was still often a component within the palette of larger Part of this current update and review process has been to growing figs. provide the information on the trees in a more standardised and electronic database format. It is envisaged that this will allow the The City recognises the need to maintain our cultural heritage City of Sydney to potentially migrate the document to a more and landscapes. In many locations it has begun the process accessible and readily updated online document. of succession planting, utilising the same species where appropriate and sensible. The overall integrity and scale of historic schemes needs to be carefully considered and balanced within new management realities. Furthermore, it is important to retain a level of flexibility in the selection of suitable replacement species, ensuring that site-specific opportunities and constraints are properly addressed.

1. Overview

For thousands of years before European settlement the area surrounding Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) was home to several Aboriginal tribes. The "Eora people" are the coastal Aborigines of the Sydney district.

In 1770 James Cook, in command of the HMS Endeavour, sailed along the east coast of Australia, becoming the first known European to do so. On 19 April 1770, the crew of the Endeavour sighted the east coast of Australia and ten days later landed at a bay in what is now southern Sydney. The ship's naturalist, Sir Joseph Banks, was so impressed by the volume of flora and fauna previously unknown to European science, that Cook named the inlet "Botany Bay".

The British colony of New South Wales was subsequently established with the arrival of the First Fleet under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip in January 1788. It consisted of over a thousand settlers, including 778 convicts (192 women and 586 men). A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on the 26 January 1788.

The trees we see today in Sydney tell the stories of the people of Sydney and in particular the great plant collectors, the botanists, nurserymen, horticulturists, landscape designers and garden makers of the nineteenth century. The mature, often even-aged landscapes of the nineteenth century are aging and increasingly threatened by a range of urban impacts. Important decisions will need to be made over the coming years to address the way we manage and replace these ageing trees. Significant trees are not static items but are dynamic, ever-changing and potent symbols Figure B1 - The ubiquitous Sydney Red Gum (Angophora costata) - a grand and significant tree that would have graced within the city landscape – present day icons delivered from a the shores of Sydney for millennia prior to 1788 and the arrival time of romantic pleasure gardens and picturesque landscapes. of Europeans.

Figure B2 - City of Sydney from above, circa early 1920's (Source: Australia Beautiful 1928, Photograph by Milton Kent)

Figure B3 - City of Sydney and Farm Cove from above (2009), with one of Sydney's earliest remaining cultural landscapes in the foreground.

These trees also share and reflect the cycle of life like all living organisms, moving from birth to juvenile development, onto a long period of maturity, followed by senescence and death. The significant trees are often part of an ageing landscape – one that evokes a vast range of personal values and associations. It is something that Sydney is passionate about.

The urban landscape is overlayed and modified by a vast range of natural and cultural heritage values. The recent debate over removal and replacement of figs in the Fig Avenue on the Cahill Expressway and Hospital Road in the Domain are testament to the passion with which some of these trees are viewed. The eventual loss of any of the city’s significant trees will undoubtedly stimulate further debate in the future. Furthermore, as these trees near the end of their life cycle, it is important that we make informed decisions based on a better understanding of their requirements in an urban environment. 2. Early Garden Influences

In 1788, Sydney Cove and its environs would have been a place of extraordinary biodiversity with habitats ranging from tidal flats to forested valley floors and shrubby woodlands on the rugged slopes and hilltops. Within only one hundred years, almost all of this natural vegetation had been swept away. The Colony’s earliest attempts to change and modify this landscape can be traced to the Government Domain, land set aside for Crown use by Governor Phillip in 1792. This area of land extended east from Figure B4 - Natural vegetation and Eucalypt woodland and the Tank Stream to Woolloomooloo Bay. It included the area of forests such as this would have once blanketed much of Sydney the first farm established to feed the struggling Colony in 1788 in prior to European settlement. a place known to the local Aboriginal people as ‘Woccanmagully’, later to become ‘Farm Cove’.

In 1811, Governor Macquarie commenced construction of stone walls to define the boundaries of the Domain, thus separating it from the town. Under the guidance of Mrs Macquarie, the landscape was shaped and the surviving indigenous vegetation was brought into relationships with plantings of exotic trees, drives, spaces and views. By 1814, Governor Macquarie’s concept of a “Government Garden” in Farm Cove had begun to take shape with the planting of two Norfolk Island Pines (Churches, S., 1990). Following completion of Mrs Macquarie’s Road in 1816, English Oaks (Quercus robur), Stone Pines (Pinus pinea), Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) and Blackbutts (Eucalyptus pilularis) were planted along the roadway. It is interesting to note that of these four species, two were Old World exotics and two were local indigenous species to this particular area. Remnants of the stand of Swamp Mahoganies still stand Figure B5 - Natural heathland and shrubland dominated the along the stone wall in the Gardens making them the earliest sandy areas and exposed sandstone promontories. civic planting in Australia.

Early Sydney gardens were essentially productive gardens with Following Governor Macquaries planting of the Norfolk Island an emphasis on uncomplicated care. They were modelled on the Pines (Araucaria heterophylla) in the ‘Government Garden’, this simple squared patterns in the walled kitchen gardens of Britain. species became a particularly popular landmark planting during The trees planted in early Sydney were often focussed on the early years of the Colony. These pines and the related hoop production and included imported fruit trees and early plantings pine, discovered in Moreton Bay in the 1820's also served as of Olives (Olea europaea) (Morris 2008). Likewise significant navigational beacons and markers on the harbour. The distinctive street and roadside tree planting seems to have been absent appearance of these trees with their physical stature, symmetry from most city streets even well into the 1800's. The stately and grand scale has been a lasting part of the Sydney landscape Norfolk Island Pines (Araucaria heterophylla) appealed to the and sky-line for almost two hundred years. British taste for conifers and by the 1820's graced the front lawns of many colonial houses and public buildings. Some of the other The cultural landscapes of the City of Sydney are closely significant trees planted during these very early colonial times linked to our natural heritage and the picturesque and idealised were Stone Pines (Pinus pinea) and English Oaks (Quercus landscapes of the early to mid-nineteenth century. As wealth robur). was created, gardens and estates were increasingly used to signify a new permanence, attempting to emulate the grand The Sydney Botanic Gardens began a significant botanical role gardens of Europe. Gardens were first developed by borrowing as early as 1816 in the exchange of plant specimens. Collections on the traditions of the English Landscape School and European of Australian flora were being exported to botanic gardens Romanticism. Both were well established in Europe at the time in Britain and Europe. Sydney quickly became a vital part of New South Wales was founded as a Colony. Francis Greenway, trade with other gardens around the globe including Calcutta, the Civil Architect under Governor Macquarie, outlined a largely Penang, Singapore, Mauritius, St. Vincent, Jamaica, Trinidad unrealised vision for the Government Domain to be planted and Capetown (Churches, D.R., 1990). Access to the Gardens in the English Landscape style of Capability Brown. These was first restricted to only the ‘gentry’ of Sydney but was later romantic and idealised landscapes gradually supplanted by the changed in 1831 to include the general public. Much of the Gardenesque style from the 1830's onwards provided the main planting within the gardens at this time related to kitchen needs. influences for garden design. Early gardening styles also took Nevertheless, from these beginnings, a vast range of botanical their lead from the classical, formal influences of the Georgian, specimens were introduced to the Colony, providing the early Regency, Classical, Victorian and Italianate architectural styles influences and direction which would later come to dominate the of the period. It was also a time of great global exploration and city’s landscapes. interest in botanical collections.

Figure B6 – Hickson Road circa 1947. Early streets of Sydney were often devoid of any form of civic or street planting (Source: CoS Photo Archives)

Although there were many overlays of varying fashion, art, science and philosophical meaning, the thematic concepts for the planting of public and private gardens took their inspiration from the stories of early explorers, the cedar-cutters, botanists and plant collectors including William Paterson, Charles Fraser, Allan and Richard Cunningham, John Carne Bidwill and Ludwig Leichhardt and their Aboriginal guides. Plant discoveries by colonial botanists during the 1820's-1840's introduced a vast range of new and exciting subtropical rainforest species which were soon available to the public. Stories of extraordinary botanical diversity attracted enormous popular interest. These subtropical landscapes became the inspiration for new ‘idealised landscapes’. The landscape around Sydney harbour and to the west was a hostile, relentless landscape offering no respite for early settlers. The poor conditions and general infertility of soils hindered expansion for agricultural production. There were few similarities with the bucolic landscapes of England and northern Europe. In comparison, the rainforests to the south in the Illawarra and along the northern rivers of NSW offered Figure B7 - Millers Point from Observatory Hill, circa early unparalleled opportunities for tapping into a rich resource. 1920's (Source: Australia Beautiful 1928, Photograph by The rainforests seemed to offer a way to change the Sydney Cazneaux) landscape from its dry, desiccated scrubs and woodlands.

The Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla), a particularly large used more for their attractive dark, glossy evergreen foliage. and impressive evergreen broadleaf species was a relatively These native species were mixed with a broad range of other early ornamental introduction to colonial gardens and was used exotic ornamental introductions, many of which continued this as a major landscape element throughout much of the nineteenth broadleaf, evergreen character such as the Camphor Laurel century. This species has remained a definitive element in the (Cinnamomum camphora), Holm Oak (Quercus ilex), Jacaranda landscape of the City of Sydney. The magnificent scale and (Jacaranda mimosifolia) and American Bull Bay Magnolia broad dense evergreen canopies of these figs were ideally (Magnolia grandiflora). Exotic pines such as Stone Pine (Pinus suited to grand garden schemes. An avenue of Moreton Bay pinea), Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Figs was planted in the Domain c.1847. This species remains as and Monterey Pines (Pinus radiata) introduced to Australia in a significant historic and cultural element from the Victorian era. 1857, were also popular during this period. Charles Moore (Director, Sydney Botanic Gardens 1848-1896), nurserymen Michael Guilfoyle and his son William who became This broad selection of tree species with their myriad shapes, the Director of Melbourne Botanic Gardens promoted the use forms, textures and colours were adapted to the environmental of Moreton Bay Figs and many other rainforest specimens as conditions of Sydney and the prevailing garden styles and key components for park planting throughout the mid- to late fashion. A vast number of new ornamental and cultivated species nineteenth century. were introduced into Sydney gardens and parkland during this period. Many species failed while others flourished. This process Rainforest trees created an evocative, romantic landscape of selection influenced the way gardens developed over time. dominated by lush, subtropical broadleaf species. These In this way, species selection and availability influenced the collections included native rainforest specimens with outstanding Landscape Style (c.1810 - c.1860) and the Picturesque Style of floral displays such as the Silky Oak (Grevillea robusta), the 1820's-1860's which were later merged and overlayed with a Blackbean (Castanospermum australe), Illawarra Flame Tree new landscape approach – one which reflected the vast range (Brachychityon acerifolius), Queensland Lacebark (Brachychiton of botanical specimens sourced from around the globe. These discolor) and Firewheel Tree (Stenocarpus sinuatus). Other collections grew increasingly complex and eclectic by nature. species such as Crow’s Ash (Flindersia australis), Plum Pine This Gardenesque Style (c.1835 – c.1890) gained momentum (Podocarpus elatus), Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), during the latter part of the nineteenth century following the era Tulipwood (Harpullia pendula), Brush Box (Lophostemon of The Great Exhibition held in London in 1851. In particular, the confertus) and Tulip Oak (Argyrodendron actinophyllum) were new technology, a glasshouse designed by Paxton, provided

