- RE IGIOUS CT OCI E TY 56 Para nno srz n no w . L TRA S , ,

THE MONTHLY VOLUME,

EACH B OO K COM E TE IN ITSE F OCC SI ON I LUS PL L , A ALLY L TRATED I TH ENGR INGS AND CO NT INI NG ONE W AV , A HUN E AND NI NET -TWO GES IN A GOO B O DR D Y PA , D , LD

T YPE .

SIX PENCE IN F NC E CO E S . , A Y PAP R V R

TEN ENCE IN C OT H B OA DS GI T EDGES . P , L R , L

I nev er wan ted articles on religious s ubj ec ts half s o much as artic es on common s u ec s w ri en w a ec e r s an l bj t , tt ith d id dly Ch i ti ”— to ne . Dn . Aa NOLn .

THE Committe e Of th e RE L I G IO US TRA C T S o me “ a e e s e to u s a um e e e m nth h v r olv d p bli h vol v ry o , adapted to th e n ew de velopmen t an d growing in

telli en ce o f the t mes . s s e es w t the g i Thi ri , i h e e t n a few e in ts l b e O a x GrNAL xc p io of r pr , wi l ; from th e pen s of authors of ability in their respe ctive — departments in literature and s cien c e z S c m r T U RAL in th e prin ciple s in which they are written — P O P U LAR ; in their s tyle ; s o that ins te ad of being l m te to on e ass the mm un t t e ma i i d cl of co i y, h y y b e ge ne rally ac ceptable z— Po a u ana ; that they may se rve as han d-books abroad and at hom e — an d EC ON O M IC AL th e twelv e volum e s of a ye ar

s t n e s s t an t e e alf- e n e er e ek T us co i g l h hr h p c p w . h while th e MONTHLY SERIES will be fully ada ed to the e u a ed Fam mas o ur an d to pt d c t of l , d S U N Y S C HO O S and to th e LI B I ES DAY an DA L , RAR

f m e an c s an d t e s t e s u nte e s t o ch i o h r , h y will pply i r ing an d v aluable re ading to a l arge numb e r of th e

e e wh o can n S a e t me e n u fo r th e p opl , o ly p r i o gh

e usa a sma o ume an d s e me ans i l p r l of ll v l , who w l s u as e n o t allow Of a more co tly p rch .

ALREADY PUB LIS HED.

h olume com lete in its e E ac V p lf.

H E I E O F J ULI U S C 1E S T L F AR .

G LLM P S E S O F T HE DAR E A G E S . E S O F W I LDFL O W R T HE Y E AR . IC E N S E N E E J M F . A A A , LAV D A D R O N G B I S O U R S RD .

T H E S O S Y S T E M . T I LAR PAR . T H E T S K N O T H E O E M S B Y I I M A , A D R P . W LL A

C O E E S ". WP R , S R ET C H E S O F T HE E N S ES WALD .

T H E S O S Y S T EM . T I I LAR PAR .

T HE L I F E O F L U T HE R .

PREPAR NG FO R PUB L C AT O N I I I .

T HE B L I G HT S O F W H E A T .

O E U S M M D RN J E R AL E .

AN C I EN T J E R U S AL EM . I E O F M O H MM E L F A D . E S E C UT I O N S OF T HE C H IS TI N C H U C H P R R A R . I E O F E L F ALFR D . N O F M O E N C IV I I "T ION DAW D R L A . E T T C C” E .

The Committee o f the R EL IG IO US TRA C T S OC IETY t e ef e k t c o n fiden ce to e f e n ds to h r or loo wi h th ir ri , aid t em in w de dis t b ut n th e M O N T H h , i ly ri i g ir LY

O U M E in F M I I E S C O O S N V L , A L , S H L , an d G E E RAL LI B RAR I ES ; while they e n treat o n this n e w e ffort th e e ffe c tua b e ss n A m t G o l l i g of l igh y d . BLIGHTS OF THE WHE AT,

AND

S T HE I R RE M E DI E .

“ " h n o ur ardens and I have s mitten yo u with blas ting and mildew w e y g d th e yo ur vi ne yards an d yo ur fig tre e s and yo ur o live tre e s incre as e , d un o me s a th palme r wo rm d e voure d th e m "yet h ave ya no t returne t , i ” the LO f d - M O S iv . . A . 9

L O N D O N THE RELIGLOUS TRACT SOCIETY

Ins iituted 1 7 9 9 .

P A E RE F C .

VING du n a n es n HA , ri g lo g r ide ce in on e of th e

n a a u u a s s o f een pri cip l gric lt r l di trict Norfolk, b in th e habit o f examin in g in my walks th e various blights o f th e corn plants in all their s a es a e n n u s ma e t g , I h v bee Ofte req e ted to k

n n m se a n s in a u a m In k ow y ob rv tio pop l r for . ar n at n us ns o n es e su e s and rivi g co cl io th bj ct , in brin gin g th em o n certain occasion s b efore as sem a es of s en m en a e een bl g ci tific , I h v b m s mate a as s s e es s Hen slow o t ri lly i t d by prof or , and th e Re v . e e e to m es e . I M . B rk l y, who I d ir to Nor are e e acknowle dge my obligations . th r t In c om wo higher authorities to b e foun d . plying with th e reques t that I would publish a

a n ea s e on es e u us s u e s es pl i tr ti th c rio bj ct , it giv me real s atisfaction that it s hould com e o ut through th e medium o f th e Re ligious Tract

e has so admi a on nued Soci ty, which r bly c ti PR iv EFACE . th e advan cement o f popular science with its

es an d es en d th e man es a n His high t b t , if t tio of glory who gave us both the book Of nature an d a of e e a n th t r v l tio . D EY EDWIN SI N .

Acle near Norwich un 2 , , J e 2 , 1 846 . S C O N T E N T .

I CHAPTER .

Introd uction Page 7

H C APTER II . F ungi attacking th e s traw of whe at

H I C APTER I I.

un a ac n th e ea es ch atT-s ca e s and flower F gi tt ki g l v , l ,

R V CHAPTE I .

Fungus de s troyi ng th e grai n

R CHAPTE V . nfusor a nsec es ro n th e ra n ca e r o r c or I i l i t d t yi g g i , ll d Vib i T iti i, Eel of th e Wh eat 83

V CHAPTER I .

CHAPTER VII .

Wh eat midge - Hess ian fly VI CONTENTS .

CHAPTER VIII.

n o es to th e w ea m e n a ura and ar cia a e 124 A tid t h t idg , t l tifi l P g

H R I C APTE X .

R emarks and e xp erime nt s on th e gro wth of c ertain mi nute fun gi 1 39

H R X C APTE . — Oth er in s ect s d es tl uc tive to th e crop s Infusoria Con el us i o n ‘ 60 BLIGHTS OF THE WHEAT.

CHAPTER I .

I

Im o r an ce of the su ec — re a en n orance res ec n p t bj t P v l t ig p ti g it, and c on s e quences — A n xie ty o f th e agriculturis ts for th e aid of s c ien ce Provide ntial che ck s to th e ravages o f th e c orn -pest s — — R em ark s Th e w o n de rs re ve ale d re s pe c tin g th e s e m inu te ’ e n em e s o f th e w ea th e m cro sc o e— Paras e s— un i h t , by i p it F gi — — The i r b o tanical c harac te r Th e ir n ormal m o de of gerin in a ti o n an d gro wth— Their various form s — Th e o rders i n to w hic h th e y s eem capable o f b ei ng re duce d— T he n ame s Of th es e o r~ — d ers e x plaine d-e Prop erties o f fungi Their places of gro wth — — Speculation s c once rn in g them Why c alle d th e s cavengers — — o f nature Exc e ption s "ue s tion as to the conditi on s of the ir ‘ ‘ ’ developmen t - Won de rful ins tance o f an animal be ing re placed

— —1 by a fungus Analogy from this re tro grade s t e p in cre ation an d e e — an f um Mycelium de fine d d s crib d Pl o this v ol e .

TH E pres ervation and purity of th e flour of wheat will be universally acknowledge d to be matters Of th e highes t importan ce ; but th e methods by which th es e obj e cts m ay b e a a ne are muc mo e e en en on an tt i d, h r d p d t accurate kn owle dge Of certain ex tremely minute e as a s o f th e r win o s an h as d v t tor g o g cr p , th n e s e er been hitherto generally co c ived . Tho p s ons wh ose province it is to cultivate and reap 8 NEED OF SCIENCE .

Our ea e s a e un una e n ot een wh t fi ld , h v fort t ly b properly in formed as to th e real n ature Of th e

e es s m h e u e littl p t fro whic th y have s ffer d . Th e cons equen ce Of this h as b een a large

es u n of an d a e uen e e a d tr ctio food, fr q t d t rior

n f h In th e ea tio O that which as b een s aved . y r

1 84 1 th e a s en e o f s e s s en a n e e , b c thi ti l k owl dg

n m amo gst far ers was clearly demon s trated . A ' prize was o fiered by th e Agricultural Society o f Englan d for th e b es t e s s ay on th e blights affe n th e n e s but u man cti g cor fi ld , tho gh y

e e s en in n ot on e was eem e m e us . w r t , d d ritorio B v a similar wan t of Of phys ical s cience th e in quiries o f a large provin cial as s ociation into th e habits Of th e turnip fly were rendered totally

us e es s e aus e e e e n o t s e e l , b c th y w r fir t dir ct d to u n e s th e n atural hi s tory of th e in s ect . S ch i v ti gation s h ave b een prin cipally th e task oflearn e d

an s s an d en m s s s e s ta em en s bot i t to ologi t , who t t h av e failed to elicit th e general atten tion they

Un s ien tifi s n een re des erved . c c p er o s have b

elled m th e as of a e u e us n em p fro t k c r f lly p r i g th , by their difficulty in unders tan di ng th e techni

c al e m n t r s eces s arily employe d by th e authors .

m su s u es e e e can a n e de Fro ch o rc , how v r, th y lo w ive the i nformation that will lead to s atis factory

res u s an d e e a u u s wh o h as the lt , v ry gric lt ri t, THE R E P ES NT TIME . 9

un u en ea u ma e him opport ity, o ght to d vo r to k s elf sufficien tly m as ter Of th e elem en tary kn ow

e e n ee u s n d is es e m ean s l dg df l to thi e . It by th alon e that h e c an h Ope to ris e to real ex Cellén ce in a n o n his n e e s n a a n s as e l c rryi g i t r ti g voc tio , w l as to es a e th e ef e s o f m an to him in ex c p ill f ct y , , plicable con tingen cies by which h e fin ds him s e n s an a e a th e r s lf co t tly thw rt d . H ppily B iti h farmer h as lately b een awak en e d to th e advan

a es aff e him in th e a a na u e t g ord d l bor tory Of t r ,

th e u an e f u Th e by g id c o tr e philosophy .

e e e e s eems to a e a ve w en a p riod, th r for , h v rri d h popular treatis e des criptive o f th e secrets which the m s e un s to th e s en s e e icro cop fold ci tific ob rv r, with regard to th e hitherto mys terious des troy era o f the ea an ll be ac e a e wh t pl t, wi both c pt bl an d useful to this v aluable portion of Our

commun as ell as th e u at a e . ity, w to p blic l rg Thes e little ravagers o f our growing crop s of corn are amo ngst the mo s t won derful of livin g organized thin gs and although th ey inflict uns peak able damage under certain circum s an es e e s en e as we s a e a e t c , th ir xi t c , h ll h re ft r n e em es ea and en b en eficent otic , bodi gr t oft

i e a s a th e e e s e of des gns . Th y l o c ll forth x rci human inge nuity in th e investigatio n of th eir

a i s an d the e en t n o f the m s efs h b t , pr v io i chi 10 OF WISDOM GOD.