new opportunities to grow subtropical specimens in a cold of the time such as Elizabeth Bay House, Captain Piper’s estate climate. This fashion and popularity for such botanical curiosities ‘Henrietta Villa’, Macarthur’s ‘Camden Park’ and the Macleay’s influenced the types of exotic collections and character of both ‘Brownlow Hill’ all reflected these influences. It was however private gardens and public open space throughout Sydney. Robert Henderson rather than Thomas Shepherd, who was given the job of superintending the laying out of the gardens of Elizabeth Bay. Notably, it was reported at the time that Macleay 3. Private Gardens “never suffered a tree of any kind to be destroyed” (Carlin, S./ Historic Houses Trust, 2000). He retained much of the rich One of the most important and lasting collections of significant indigenous vegetation of the scarps and rock outcrops while trees still to be found in the City of Sydney lies within the former enhancing the landscape in the picturesque style of the period. grounds of the Elizabeth Bay estate. In 1826, Alexander Macleay, It was a visionary approach at a time when most land-owners Colonial Secretary of New South Wales (1826-1837) acquired the totally cleared their land of all native vegetation to impose a grant for an estate, covering an area of more than 21 hectares completely new landscape. It is interesting commentary on (54 acres) in Elizabeth Bay. Alexander Macleay was heavily prevailing attitudes that the natural landscape immediately east influenced by the English Landscape Style first popularised by of Sydney was described in the Sydney Gazette of May 1831, ‘Capability’ Brown and later, by Humphrey Repton’s Landscape as “a mass of cold and hopeless sterility, which its stunted and style, which introduced further picturesque elements. Both unsightly bushes seemed only to render the more palpable.” Alexander Macleay and Thomas Shepherd, landscape gardener (Carlin, S./ HHT, 2000). and Sydney nurseryman, were enthusiasts of this style during the 1820's-30's period. The most fashionable and famous villas

Figure B8 - Conrad Martens born England 1801, arrived Australia 1835, died 1878 - Elizabeth Bay and Elizabeth Bay House 1839 watercolour 46.1 x 66.3cm. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Felton Bequest, 1950.

Figure B9 - The 1875 subdivision plan showing the network of paths that led down to Macleay's botanic garden, and the orchard. (Source: Mitchell Library, M2 811.18112/1865/1)

4. Public Planting Schemes

The great Victorian landscapes of row plantations and individual specimen planting have come to define much of the City of Sydney’s visual and aesthetic character. They were visionary landscapes influenced by a broad range of people, but notably the efforts of Charles Moore, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens (1848-1896). These trees were planted within the context of a landscape largely devoid of any remaining natural vegetation – a landscape which had been shaped by successive phases of timber getting, broad-scale clearing, agricultural development and encroaching urbanisation. Nevertheless, the few remaining drifts of original native vegetation were incorporated into these landscapes where possible as informal elements, such as Figure B10 - A large Mango Tree (Mangifera indica) located in the Domain. These remnants of natural heritage have long adjacent to "Boomerang", site of the orchard that once graced since vanished from these open spaces and been replaced with the extensive grounds of The Macleay's Elizabeth Bay House. further planted overlays since the early twentieth century.

The transformation of the estate into one of the most highly Over time, this legacy of Victorian public planting, has matured acclaimed gardens of the period was well under way when to produce landscapes which are dominated by massive native Macleay and his wife, Eliza, commissioned John Verge to design figs, particularly the Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) and Elizabeth Bay House. This magnificent villa, built between 1835 Port Jackson Fig (F. rubiginosa). These species have been used and 1839 in the fashionable Greek Revival style, became the predominantly in row plantations along the boundaries to the centrepiece to the expansive harbour-side land grant in Elizabeth parkland. Rather than establishing a lineal, formal layout of rigid Bay. Alexander Macleay lived in the house for only six years but spacings, these trees were set-out informally in the landscape. left a lasting legacy, continued by his son William. Alexander They are arranged in a more naturalistic way, stepping Macleay established a library, entomological collection and backwards and forwards along the boundaries, merging and pursued interests in botany, accumulating within the estate one overlapping with other planted elements and notable specimens. of the greatest botanical collections in the Colony (NSW State These rows often include a range of similar species, including Heritage Register). New plant introductions and their sources the Deciduous Fig (Ficus superba var. henneana) and exotics, were methodically recorded in two surviving notebooks (Plants particularly the hardy Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) and Camphor received, c1826-1840 and Seeds received, 1836-1857). The Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora). Essentially, the large, broadly notebooks record exchanges with William Macarthur of Camden spreading, evergreen figs remained the tree of choice in these Park and William Sharp Macleay’s natural history collectors in schemes – the quintessential elements in these boundary India. The gardens contained many exotic fruit trees from around plantations. This approach can be seen throughout The Domain the world. Charles Von Hugel noted in 1835 that “pawpaw, guava and Moore Park areas and is repeated throughout the major and many plants from India were flourishing”. (Carlin, S./ HHT, public parks of the City of Sydney. In this way, the boundary 2000). The gardens of ‘Boomerang’, located within the former plantations to these parks have created the great streetscapes of orchard of Elizabeth Bay House, still retain a very old specimen the City’s road network (eg. Anzac Parade – Moore Park, Bridge Mango (Mangifera indica) from India and an Avocado (Persea Road – Wentworth Park, City Road and Broadway – Victoria gratissima) from Central America or the West Indies. Park, Elizabeth and College Streets – Hyde Park, York Street – Lang Park and Wynyard Park and Buckland Street – Alexandria The former private harbour-side villas and estates, with their Park). once extensive grounds and gardens, have provided a rich, albeit fragmented heritage of significant trees. The Macleay’s The internal open spaces created by the figs were embellished Elizabeth Bay House estate, in particular, has left a lasting legacy with a range of native and exotic species, including deciduous of significant trees. These remnants of a once vast collection elements such as Oaks (Quercus spp.). In many instances, are today scattered throughout the now subdivided private dramatic vertical elements and botanic curiosities were gardens of high-rise apartment blocks. These significant trees introduced as key thematic elements. The native and Pacific have somehow survived, some have even flourished, within an Island pines such as the Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria increasingly urbanised and hostile environment. heterophylla), Hoop Pine (A. cunninghamii), Bunya Pine (A.

bidwillii), Cook Pine (A. columnaris) and Queensland Kauri The multi-layering of public gardens and street tree planting Pine (Agathis robusta) were often used in mixed clusters and continued throughout the Inter-War period (c.1915-1940) and groupings. These tall emergent trees now feature prominently Post War periods (1940's to 1960's) of the twentieth century. The in the landscape. Their bold symmetry, dramatic scale and hardy, native Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus), Hill’s Weeping vertical accent are an important part of the City’s modern sky- Figs (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii), American Cottonwood (Populus line. Moreover, these elements tended to reinforce the overall deltoides) and the London Plane (Platanus x acerifolia) have thematic style of a lush subtropical, evergreen character. This been the most popular and lasting influences on these public carried through to the early twentieth century planting overlays, landscapes during this period (eg. Macleay, Victoria, Tusculum including substantial formal layouts and re-workings of earlier and Manning Streets, Potts Point, Arcadia and Avenue Road, garden typologies following the First World War. Glebe and Buckland Street, Alexandria). The city’s public parkland however was increasingly influenced by the pace These overlays often included a range of exotic palms, of urban consolidation. Parks were placed under increasing particularly the Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis) pressure for development and a range of uses that were often and Washington Palm (Washingtonia robusta). These species unsympathetic to the long term viability of significant trees. At the were used in formal, commemorative layouts (eg. Jubilee Park, same time, particularly during the Depression, resources were Glebe and Redfern Park, Alexandria) and many informal mixed stretched for appropriate management of these public spaces palm layouts throughout the City (eg. Dawes Point Park, The and important tree collections. The city’s parks became the Rocks, Prince Alfred Park, Redfern, Green Park, Darlinghurst focus for various unemployment schemes and many trees were and Reg Bartley Oval and Beare Park, Elizabeth Bay and the removed while others were added as part of these programs. former Zoological Gardens in Moore Park). This approach to the design and management of public parkland and the valuable collections of trees continued for much of the Post-War period (1940's to 1960's).

Figure B11 - The Sydney landscape owes much to our 19th century parks and the signature plantings of the long term directors of the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens at that time, Charles Moore (1848-1896) and Joseph Maiden (1896-1924).

During the 1940's to 1950's period, native gardens were beginning to be embraced and promoted by people such as Betty Maloney, Jean Walker and Edna Walling. This movement towards creating ‘bush gardens’ laid the foundations for a new Australian garden style which grew in popularity during this period. This philosophy became part of a broader focus on global and local environmental issues during the 1960's to 1970's. The new garden style was adapted to the City’s parks and streetscapes with the introduction and layering of a new range of Australian generic species. Since the early 1970's, this phase of planting has established the now ubiquitous examples of Eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp.), Paperbarks (Melaleuca spp.), She-oaks (Casuarina spp.), Wattles (Acacia spp.) and Bottlebrush (Callistemon spp.). These species have Figure B12 - Hyde Park in the 1920's commonly known as created a new ‘bush’ aesthetic in the city, particularly within "Lovers Walk" (Source : Nation Library of Australia - nla.pic- some of its streetscapes. It is worthy of noting that this group an24616751) of trees has attracted possibly the widest community interest in the nomination process during this study. In the parks, these trees have continued to shape and impact upon older historic collections and in some instances have adversely affected the integrity of heritage landscapes.

During the 1980's, the Darling Harbour redevelopment provided the impetus for establishing an entire new landscape, overlaying an important part of Sydney’s early maritime and foreshore history. This new landscape drew on vast numbers of translocated mature specimen palms to create an ‘instant landscape’. Although some were supplied via nurseries, some of this transplanted population of exotic palms (ie. Washington Palms, American Cotton Palms and Canary Island Date Palms) and mature Figs were brought from places which had their own particular, social, aesthetic and historic significance, and this Figure B13 - Hyde Park in the 1930's the avenue removed and may have diminished the heritage of these places. replaced during City Circle railway construction (Source : CoS Photo Archives) Although the acquisition of mature Cabbage Palms (Livistona australis) from natural wild populations has occurred in the past, this practice is now becoming relatively uncommon. Many of the Livistona now come from Roads and Maritime sites where they are doing roadworks, or where major forestry projects are happening and the palms would otherwise be destroyed. Similarly, significant plantations of translocated palms and trees exist where they have been salvaged from development sites that would have otherwise seen them lost entirely. They are now available to utilise and contribute to new landscapes.