es e m s th ey occasion . Th i chiefs are n ot unfre quen tly ch eck ed in mo s t striking ways by th e

ea u Of n a u e m s e an d aff th e gr t A thor t r hi lf, ord s tron ges t as s uran ce to th e refle ctingmind th at h e e e m n es m e u m v r i gl rcy with j dg ent . A multitude Of mys te riou s e vils en compas ses all that is accorde d to m an in this imp erfect s tate

his e s en e but e e is n o t o n e m a e a of xi t c , th r , t ri l

s ua an effe ua an a n s m or pirit l, for which ct l t go i m a n ot b e un s u a y fo d if o ght for right . Still it mu s t b e rem emb ere d that m uch of wh at is

e e e as mm n u o n es e n s is r c iv d co o tr th th poi t , n n m e an mm n othi g or th co o error . This is e ual th e as e in e n in s in q ly c r ligio , philo ophy,

d n m a s an in s e e . e en ea u or l , ci c Ev ry d vo r to

e and n m o n s un n es h ow corr ct i for o d pri cipl , e e um it m a b e m a e is be e a e v r h bly y d , to r g rd d as worthy o f atten tion an d we m ay b e ” as sured th at n o t a s in gle creature h as b een

rme th e an o f a is n ot de s erv fo d by h d God, th t in o f th e a en n o f a eas n a e n g tt tio r o bl mi d . Fo r wan t o f s uch in quiry we have s uffered much

in a ua n u as e as in th e n o n both ct l i j ry, w ll acquiremen t o f that k n owledge which ten ds

e a th e a u es o ur un e s an n s to x lt f c lti of d r t di g , an d l eads to adoration of th e great s upreme

C aus e as mu th e e o f o ur a m a i , ch obj ct d ir tion n NATURE AND REVELATION . 1 1

' a seem s n an an e atom as in th e wh t o ly org iz d ,

f a m n more vi sible living work s o gre ter di e sion s . Whateve r e s cap es th e unas sisted eye o f m an is

f en ea e n ffe en e but e e is o t tr t d with i di r c , th r n ot a thin g form ed o n which there is n o t s tamped th e seal o f omnipoten ce an d infinite wisdom

Shall little h aughty ign orance pron ou nc e His w o r s un w se o f w c th e s m a e s ar k i , hi h ll t p t Excee ds th e n arro w vi s ion o f h e r min d ? AS if u o n a fu - ro or on e ome p ll p p ti d d , Of sw e n c o umn s reare th e r e o f art lli g l d, p id , A cr c w o s e fe e e ra scarce S re a s iti fly, h bl y p d An n c aroun w n re s um o n o i h d , ith bli d p pti b ld e Should dare to tax th e s truc ture of th e wh ol . HO M S N T O .

The natural p erfection s of Go d are s et b efore us our a m a n the m a our for d ir tio , or l for

Th e o f n a u e an s e s o ur imitation . book t r w r ques tion s as regards the former ; th e book o f re

a n as th e a e e a m n e vel tio to l tt r . Th y h r o iz with

a In th e su e s s ea s e w e ch other. bj ct Of thi tr ti e have a mos t promi nen t example of the import an e o f es ea as e a s th e a an e c r rch , both r g rd void c of evil an d the manifes tation o f creative wo n

e s The m s e a es s o f our e s d r . pro i d h rv t fi ld droop b en eath th e corro s iv e in fluen ces of mi nu e a en es mu e e e me a t g ci , ltipli d till th y b co t H 1 2 B LI G TS IN THE CORN .

mes a m s e e m n . e ms ti l o t ov rwh l i g Th ir for ,

e s u es th e n es u n e th ir o rc , pri cipl po which th y can by any po s s ibilty aid in th e e con omy o f th e

s eem a e at s un definable . S O do world lik , fir t,

as s s o f a un m their reme dies . M e d rk wholeso e blights blas t th e growing plan ts in o ur com

field an d n e ur an a m s o es . the co , i f ct gr ri To m on Ob s erver th ey app ear sh apeles s an d dis g usting but th e eye Of s cien ce h as p enetrated t e s e e na u e an d e s in e ex ui h ir cr t t r , b hold , th ir q s e an sm n e e e u e e it org i , i cr dibl r prod ctiv pow r, an d un e um s an es o f a e u a n , d r circ t c p c li r ki d , us es e mCt o ds . es es we a e s e h B id , h v di cov r d Of

n e u e en n In th e checki g th ir destr ctiv ext sio .

u a s s n an e h as en em all r r l di trict , ig or c giv th s orts of grotes que de sign ation s without the remotes t con ception o f their gen eric characters, re th e es an d an es . en e e prop rti , tidot Ev wh

as a e een U n an e few a l t h v b hit po by ch c , th t us e m n a e are n en din the k ow wh t th y co t g with,

h eas n s o f th e me s e a or t e r o thod th y pply .

a e un e s o f e s of th e s en Nor h v h dr d till r oil, wh they grieve over th e withered grains o f wheat that spoil th e s ample an d dimini sh th e hoped

e u n th e eas n n of th e a s th e for r t r , l t otio h bit Of

u u en littl e p es ts which have ca s e d s ch defici cy . Still les s do they suppo s e that there are men P E OF P 1 3 ARASIT S LANTS . wh o can s e es e m s e es an d la the olv th y t ri , y w e em hole facts of such cas es b efor th . It is th e design o f th e author to un fold s ome o f thes e s ecrets which h ave hitherto b een s o s e m at all es e in u a lan ldo , if , d crib d pop l r

ua e en b e n a e e g g . Att tion will pri cip lly dir ct d

s e are th e of aras ites to tho blights which work p ,

un n s b e e both f gi an d i s ect . It will prop r,

e e e s e n e a is m ean th e th r for , fir t, to d fi wh t t by e m aras ite is e e m th e ee t r p . It d riv d fro Gr k

’ wa oim r o aras ites m ean n on e a word p c, (p ) i g th t

es t n f an e m s liv at he expe s e o oth r . Fro thi

e a n ea be s een a th e e m d riv tio , it will r dily th t t r is appropriately taken by naturalis ts to signify th at whatever th ey so n am e lives at th e ex

en s e o f s me e n We u e e p o oth r thi g . Sho ld th r fore defin e th e parasite o f a livin g organ ize d su s an ce as an e n an e s ub b t , oth r livi g org iz d s tan ce produce d in an d owin g its subsequen t u to th e Th e a as S pport former . p r ite Of a vegetable is an other vegetable existin g un der

es e um s an es a as es o f an th circ t c . P r it pl ts are o f th e n d th e ea n s e a a es s . s two ki d , l fy l fl Tho e

a a e ea es o f the m s e e th t h v l v , which i tl to is a am a ex ain le a a em s e es o f f ili r p , v il th lv the as cen ding s ap of th e pl ants to which they are a a e e a a n in e o wn ea es tt ch d, l bor ti g it th ir l v . 1 4 - Two R OF SO TS PARASITES .

B ut it is manifest that tho se which are leafles s cann ot do s o they require s ap previously con

e e n ro er uice o r es en in s a in v rt d i to p p j , d c d g p th e an s e e n a n n o pl t to which th y b lo g, h vi g organ s Of their own capable o f effectin g this f es se n a es s o a . n ti l proc vit lity Accordi gly, the y are foun d growin g from th e roots of th eir

e u a e e a es e o f th e p c li r v g t bl , which th y rob

' cambzum or sa a mes n a e e n , p, th t co dow ft r b i g e a a in th ea es We n l bor te d e l v . have a otable in stan ce of s uch a p arasite in th e common

us cuta or e a a s e an d c , dodd r, which tt ck clov r,

a s me m es an a a m n e ee th t o ti to l r i g d gr . Of l ate year s complaints have b een m ade that it h as b een foun d in great quantities o n th e plan ts of clover rai s ed from foreign s eed an d it would be well to p ay atten tion to th e tho

u ean s n a e m a n m ro gh cl i g of it, ft r i port tio , fro

an e us an a m anime n e so d g ro cco p nt . A oth r

mm n a as e is s e es un a s o n co o p r it of th p ci , fo d l o

- e is th e oro banclze o r s an e e . clov r, , tr gl v tch It is s o a e m th e ee s d o So c ll d fro Gr k word p / g,

’’ 0 7 0 60 8 a e h an d cz ew an kein ( 3 ) v tc , yx , ( g , ) but an e . as en s s o n th e s to str gl It f t fir t root , , un e th e e a e a s s en s o ut its lik dodd r, ft rw rd d

s fibre in to th e s oil . Th e parasites to which referen ce will firs t

1 6 NATUR E OF FUNGI .

a s n t e nn e m em an e an by protru io of h i r br , or

e n a o f th e u e - s en en n lo g tion o t r, thu l gth i g

a s is th e u ua o r n rmal out its sp wn . Thi s l o e "but s l b e e ea e s ee a a mod , a wil h r ft r n, pp u n t t e n o n e e s a a ro tly o h o ly , for w h ll h ve to des cribe another method o f germination in th e cas e o f certain p arasitic fungi belon ging to our

u Th e e oru e a u s e . s l s bj ct t rm p will l o occ r, by which we mean th e fine con tents o f th e s eeds

th e We s a s ee n th e u se o f Of fungi , h ll , i co r t es e fin e o ents a ea he work, that th c nt pp r to n u ma b e circulate i plan ts an d grow. F ngi y

s a t n s s o f a m as o e e s o r e id o co i t s f littl c ll , littl

ea s o o f n e a u a s . thr d , r both combi d in v rio s w y

e a e n o ruc i ation e e e s ares Th y h v f t fic xc pt th ir p ,

o r s f th e e s poridia, o which m thod of attach I men t are singularly curious and b eautiful . n ‘ their respiratory functions they approach to th e p eculiarity of animal rather than vegetable e or e s e n d a e car lif , f th y ab orb ox yg n a ex h l

b as . e fle e n ain a ea onic acid g Lik sh, th y co t gr t quantity o f nitrogen ; and the subs tan ce calle d ine e e m em t e e s fimg , xtract d fro th by h ch mi t, is sa d to ea a nea es em an e an ma . i b r r r bl c to i l n u s en m matter . They derive their o ri hm t fro

e s an es n e an d n ot th ubst c o which th y grow, , a is th e as th e en s an d a ae m s c e with lich lg , fro the me a i e e s Th e u ces di n which th y xi t . j i FORMS OF FUN GI . 1 7 impregn ate d with th e p eculiar prin cipl e s of the

. matter to which an y p articular fungus is at

e e m its a a e . t ch d, for ppropri t food Fungi as sum e various forms th e Simplest is that o f a s eries o f articulated threads compos ed

n en d We a e an o f little cellules place d e d to . h v e am s m in mm n m u as is x ple Of thi for co o o ld, eas ily to be s een by submittin g it to th e m s e In s me o f ese s es th e n s icro cop . o th ca joi t s e a e n d a a t be a e o f e p rat , a ppe r o cap bl r pro

u n b t in e s th e s es are un o n d ctio , u , oth r , por fo d th e as n s an d en th e e u e con . l t joi t , wh c ll l which

a n s t em u s s e are s e se an d as t i h b r t , th y di p r d, , s n as e fin d a s a e a e erm na n oo th y uit bl pl c , g i tio

men es . In h e e n n we find com c t n xt co ditio ,

un as sum n a e e m n a e fi u e n s s n f gi i g d t r i t g r , co i ti g o f a m as s efl e ula s sue e n e of chi y c ll r ti , th i t rior o f n a n s th e s es a e n to an d which co t i por dh ri g it,

e uen u e e en s es fr q tly fo r tog th r . Wh thi dri , th e esu is a dus su s an e a m s r lt ty b t c , which l o t eve ry one h as witnessed who h as gathere d a

mm - a e e m s co on puff b ll . With r gard to th o t “ m e e s a e . e e e s er s e co pl t t t , Mr B rk l y ob ve , th y

n s s o f two su a es o n e of is e en co i t rf c , which v an d m e a e th e e s e a a e n i p rfor t , oth r p r t d i to

a es o r e s and a e th e h menium pl t c ll , c ll d y , to

se m nen e s m a s u u e who co po t c ll , which for tr ct r 1 R O G 8 ORDE S F FUN I .

esem n the e o f e e th e s es r bli g pil v lv t, por are a a e m ean s of e e s s e s and tt ch d by littl proc ,

en e a in u s u as na th e g r lly fo r , tho gh occ io lly ” um a s e a n b er is either les s o r gre ter . Ob rv

n o f th e a s o f a m us m an a a tio p rt hroo , or y g ric un us eadi e a n th e m ean n o f s f g , will r ly xpl i i g thi

u a n n d n e a ue n n a un us q ot tio , a co v y tr otio of f g in its es n n As m a be eas high t co ditio . y ily

n e e o f su a mu u e o f e ls s m e co c iv d ch ltit d c l , o

are a en e th e e s are e e. e b rr , whil oth r f rtil Mor

e ma n s a e een n e in em ov r, for tio h v b otic d th which h ave h ad attributed to them the per fo rman th ce of e offices o f anthers . Lindley an d other emin en t botan is ts are Of Opin ion that fun gi might be broken up regu larl n e s un e on a n e e y i to ord r , fo d d k owl dg of

s e e u a es s u u th e p c li riti Of tr ct re .

1 en the h menium is a m . Wh y (which di i un re o f é u finmén s n m em an e is ti p fi , , ki or br , ) n a e e m b e a e fi mcno-m cetes k d, th y ight c ll d y y th e term mycetes b eing derive d from th e

' a un u u ee zuo mu/tin s . Gr k word p yg, ( g) f g S ch

- are all th e a a s o r mus m es . e g ric , hroo trib Th ir

es are s et in u s on e es s es a e Spor fo r , littl proc c ll d

- s o ro hores or s e ea e s . p p , por b r r

W n th e h m i 2 . e enium s en e in a as e h y clos d c ,

’ o r erzdium th e a a e n ame is as ter p , ppropri t g o 1 ORDERS OF FUNGI . 9

m ce tes fi oin a o r as ter a s ma h . y , y fip, (g , ) to c

h s ar ene a a s in u s T e po res o f thes e e g r lly l o fo r .

s e u n u e uf - a s and Thi ord r wo ld i cl d p f b ll ,

h ia Sp oer s .

The n e s se b e name 3 . ext ord r i propo d to d

co niom cetes m new s us . e y fro , d t Th y

a e a us - e a ea an e as e e o n e h v d t lik pp r c , v ry kn ows who h as n otice d th e uredin es o f th e

n - an s a un an e e en e cor pl t , to which b d t r f r c will b m a e in th u es e e d e co rs e of this work . Th

a e e s es s n e o r as n a in h v th ir por i gl , occ io lly s even s .

Th u de u be es n a e 4 . e fo rth or r wo ld d ig t d

h m fio cetes m i5 o § hu lzos a web . y p y , fro ¢ , ( p , )

u are th e un a a n e es o a es S ch f gi tt cki g v tch , p t to , ’ ’ etc . a e bo tr tza es m ér vc bo trzis , c ll d y , fro B p , ( , ) a un o f a e s th e s es an n n a e b ch gr p , por h gi g k d

e e es on th e ea e are a s lik b rri thr ds . Th y l o

en in s e en s in s Oft v thi order .

5 . The u be e m e as com cetes fifth wo ld t r d y ,

m do mes as kos a b ag th e a fro , ( , ) , Sporidi , or s e - as es en e a e n n a ne in e s por c , g r lly b i g co t i d ight ,

' in e s es . s n is th e er sz fie v icl Of thi ki d y p , a a n ea - ees h O d an s eas an e s . tt cki g p ch tr , p , p , b

Th an 6 . e sixth d las t should b e called

h s o -m etes f m 150 0 lms a a n p y yc , ro $ , (p , ) blow

a e e aus e th e s es are su m un e b bl dd r, b c por r o t d y PR R OF U OPE TIES F NGI . a s Of es u a e Ca e an s s a ort v ic l r v il, ll d by bot i t

' s ora zum Th e a us f p ng . th ll o these fun gi is

flo cc o s e .

S uch are th e orders in to which th e fun gi are cap able of b ein g divided ; an d when th e h ard n am es derived from th e Greek language are m as e e d e e a ass s in a e t r , th y gr tly i t corr ct

n e e o f e s e u us an s u k owl dg th c rio pl t , witho t which n o accurate inves tigation into their

a s can b e effe ua m a e h bit ct lly d . Th e properties o f fungi are as remarkable as e m m th ir for s . So e Of them are exce llen t

d an d are e en i s un an d for foo , at n thi co try

u u Eu e . The mus m th e thro gho t rop hroo , m e"th e uf e ar se m s enera or , tr fl , e tho o t g lly us ed for th e table in Englan d an d in Fran ce ; but in other parts o f th e world a large vari ety m u u es ea a ue the n a es o f for l x ri , gr tly v l d by tiv th e a e e me un are pl c s where th y grow . So f gi intoxicating others are extrem ely poi s on ous ; but h as een s a e o n au a it b t t d, high thority, th t thi s quality varies exceedingly in differen t

ma es an d un e th e n uen e iffe en cli t , d r i fl c Of d r t m n d n Th a e s odes o f preparatio an cooki g . e s f t wa n e e e es s is n ot en u e on an y, v rth l , to v t r y whos e wholes om en e s s h as n o t been well as ce r tained me un are eau u s . So f gi b tif lly pho pho "- HA RHI O MORP . rescent in th e a an d e th e na u a a es d rk, giv t r l rch o f certain min es th e app earan ce o f en ch an te d au ts e em n n e s a e en u v l t i g with i d crib bl spl do r . Thes e lumin ous fun gi chiefly belong to th e kin d a e rlzizo - mor lza s o n am e e aus e e as c ll d p , d b c th y s ume th e a ea an e o f m as s es o f s e pp r c root . Th y aboun d in cellars an d other place s un der

u - s i th e m gro n d . Rhizo morph s atter o f fungi

e e e in an an ma us n n cu d v lop d o lo co ditio . A ’ rious example w as lately place d in th e author s

n l h ad n hands by profes sor He s ow . It grow o n th e en a men s o f a un in wooll g r t body, fo d a coffin herme tically s eale d in a deep vault o f

m mes h as een Roman cons truction . So eti it b said that th e hair h as grown un de r s uch cir cum stances but in all a l s a ea , prob bi ity thi pp r ance was merely th e s imilar developmen t o f a

e es of -mor h a an d in a th e o n e Sp ci rhizo p , f ct,

m s a en alluded to might have easily been s o i t k . Th e part s of th e glob e in which fun gi grow o ught n ot to p as s un n oticed ; for where th e

f th e e m me e is a u th e s ame ran ge o th r o t r bo t ,

ma e s are an a us e e is su an and cli t logo , th r ch

e n th e un a u b e identity betw e f gi, th t it wo ld almo st possible to draw flea-f ungal lines on a map o f th e earth . Many more ob s ervations are yet required on 2 2 K — E ULATION MISTA ES SP C S . all th e n atural productions called by th e co m m o n n m un a e of f gi . Some which have b e en long regarded as fungi are m erely bli sters o f

’ a carz an - e e are un on ea es , or pl t lic th y fo d l v of

ea - ee s and e am ne a e u w u p r tr , , till x i d c r f lly, o ld eas m s ea th e s e e . e s as in ily i l d ob rv r Oth r , for s an e s e ea n th e n am e erineum are t c tho b ri g of , o nly dis eas es o f th e s up erficial tis s ue o f th e ea es e e e m a e e a ea an e is l v wh r th y k th ir pp r c . It

e e s s en a e e e a w e s u s v ry ti l, th r for , th t ho ld how ‘ th at dis eas es o f plan ts attribute d to fun gi do a ua eed m m ct lly proc fro the .

As m a b e n e e s e u a n s u n y co c iv d, p c l tio po th e un a en n a f gi h ve b e o t few . They have a sen o ut o f e a me e ch a ri th ir r pid growth, t oric rac ter th e n eas e o f s e es un e e a , i cr p ci d r c rt in

um s an es th e e e men a as circ t c , d v lop t of p r itic fungi o nly o n particular parts o f plan ts and

d m n n e e e s e an a e as e a n e a s . owh r l , y oth r c rt i d f ct

‘ B ut s es at n e s ate a th e n it i b t o c . to t , th t o ly truth- like s olution of th eir s ource is th e almo s t univers al diffusion of th eir i n con ceivably sm all s u es are s o n um e us and m n u e por l , which ro i t , that it is n ot easy to con ceive any place where

e m a n o t a un . e are e e at an th y y bo d Th y v r h d, only awaiting suitable con ditio n s for spring in U n s en e g p i to exi t c .

2 4 c unrous U T "ES ION . th e e e en th e ea a e all s xc ll cy of gr t M k r of . Thi dark h ue is attributabl e to th e spawn j ust m en tio n ed ; an d th e fun gi to which it gives birth

n sum e u es en an e ma e and both co p tr c t org iz d tt r, m anure th e lan d .

s u e e m s e s s eem s a e Thi r l , lik o t oth r , to h v

e n Th e s m e n un its exc ptio s . i pl st ki d of f gi are n o t in th e n n th e es au h es , opi io of high t t oriti , con fin e d to sub s tan ces in a state o f de composi

n but a a a s an s an d an ma s in tio , tt ck p rt of pl t i l

d u e e es s u ea an . e s u f ll h lth vigo r N v rth l , it ho ld b e borne in min d that there are m any who

ues n e e th e s ee s an un are or q tio wh th r d of y f gi , c an b e e e e u s m e n en a e , d v lop d witho t o i cipi t lt r ation in th e tis sues o f th e subj ects of th eir

a a s . n e s a e e n ease th e m a tt ck O c t rt d, th y i cr lady ; an d p erhap s they m ay be s tarted in such in cipien t s tages o f diseas e as to lead to th e e e in n um e us se e s a e b li f, ro ob rv r , th t th y

an m a an d e e a es a origi nate it . Both i l s v g t bl m y certainly b e in oculated by th e fungi which are

e u a em . is e e s a p c li r to th It right, how v r, to v

u Th e s that in oculation prod ces di seas e . ilk worm m ay thus h av e given to it th e di seas e m a e rr us cardin e . The un us c ll d r f g , fro which ’

s effe esu s is a e B o tr tzs B as siczna . thi ct r lt , c ll d y

In s m e un es e e is a s e es of as o co tri , th r p ci w p 2 5 ANIMAL F UN GI .

th e o f a un us an d which is subj ect to growth f g , is n o t unfrequen tly s een upon th e win g with it S h mf ia 3 m m“ On e p adh ering to its body . o f th e m o st curious l n s tan ces of a living anim al thus infested was dis co

an vere d in New "eal d . There 1 8 m tho se i slan ds a caterpillar o f a large m n a es th e oth , which i h l sporules o f a fun gus calle d

’ ’

S fice rza R o berts za . en un u p Wh F g s , this h app en s th e c aterpil lar burie s itself In th e

un an d th e e in gro d, whol terio r o f th e body is re place d by a black m as s of s es On f e s e por . e o th e g n erally s eem s privilege d to

an d s es m th e grow, ri fro n ap e o f th e n eck o f th e c aterpillar in to a tap ering un us as e esen e in f g , r pr t d th e ann e e u x d fig res . If by an y ch an ce thi s s tem is

en off an e s es brok , oth r ri to s u ee but en e a cc d it ; , g r lly ' c d to rp nar G 2 6 ANALO Y .

n n me s at s ea n o e e e a me . p ki g, o ly rg ti Such an ins tan ce o f an animal des troye d an d re