Figure B14 - Hyde Park in the 1990's, the avenue of Hills Figs at their peak

Figure B15 - This aerial view of the City of Sydney circa 1920's. Note the young but establishing planting in Wynyard Park in the lower right, Hyde Park in the upper left, but the absence of any other street planting in most other city streets. (Source: Australia Beautiful 1928, Photograph by Milton Kent)

Precincts and Map

This section of the Register of Significant Trees 2013 provides the individual lists and scheduled items that have been assessed and considered as significant. They are presented based on the precincts established for the City's Street Tree Master Plan 2011 with a few additional precincts added for areas not specifically covered by the above document.

To find a tree or area of interest, refer to the map on the following page for the location and naming of the various precincts. Each precinct is then shown in more detail with a map showing the location of the individual significant tree listings together with a unique identification number. The points on the individual precinct maps are colour coded to illustrate their ownership and management.

Map 1. The City of Sydney - Register of Significant Trees Precinct Map

1. King Street Wharf and Walsh Bay

1.01 Sussex Street (adjacent 20 Sussex St)

Address: Historical Notes 20 Sussex Street, This Hill’s Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) is comparable Millers Point in size and scale to the Hill’s Weeping Figs in Hyde Park. It is one Ownership Type: of the largest trees on Hickson Road/ Sussex Street and is older Street than the other street trees which date from the 1970's. It appears Owner/ Controlling Authority: to have been planted c.1947. (refer to City of Sydney Archives Barangaroo Delivery Authority Photo circa 1947). It is located in the beer garden of the Sussex Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) Hotel. c. 1947 This species is an important historical component throughout Scheduled Significant Trees the City of Sydney LGA and has been used extensively in public street and park planting schemes since the Inter-War (c.1915- Qty Species Common Name 1940) and well into the Post War period. These figs continue Ficus microcarpa var. 1 Hills Weeping Fig a lush, native broadleaf evergreen theme consistent with hillii earlier nineteenth century planting schemes and provide high ornamental amenity and biodiversity values in this urban setting. Further Hill’s Weeping Figs have been planted in Sussex Street/ Hickson Road in the 1970's. Most of these trees however, are relatively small in stature due to the shallow nature of soils and underlying hard-stand associated with earlier reclamation works. Sussex Street marks the eastern edge of Cockle Bay prior to the 1830's period.

Figure 1.1.1 – Hickson Road circa 1947. Note the Sussex Hotel and the tree assumed to be the Hill's Weeping Fig on the left below the rock wall of the adjoining Napolean Street. (Source: CoS Photo Archives)

Description This Hill’s Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) is located immediately north of Moreton’s (Sussex) Hotel in a small triangular garden bed, adjacent to pedestrian pavement and below the sandstone wall to Napolean Street. Unlike the other Fig planting in the street it is away from the street kerb line and offers significant amenity to both Hickson Road and Napolean Street and the Sussex Hotel. It's canopy extends over the garden bed, footpath and half-way across the road (Sussex Street). The Fig is likely to have an extensive root zone.

This Hill’s Weeping Fig measures approximately 20 metres in height with a canopy spread of 30 metres and trunk diameter of 1.4 metres at 1.0 metre above ground level. This tree is estimated to have been planted c. 1947 and appears to be in only fair health and condition. The canopy is not very dense and shows signs of thinning.

Statement of Significance This single Hill’s Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) is a visually prominent specimen of dramatic form and impact in this streetscape. It offers significant historic value, and contributes to the streetscape.

Figure 1.1.3 – The base of the existing Hill's Weeping Fig

Figure 1.1.2 – The existing Hill's Weeping Fig

2. The Rocks and Millers Point

2.01 Argyle Place Park

Address: Historical Notes Corner Argyle Street and Lower Fort Street, Argyle Place Park takes its name from the county of Argyll, the Millers Point home county of Governor Lachlan Macquarie. Argyle Cut, which Ownership Type: provided better access between The Rocks and Millers Point Park was commenced in 1843. With the completion of Argyle Cut in Owner/ Controlling Authority: 1859 the four main principal streets in Millers Point, Argyle, Kent, City of Sydney Windmill and Fort Streets formed the nucleus of the village with Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) the centre being the park reserve of Argyle Place. In the 1860's c. 1860's the City Council undertook major civic works in Observatory Park, completing terracing, steps and retaining walls in 1866. Scheduled Significant Trees Argyle Place was dedicated as a reserve for public recreation in 1867. A dwarf wall was built around the reserve in 1868 (SMH Qty Species Common Name 4 May 1868). It is believed that Argyle Place was landscaped 3 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig and planted by the Double Bay nurseryman and landscape gardener Michael Guilfoyle ( R.Clough’ Michael Guilfoyle, Oxford 1 Brachychiton discolour Queensland Lacebark Companion to Australian Gardens, 2002). Argyle Place figs are visually part of a group of Moreton Bay Figs located in Argyle Street adjacent to this park (refer to Listing 2.04).

Figure 2.1.1 – The existing Moreton Bay Fig trees and other associated trees in Argyle Place Park

Moreton Bay Figs were also planted in a number of other locations in this precinct including Observatory Park and the National Trust of Australia (NSW) and S H Ervin Gallery property (refer to Listings 2.02 & 2.09). The component planting of native rainforest specimens and broadleaf exotics in Argyle Place Park possibly date from the latter part of the nineteenth century as part of further park embellishment or tree replacement programs. In 1936 it was reported that Moreton Bay figs in Argyle Place were being cut down by the City Council and only 3 of 12 trees were to be left (SMH 4 June 1936, p.16).

Description This group of informally planted mature Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) are all relatively small specimens with a height range of 12-15 metres, canopy spread of 15-20 metres and trunk diameter at one metre above the ground of 0.7-1.0 metre. All figs are in generally fair to good condition with some dead wood in the crowns and minor pruning evident. The figs display a typically stunted growth pattern. It is likely that the Hawkesbury sandstone substrate is very close to the surface in this location and the conditions of low nutrient value, restricted soil moisture capacity together with periodic and prolonged periods of drought have effectively stunted the overall scale and proportions of Figure 2.1.3 – Existing Brachychiton discolor (Queensland these very old trees. Lacebark) a later planting than the Moreton Bay Figs but an excellent specimen and reflective of early 20th century rainforest species planting.

Statement of Significance As a group, these trees have significance at the City/ LGA level, in terms of their historic, visual, and botanic values.

Argyle Place Park is of great historic significance. It is scheduled in the City of Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2012, Sydney City Heritage Study and classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). The park retains important remnant fabric from the mid 19th century period including this stand of three Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla), possibly dating from the late 1860's.

Figure 2.1.2 – Moreton Bay Figs dominant of the late 19th century rainforest species planting in Sydney.

2.02 Observatory Park

Address: Historical Notes Watson Road, This historic location, with its commanding hill-top position, was Millers Point the site of Fort Phillip in the early years of colonial settlement. In Ownership Type: later years, this Crown land became known as Flagstaff Hill and Park in 1875, Trustees were appointed to manage the establishment Owner/ Controlling Authority: of a new park. The boundary fence-line of adjoining Sydney City of Sydney Observatory and its gardens was established around this time. Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) In 1884, Flagstaff Hill Reserve was dedicated as a public park c.1870 for the purposes of public recreation and in 1887 the name was changed by proclamation to Observatory Park. The management Scheduled Significant Trees of the park was taken over by the Municipal Council of Sydney in 1909 (State Records New South Wales). Qty Species Common Name 19 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig It is likely that the Observatory Park fig trees were planted soon after the park’s establishment in the late 1800's. An historic photograph taken by Henry King c.1880-1890 shows these figs as immature specimens, possibly up to 6-7 metres in height (refer to Figure 2.2.3: Observatory Park – Millers Point, State Library of NSW – Small Pictures Files (Sydney Suburbs - Millers Point).

The original planting scheme used only a single species – the Moreton Bay Fig. These magnificent trees have become iconic features of the Sydney city landscape. The silhouettes of figs at dusk and expansive views of the city sky-line are a

Figure 2.2.1 – The existing and significant Moreton Bay Fig trees that dominate and define Observatory Hill Park

memorable feature of the park. The figs are integral components Statement of Significance of the city’s cultural heritage of civic planting schemes dating The overall planting scheme has group significance while from the mid-late nineteenth century. Some of these figs have a number of figs are significant as individual specimens in achieved exceptional proportions and are amongst the largest terms of their outstanding visual, aesthetic and historic values. of this species to be found in the City of Sydney LGA. The use Observatory Park is scheduled in the City of Sydney Local of this species is a characteristic of many other Sydney parks Environmental Plan 2012, Sydney City Heritage Study and including The Domain, Moore Park/ Anzac Parade, Wentworth classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). Park, Victoria Park and Jubilee Park. These figs also continue a lush, native evergreen/ rainforest theme and have associations The park contains four separate and distinctive clusters of large with Charles Moore (Director, Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens) Moreton Bay Figs (F. macrophylla) with a total of nineteen trees. and other pre-eminent botanists, plant collectors and gardeners The figs are highly significant components of the Millers Point of this time. landscape and are clearly visible from many vantage points around the harbour foreshores (west of the bridge), North The park and its significant trees have close associations with a Sydney, the Bradfield Highway and adjoining streets. range of other Listings in this Register (refer to Harbour Bridge Stairs/ Ramp, National Trust of Australia (NSW) & S H Ervin Gallery, Argyle Street, Argyle Place Park and Agar Steps/ Kent Street).

Description Observatory Park, located on Observatory Hill, lies immediately west of the Bradfield Highway and is bounded by Watson Road (north), Upper Fort Street (east), the Cahill Expressway cutting and Fort Street Primary School (south) and properties in Kent Street (west).

Observatory Park contains four separate and distinctive clusters of Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) with a total of nineteen Figure 2.2.3 – The Observatory Hill Park circa 1880 (Source: trees. The figs are highly significant components of the Millers State Library of NSW - Small Pictures Files , Photograph by Point landscape and are clearly visible from many vantage Henry King) points around the harbour foreshores (west of the bridge), North Sydney, the Bradfield Highway and adjoining streets.

These figs are in generally fair to good condition and health with dense canopies, little dead wood present and only minor psyllid insect damage. Some trees however display a higher level of stress, defoliation, fig psyllid damage, heavy pruning and overall decline. The trees range in height 9-22 metres, with canopy spread 12-32 metres and trunk diameter 0.9-4.0 metres at 1.0 metre above the ground.