' a e a un us aff s a s n pl c d by f g , ord triki g proof that a retrograde s tep is s ometimes to be foun d

n th e an ma n m The usua e en i i l ki gdo . l t n d cy in th e n s e ea n is an a an i ct cr tio to dv ce . Each chan ge leads to a higher degree th e egg e mes th e a e a th e a e a e mes b co c t rpill r, c t rpill r b co a C s a s an d th e C sa s is at en an s hry li , hry li l gth tr

m e n s m e eau u w n e en for d i to o b tif l i g d fly, oft s een glittering in vivid colours un der th e be am s

f th n -da s un h n d e f s u o e n oo y . T e k owle g o ch a tran sformation leads to reflections deduced

m n s es en o n th e u u e es n o f fro thi g pr t, f t r d ti y

an e s e u s are s n emb e m . Th tho ght triki gly odi d in th e following lin e s

s ar n ot "o n c o s n e es Oh , t t thy l i g v A no ther day s h all s till unfold ; A s un o f m der ra an ce ri se il di ,

A h appi er age o f j oys untold . l th e o or worm a s o c s th e s Shal p th t h k ight, ’ Th e um e s form in a ure s ra n h bl t N t t i , us r s e in new - o rn us re r Th i b l t b ight , An d ye t th e embl e m teach in v ain 1

Thes e beautiful progress ion s s eem to give th e Chris tiana natural s hadow of a hoped for ex is

f n ue th e s a is en e o a n e . t c obl r ki d Tr , h dow

ee e but et m an fes s a th e m s e o f f bl , y it i t th t pro i G 2 ANALO Y . 7 a fe to me is but a an e rea iza n li co , gr d r l tio of

‘ that which things under o ur con s tant o b s er vation proclaim to b e in uniso n with the pro ceedings of the Author o f all exis ten ce in cer a n of th s o f i n We s ee a t i e work h s ha d . th t suc h a declaration in his reveale d word is in c n s s en w ims e in his l e e a n o i t cy ith h lf ow r op r tio s . Unimportan t as are th e tran s formatio n s b efore us c m are our es u re n un e o p d with r r ctio to lif , s till it is mos t inte res ting to pe rceive th at a

a n e of e s s in the . n e f i t typ it xi t world No lo g r,

en c an the s e t s an u n the a s e o th , c p ic t d po f l p s ition a r m all a is re sen e o ur , th t, f o th t p t d to “ n e is n e e a Go d s u a se otic , it i cr dibl th t ho ld r i ” th e ea B ut e e s u a s a e d d . hith rto, whil ch f ct h v ’ b een adduce d as auxiliaries to th e believe r s a no n e h as een a en o f th e um f ith, otic b t k circ s an es u o n th e s am e n es m a t c which, p pri cipl , y b e u r a as n m n in e bro ght fo w rd co fir i g, th ir

e e e the wa n n s o f th e s e a e s se d gr , r i g go p l ddr d

to un e eve s . Th e re as n is a s u a e b li r o , th t ch r tro grade s tep as th e o n e b efore us h ad e scap ed

n Let us ma in th e a a obse rvatio . rk it f ct th t

is ca e a un e th e a en of s e nem th t rpill r, d r g cy thi y to its ea ass es s ease n th e o un h lth, p di d i to gr d and dies e so n e e me s m , whil o th r co forth fro its decaying body the inferior replacemen t o f a 2 8 FORMS OF SPAWN .

n aus e us un us . en we are ea n a o f g If, th , to l r les s on from th e former examples of as cen t in th e s a e o f e s en e wh n ot m t s un c l xi t c , y fro hi of ? ques tion able des cen t C an we see n o an alogy

e e m a n n s s ma ea an d h r , co p ri g thi g ll with gr t,

n s n a u a n s e ea e of th e thi g t r l with thi g r v l d, going down o f th e ungodly in to a con dition of

e a a n an d e m n into a d gr d tio , of th ir co i g forth ' s a e e n ow t t o f life far b elow that in which th y , ? are th e n fe en e s in on e as e If i r c hold good c , it es so in th e e an d m es th e do oth r, forcibly i pli po s sibility o f tho s e who are to the las t un der an un u e an d un a n e a n s in s n c r d p rdo d t i t of , ri i g

s ame and n em to h co t pt . Some kin ds o f fungi m ay b e almost called

a en in un e e is on e t errestri l . Ev this co try th r (cg/p aella) which grows o n little gravel-s ton es ; an d certain exotic fungi are found on tuph a

a like e rth .

We a e s en o f th e m celium s a n o f h v pok y , or p w ,

un an d th e ues n m a b e n a u a as e f gi , q tio y t r lly k d, ? wh at is it It is merely th e developmen t o f th e s e s o f un o r th e u e n eas e o f por f gi, f rth r i cr m e um a ea u a es mu in yc li lr dy prod ced . It v ri ch a ea an e in th e ffe en es e n ma e pp r c di r t trib , b i g c d inoas o r ela tino us ves icular as th e ase , g , or , , c

a b e m y . U GI 2 CE REAL F N . 9

Th e cereal fungi have their mycelium pres en t in ea an ts an d un e a u a e um h lthy pl , d r f vo r bl circ s an s es e are the t ce they are develop ed . Th kin ds to which atten tion will b e prin cipally di rected in th e a es o f s e an d e p g thi littl book, th y are e eme m nu e e u n e s o f xtr ly i t , r q iri g high pow r . the m s e as e as a s e se a icro cop , w ll pr cti d ob rv

n a n a u a e n e e o f e tio , to obt i cc r t k owl dg th ir

ms and a . e ene a a ea in s ari for h bits Th y g r lly pp r , o r a es n s s n of mu u es of s es p tch , co i ti g ltit d por , that form frequen tly so many cas es in closin g th e e u e s u es as h as een r prod ctiv por l , which, b s a e a in th e a m s e e a un us un t t d, flo t t o ph r ro d til th ey light on s ome place adapte d to their

e e em e m nu en es s a s o f growth . Th ir xtr i t llow

e e n n u e m e s e ea e th ir b i g i trod c d, by thod h r ft r to b a ne n th e su s an e o f th e s sues e expl i d, i to b t c ti

f s n h o an o r be ea t e e e m s . As e pl t , th pid r i th y

o n th e ea es or s a o f co rn - an s e grow l v , tr w, pl t , th y a se th e e e m s n u us uff s e s r i pid r i i to c rio p y bli t r ,

e su s e uen u u e in th e s ame which th y b q tly r pt r , way as th e large toad- s tool s have been kn own to lift up th e flag- ston es o f a p aved s treet in a in he e s s o f e n e e town t proc th ir developme t . Th s

a c es are of ffe en u s but mo st com p t h di r t colo r , f

m u e e ee e n o r a . Th e o ly ith r d p y llow, brow , bl ck s everal p arts o f the wheat-plan t are attacked O H 3 0 SUBJE CTS F T IS VOLUME .

es e a as s a e u e dis ~ by th p r itic pe st , which r q it

n m ea e n n n co m ti ct fro ch oth r, havi g othi g in

on e e a e e m a i i th e m , x c pt th t th y g r in te w th n

s s ues en t e of ese u a e ti . Wh h habits th f ngi h v een u es e th e ea e be re aa‘ e d b f lly d crib d, r d r will p p for any concluding obs e rvations sp ace may allqw at th e en of s es en suff en d . . thi work At pr t, ici t has b een said to ope n the way to a clear com

e en s n o f the s a emen s a o u to be ma e . pr h io , t t t b t d h h l co me e a to t e nsec s c . With r g rd , i t whi wil

ui e as th e s of e r en a ments in q r d, tory th i cro ch cludes a of . s and th t their natural pe culiaritie , we a e nl deal‘ h su h as odu e h v o y to, wit c pr c in th e ea and ma be a e ue blight , wh t, y c ll d tr a as s du e in and i in u n e ain p r ite , pro c d , l v g po , c rt

o ns o f the ant . porti , pl Th e order in which th e flmgi will he treated is th e fo llowing

1 . ose a a n th e s traw Th tt cki g .

s . 2 . Tho e attacking th e leaves and W

3 . os e a ac n the ower Th tt ki g fl .

4 . s e a a in the m Tho tt ck g 57 m. After these fungi have been traced in their

o and effe s a de n w be n gr wth ct , scriptio ill give ’ ‘ - o f certain extraordinary an imalcule called Vi r briones Triad or of th t w c r n , eels e whea , hi h e

CHAPTER II .

— Fun gus attacking th e s traw— Dip azea o n th e j o int s Puccinia - — — Gramin is o r ccrn mildew Explanation of th e term Habit s o f gro wth— Micro s c opic al appe arance s — Sh ape o f th e S pores Th e ir s ituati on w ith regard to th e s tomat a o f th e s tem Fun c tions of th e s tom ata— Me th o d of s e e ing them w ell with th e micro s c o pe — Sporule s o f pucc i ni a en ter th e plan t by the m - — n r auer Pamphle t of s ir J o seph B an k s D raw i gs of M . B Old T e s tam en t men ti on of mildew- Gras s e s an d re e ds s ubje c t t it— It a e ars in th e au umn— r es on th e un ersa diffu o pp t F i , iv l — ’ — s io n o f s p o rules Farmers cl ubs Value to them of th e rm — — crc sc ope Me th o d of ex aminin g th e puccin ia A n o ther fungus — fre qu e ntly mi s t aken for it R eme die s again s t puccin ia aras e s remo e c ean nes s o rom lan s and P it v d by l li , b th f p t an m s i al .

OU R i nquiry in to th e habits o f the p arasitic un un u n th e ea - an f gi, fo d po wh t pl t, will co m m en ce with on e o f its mo s t common pests

a n th att cki g e straw . An d here it may b e men n e a th e n s o f th e s aw are n tio d, th t joi t tr ot un frequently affected by a s mall and almost un s e e un us a e di azea u n i h ob rv d f g c ll d p , po wh c

is unne es sa e is not con it c ry to dw ll, for it s idered as makingits app earance on s tems in a J o r 3 3 MILDEW WHEAT .

h eal n n i inu s e thy co ditio . It s a very m te p cies

o f s lweria an d ma e uen b e n e th e p , y fr q tly otic d if

n s are a e ul e am n e B ut in th e as e joi t c r f ly x i d . c

o f th e un us n ow to be es e th e e s f g d crib d, fi ld ,

e s e a o f a e a e e s in e ain a es p ci lly l t v ri ti c rt loc liti , m ay be often p erceive d to be quite blacken ed

its en a m en s e th e a n as e by cro ch t , whil gr i , w ll as h e m e n e a e t s a e es e e e . tr w, b co xc di gly d t rior t d

O n a e n a s em be un com g th ri g t , it will fo d pletely disfigure d by numero us dark blotches o f th e s ari or a es en unn n its en e , p tch , oft r i g tir

e n Th e mm n n ame of s s ase is l gth . co o thi di e m e an d h as een es n a e an s s ild w, it b d ig t d by bot i t

' ’ u ci nia ramznis a e m su s e b e p c g , t r ppo d to

’ deriied m th e ee m wa al m fro Gr k word , (p ) s n n s e or an d to a e e e ig ifyi g clo ly thickly, h v r f r en ce to th e crowde d con dition in which th e little fungi are p acked in th e several p atches in

e en th e s eas e which th y grow . Wh di firs t s s s e th e s em e s a num e o f how it lf, t xhibit b r da - u e s s en ea th e e e m s rk colo r d pot b th pid r i , s m e of a e an an e- u e n e o which h v or g colo r d ti g ,

e s a ee n In a s me th e oth r d p brow . hort ti , o u e u e s s an d a m us us e s o f t r c ticl plit , d rk ty cl t r

On e am n n s po res app ear in th e Openings . x i i g es e th e m s e e m ani es dis th with icro cop , th y f t t n n d u m e are s een to b e i ct a curio s for s . Th y

B 3 i P R OF TH A PEA ANCE E STRAW.

en s e masses of ea -s a e un a s al d p r h p d f gi with t k, n w ea on radu i to hich ch e g ally tapers .