Figure 2.2.4 – Moreton Bay Fig trees in Observatory Hill Park

Figure 2.2.2 – Moreton Bay Fig trees in Observatory Hill Park

2.03 Agar Steps

Address: Historical Notes Kent Street, Agar Steps, named after Thomas Agars and constructed in 1870, Millers Point are considered to be the best surviving example of stairways Ownership Type: linking Flagstaff Hill (now Observatory Park) to the Lower Rocks Street areas (State Heritage Inventory). The steps and these three Port Owner/ Controlling Authority: Jackson Figs create a memorable landscape character to this City of Sydney historic precinct. Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) c.1860 Together these Port Jackson Figs continue a rich legacy of fig planting in the City and are historically and visually connected Scheduled Significant Trees with a larger group of mixed figs in Millers Point (refer to other listings in this Register – Observatory Park, National Trust & S H Qty Species Common Name Ervin Gallery, Fort Street Public School and Argyle Place Park). Ficus rubiginosa f. 1 Port Jackson Fig glabrescens Ficus rubiginosa f. 2 Port Jackson Fig rubiginosa

Figure 2.3.1 – Port Jackson Fig trees from Kent Street adjacent to Agar Steps

Description This group of three large figs comprises one Ficus rubiginosa f. glabrescens together with two Ficus rubiginosa f. rubiginosa. The two Ficus rubiginosa f. rubiginosa are located on the upper embankment / sandstone outcrop. The Ficus rubiginosa f. glabrescens, a particularly outstanding specimen, is located in a raised planter bed behind a low sandstone wall adjacent lower steps on Kent Street. Their canopies extend over the adjoining parkland/ embankment (upper) and steps/ footpath and partially over roadway. Extensive root zones are likely to extend to similar areas. They measure, height 12-16 metres, canopy spread 10-20 metres and trunk diameter 0.7-1.5 metres at 1.0 metre above the ground.

These figs appear to be in generally good health and condition with relatively dense canopies (particularly lower specimen) and minimal pruning. There is little dead wood present in the crowns.

Statement of Significance Agar Steps, are considered to be the best surviving example of stairways linking Flagstaff Hill (now Observatory Park) to the Lower Rocks areas. The steps and trees are scheduled in the State Heritage Register, the City of Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2012, Sydney City Heritage Study and classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). These three Port Jackson Fig trees have group significance at the City/ LGA level in terms of visual, historic and ecological values. The lower fig, located Figure 2.3.3 – Base of one of the Port Jackson Fig trees from adjacent to Kent Street, is a particularly outstanding specimen. Kent Street adjacent to Agar Steps

Figure 2.3.2 – Port Jackson Fig trees from Kent Street adjacent Figure 2.3.4 – Port Jackson Fig trees from Kent Street adjacent to Agar Steps to Agar Steps

2.04 Argyle Street

Address: Historical Notes Argyle Street, The Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) on the the upper Millers Point western portion of Argyle Street appear to have been part of Ownership Type: a larger informal row planting scheme in this location, possibly Street planted during the mid-late nineteenth century – recent Owner/ Controlling Authority: replacement planting has been carried out within the gaps. City of Sydney & Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) The Moreton Bay Fig was a “keystone” species in the design c.1860's of Sydney’s parkland during this period (c. mid 1800's) of the city’s development. These figs are still pivotal components Scheduled Significant Trees of Argyle Place Park (located opposite this row planting) and Observatory Park, as well as many other city parks and reserves Qty Species Common Name (refer to Listings). They provide visual, aesthetic, amenity and 4 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig biodiversity value in this urban setting. These figs also continue a lush, native evergreen/ rainforest theme and associations with 10 Platanus x acerifolia London Plane Charles Moore and other pre-eminent botanists, plant collectors and gardeners of this time. 9 Populus deltoides American Cottonwood On the lower portion of Argyle Street, east of the Argyle Cut, the original planting possibly dates from the Inter-War period (c.1915-1940) with the majority of trees planted over the past 20- 30 years. Although none of the trees are significant as individual specimens, they have group significance at the local level in

Figure 2.4.1 – Moreton Bay Figs dominant of the late 19th century rainforest species planting in Sydney.

terms of visual, aesthetic, and amenity values. The trees combine to form a more or less contiguous canopy over the roadway and footpaths, which reinforces the intimate scale and character of this historic precinct. There are relatively few examples of this type of avenue planting within the City of Sydney LGA.

Description Argyle Street is divided into two sections by the overpass of the Bradfield Highway – Harbour Bridge approaches. The upper western portion (west of Argyle Street Cut) adjoins Argyle Place Reserve (refer to Listing in this Register). This portion of the street contains the oldest tree specimens including row planting of Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) along the southern verge and two London Planes (Platanus x acerifolia) adjacent to Holy Trinity The Garrison Anglican Church (built in 1840). The senescent figs are in a period of terminal decline.

The lower portion of Argyle Street, east of the Argyle Cut, contains two separate and distinctive avenue species – London Planes (west of Harrington Street) and American Cottonwood (between Harrington Street and Circular Quay West). This lower Figure 2.4.2 – London Plane Trees - eastern Argyle Street. portion of Argyle Street is under the administration of the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority.

Statement of Significance The upper western portion of Argyle Street, contains row planting of senescent Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) along the southern verge and two London Planes (Platanus x acerifolia) adjacent to Holy Trinity The Garrison Anglican Church (built in 1840).

None of these figs are of individual significance, however they have group significance at the City/ LGA level (as part of a larger group of figs in this historic precinct).

The lower portion of Argyle Street, contains two separate and distinctive avenue species – London Planes (west of Harrington Street) and American Cottonwood (between Harrington Street and Circular Quay West). Although none of the trees are significant as individual specimens, they have group significance at the local level in terms of visual and historic values.

Figure 2.4.3 – The older London Plane Trees - western Argyle Street in front of the Garrison Anglican Church

2.05 Cumberland Street (Bridge Stairs)

Address: Historical Notes Cumberland Street (Bridge Stairs) , This Cockscomb Coral (Erythrina crista-galli) is an outstanding Millers Point specimen tree believed to be an Inter-War period planting Ownership Type: associated with the modifications and embellishment to Street Cumberland Street as a result of construction of the approaches Owner/ Controlling Authority: to the Harbour Bridge (completed 1932). Given the way it is City of Sydney growing amongst the stone wall, it may also be a self sown Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) specimen that has been allowed to grow. c. 1932 Description Scheduled Significant Trees This exotic tree has an expansive canopy and makes a dramatic visual and aesthetic contribution to the streetscape. It also has Qty Species Common Name a massive root system which merges with old stone work in this 1 Erythrina crista-gali Cockscomb Coral location. The tree measures approximately 16 metres in height, canopy spread of 16 metres and trunk diameter of 2.0 metres at 1.0 metre above the ground. It appears to be in generally good condition and health with a relatively dense canopy and some dead wood present in the crown. This taxon can propagate freely from seed dispersal and seedlings should be controlled. The related and more common species of Coral Tree (Erythrina x sykseii), found throughout the City of Sydney and the greater metropolitan area, is considered an environmental weed.

Statement of Significance This Cockscomb Coral (Erythrina crista-galli) is an outstanding specimen tree. It is considered to have individual significance at the local level in terms of its visual, historic, and rarity values. This particular Erythrina species is somewhat rare in the City of Sydney LGA and this would be the largest known specimen outside the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens.

Figure 2.5.1 – Cockscomb Coral - Cumberland Street. Figure 2.5.2 – Cockscomb Coral base - Cumberland Street.

2.06 Upper Fort Street, Observatory Hill

Address: Historical Notes Upper Fort Street, Observatory Hill, Although located on the northern side of Upper Fort Street, Millers Point opposite Observatory Park, this Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus Ownership Type: macrophylla) is visually and historically linked to the broader Street planting scheme in this park. This fig is a more or less contiguous Owner/ Controlling Authority: component of Group A (north-eastern group) which includes City of Sydney four other Moreton Bay Figs. It is part of an original nineteenth Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) century planting scheme which used only this single fig species. c. 1880 The small group of exotic, ornamental Jelly Palms (Butia capitata) Scheduled Significant Trees located near the above fig are a significant civic planting dating from the Inter-War period. These palms are believed to be part Qty Species Common Name of a broader civic landscaping program associated with the 1 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig Harbour Bridge opening in 1932. The same single species planting was used in a formal geometric scheme in Alfred 7 Butia capitata Jelly Palm Street Reserve, opposite Milsons Point Railway Station, North Sydney. A photograph of Alfred Street Reserve dating from 1937 (Stanton Library collection PF 274) shows the palms as established immature specimens with no trunk development. It is likely that the palms were planted in both locations during the

Figure 2.6.1 – Moreton Bay Figs dominant of the late 19th century rainforest species planting in Sydney.

same phase of development. Furthermore, the cluster of Jelly Statement of Significance Palms in Upper Fort Street is a relatively uncommon example This Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) is visually and of this species being used as a specimen planting in a street or historically linked to the broader nineteenth century planting public park in the City of Sydney. scheme of Observatory Park that used only figs of this species. It is of local individual significance in terms of its scale and massive Description proportions in this prominent location (refer to Observatory Park This majestic Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) (planted c. listing in this Register). late 1800's) is located in the asphalt pathway between the Bridge Stairs /subway to Cumberland Street and Observatory Park. Its The small group of exotic, ornamental Jelly Palms (Butia canopy extends over the footpath and roadway and it has an capitata) are believed to be part of a broader civic landscaping extensive root zone within this location. It is in generally good program associated with the Harbour Bridge opening in 1932. condition and health with a relatively dense canopy and minor This group has significance at the City/ LGA level in terms of fig psyllid insect damage. It measures approximately; height 16 aesthetic,visual, historic, commemorative and rarity values. metres, canopy spread 26 metres and trunk diameter 1.8 metres at 1.0 metre above the ground.

The small group of exotic, ornamental Jelly Palms (Butia capitata) (planted c. early 1930's) located adjacent to the cycleway off- ramp/ Bridge Stairs and subway to Cumberland Street appear in fair to good condition and health. Their canopy and roots are confined to the public reserve. They measure approximately a height 4-7 metres (clear trunk) with a canopy spread of 3 metres.

Figure 2.6.2 – Jelly Palms, planted in the 1930's following completion of the Harbour Bridge.

2.07 Lance Kindergarten & Childcare Centre

Address: Historical Notes 37 High Street, Lance Kindergarten is scheduled in the City of Sydney Local Millers Point Environmental Plan 2012 and referred to in the Sydney City Ownership Type: Heritage Study. The site is significant within the context of the Govt/Institution/Other Free Kindergarten Movement and Free Kindergarten Union of Owner/ Controlling Authority: NSW (established 1895) and the redevelopment of Millers Point City of Sydney following the bubonic plague in 1901. The existing building for Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) the Lance Kindergarten was constructed in 1912 as part of c.1910 major redevelopment by the Sydney Harbour Trust and Public Works between 1908 and 1915. The site was first developed as Scheduled Significant Trees a community playground, believed to be the first playground in the City of Sydney. Qty Species Common Name 4 Platanus x acerifolia London Plane The existing London Planes (Platanus x acerifolia) were likely planted sometime before 1914, when the playground was merged with the Kindergarten.

Description The four closely planted London Planes dominate the grounds of the kindergarten and local streetscape. They measure; height 20-22 metres, canopy spread 25 metres (combined), trunk diameter 0.6-1.0 metre at 1.0 metre above the ground. The trees occur within an elevated west-facing streetscape in the historic dockside precinct of Millers Point. The group is particularly prominent within the backdrop of terrace houses and city skyline. There are few other trees or notable vegetation along this western scarp further highlighting this group’s visual and aesthetic significance.

Statement of Significance These four London Plane Trees (Platanus x acerifolia) dominate the grounds of the Lance Kindergarten and local streetscape. Although none of the London Planes have significance as individual specimens, together they form a small group or cluster which has local significance in terms of visual, aesthetic, historic and social values.

Figure 2.7.1 – London Plane Trees within Lance Kindergarten.

2.08 Fort Street Public School

Address: Historical Notes Upper Fort Street, Observatory Hill, In 1850, the Fort Street National School was established in Millers Point the old military hospital (now part of the National Trust and SH Ownership Type: Ervin Gallery building). The school was developed as a Model Govt/Institution/Other school and offered its older students secondary education by Owner/ Controlling Authority: the late 1850's. In 1881, it was raised to the status of Fort Street Department of Education Superior Public School and by 1911 had become three schools Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) on one campus (including Fort Street Boys High School and c.1880 Fort Street Girls High School). In 1942, Fort Street Public School was established on the present site following the relocation of Scheduled Significant Trees Fort Street Boys High School to Parramatta Road, Petersham (Fort Street Public School web-site). The remaining Moreton Bay Qty Species Common Name Fig (Ficus macrophylla) probably dates from the latter part of 1 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig the nineteenth century during the development of Flagstaff Hill Reserve (later Observatory Park – refer to Listing).

Description This mature Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) is a relatively small specimens for this taxon. Previously part of a pair, it is located in the eastern asphalt playground with artificial turf around the base. The canopy extends over the playground area with root zones likely to have similar spatial extent. It measures approximately, height 12-14 metres, canopy spread 16-20 metres trunk diameter 0.8-2.0 metres at 1.0 metre above the ground. It appears to be in fair to poor condition with some dead wood in the crowns and minor pruning evident and display a typically stunted growth habit. It is likely to have been stressed by drought and has in the past displayed significant leaf fall and fig psyllid damage.

Statement of Significance This mature Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) is a relatively small specimen for this taxon but is nevertheless significant in terms of its aesthetic, visual, historic, and social values. In particular, it is a significant component of the Observatory Hill public collection of Moreton Bay Figs.

Figure 2.8.1 – Moreton Bay Fig within the eastern playground of Fort Street Public School.

2.09 The National Trust of Australia (NSW) & SH Ervin Gallery Historical Notes Address: In 1850, the Fort Street National School was established in the Upper Fort Street, Observatory Hill, old military hospital (now part of the National Trust and SH Ervin Millers Point Gallery building). The buildings, designed in the Victorian Free Ownership Type: Classical and Victorian Regency styles are scheduled in the Govt/Institution/Other State Heritage Register, the City of Sydney Local Environmental Owner/ Controlling Authority: Plan (CSH LEP 1) and Sydney City Heritage Study. The school National Trust was developed as a Model school and offered its older students Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) secondary education by the late 1850's. In 1881, it was raised c. 1880 to the status of Fort Street Superior Public School and by 1911 had become three schools on one campus (including Fort Street Scheduled Significant Trees Boys High School and Fort Street Girls High School). In 1942, Fort Street Public School was established on the present site Qty Species Common Name following the relocation of Fort Street Boys High School to Parramatta Road, Petersham (Source: Fort Street Public School 2 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig web-site).

The two remnant mature Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) are relatively small specimens for this taxon and are in very poor condition. The fig located in the car parking area near the entrance stands 12 metres in height with a canopy spread of 12 metres and 1 metre diameter base. The tree is largely

Figure 2.9.1 – An aging and stunted Moreton Bay Fig dominant of late 19th century, together with a newly planted replacement to continue the defining landscape character of this part of Sydney.

surrounded by bitumen hard-stand and appears to be in serious decline with a sparse canopy and a very high level of fig psyllid damage. The form and integrity has been heavily compromised by recent heavy pruning. A second fig located near the front of the building (eastern façade) is the only remaining specimen of a former large group of figs. This is a very old, curious and stunted specimen of immense character (only 8 metres in height/ 10 metres in canopy spread). The tree has damaged limbs, dead wood present in the crown, a history of extensive pruning and high level of fig psyllid damage. These remnant figs have significance in terms of their historic, cultural, social and representative values. They are likely to date from the mid- nineteenth century period. Furthermore, they are an integral part of a broader collection of Moreton Bay Figs in this location and have group significance at the City/ LGA level (refer to Fort Street Public School, Agar Steps and Observatory Park listings in this Register). A replacement plantation of mixed Port Jackson Figs and Moreton Bay Figs has been initiated in recent years.

Description The two mature Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) are relatively small specimens for this taxon and are in very poor condition.

The fig located in the car parking area near the entrance stands 12 metres high with a canopy spread of 12 metres and trunk diameter of 1.0 metre at 1.0 metre above the ground. The tree Figure 2.9.2 – A senescent Moreton Bay at the entry to the is largely surrounded by bitumen hard-stand and appears to be western car park. in serious decline with a sparse canopy and a very high level of fig psyllid damage. The form and integrity has been heavily compromised by recent heavy pruning.

A second fig located near the front of the building (eastern façade) is the only remaining specimen of a former large group of figs. This is a very old, curious and stunted specimen of immense character (only 8 metres in height and 10 metres in canopy spread). The tree has damaged limbs, dead wood present in the crown, a history of extensive pruning and high level of fig psyllid damage. A replacement plantation of mixed Port Jackson Figs and Moreton Bay Figs has been initiated in recent years.

Statement of Significance These two mature Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) are likely to date from the mid-nineteenth century. They have historic significance due to their association with the broader collection of Moreton Bay Figs planted around Observatory Hill and Argyle Street during the same period. (see listings for Fort Street Public School, Agar Steps and Observatory Park).

2.10 Dawes Point Reserve

Address: Historical Notes Dawes Point Reserve (Hickson Road Reserve), Dawes Point Reserve is an extremely prominent harbour-side The Rocks location. In 1908 Dawes Point Reserve trustees were appointed Ownership Type: to oversee improvements and the flat portion east of Hickson Govt/Institution/Other Road was planted with Canary Island Date Palms and Port Owner/ Controlling Authority: Jackson Figs. Following the completion of the Sydney Harbour Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Bridge, the Dawes Point Reserve and Park was replanted during Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) the late 1920's with a row planting of Canary Island Date Palms c. 2006 along the promenade and others more centrally located in the park together with scattered Figs. This related to foreshore Scheduled Significant Trees reclamation and the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge construction works. These were clearly visible in photographs of Qty Species Common Name the bridge when it was completed in 1932. In 1943 nine palms 6 Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Date Palm were still evident in the park. The palms along Hickson Road to the north were transplanted specimens installed in 2006 during footpath widening. Some planting in the park was also removed during the Park Hyatt Hotel construction in the 1990's. In 2005 nine mature palms were still recorded within the lawn area of the park, however, damage from Sulphur Crested Cockatoos, chewing large holes into the upper trunks lead to the progressive death and removal of most of the palms from 2007 - 2010,

Figure 2.10.1 – Dawes Point Reserve in 1930 (Source: NSW State Records Series No. 12685_a007_a00704_8731000022r).

Figure 2.10.2 – Canary Island Date Palms on Hickson Road Figure 2.10.3 – Canary Island Date Palms in Dawes Point just north of Dawes Point Reserve. Reserve in 2005. (Photo by LandArc)

despite attempts to control the problem. Some of the internally located palms were moved to fill the gaps in the row planting and these have also subsequently been destroyed by the Cockatoos. The remaining palms are all recent transplanted specimens and not original planting. The Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority is currently considering a replacement strategy with a different species of palm.

The Canary Island Date Palm was popularised by J H Maiden Director of the Sydney Botanic Gardens 1896-1924. It is historically associated with commemorative plantations and civic landscapes established during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (including the Inter-war Period). Significant public collections of this species throughout Sydney’s eastern suburbs, including group planting, formal rows and avenues, have been decimated over recent years by introduced fungal pathogens in the soil. Centennial Park has been particularly affected by this problem. Replacement planting schemes using the same and other palm species (eg. Washingtonia spp.) have failed, thus leading to the use of alternate tree species.

Description This exotic palm species with its bold accent, dramatic scale, uniform growth pattern and tolerance to drought was highly favoured in formal planting schemes. Of the six remaining Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis) four are Figure 2.10.4 – Canary Island Date Palms and the damage planted as a row along Hickson Road and two are located in caused by Cockatoo's leading to their progressive removal from 2007 - 2010. (Source: Photo supplied by SHFA) the foreshore lawn area adjacent to the Park Hyatt Hotel. They measure approximately, height 6-8 metres (clear trunk) with canopy spread 7-8 metres. The remaining palms appear in good condition and health.

Statement of Significance This group of Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis) although not the original planting is significant for it's aesthetic value and its continuation of commemorative plantings and civic landscapes established during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Dawes Point Reserve (part of the broader contiguous open space of Dawes Point Park) is an important component of the City’s public open space and is scheduled in the City of Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2012 and classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). This planting is also significant as many public collections of this species throughout Sydney’s eastern suburbs have been decimated over recent years by introduced fungal pathogens in the soil.

Figure 2.10.5 – The last remaining Canary Island Date Palms in 2012.

2.11 Dawes Point Park

Address: Historical Notes Dawes Point (Tar-ra) Park , Dawes Point (Tar-ra) Park contains the remains of the Dawes Millers Point Point Battery together with other significant historic remnants Ownership Type: that bear witness to the first 100 years of European settlement Govt/Institution/Other at Sydney Cove. The construction of the Harbour Bridge Owner/ Controlling Authority: approaches required significant demolition and modification of Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority the Rocks and Dawes Point areas. In 1908 Dawes Point Reserve Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) trustees were appointed to oversee improvements and the flat c. 1900 portion east of Hickson Road was planted with Canary Island Date Palms. Following the completion of the Sydney Harbour Scheduled Significant Trees Bridge, the Dawes Point Park was replanted during the 1930's and 1940's. The new palms and trees supplemented the Fig Qty Species Common Name that survived the bridge construction and re-enforced the sub- Ficus microcarpa var. 1514 Hills Weeping Fig tropical character – Senegal Date Palm, Giant Bird of Paradise hillii and an avenue of Hill’s Weeping Fig were chosen. The Figs were 1 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig also mixed with Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis).