Th e ea s of celium or s a n are n o t thr d my , p w ,

s e but e n e ea e emse es amon s vi ibl , th y i t rw v th lv g t th e ss ue o f th e s a an d is m em ti tr w, it fro th

a th e es em e e an d ea u th e th t Spor rg , br k thro gh

eau u ri r be epidermis . A b tif l figure o f it ms"; ’ s een in Corda s celebrate d drawings of fungi ; but it requires great skill and a very powerful m e icro s cop e to s ee it w ll .

ece o f s raw w m ew as ie we un e r th e microsco e Pi t ith ild , v d d p s magn ifie d 125 diamet er .

Th e usual magnifie d app earance of a piece o f mildewe d s traw is repres ented in th e draw in ie e as an a ue e t a o g, v w d op q obj c by go d a m a i a s Th e ear~sha ed b es chro t c gl s . p p odi thus clus tered together are the spores of th e ' uccin a a s ma asantit be s ra e ofi p i . If ll q y c p d th n of a n e and fur her ma ~ with e poi t k if , t g R F FO M O THE SPORES . 3 5 nified e be s m e s in s een , th y will till or di t ctly . They are well repres en te d in the figures we have

ven th e un s e e n o ne o f ured o o r gi , ro d por b i g , m ' us e se o f u ci nia . r t, ix d with tho p c Each o f th e two comp artmen ts into which

e s e th spores are divide d is filled with sp orules . Th e s pores them selves a ea an ce mme a e n a th s toma ta pp r i di t ly be e th e ,

Sp ore s of puccin ia se p arat e d fro m th e s traw an d mag nifi e d 0 2 4 diam e t ers .

o r es th e s em a un s . ese por , with which t bo d Th s t ma ta it is e n wn are th e an s o , w ll k o , org by

n e th e which plants ex hale an d inhale . U d r n uen e o f an d in eat er th e i fl c light, dry w h , s tomata are in active exhalation ; but in w et and gloomy s eas ons these fim ction s are re

s an d e in al e u is en e e e . v r d, th y h pow rf lly It th

‘ a in all a i th e s u es are im th t, prob b lity, por l bibed h th e m u e and nd a u a e wit oist r , fi s it bl S 3 6 STOMATA OF PLANT . place for vegetatin g in th e subj acen t vegetable

s sue en a u a e a m s e um ti , wh f vo r bl t o ph ric circ

an e s n ea es n a e a e n st c , tly d ig t d by for ig philo

e cos mica mo men ta a em . Soph r, , c ll th forth As s ome o f th e readers o f thes e remarks m ay n ever have s een thes e b eautiful organ s

a e s toma ta in th e e e a e s u u e c ll d v g t bl tr ct r , who s e fun ction s are s o in disp en s able to th e life

th e an ma be e e e m en n of pl t, it y prop r h r to tio th e simples t m ethod o f obtain in g a kn owledge

a a a n o f th eir char cter by ctu l ob servatio .

e are un in th e ea es all e e a es Th y fo d l v of v g t bl , an d in th e s em s o f th e am n e us es in t gr i o trib ,

u n o f s n e cl di g every s ort Briti h corn pla t . Th y a u n e ar ls o occ r i their leaves . Th y e s mall s paces which lie b etween th e s ides of th e cells in th e e u a ssue an d en n in tercel c ll l r ti , op i to lular cavitie s in that part of the tis s ue lying

' en ea em . S toma ta th e ura O T o a b th th , pl l of p ,

s toma a m u is an a a n am e e . ( , ) o th, ppropri t

en s een a m s e e Wh with good icro cop , th ir a ea an e is m s n e e s n e pp r c o t i t r ti g . Th y form a e u es th e u s es men n e and p rt r for p rpo tio d, thes e ap ertures are clo s ed or Opened by little e as es es e e e a n is eau l tic v icl , wh r by th ir ctio b tifull e u a e Th c n y r g l t d . e n ake d eye a n e v er

e e em but un e a m s e n o d t ct th , d r good icro cop To S E E 3 THE WAY THEM . 7

e a e e is m e m e e ne obj ct wh t v r or co plet ly d fi d .

se e s ns a e n o t s een em ann Tho p r o who h v th , c ot do b etter th an to cut with a pair o f s ci s s ors a sma m th e a n ll bit fro le f of th e pla t calle d St . ’ n s a e s e a m en o n a Joh wort . Pl c thi littl fr g t s as s th e un e s e in th e lip of gl , with d r id , which

m a u m s a e a s a a un e . to t bo d, pp r o t T k good

a - n a ma e - as s an d ut o n h lf i ch chro tic obj ct gl , p th e s u u th e o n th e p ec l m . Throw light with m a a e to th e m s e an d e irror tt ch d icro cop , vi w th e ea n a a e - th e l f with a ppropri te ey piece . To as ton ishm en t o f e v ery o n e witn es si n g thi s s th e s me th e e su a e ight for fir t ti , whol rf c will a ea s e s u e th e a a pp r clo ly t dd d with stom t .

me b e un en e s s u but So will fo d op , oth r h t ; the whole will be s een with th e utmo s t dis

tinctn es s . e a e th e use th e e m Ev r ft r, of t r will pres en t n o difficulty ; an d if other l eaves an d s em s b e s u m e a s m a ns e n t b itt d to i il r i p ctio , whatever is said relative to the se minute

an s m n e e a s e org will beco e i t lligibl . A pr cti d

' micro scopi s t will s how th em admirably by s crapin g o ff a slight m or s el o f th e cuticle o f a ea an d u n o n a e e o f as s a l f, p tti g it pi c gl with \ s f a The e lip o very thin gl s s over it . pow r

en u s e s u b o n e - o f an n th d ho ld e eighth i ch . Th e location o f th e spore s o f mildew in wheat P H OF SIR J . B K 3 8 AMP LET AN S .

a as s a e n a u a n u es th e se e s tr w, t t d, t r lly i d c ob rv r to con clude that th e s porules en ter by th e

In e un to b e n e e e s tomata . oth r f gi, otic d h r

it is to b e nfe e a th e e s s o f after, i rr d th t proc

n n W n en tering th e pla t is differe t . e ow sp eak

ni only o f p ucci a .

In th e ea 1 804 th e c m a n s o f th e y r , o pl i t mi s chief done to th e wheat were o f s o serious a n a u e a s ir se an s ause m e t r , th t Jo ph B k c d so s talks o f th e plan ts affected by what was then me e a e b e a e u e am n e r ly c ll d blight, to c r f lly x i d

Th s n m w by th e micros cop e . e per o e ployed as

th e e e e . aue ma e a n s c l brat d Mr B r, who d dr wi g

th e un wi his usua s a o f f gi th l kill . A l rge volum e o f thes e production s o f th e pen cil o f that emin ent ob s erver is pres erve d in th e Britis h

’

us eum . . aue e nea e th e uccznia M Mr B r d li t d p , which h ad vegetated on the s traw and prevailed

su an a a m n e ree e eme a u to ch l r i g d g , with xtr cc n ot h e m e um a . He we e e e t r cy did , ho v r, d t ct yc li ,

as C a h as d n e s n e . In 1805 a am e ord o i c , p phl t was u s e on th e s u e as n oh p bli h d bj ct, ki g for s ervation s from intelligent agriculturis ts o n th e

n an d s s s u origi progre of th e dis eas e . Thi p bli cation embodie d a prin ciple which is now more

e a e an was n was r g rd d th it i tho s e times . It commen ded to th e n otice o f farmers as jus tly

P PERS B Y ma K IR 4 0 A BY . o f n an d as s af e e but a e n o t cor gr f ct d by it, h v us e d high magnifyin g powers in their re

u u s s n o t a ea s earches . Agric lt ri t do pp r to

a e a o n s ea suf en a en n to h v p id, thi h d, fici t tt tio th e dis coveri es o f their fellow-labourers in th e field o f n ature for though s carcely any Englis h writer o f n ote o n th e subj e ct o f rural e con omy h as faile d to s tate his opinion o f th e origin o f

s e n o o n e o f em h as et a r u e thi vil, th y tt ib t d it ’

th e ea aus e un e s s . s e e en to r l c , l Mr Kirby xc ll t

a e s o n th e s eas es of n u s e in th e p p r di cor , p bli h d

an sa n s o f th e n naean e are c o n Tr ctio Li Soci ty,

sidered as a r u u a es s a s . On s a un g ic lt r l y thi cco t, it h as b een deemed expe dien t to offer to th e co n s e a n of a me s en a n s of s es uo id r tio f r r , gr vi g thi d tr

e an m a e m th e a n s th e ao tiv pl t, d fro dr wi g of

u a e an d n en us . B auer bo tanical a n e c r t i g io Mr , p i t r

His a es Geo . ac m an e to M j ty, co p i d with his e an a n m is es ume an xpl tio , fro which it pr d atten tiv e reader will b e able to form a corre ct

ea th e a s n en e b e e e se n e id of f ct i t d d to r pr t d, an d a us n n e e o r n ot e are j t opi io wh th r th y , as is esum e b e th e as e e an d pr d to c , corr ct

In s a s a . e e e en e ti f ctory ord r, how v r, to r d r ’ aue s e an a n m e e as b e nu Mr . B r xpl tio or yto de rs to o d is n e e s s a em se a th e , it c ry to pr i th t s e a ea an e th e s u a e a s a trip d pp r c of rf c of tr w, 4 1 US E S o r STOMATA .

which may be seen with a common magn i in l s s ause a ern e l n u n a fy g gas , i c d by lt at o git di l s of t e a h e o n e e a e a d p artition h b rk, t imp rfor t n the o ther furni shed with on e o r two rows o f es r s s in dr en in wet por p mo uth , hut y, op e e and e a a u a e o m i e w ath r, ch c lc l t d t i b b fluid

n ve t e s a is m . es or whe e s h tr w da p Por , u m a t se are a e n a u e mo ths, si il r o the , pl c d by t r t e s u a e of a e n e s an d s ems on h rf c le v s, bra ch , t of 11 r c n s s n n ee n en e 3 pe fe t pla t a provi io , i d d, i t d d no dnubt to compensate in some m easure th e a want o f locomotion in vegetables . A pl n t t en s th e k and cahpo , wh thir ty, go to broo drink; hut it can open in num erable orifices for the reception o f every degree o f moi s ture whieh eitherfalls in th e shap e of rain an d of dew o r is s e a a e m th e m ass o f u , p r t d fro fl id

n in th e a m always heldinsolutio t o sphere . It seldo m happen s in th e driest s eas on that “ the pight dges not afford s om e refreshmen t of this hind to restore th e moisture th at hes b een eshausted by th e heat o f th e pre ’ h e e en ee s ceding day . T writ r th proc d to a is ese es o r s toma ta s ay th t it by th por , , e h v a e em th e s ee s o f th e as w s e c ll d th , d fungus gai n admi s sion ; an d with res p ect to on no e e us h e is a n the e w b for right, ccordi g to B 3 4 2 TI OF W AC ON MILDE . o ur su s n ppo itio . So exceedingly sm all is each

n ua s e th e m e a sir s e i divid l por of ild w, th t Jo ph B anks was p ers uade d that any s ingle s toma o n th e s tem would produce from twen ty to forty

e m na n in th e w enea In g r i ti g hollo b th it . s u s n s e e e are nva a ch po itio , wh r th y i ri bly

un e n e e th e s a na des fo d, th y i t rc pt p origi lly

ne th e n u s m en th e a n e ti d for o ri h t of gr i , whil they prey als o o n th e tis sue s ; s o th at th e

a n ese m ean s a n e e e its gr i , by th , f ili g to r c iv

e n u m en e mes s e e an d de prop r tri t, b co hriv ll d fective in n th e n um e th e , proportio to b r of

us of its us ten an e fun gi which th rob it s c . The corn s ample is accordingly bad to th e e e an d e en in u e n at th e s am e y d fici t flo r, yi ldi g, me a uan o f s u e a un an an d n e ti , q tity p r b d t i f rior