The single Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) on the lower slopes of the park appears to be an earlier planting, possibly dating from the early 1900's. The informal specimens and groupings of Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis) and Senegal Date Palms (Phoenix reclinata) on the lower slopes

Figure 2.11.1 – The Moreton Bay Fig (left) and the row of Hills Weeping Figs (right)

are also associated with this landscaping phase to the Bridge approaches.

Description The figs measure more than 20 metres in height. They appear to be in good condition with minimal dead wood in the crowns and little pruning evident. Recent investigations have found signs of internal decay in some of the figs and one was removed in April 2013.

Although none of the Hill’s Weeping Figs are significant as individual specimens, together they form a significant grouping.

Statement of Significance The avenue of ten Hill’s Weeping Figs (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) is an outstanding single species avenue and has local significance in terms of visual and historic values. A further five individuals of this species are scattered throughout the upper portion of the park together with a single Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) on the lower slopes of the park. The Moreton Bay Fig pre-dates the Hill's Weeping Figs.

Dawes Point (Tar-ra) Park, including the contiguous open space of Dawes Point Reserve, is scheduled in the City of Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2012 and classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). This planting of fifteen Hill's Weeping Figs (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) is likely to date from the time Figure 2.11.3 – The row of Hills Weeping Figs looking north of completion of the bridge (1932) while the Moreton Bay Fig interspersed with planting of Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) appears to date from the very late 1890's or 1900's.

Figure 2.11.2 – The row of Hills Weeping Figs looking south interspersed with planting of Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)

2.12 First Fleet Park & Circular Quay West

Address: Historical Notes First Fleet Park & Circular Quay West , The India-rubber Fig (Ficus elastica) is the once commercially The Rocks valuable species which was used in the production of natural Ownership Type: rubber. These figs became ubiquitous as indoor plants during the Govt/Institution/Other late 1950's-1960's period. Some of these figs were transplanted Owner/ Controlling Authority: to private gardens and public parks. Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) The ornamental Peppercorn Tree (Schinus areira) is an c. 1970 important historic component of many of Sydney’s earlier public and private planting schemes. It is a hardy, drought tolerant Scheduled Significant Trees species but rarely achieves grand proportions within the City of Sydney LGA. Photographic evidence suggests the Peppercorns Qty Species Common Name were planted in 1972. 1 Ficus elastica India-rubber Fig The landscaping of the harbour-side forecourt area in the 8 Schinus areira Peppercorn Tree 1980's included the transplanting of mature and semi-mature Washington Palms (Washingtonia robusta) and native Cabbage Palms (Livistona australis) along with a palette of other exotic trees such as jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia). None of these recent introductions and transplants are considered to have local significance.

Figure 2.12.1 – The multi-trunked India-Rubber Fig (Ficus elastica), a prominent feature in western Circular Quay

Description Most of these trees are in generally good health and condition This India-rubber Fig (Ficus elastica) is a single specimen or with minimal pruning to canopies, however the oldest specimen possibly two specimens located within a raised circular planter (northern end of row) appears to be in decline with reduced in the paved forecourt area of Circular Quay West. This fig(s) canopy density, some dead wood in the crown and large cavities has multiple trunks and aerial roots which are largely contained are evident. within the raised planter. The single combined canopy extends partially over the public paved forecourt area. It measures Statement of Significance approximately, height 12 metres, canopy spread 23 metres This India-rubber Fig (Ficus elastica) is significant at the local and trunk diameter of 0.5-0.6 metres (for each of the four main level for its ornamental and aesthetic character, its visual trunks) at one metre above the ground. Each trunk has extensive prominence and high amenity values within this popular harbour- aerial roots spread over an area of approximately 7 metres. This side location. species has an exceptional growth rate, developing an extensive lateral and vigorous root system and a massive dense canopy The row planting of ornamental Peppercorn Trees (Schinus within a short period of time. areira) dates from 1972. Although none of the trees are significant as individual specimens, they have group significance at the local The row planting of Peppercorn Tree (Schinus areira) are level in terms of visual, aesthetic, historic and amenity values. located within a raised garden bed, immediately north of the Cahill Expressway overpass and adjacent to George Street. The trees combine to form a contiguous canopy in this part of George Street, supporting the intimate scale and character of the precinct. The canopies extend over the broad footpath and seating area on George Street with root zones generally contained within the raised garden beds. They measure approximately, height 10-14 metres, canopy spread 12-16 metres with trunk diametres 0.45- 1.2 metres at one metre above the ground.

Figure 2.12.2 – Peppercorn Trees fronting George Street in First Fleet Park

2.13 Campbells Cove Jetty

Address: Historical Notes Concourse opposite Campbells Cove Jetty, Campbells Cove has a long association with early Sydney and The Rocks its commercial maritime pursuits. The adjoining Campbells Ownership Type: Stores are scheduled heritage items in the City of Sydney Govt/Institution/Other Local Environmental Plan 2012. Robert Campbell (after Owner/ Controlling Authority: whom the cove is named) was born in Scotland and together Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority with his elder brother established Campbell and Co. The firm Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) sent a speculative cargo to Sydney Cove in 1796 and Robert c. 1988 Campbell followed in 1798, with another cargo. He bought land at Dawes Point overlooking Sydney Cove from John Baughan Scheduled Significant Trees and commenced trading gradually building up a reputation as a shrewd but honest merchant. Qty Species Common Name Ficus microcarpa var. 1 Hills Weeping Fig By November, 1801, some of Campbell's Storehouses were hillii complete, as was a stone wall and small wharf at right angles to the main warehouse. It was claimed to be the first privately owned wharf in Australia. John Lewin's watercolour of 1808 showed the jetty completed out from the vaults, a two-storey storehouse and an access road to Wharf House running behind this jetty. On 29 June, 1814, Robert Campbell was granted 3 acres, bounded on the south by the premises occupied by the Naval Officer, on the southwest by a road leading to Dawes Point

Figure 2.13.1 – The Hill's Weeping Fig at Campbell's Cove, an excellent specimen and planted to commemorate the Bicentennial in 1988.

Battery, and on the east by Sydney Cove, ‘in consequence of his substantial works were undertaken in the vicinity of Campbell’s having erected thereon several large and expensive Buildings’. Stores as part of the Bicentenary celebrations that included the removal of some of the wharfage near Campbell’s Stores. It is 1841 Robert Campbell formally applied to the Colonial Secretary understood the Hill's Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) for permission to enlarge part of his wharf so that ships could was planted. Not long after this the Park Hyatt hotel development unload at low tide, by using a large rock which could not be was undertaken leaving Campbell's Cove as we see it today. In removed by dredging as the foundation for the enlargement 1998, the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority assumed control of the wharf. Over the years, the area of Campbell's Wharf of the area including the Campbell’s Stores. increased as more land was reclaimed. Between 1851 and 1852, John Campbell (son of Robert) added five stores which were Description built of stone, with slate roofs. These were the first five bays of This tree is a large but relatively young tree, having been planted Campbell's Stores. in 1988. It has a spread of approximately 24m and a height of 16-18m. It has a trunk diameter at 1.0m above the ground of Despite much of the Rocks being developed for tourism, approximately 0.8m. It is an exceptionally good example of the commercial activity continued in the vicinity of Campbell's Wharf species and is representative of many similar fig plantings (eg. into the late 1950's and early 1960's. Yet the importance of that Bicentennial Park, Homebush) that were undertaken throughout area for commercial shipping had declined and this was reflected Sydney as part of the Bicentennial celebrations. It is one of the in changing use patterns of Campbell's Stores. After the erection only large vegetative landscape features in this part of the water of the Overseas Passenger Terminal in the 1960's, the area front. was no longer used as a commercial shipping area, as all such activity had moved to Darling Harbour and Pyrmont. Campbell's Statement of Significance Stores subsequently came into the control of the Sydney Cove Although still relatively young this is a large and very visually Redevelopment Authority (later Sydney Cove Authority) after prominent tree, seen by millions of local and international being handed over by the Maritime Services Board (successor visitors to Sydney, which was planted in 1988 to commemorate to the Sydney Harbour Trust) in the 1970's. The Sydney Cove the Bicentennial. It is an excellent unimpeded example of the Authority later redeveloped the stores and paved the way for species and likely to become even larger in the future. It is the Store's current use as a restaurant area. In the mid-1980's, considered significant from a botanic, commemorative and aesthetic perspective.

2.14 Cumberland Street (at Lower Fort Street)

Address: Historical Notes Cumberland St and Lower Fort Street, The construction of the Harbour Bridge approaches required The Rocks significant demolition and modification of the Rocks and Dawes Ownership Type: Point areas. Following the completion of the Sydney Harbour Street Bridge, the nearby Dawes Point Reserve and Park was replanted Owner/ Controlling Authority: during the 1930's and 1940's, often with exotic palm species City of Sydney such as Canary Island Palms, Senegal Date Palm and the Giant Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) Bird of Paradise. c. 1930's These palms are likley to be part of the palms planted during Scheduled Significant Trees this time. The palms are visible in 1934 photos of the site. Aerial photos from 1943 show the palms as relatively mature Qty Species Common Name specimens, supporting the early 1930's planting date, and are 1 Washingtonia robusta Washington Palm representative of the palms popularised by Joseph Maiden, Director of the Botanic Gardens (1897-1924). 1 Washingtonia filifera American Cotton Palm 3 Syagrus romanzoffiana Queen Palm Description This mixed copse of five palms are located in a road side garden at the intersection of Cumberland Street, Lower Fort Street and George Street at the southern end of Dawes Point Park, adjacent to the Harbour Bridge and opposite the State Heritage Register listed Harbour View Hotel which was constructed in c.1924. There is one Washington Palm (Washingtonia robusta), one American Cotton Palm (Washingtonia filifera) and three Quen Palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana).

The palms are relatively substantial specimens with the Washington Palm (Washingtonia robusta) the tallest at approximately 16-17m clear trunk height. The American Cotton Palm (Washingtonia filifera) is smaller at approximately 12-13m clear trunk height. The Queen Palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana) range in height from 7m clear trunk height to approximately 14m. The palms all seem to be in good health and vigour and represent good examples of the species.

Statement of Significance The palms are an interesting mixed species copse reflective of the planting that took place around the Sydney Harbour Bridge and The Rocks area in the 1930's. They have significance from an aesthetic and historic perspective.