n bra . In all cases wh ere such a little p es t as thi s

e m es mu e a ea e en es b co lti pli d to gr t xt t, it giv

a u n s uen We find fre ris e to fe rf l co eq ces . it

uen men n e in th e e s am en a q tly tio d Old T t t, th t “ ” th e mildew w as on e o f th e Divin e j udg m en s th e sm s o f th e e e e en t for p opl , who, v un e a n n s a e e u n d r th t i flictio , till f il d to r t r

in his th e L e . m n to ord th ir God Solo o , ’ s ae s s e an d s a e ia ~ prayer for I r l pro p rity f ty, treated th e Lord th at wh en under th e pres s ure MILDEW ON REED . 4 3 o f this particular affliction they might b e

ea an d en . mn en e n u h rd forgiv To O ipot c , m ber h as n o m s an d th e sm a es n li it , ll t thi g God h as made can b e s o augm en ted in quan tity as

a m is as n s to cco pl h v t desig . l ew °n a Le af °f All th e tribes of gramineae Mi d n R ee comm o d ' s eem more or les s subj ect to

u n a an d is e uen p cci i , it fr q tly foun d o n th e leaves of differen t

n s ee e s en n un ki d of r d, pr ti g magnified th e preci se app ear

an e e es en e in th e s e c r pr t d k tch, an d which is indee d m uch th e s ame as on th e s traw o f ea Th e s a e o f th wh t . h p e s es are e e s m e a por , how v r, o wh t

s n o t en differen t . It doe g e rally break o ut into p atches till th e autumn h as con s ider

a a an e en e r e bly dv c d ; h c y , which rip en s e arlier than th e

e n - an s is s e m oth r cor pl t , ldo

much attacke d by thi s p arasite . It is common to almo s t all coun tries ; an d wh en th e eye of th e ob server h as on ce b e ucc n a me ac us me 1t th e P i i co c to d to , Am n dmacea. D P R ON o r RU S 4 4 IS E SI SPO LE .

ue uccinia is n s an e e e as e as tr p i t tly d t ct d, w ll th e da -c u e s s un e th e u e rk olo r d pot d r c ticl ,

u th s which precede its rupt re by e pores .

s s eas ns am s ua n s e -manu e Moi t o , d p it tio , ov r r d an s an d a enes s in th e s are e u a l d , l t crop , p c li rly a u a e to m e a m s a a s f vo r bl ild w, which l o t lw y appears in a chan ce plan t o f wheat that may

a n - me s a h ve vegetated o a m anure heap . So y

s is n a a th e as e but is far to o thi i v ri bly c , it

s e n as Th e a loo a s ertion . r pidity with which it s ometimes spreads is as ton ishing ; only let th e um s an es b e a u a e an d m ll n s circ t c f vo r bl , i io upon million s o f s porules s eem ready to enter

th e s t ma a an d e m n a e enea em . o t , g r i t b th th Th e atmo sphere is charged to an in con ceivable extent with such in visible organ s o f repro duc

n es e a es th e s u es to be s o in fi tio . Fri d cl r por l n ite that they ri se like thin s moke into th e air e a o a n an d are s e s e in innumer by v p r tio , di p r d a e a as for ns an e th e a ac n bl w ys ; i t c , by. ttr tio o f th e n n s e s n e as i o r su , by i ct , by wi d, by l tic ty,

n He as s e s a in on n i ua by adhesio . rt th t e i d vid l h e c a ula e o n un s a e e lc t d good gro d , th t th r

e e at eas ten m n s n ot m e us w r l t illio , if or Th a stoma can scarcely ever p erform th e fimction o f inhalation without tak mg m more o r les s o f “ thes e sporules an d it is a happy circumstan ce V LUE OF THE R 4 5 A MIC OSCOPE .

a e e us e e e in er a n a es th t th y r f to grow xc pt c t i pl c , an d un der p eculiar con dition s for if theirvoge tation e e en e a th e u e of the ea w r g r l, prod c rth would be almo s t en tirely consume d by them ; There is n o subj ect on which gro s s er mistakes are m a e e en W ers e - n me on d , v by rit w ll i for d

e t0 ics nn e e es e un . The oth r p , co ct d with th f gi ause is a a en n h as n o t een e c , th t tt tio b prop rly

a to m its a a en e n e n a p id it, fro pp r tly r co dit

u B ut i a t re . it s hop eles s to expect a s ys tem tic adoption o f remedies while th e veil o f ignoran ce i nve s ts th e cause o f disease It was curious

s ee in th e s e u a n s o n th e a s eas e to , p c l tio pot to di o f 1 84 5 h o w a ue th e eas of e au s , v g id th ir thor

e e es n t n B ut th e ea im w r r pecti g he fu gi . gr t p ro vem en ts in modern micro s copes will b e a en ed is e th e n eas e o f tt d , it hop d, with i cr m u m n n de th e a e ch i porta t kn owledge . U r bl

mana emen o f . e e e an d e s ese g t Mr B rk l y oth r , th i n s trumen ts have already don e won ders ; an d what a n umb er o f otherwis e li s tles s wi n ter

u s m an a u u s as s th e aid ho r ight gric lt ri t p , with o f a an am in a ua n n m s e good Arg d l p, cq i ti g hi lf with thes e little p es ts which con stan tly atten d ’ his a u me s u a e mu ed l bo rs . Far r cl b s h v ltipli

u u o ur u a s s and e e one thro gho t r r l di trict , v ry o u to s se a m e er u d ght po ss icroscop . Th e wo l 4 6 DIRE CTIONS F OR

- b e always foun d on e or more members able to e s n s um en and e s u s n xhibit thi i tr t, oth r wo ld oo

its us e n s e s m s m e me s learn . Mi i t r ight o ti a en at su m ee n s an d u find e ea tt d ch ti g , wo ld r v l ing th e s e crets of n ature n o unworthy or in ef fe c tual s tep towards awakenin g atten tion to th e

ca n m ore weighty obj ects o f th eir s acred lli g . The author h as more than on ce shown thes e ’ c orn di s eas e s to th e m emb ers o f a farm ers

u e e em e eme n te e s . cl b, who vi w d th with xtr i r t

n an be m e m s th e Nothi g c or si ple. To how uccinia raminis m e th e ea th e p g , or ild w of wh t, e xhibitor should firs t s trip o ff lengthwi s e a

e o f th e af e e s a an d let be littl bit f ct d tr w, it

e e as an a ue e Th e us e vi w d op q obj ct . thick cl t r in th e s e s as e n ea e in th e s g of por , d li t d fir t

a n s a e m b e e as n e dr wi g of thi ch pt r, ight ily poi t d o ut as e as th e wa in e u u e , w ll y which th y r pt r th e u e "an a - n a m a e - as s c ticl h lf i ch chro tic obj ct gl ,

a e e - e e w sufli ce s with low y pi c , ill for thi with a e e an d s u e an d s a high r pow r, bit of c ticl tr w, out s o thin that th e light may easily b e shown

u em m th e m th e s ma a thro gh th fro irror, to t

u b e s een and th e e e a n th e s es wo ld , v g t tio of por o n th e m e um in th e a e s en ea em yc li c viti b th th .

as a sma e e o n e th e a a es L tly, ll pi c of of d rk p tch might b e taken o ff with th e poin t o f a pin or

4 8 C ’ LADOSPORIUM .

th e s oru es a n as in th e cases erciaia p l h vi g, offi , entered at all in to thetis sues

' o f the an ari h aviri pl t, d ‘ g caus ed any deterioration o f th e e e a e s en v g t bl ystem. Ev the naked eye may detect a differen ce in th e general m. effe t but th e mc o c e c , i r s op u r

“ a s ows an en e and e e b h tir p rf ct r e t n H dis i ction ; There is no t the m n s tes esem ance hé i ligh t r bl r o p s eent em . Th e on fus n tw h c io o d a o f ideas con s equen t o n su ch l ignoran ce may b e readily y b n e e , w e a a ves co c iv d hil p lli ti d e a e a ua een en k h v ct lly b giv to c a t t t h e world in various shap es a t a s e n th e e ro W ere e fo t ri g r r h h

‘ th e s is s ff o r W oil ti , boggy, 0 and w en Win s a e in r h d h v a E j ured th e crop; or th e rain

a it o n th e un b e l id gro d, it com es unh ealthy i then the

' ' c lad osporzum s eiz e s it ; but th au e an d e e e the e c s , th r for

em e is n et th e s ame as r dy, We s ee f m in th e cas e of true mildew . ro mus n a i g s. ll)

ese a s a ru on resu s f m tiaréfu th f ct , th t t th ly lt ro l research an d accurate ex amination" There is not a n owe er minu e in th e ma era thi g, h v t ; t i l ‘ s cen e aoun u r d s, which may nbt afib rd some hint for our benefit

Nothin g s o slight c m na ure en s f r Whi h t s d no t o th s ome light . ‘ A S "U RLE .

Th e n ext ques tion that sugges ts itself to us is— What remedies may be succes s fully applied

e th e e as a n r o f u n a o r to ch ck d v t ti g g owth p cci i , ? corn mildew Although its botanical ch a racter is now s o e n n th e eme es w ll k ow , r di hitherto sugge ste d have been prin cipally con

ectural. . n was a m s j Mr K ight, who o t a e ul an d ex e en e s e e e es s e c r f p ri c d ob rv r, xpr d his p ers uasion that when fogs c ome o n after a e dr m e th e ea - an is m e v ry y ti , wh t pl t or

a n u e s s th n ordi arily s bj ct to thi blight . Thi opinion is in Uni s on with th e suppo sition in th e

e din a es e a e th e a n o f the pr ce g p g , r l tiv to ctio n s en e th e s tomata un der such circum s ta ce . H c obvious m ethod o f guardin g again st mildew in

u a u e to its n uen es is places partic l rly s bj ct i fl c , u e th e ea e s a e es to en deavour to proc r rli t v ri ti , which may arrive at maturity before the 15 0 REMEDIES .

s e e autumn al fog xten sively prevail . Mor o h s ervation s are als o wan ted as to th e effe cts o f s s o n the s un us an d oil growth of thi f g , e spe cially whether heavy s oils are really m ore

u e an e is as favo rabl to it th light ones . Ther

et e m e an su m s e on es e n s y littl or th r i th poi t ,

i a a u is e which s lw ys n s atis factory . Nor it w ll decided wheth e r spring wh eats are les s liabl e

an n e ea s u an n n to it th wi t r wh t , tho gh opi io w that s uch is th e cas e idely prevails . Agri cultural s ocieties should m ake all thes e things ma e o f a u a e s e a n u can tt r cc r t p ci l i q iry, which

n b e n n m a a m n o ly k ow fro pr ctic l e . Th e certain ty that all th e gramineous tribes are a e m e en e s e u u li bl to ild w, r d r it v ry do btf l wheth er th e extermin ationo f this evil can ever be e e e but un ues n a mu m a xp ct d ; , q tio bly, ch y be don e towards ch eckin g its inj urious dif

us n an a a m n e n The e f io to y l r i g xte t . prop r m e is n s e w a em e es ma b e thod , to co id r h t r di y

mmen e an d a fu s a e e em e . f ly r co d d, to try th c r lly Th e followi ng are un doubtedly worthy of atten tion

An en ea u as n e en 1 . d vo r i xp s ively as pos sible to ch an ge th e t exture of s oils by am en dmen t

m u e e e m e h as n st n a e by ixt r , wh r ild w lo g ob i t ly

The a me s u e prevailed . f r r ho ld l arn th at the REMEDIES . 5 1 m echanical s tate of his lan d is j ust as import

an t as th e em a . as s e use s ch ic l Gl , which r f to

a its a a s en in a s s a e p rt with lk li wh olid t t , if

u n n a a e a s bro ght i to co t ct with w t r, p rt with

em eas en m s en ed a e e n ne th ily wh oi t , ft r b i g fi ly

un i m a An e s n m a e cu po ded n a ort r . y p r o y

n e im se o f s a b a n a um o f vi c h lf thi f ct, y l yi g l p esu w e tte d glas s on turmeric pap er . No r lt

No w u the ame e e as s s . e e s follow , r d c pi c of gl to fin e e an d' w et th e u me a e powd r, it t r ric p p r

u n s red n a in a an a a h as een s et t r , i dic t g th t lk li b

en e th a free . H c e fin e mech n ical divi sion o f the s oil effecte d by j udicious mixture o f more

a e ma e a s m a u e ea esu s in fri bl t ri l , y prod c gr t r lt givin g o ut organic compoun ds who se ten den cy is to s trength en it again s t th e attack s o f dis ea i n n n n ut u s e . Thi s s o ly o e i s ta ce o of tho s an s th e m an e s en e ‘ a d , to Show i port c of ci c to cl as s of m en long en tirely n eglectful of its ad

an a es but n ow e m n m e a a e v t g , b co i g or w r of

em th .

a es e e 2 . A careful n otice of m any pl c wh r m e h as e a e at n e sa s th e ild w pr v il d , will o c ti fy ob s erver that th ey h av e b een s o Situated as

be su e th e e i s mu s a e or to bj ct to v l of too ch h d ,

an e e n in m e w t of fr e circul ation of air . L tti g or air an d in s a e s b us light the e loc liti , y obvio _ 5 2 REMEDIES . mean s u b e in su cas es th e es m e , wo ld , ch , b t od 0 o f proceeding .

ere is n o u a e u u an e in 3 . Th do bt th t ov r l x ri c ea u th m e Th rly growth is favo rable to e ild w . e

’ intelligen t faw l er will know b est how to che ck

s e e ee n n s e e thi , wh th r by f di g it dow with h p

- m r o e for a few hour s in th e day ti e, o th r m s mus b e a ma er o f eX e ethods . Thi t tt p

rienc e ee n n th e es n in e . , k pi g o ly d ig vi w

Th es a en ess of win ear va e 4 . e d ir bl gro g ly ri

e m The reas n s ti s in places s ubj ect to ildew . o

a n e h ve already b een co sid red .

5 n e an o f e n a e e . A oth r pl worthy b i g dv rt d

is th e a an e of manur n mme a e to, void c i gi di t ly

e re s e n th s e b fo tti g e ed .

en n h u n to e n 6 . Att tio s o ld als o be give ho i g th e ea s in th e ea s a es o f wh t crop rly t g growth, an d takin g great care to free them from all

ee s e a to an w d . Mild w will seldom prev il y exten t where thi s pre caution is taken ; but

e e e e e are m an ee s o n th e an wh r v r th r y w d l d, th e s traw will be generally foun d more o r le s s affe e h u n a m ex ct d by it . T e a thor ca s y fro erience a h e h as s e m e e fa e p , th t ldo , if v r, il d to mee in un a n t with it cle n la ds .

e e e th e a m n is o th e es n Wh r v r f r i g f b t ki d,

e e ese re au ns are a en and e e wh r th p c tio t k , wh r R EMEDIES . 5 3 d aina e is s un us not be un r g good, thi f g will fo d us as th in any alarmin g degree . J t e clean s kin o f an imals is a defen ce again s t n aus eous

n aras es s o an an al us m e livi g p it , , by ogo thod, the soil will be rendered free fr om th e des truo m tive fungi un der o ur pres en t n otice . I prove d do mestic habits in our p eas antry are well kn own as ten ding to check th e spread of epi de s eas th ame a e e mic di es ; and, m e s way, b tt r s ys tem of cultivation will avert dis eas es from our -fields i e e s ve e corn , wh le th r i gi n ther by increase d Opportunity for th e emplo ymen t o f th oo e w s n m e n e p r . Mild w a o ce ore pr vale t than it is at presen t ; and doubtless its dimi nution is in a great measure to be ascribed to a

e e and b tt r husb ry . CHAPTER III .

— Fungi foun d o n th e l e av e s and chaff- s c al e s o f wh eat Ured o D erivatio n o f th e term— Two kind s attac ki n g w he at in all — - v s a e s o f row an d ca e re d ru s re d rob in etc . Ure d ne s t g g th , ll d t, , i e o n t rde o n om c e e s —Micro s c0 ic e am n a o n b l g o O r iii . (C i y t ) p x i ti — o f re d- robin Di s appe ars un de r th e in fl uence of s unshi ne C uri o us b o tan ic al q ue s tio n as to its relatio n to p uccin ia — Val ue of s uch in quirie s to p rac tic al m e n Ru s t more dread e d — o n th e c on tinen t than puccin ia No t s o in thi s c oun try ; b ut s till i nj uri o us in l at e s tages of th e growth of th e pl an t R em ar s o n ree o e r fun — Th e as er es ruc e but k th th gi l t v y d t tiv , n o t ye t fo un d in Great B ritai n U redo s egetum its comm on m - o a — i n am e s s u e tc . ac s th e ow er an d its r n s S n , t , Att k fl g u ar u — o of M r au er g l prej di c e in its fav our I nv es tigati n . B Micros copic appe aran ce o f s p ore s — The s e s p ore s foun d n o t to b e d s e as e c e s b ut rue fun — ff e c o f su s anc e s i d ll , t gi E t b t , by w c e are n our s e d o n th e fo rm s of fun o d m a ers hi h th y i h , g i tt M o de o f ac tion o f ure do s ege tum — Exce s s ive small n e ss o f th e s p orul e s — Th e ir prob abl e m o de o f e n tering th e plan t

Difiicultie s o f s o n an d rem e es re s e r e for c a er I V . thi p i t , di , v d h pt

IN pursuan ce o f th e plan ann oun ced in th e

s a e a en n b e n e e e fir t ch pt r, tt tio will xt dir ct d to th e fun gi foun d o n th e leaves an d chaff-s cales o f th e ea - an e are ffe en in wh t pl t . Th y di r t a ea an e m uccinia but o n e o f em pp r c fro p , th s om etimes affords reason to susp ect that it is in n ea e a an e an h as e r r lli c with it, th hith rto

- 5 6 B EDROBIN .

s its app earan ce . Both these uredine are closely allie d to th e rus t o n the leaves o f ros e

ees a e u e ros cc . e l a es tr , c ll d r do Th ir co our v ri an a n hue an d e ause fromor ge to brow ish , th y c th e parts attacked to look as if they were

us e us n e e e d t d with r ti ss of th se colours . Th y

n o t e e onio tes or us belo g t h ord r c mycc , d ty ' un i e t n to fin d an ea f gus. It s a rar hi g y wh t field altogether free fromthem at any seas on

a th - Of the ye r . When e chad scales are at

ex actly as they represented in the on e e e awn and h r dr , the matter formin g them ex udeslike ared

' gum from the inner u e ce red s rface. H n gil m is a name some times given to it ; but

red-r n known as obi ,

- - red us r red ra . r t, o g

lin a t e e ves no sa ed h r , gi u he n icat on Of ’ f rt r i d i Chair-s cale affec ted by re d rob 1 n f i ni th e cha a te o s highly mag fi ed . r c r th THE SPORES . 5 7 un us an th e manne in c mes o ut f g , th r which it o and spots th e part s o f th e plan t where it vege a es s ee th e m the s es e ui es t t . To for of por r q r a e e o f th e m s e v ry high pow r icro cop , by which

ma s b e e e as an a ue ec an d it y fir t vi w d op q obj t, then a s mall bit should b e scrap e d off an d treate d in th e way described in th e cas e o f

uccinia ramini The s es wi a ea of p g s . por ll pp r th e form s accurately exhibited in a drawing by

. e n a m a s e m en en him Mr L o rd, fro p ci giv by th e au to a n u Th e fine thor ex min e a d fig re .

ea s o f the m celium or s a n are ex thr d y , p w , trem el e s us ma n e th e y w ll hown . Th g ifi d , organ ization of thes e fun gi is p erceived to b e

eau u e a e an d th e red umm o w b tif lly d lic t , g y p der is foun d to b e compo sed o f innume rable s e s n m th e s a n - ea s por growi g fro p w thr d ,

e e e es n h r r pr e ted .

o res o f ure o ma n e d 2 40 ame ers s ow n th Sp d , g ifi di t , h i g e

myc eli um . The botanis t th erefore b e comes completely 5 8 E FFECT o r SUNSHINE . acquainted with the dis tin ctive character of the u edo he ai o th m ro sc e w i e th e r by t d f e ic op , h l vegetable physiologi st is enabled to form an Opinion o n its p eculiar habits and modes o f r T rea o f s c mm n g owth . he l habits thi o o eas f he eat- lan t are n o n e e e dis e o t wh p , lo g r v il d b n c u e se a s or u a ima inae y i a c rat ob rv tion , pop l r g

n . Th m s er is ea e u an d the tio s e y t y cl r d p, cultivato r wh o has often witnes sed th e di s color a n of his 0 s is un us u an tio cr p by th f g , witho t y

eal n e e o f its na u e ma n ow eco me r k owl dg t r , y b thoroughly acquainted with th e obj e ct of his

u d nn n e freq ent surpris e an a oya c .

V en s a en e in the s n o f ery oft , a h pp d pri g 1 84 8 a d in a o f th e esen ear 1 846 , n th t pr t y , , th e com -fields have s eeme d quite to dro op

h a Th e a e under t e influence of this p rasite . sp ct o n such occasion s is s o sickly as to create serious

ut th l f a few a alarm . B e arriva o bright w rm

n s t days s oo di sipates he evil . The genial b eams o f the sunseem completely to vanquish s o a t sa e i an sto n m an it, th t i di pp ars n a nishi g n er an ea eenness s e u ee s , d a h lthy gr p edily s cc d to th e s ear and yellow tints that have disheart

h Th e a a e h en e t e fa me . i n e d r r f ct s, th t wh t s un es u th e su e u us m s u e the fun dri p p rfl o oi t r ,

us ann s ea and ea e u n s . g c ot pr d, h lth r t r It one r us U o "ESTION . 5 9

remin ds us o f th e moral maladies which dis a e th i ppear b fore e l ght of truth . We will n ow proceed to notice the Opinion

o e a n em nen an s s a uredo rubi o f c rt i i t bot i t , th t g and ured o linearis are only imp erfe ct forms o f

m n u e un h in e e fe s te a i t f gi, w ich, th ir p r ct ta , re

n wn e n ames . e am e i k o by oth r For x pl , it s s aid the uredo of the ros e pass es into a go n is o dition called m agma. So it c nsidere d by

es s H n slow an em n an d m u prof or e , i ent o st j di

n s se ve a u e o in t e c r s e s cio ob r r, th t r d h p n pas

n He u s e an a e to p ucci ia . p bli h d bl paper in ” th e u u u nal f r 184 on a Agric lt ral Jo r o 1, wh t “ b e designate d th e Specific Iden tity o f th e Fungi producing Rus t and Mildew and his argumen ts are ingenious an d well worthy o f

Th e n is n s e e him as p erus al . poi t co id r d by fairly es tablishe d by ob s ervation of certain ih t rmediat nfi m n he nn e e e forms, co r i g t ir co xion

in t e en of e1 i i and prov g h id tity th r or g n. With

ar to ese a e an e th e au es s reg d th pp ar c s, thor d ire to s a e a in th e au umn of 1 84 5 h e un t t th t, t , fo d in a wheat-field m any sp ecimen s o f yellow

n es o n th e s a s eeme looki g blotch tr w, which d ’ es n am n a to confirm the prof sor s opi ion . Ex i n th e i Of ‘ hiS own m s e e e tio by a d icro cop , r v aled forms similar to those drawn and described in 6 0 MI CROS COPI C PPE R NCE S A A A . the a e e en a u e He a e p p r r c tly ll d d to . pl c d a s e m en in th e an s o f . e n a re p ci h d Mr L o rd, que s ting him to ob serve and delin eate what h e

s aw . Th e esu was th e u e e n r lt gro p h r show , in which th e s everal s tage s s usp e cted as exi s t in g m ay b e s een . It look s certainly like a

ar ous form s of th e s ore s of th e w ea m e w o f 1 845 V i p h t ild , m a n e 2 40 m e e rs g ifi d dia t .