Figure 2.14.1 – The mixed Palm grouping from the 1930's in the roadside planting adjacent to the historic Harbour View Hotel

3. Northern Financial & Alfred Street

3.01 Macquarie Place Park

Address: Historical Notes Macquarie Place and Bridge Street, Macquarie Place, proclaimed by Governor Macquarie in 1810 is Sydney one of the earliest and most significant colonial urban spaces in Ownership Type: Australia. Initially fenced and effectively a semi-private space in Park the tradition of the town squares of London, its evolution, from Owner/ Controlling Authority: 1828, to a publicly accessible town square reflected increasing City of Sydney recognition of the role of public parks and spaces in colonial Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) Australia. It is an historic remnant of early Sydney containing mid 1860's a number of important historic objects, monuments, structures and a small collection of significant trees. The monuments and Scheduled Significant Trees structures include an obelisk designed by Francis Greenway and erected by Governor Macquarie (1818), gate piers and kerbing Qty Species Common Name (Walter Reny, Mayor, 1869), a statue of Thomas Sutcliffe Mort 2 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig (1816-1878) (erected in 1883), the salvaged HMS Sirius anchor and canon (erected 1907) and examples of Edwardian civic 3 Platanus x acerifolia London Plane design. 1 Quercus ilex Holm Oak An historic photograph, taken possibly soon after installation 1 Phoenix rupicola Cliff Date Palm of the HMS Sirius monument in 1907, shows the park’s two Moreton Bay Figs, planted in the mid-1860's, as substantial, Ficus microcarpa var. 1 Hills Weeping Fig older specimens in the pavement (refer to Figure B: Macquarie hillii Place Park, no date, State Library of NSW – Small Pictures Files (Monuments). By the 1890's the fig trees had begun to dominate the reserve and they were pruned under the direction of J H Maiden, Director of the Sydney Botanic Gardens in the period 1895-1901 (Casey and Lowe Pty Ltd, Conservation Issues The Obelisk Macquarie Place, Sydney,August 2003, p.33) One

Figure 3.1.1 – The Moreton Bay Figs Figure 3.1.2 – The large Hill's Weeping Fig

specimen (eastern) has now been heavily pruned and in direct One of the two Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla), (eastern) competition with a Hills Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii), has now been heavily pruned and is in direct competition with an Inter-War period planting. In 1910 the park was remodelled a Hills Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii), an Inter-War and the fig trees on the Loftus and Bridge Street frontages period planting. The other Moreton Bay Fig is a magnificent removed to make way for flower beds (Casey and Lowe p.38). tree of dramatic scale and visual impact (22 metres in height/ A photograph from 1928 shows that one of the figs is possibly 28 metres canopy diameter and 2 metres diameter base with a younger planting than a mid-1860's date (source; Mitchell extensive buttressing to 3.5 metres diameter). The London Library, GPO1-13115). Two of the London Planes (Platanus x Planes have achieved substantial proportions (25 metres in acerifolia) were planted by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of height/ 25 metres canopy spread) and dominate the Loftus and Edinburgh in 1954 to mark the beginning of the Remembrance Bridge Street frontages. Driveway (Australian Heritage Database). Most of the palms and Tree Ferns are relatively recent additions. Statement of Significance Macquarie Place Park is an historic remnant of early Sydney Description containing a number of important historic objects, monuments, Macquarie Place Park, located in the City’s CBD between structures and a small collection of significant trees. The park Macquarie Place, Bridge Street and Loftus Street is a small contains two mature Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla), triangular parcel of public land which was once part of the three London Planes (Platanus x acerifolia), a single Holm Oak gardens of first Government House. It is an historic remnant of (Quercus ilex), Hills Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) early Sydney containing a number of important historic objects, and a mix of exotic and native palms including the Cliff Date monuments, structures and a small collection of significant Palm (Phoenix rupicola). The collection of trees has group trees. The park contains two mature Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus significance at the City/ LGA level in terms of aesthetic, visual, macrophylla), located on the Macquarie Place frontage, three historic, cultural and social values London Planes (Platanus x acerifolia), on Loftus Street (2) and Bridge Street (1), a single Holm Oak (Quercus ilex), Hills Two of the London Planes (Platanus x acerifolia) were planted Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) and a mix of exotic and by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh in 1954 to native palms including the Cliff Date Palm (Phoenix rupicola), mark the beginning of the Remembrance Driveway (Australian transplanted Kentia Palms (Howea forsteriana), Bangalow Heritage Database). These trees have significance in terms of Palms (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Tree Ferns (Cyathea aesthetic, visual and historic values. sp.) and a single large Riberry (Syzygium luehmannii).

Figure 3.1.3 – The London Plane Trees viewed from Bridge Street.

3.02 Farrer Place

Address: Historical Notes Farrer Place corner Bent Street and Young Street, Farrer Place commemorates William Farrer (1845-1906), pioneer Sydney in the development of drought and disease resistant wheat Ownership Type: strains (State Heritage Inventory). These hardy and drought Street tolerant palms from northern Mexico were used extensively Owner/ Controlling Authority: throughout the latter part of the nineteenth century and early City of Sydney twentieth century, particularly during the Inter-War period Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) (c.1915-1940). These palms are an important component c. 1915? species within the City’s public parkland and in private gardens. Other mixed exotic palm species, including the American Cotton Scheduled Significant Trees Palm (Washingtonia filifera) and Dwarf Date Palm (Phoenix roebelenii), have been added to this group. While the eclectic Qty Species Common Name mixed palm style was typical of many nineteenth century public 3 Washingtonia robusta Washington Palms planting schemes, the integrity of this simple, single species group has been compromised by these more recent additions.

Description Farrer Place is a small triangular-shaped paved area in the City’s CBD, located on the corner of Bent Street and Young Street adjacent to Governor Macquarie Tower (opposite O’Connell Street). This group of three Washington Palms (Washingtonia robusta), located in raised planter beds, are old specimens relating to the Department of Education building. These tall exotic palms, standing approximately 22 metres in height (clear trunk) are of group significance at the City/ LGA level.

Statement of Significance Farrer Place contains a group of three Washington Palms (Washingtonia robusta). The park forms an important part of the City’s public open space and is scheduled in the City of Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2012 and Sydney City Heritage Study. The palms are significant in terms of their visual, aesthetic and historic values.

Figure 3.2.1 – The extremely tall and prominent Washington Palms

3.03 Macquarie Street Palms

Address: Historical Notes Northern Macquarie Street, The avenue planting of Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix Sydney canariensis) in Macquarie Street commenced near the Mitchell Ownership Type: Library in 1911 and proceeded in a northerly direction as the Govt/Institution/Other road was widened. Planting was completed in 1915. The species Owner/ Controlling Authority: was used extensively throughout the latter part of the nineteenth The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust century and early twentieth century, particularly during the Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) Inter-War period (c.1915-1940). The palm is often associated 1911 with commemorative planting and civic landscapes with many formal avenues planted after the First World War (eg. More Park, Scheduled Significant Trees Centennial Park and Redfern Park).

Qty Species Common Name Description 91 Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Date Palm This exotic palm species was highly favoured in formal planting schemes. Canary Island Date Palms have a dramatic presence and bold, robust scale, a relatively uniform growth pattern and tolerance to drought. Out of the 91 palms present only approximately 36 are likely to date to the original 1915 plantings. The remaining are supplementary planting to create a double mixed age row and to extend the avenue along the Tarpian Way to the north above Macqaurie Street, and to line the Cahill Express way on ramps completed in the 1960's.

Statement of Significance This formal row of Canary Island Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis) planted by J H Maiden, Director, Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens in 1914-15, is one of the City’s most important formal streetscapes (State Heritage Inventory). These palms are scheduled in the City of Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2012. They remain one of the best avenues of trees in the Sydney central business district. This planting influenced the extensive use of Canary Island palms throughout Sydney. The influence can be seen in the plantings of Moore Park and Centennial Park. They have historical significance as an indicator of the period of the widening of Macquarie Street, and the influence of the Sydney Botanic Gardens Director J. H. Maiden on the civic plantings of the early 20th century and aesthetic significance as a grand avenue of palms.

Significant public collections of this species around Sydney have been decimated in recent years by introduced fungal pathogens in the soil. The elimination of these iconic landscapes has been swift. Centennial Park has been particularly affected by this problem. With growing concern over the status of these palms, a second parallel row of Canary Island Date Palms was added during the 1980's. These have also been included in the listing.

Figure 3.3.1 – The Canary Island Date Palms lining the eastern side of Macquarie Street, adjacent the Royal Botanic Gardens

3.04 State Library

Address: Historical Notes Macquarie Street, These trees are likely to have been planted following the Sydney construction of the Mitchell Library, which commenced in 1906. Ownership Type: The State Library building is listed on the State Heritage Register Govt/Institution/Other and the City of Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2012. Owner/ Controlling Authority: The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust A tree in the area of the figs is visible on a 1930 aerial photograph NSW Government of Sydney and a photograph from 1932 confirms that there was Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) only one tree in this location (ML GPO 1-21369 Series 6/1932). c. 1915? By 1943 there were three figs along this side of the Mitchell Library and all were flourishing (ML GPO 1-23880). Scheduled Significant Trees Port Jackson Fig (Ficus rubiginosa) were particularly favoured Qty Species Common Name by J H Maiden Director of the Sydney Botanic Gardens 1896- 1 Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson Fig 1924. Ficus microcarpa var. 2 Hills Weeping Fig hillii Description The trees are all substantial specimens with heights of 16-19m and spreads of 20-25m. They are located in a raised garden area setback slightly from the street and create a significant contribution to the wider streetscape setting of Macquarie Street and its historic buildings.

There is one remaining Port Jackson Fig (Ficus rubiginosa) to the north and two Hill's Weeping Figs to the southern end of the Library building.

Statement of Significance The mature Port Jackson Fig (Ficus rubiginosa) is likely to date around the 1915 period. The Hill's Weeping Fig's are likely to be later plantings. They have significance due to their association with the State Library and the continuation of the theme of tropical style planting common in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century and are likely to have been associated with J H Maiden Director of the Sydney Botanic Gardens 1896-1924.

Figure 3.4.1 – The Port Jackson Fig with the Hill's Weeping Figs in the background

4. Western Commercial

4.01 Lang Park

Address: Historical Notes York Street and Lang Street, Lang Park was the site of Sydney’s first clock tower (1798-1802) Sydney and the Church of St Phillip, named after Governor Phillip which Ownership Type: stood on the site between 1798-1856. The site was known as Park “Lang’s Triangle” during this period in honour of Rev. Dr. J H Lang, Owner/ Controlling Authority: who founded the Presbyterian Church in Australia. In 1866, the City of Sydney site was dedicated as a park for public recreation in honour of Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) Rev. Dr.Lang. The park is scheduled in the City of Sydney Local c. 1866 Environmental Plan (CSH LEP 3, 2000), Sydney City Heritage Study and classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). It Scheduled Significant Trees is considered to be significant as an integral component of this historic precinct and its heritage buildings. The park retains a Qty Species Common Name significant collection of nineteenth century planting which further 3 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig reinforces the historic character of the precinct.

1 Araucaria cunninghamii Hoop Pine The majestic Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) on York Street (1) and Lang Street (2) appear to pre-date much of the 1 Phoenix rupicola Cliff Date Palm other planting and landscaping works. These figs, dating from 1 Quercus alba White Oak possibly the early to mid-nineteenth century, are outstanding examples of this species. The Moreton Bay Fig, located on York Street near the Ald. Nolan memorial (1904), and standing at 20 metres in height, 30 metres in canopy spread and 2.5 metre diameter base, is a particularly memorable specimen. Together these figs visually dominate this public space.

A stunted Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), Illawarra Flame Tree (Brachychiton acerifolius) and Queensland Firewheel Tree (Stenocarpus reticulatus) continue the lush, native evergreen theme typical of much of the historic planting throughout City’s parks and reserves. These compositions which focused on native rainforest and exotic subtropical collections, have associations with Charles Moore and Joseph Maiden (Directors, Royal Botanic Gardens). Many different species of exotic evergreen and deciduous Oaks were also planted at this time including a single unidentified specimen in this park, possibly White Oak (Quercus alba). Further embellishment and overlays during the Inter-War period (c.1915-1940) include a Hill’s Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) , London Planes (Platanus x acerifolia), Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) and Chinese Elm (Ulmus parvifolia). These species are considered to be important contextual elements and supportive of the earlier planting schemes.

Figure 4.1.1 – One of the two Moreton Bay Figs fronting Lang Street

Description Statement of Significance Lang Park, a small triangular parcel of public land in the City’s Lang Park is defined by a typical structured treatment of informal CBD, is bounded by Grosvenor Street (north), York Street (west) row planting to the boundaries and individual specimen planting and Lang Street (south-east). The park retains a significant within the central lawn areas. The group of trees is considered collection of nineteenth century planting which reinforces the to have significance at the City/ LGA level in terms of aesthetic, historic character of the precinct. The Park is defined by a typical visual, historic and social values. There are also individual structured treatment of informal row planting to the boundaries specimen trees of local significance. and individual specimen planting within the central lawn areas.

The Park contains three majestic Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla) on York Street (1) and Lang Street (2). These figs are outstanding examples of this species. The Moreton Bay Fig, located on York Street near the Ald. Nolan memorial (1904), and standing at 20 metres in height, 30 metres in canopy spread and 2.5 metre diameter base, is a particularly memorable specimen. Together these figs visually dominate this public space.

Other elements include a stunted Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), Illawarra Flame Tree (Brachychiton acerifolius) and Queensland Firewheel Tree (Stenocarpus reticulatus). A single unidentified specimen, possibly White Oak (Quercus alba) is also planted in this park. Further embellishment and overlays during the Inter-War period (c.1915-1940) include a Hill’s Weeping Fig (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) , London Planes (Platanus x acerifolia), Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) and Chinese Elm (Ulmus parvifolia).

Figure 4.1.2 – The majestic Moreton Bay Fig fronting York Figure 4.1.3 – The White Oak Street

4.02 Wynyard Park

Address: Historical Notes York Street and Carrington Street, Wynyard Park, dedicated for public recreation in 1887, was first Sydney used as a military parade ground in 1792. During the period Ownership Type: 1848-1887, the area was known as Wynyard Square. The main Park period of park development occurred between 1890-1910, at Owner/ Controlling Authority: which time the Rev. Dr. J D Lang memorial was added. The City of Sydney park design was influenced by Colonial architect Mortimer Lewis Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) (1835-1849) and later by Charles Moore (Director, Royal Botanic c. 1890 Gardens 1848-1896). The age and structure of remaining significant trees in the park reflect this late Victorian period (refer Scheduled Significant Trees to Figure C: Wynyard Park c.1891, State Library of NSW – Small Pictures Files (Monuments). Excavations for Wynyard Station Qty Species Common Name commenced in 1925 and continued through to 1933, removing 2 Araucaria cunninghamii Hoop Pine much of the earlier historic fabric. The park has served as a public transport hub since this period. Wynyard Park is listed on Ficus rubiginosa f. 1 Port Jackson Fig the State Heritage Register as a place of cultural significance, glabrescens scheduled in the Local Environmental Plan (CSH LEP 3, 2000) 2 Flindersia australis Crows Ash and referred to in the Sydney City Heritage Study. 1 Quercus ilex Holm Oak The park has a very mixed and eclectic planting palette. The 2 Washingtonia filifera Washington Palms late nineteenth century planting structure to the park has been compromised by successive phases of development and 1 Quercus palustris Pin Oak upgrades to Wynyard Station. Nevertheless, the Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), located in the northern lawn area, is 1 Quercus robur English Oak an outstanding landmark specimen of high visual significance. A 1 Quercus alba White Oak second smaller Hoop pine on Margaret Street and other native rainforest species such as the Port Jackson Fig (Ficus rubiginosa American Bull Bay 1 Magnolia grandiflora f. glabrescens) on the corner of Margaret and York Streets, Magnolia Illawarra Flame Tree (Brachychiton acerifolius) and Crows Ficus microcarpa var. 2 Hills Weeping Fig Ash (Flindersia australis) on York Street, continue an historic hilli

Figure 4.2.1 – The southern end of Wynyard Park perimeter planting with its substantial legacy of mixed species

thematic palette within the City of Sydney. It is interesting to note Statement of Significance the similarity of the York Street boundary row planting and the Wynyard Park is listed on the State Heritage Register as a Missenden Road row planting to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, place of cultural significance, scheduled in the City of Sydney Camperdown (ie. use of mixed native rainforest species such as Local Environmental Plan 2012 and referred to in the Sydney Crows Ash (Flindersia australis) in both of these schemes. City Heritage Study. The collection has group significance at the City/ LGA level in terms of its overall aesthetic, visual, botanic Wynyard Park also contains an outstanding pair of American and historic values. Cotton Palms (Washingtonia filifera) and exotic evergreen broadleaf species such as the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) and Dedicated for public recreation in 1887, Wynyard Park has American Bull Bay Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora). These continued to be an important part of Sydney’s open space species would date from the late nineteenth century phase of since this earliest time. The park has a very mixed and eclectic planting. Other deciduous Oaks include English Oak (Quercus planting palette. The late nineteenth century planting structure robur) and Pin Oak (Quercus palustris). The dominant London has been compromised by successive phases of development Plane (Platanus x acerifolia) row planting along York Street and and upgrades to Wynyard Station. the two large Hill’s Weeping Figs (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) are representative of planting overlays during the Inter-War period (c.1930's). The collection has group significance at the City/ LGA level in terms of its overall aesthetic, visual, cultural, historic and social values.

Description Wynyard Park has a mixed and eclectic planting palette with plantings from the late nineteenth century and later periods. The Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), located in the northern lawn area, is an outstanding landmark specimen of high visual significance. A second smaller Hoop Pine on Margaret Street and other native rainforest species such as the Port Jackson Fig (Ficus rubiginosa f. glabrescens) on the corner of Margaret and York Streets, Illawarra Flame Tree (Brachychiton acerifolius) and Crows Ash (Flindersia australis) on York Street, continue an historic thematic palette within the City of Sydney. It is interesting to note the similarity of the York Street boundary row planting and the Missenden Road row planting to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown (ie. use of mixed native rainforest species such as Crows Ash (Flindersia australis) in both of these schemes.

Wynyard Park also contains an outstanding pair of American Cotton Palms (Washingtonia filifera) and exotic evergreen broadleaf species such as the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) and American Bull Bay Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora). Other deciduous Oaks include English Oak (Quercus robur) and Pin Oak (Quercus palustris). The dominant London Plane (Platanus x acerifolia) row planting along York Street and the two large Hill’s Weeping Figs (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) are representative of planting overlays during the Inter-War period (c.1930's).

Figure 4.2.2 – The majestic Hoop Pines gracing the northern end of the park

5. Retail Centre and Martin Place

5.01 Hyde Park Barracks

Address: Historical Notes Macquarie Street, These two prominent figs were possibly planted during the latter Sydney part of the nineteenth century and would have associations Ownership Type: with Charles Moore. These trees are evident as part of a young Govt/Institution/Other plantation in a photograph taken from the top of St James Church Owner/ Controlling Authority: in 1871 (American & Australasian Photographic Company oai:sl. NSW Government nsw.gov.au:412693 SPF / 322). Photos from the 1920's illustrate Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) these trees as quite mature specimens. Hyde Park Barracks c. 1870? Museum is an Historic Houses Trust property, listed on the State Heritage Register, City of Sydney Local Environmental Plan Scheduled Significant Trees 2012 and classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW). The Hyde Park Barracks (built 1817-1819) is a fine Georgian building, Qty Species Common Name originally designed by convict architect, Francis Greenway as 2 Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig accommodation for 600 convict men between 1819 to 1848. Following the end of transportation, the building was used as a Female Immigration Depot (1848-1886), an Asylum for Infirm and Destitute Women (1862-1886), Courts and Government Offices (1887-1979) and museum since 1979.

Description These two Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla), located within a raised garden bed, adjacent to the paved forecourt area on Queens Square (Macquarie Street), are substantial specimens (15-16 metres in height/ 20-22 metres in canopy spread).

Statement of Significance These trees have group significance in terms of their visual, aesthetic, and historic values. Together they make a dramatic visual impact within this busy pedestrian precinct. These Moreton Bay Figs continue the historic character of the Domain and Hyde Park area and provide a visual and aesthetic link between these open spaces.

Figure 5.1.1 – The buttressed bases of the Moreton Bay Figs Figure 5.1.2 – The MorEton Bay Figs from Macquarie Street

5.02 Martin Place

Address: Historical Notes Martin Place (The Cenotaph), The Cenotaph is of State historical significance for its Sydney embodiment of collective grief at the loss of life by Australian Ownership Type: servicemen in World War I. It is also of historical significance Street to the State for its role in inaugurating the 'Dawn Service' on Owner/ Controlling Authority: Anzac Day in 1929, the year it was opened, a tradition now City of Sydney observed on Anzac Day throughout Australia. Unlike most other Year of planting (of oldest item / if known) war memorials in Australia, the Cenotaph, meaning 'empty c. 1980 tomb', does not name individuals, but instead mourns and commemorates the communal sacrifice of lives lost at war. This Scheduled Significant Trees makes it both representative and rare as a war memorial. Martin Place was converted into a pedestrian plaza from the 1960's Qty Species Common Name onwards. Populus alba var. 2 White Poplar pyramidalis Poplars have been commonly associated with commemorative plantings of WWI memorials. Articles describe the Poplars present with the Memorial since 1939. These specimens are likely to be replacement plantings of the original trees planted post WWI and are believed to date from the 1980's. They have commemorative and historic significance.

Description These two White Poplars (Populus alba var. pyramidalis), located within a paved areas immediately flanking the Cenotaph in the centre of Martin Place between George Street and Pitt Street, are 15-16 metres in height and 5-6 metres in canopy spread.

Statement of Significance The Cenotaph is of State historical significance. These trees as an integral element in the context of the Cenotaph, have significance in terms of their commemorative, social, aesthetic, and historic values. Together they dramatically and symbolically support the Memorial and have visual impact within this busy pedestrian precinct.

Figure 5.2.2 – Martin Place viewed from George Street in 1956 with trees flanking the Cenotaph prior to Martin Place becoming a pedestrianised mall (Source: CoS Photo Archives)

Figure 5.2.1 – The White Poplars flanking the Cenotaph