s e of ran s n . e e a th e ca t itio All, how v r, th t au an as et en u e as se is a thor c y v t r to rt , th t s o me puccinia have cl early th e app earan ce o f u e e th e s e tum s n o f th e redo b for p , or divi io

s es n am e s is u e e e . In a por i to ch b r , f lly d v lop d

e u e a es e a us m s s pl ndid fig r by Cord , th v rio for are given with great effect as they burs t th e

‘ epidermis ; an d th e drawin g o f that in co m parable delin eator o f fungi confirm s th e o pi n ion that th e las t ob servation is th e o ne that

u a e ue s n s of t s n is s afe an d acc r t . " tio hi ki d

b e e e at s s as u e an a will vi w d fir t ight p r ly bot ic l, though they certainly ten d ultimately to th e CLIMATE 6 1

m n a n co bi tio of s cien ce an d practice . For if cer

an a as un e su s e e n ti p r itic f gi, hith rto ppo d to b lo g

en e a en e s n can b e s n be to g r tir ly di ti ct, how to s e a en a e e b e a eas n a e p cific lly id tic l, th r will r o bl expe ctation that any rem e dy o r p alliative dis

e e th e seas e in o n e s a e re cov r d for di t g , will p clude th e n eces sity o f s eekin g a differen t cor rective in an us an d m e m a other . R t ild w y en b e e th e ch cked by a common treatm n t .

e s e a n s are e e s e u e Mor ob rv tio , how v r, till r q ir d o n s u us u e em a m thi c rio s bj ct . A r rk fro pro f s r l w o f n e H s a s es o Hen s o is . e worthy otic y , th at the rust s eem s to be m ore common an d more dreaded on th e con tinen t than th e mil dew s us th e m e is n s e e a , whil t with ild w co id r d “ ” a th e us Is h e far greater p e s t th n r t . it, “ a s a o ur ma e is e e s u e th e dd , th t cli t b tt r it d to more compl ete developm en t of th e s pores of

s a as un an d a our n n en a the e p r itic f gi, th t co ti t l n eighbours are more rarely favoured with th e opportunity of s eeing them in their mo s t per feet form Th e rus t is p e rh ap s th e leas t alarmin g in Englan d o f all th e p aras ite s attackin g th e

n ue s n a as s es off in the whe at . U q tio bly it p

' w ay des cribe d more r eadily th an any oth er ; but when th at b eneficial influen ce of sun shine 6 2 SNOW MOULDS . is not effe ua e e ed a e e a n o f the ct lly x rt , d t rior tio

a en is un in ate crop takes pl ce . Wh it fo d l r s a e s and o n th e um es an d a eae t g of growth, gl p l

h aff i m n u us an en o f t e ch , it s ore i j rio th wh it merely app ears in th e earlier p eriods of growth . Thi s is th e prop er place for a fe w remark s on

e a n e un n ot so mm n as the e a c rt i oth r f gi, co o r d

‘ us o r red- n are o as na un r t, robi , which cc io lly fo d

One o f e s e o n th e leaves of the wheat plan t . th

' ' is th e er si /ze ramzm s a m s un ersa on y p g , l o t iv l it in 1 84 5 but n ot s eem do mu , which did to ch

a m an d u n e ef e e e s . n h r , po which th r or th r i o

n ee to en a e . On th e n nen e e are d l rg co ti t, th r two sp ecies o f moulds which are e xtremely u us an d one o f em is ea u destruc c rio , th f rf lly

me a e Ch ita e . Th e an m its tiv for r c ll d g/p , fro b e n e e e u n s n w was s e e in i g d v lop d d ri g o , di cov r d

e an Thien eman . Two e s e e Ic l d, by oth r p ci s have s in ce been s een in th e n eighbourhoo d o f

e s en e e e e e a un an s Dr d , wh r th y w r b d t . Thi sin

ula m u is un o n th e sn en us g r o ld fo d ow, wh it j t m e s e e th e s un u an ene a haw lt b for , witho t y g r l t .

n s s s of s ea in s n n fleec a es It co i t pr d g hi i g y p tch , and the reproductive portion o f it i s s ometime s red an d me me A so ti s green . s s oo n as th e s now m e s a ea s on th e un e in a lt , it pp r yo g h rb s tratum

es em l n a we of ea e a r b i g cob b gr t d lic cy, which is

6 4 APPREHENSIONS .

e a a m n an d m a a ea wh v ry l r i g, y pp r

ec te d es e a in a m a e e e p , p ci lly cli t wh r

a as e in u s v ry th y do o r .

o n The n ext paras itic fun gus - is th e e which s o m aterially affe cts th e flower o f

th e e a - an an d wh t pl t, which h as in m an y places prevailed mo s t e xten sively this s um

m er 1 84 6 . is mu , It ch more minute than O J tho s e pre viously de ~ g e r The n ame s cribe d . s K s en an d giv to it by bot o

is ts is uredo s e e tum . a , g p q a me s a it K F r r c ll by ; q a us a e a es s v rio pp ll tiv ,

m as smu us - an a t, d t br d, p o s un - ear mn e a b t , chi y fi a z s ee e th e as n w p r ; l t w des ig nation eviden tly arisi ng from its look ing exactly like a co at ing of s oot adh eringby s om e gummysubstance

th e un ear to yo g . unnno S G U o n U E ET M, SM T . 6 5

It red uces th e ears both o f wh eat an d barley

' th e n n u e in th e drawin s an d to co ditio fig r d g , h as th e s ame effe u n a h ct po o ts . T e black m as ses o f s ooty powder are th e Spores o f th e

un us are e e e nea e ma n f g which h r d li t d , g ified 3 5 ame e s 7 di t r .

ore s o f gzredo s e ctum in w ea ore s o f uredo se etum in ar e Sp g h t , Sp g b l y ma ni e 3 75 d ame e r s . a g fi d i t m g n ifi e d 375 diame t ers .

The specimen s from which these drawmgs are ma e e e a e e th e au in th e d , w r g th r d by thor

s umme o f 184 5 . The ea s e e in ases r r w r , both c , u completely r ined . Some farmers s a th e like y y‘ s ee a e o f e aus e is a a s accom to littl it, b c it lw y

anied a . e a n as p by good crop C rt i ly, pro “ ” fe s s or Hen slo w well ob s erves; th e little c an

onl be an e o n th e n e of y , with y propri ty, pri cipl

th e es s th e e e n u e e e car l b tt r . U do bt dly v ry

a a e is es e as is e en m th e tt ck d d troy d, vid t fro

s n s an eme es m its s e o r s ea . fir t i t t it rg fro ho , h th The extreme s malln es s o f th e s pores o f this

un us ma b e n e e m th e a n s f g y i f rr d fro dr wi g , c ’ M LLNE OF TH 6 6 S A SS E s p onns .

’ bu au s n es a t s till further from M . B er i v tig

n e a s th n un e an d s tio s . H s y e o e h dr d ixty thousan dth part of a s quare in ch co ntain e d forty-nin e o f them; Hen ce h e calculate s that n ot les s than s even million s eight hun dred an d forty thousan d would b e require d to cover a

h as n ee s ua e n n s measu e . q r i ch E gli h r It , i d d,

een a ues n s m e e s n s e e b q tio with o p r o , wh th r th es e app earan ces are n o t due to a m as s o f

is ease e s an d a e are n o t un at d d c ll , th t th y f gi

' all . B ut th e ans e s is a s ease d w r to thi , th t di

e s ul n o t e m n a e es e u e n es c ll wo d g r i t , which th r di un u s n e e is n o a a en dif q e tio ably do . Th r pp r t

e en e en e a s ea n e een th e es f r c , g r lly p ki g, b tw Spor o f this uredo in wheat an d barley ; but there is certain ly a degree o f dis similarity in tho se in th u u s i delineate d e fig res before s . Thi s prob ably due n o t to th e differen ce in th e fun gi

em se es but th e ma e e e th lv , to trix wh r th y grow ; an d there is great reas on to b elieve that th e produce of fun goid matter do es vary in this manne an d e en a ea e e en th e r, v to gr t r xt t, with p eculi arities o f th e matrices by which th ey are n u s ed th S o ri h . If e pores of thi s uredo are s o sm a a mus th e s u b as to dime ll, wh t t por les e n ? s ions Th e highes t imaginable power o f a microscope could only be ex pected to exhibit ATTACKS THE FLOWER . 6 7

” em as a a r u n ues th v po y clo d . Th e ext q tion is the fim us , how g acts upon th e part of th e

en the an is a a e s un us Wh pl t tt ck d by thi f g , th e firs t inj uries are foun d upon th e in terior

n s o f th e o e en e it com portio fl w r, which r d r l l ete a e . In a s me a e a s p y bortiv hort ti ft rw rd , the edicels o r e s a s th e p , littl t lk , to which

e s are a a e s e an d a an d flor t tt ch d, w ll look h rd es en th e e is ns um e fl hy . At l gth whol co d ; and th e ear a u a in the as e o f ea , p rtic l rly c wh t, be comes dis man tle d o f all its reproductive o r

an s an d th e ema n e is w e e e g , r i d r po d r d ov r with th e e e -m en n e b a us smu b for tio d l ck, d ty t, which h as a ea e a n e In all a mos t di s gre bl pp eara c . s e m ens th e au h as e e s een th e un us p ci thor v r , f g

h as een s e n in th e ear . . aue b vi ibl o ly M B r, h e e s a es a h as een un in s me ow v r, t t th t it b fo d o

f t an es e ns an es other portion s o h e pl t . Th i t c are e ain e a e and a e een n e c rt ly v ry r r , h v b otic d

s a e an s er e s . In s me seas n s by c rc ly y ob v r o o , mmen s e uan es of ma b e seen ur n i q titi it y , d i g s umm e in th e co m -fields n e e th e e s t r, , lo g b for r

m l h es e ea s of the grain reaches aturity . Al t r are as we a e s ai es o ed an d e e , h v d, d tr y by it, th r f e th am un a min s e or e o t o f crop gre tly di i h d . But as its spores are scattered to the winds for 6 8 H OR T E Y .

ee s e f e th e ea in e n s th e a me w k b or r p g b gi , f r r s carc cl s ees it u n th e a es an d con v d ri g h rv t,

uen n s but e a u s is s eq tly thi k littl bo t it . Thi prob ably th e true s olution of th e prej udic e in u its favo r . There is every reas on to b elieve that th e fun gus en ters th e plan t by means o f its s por ul es b eing s o small that they fin d acces s with th e as e n n sa th e s on ioles o f th e c di g p, by p g

s is s a th e u es u a e root . With th p Spor l circ l t ,

n d are e e e as h as een es me a d v lop d b d cribed . So difficulty atten ds thi s view ; but it will be

in th n e a e a ea e u e e . e p rtly cl r d p xt ch pt r Th r , a s a us n b e m a e th e eme es l o, ll io will d to r di which are common to this an d the p arasite to b e n ext des cribed . IV CHAPTER .

‘ Uredo fw h da d est ro yin g th e g rain o f wh e at— Its dis gus ti n g odo ur— o u ar n am e s r " s fun us— T e mo s c omm o n on e P p l thi g h t , — — B um Appe arance of b nn te d grai n s Miero sc o pie c x amm ation — — o f th e s p ore s of bun t Th e myc elium Pe dicel s by w hich th e — s p o re s are attach e d to it Gre en c o l our o f h un te d grai n b efo re ’ — auer s s e r — e r1p e ning M . B ob vati on s Effec t of th e p re s e n c Of myc e lium o n th e gree n c o l ouri ng m att e r o f l e av e s — "ue s tion wh e th e r th e fi n e c on te n t s of th e s p ore s o f bu nt c ircul ate in th e w e a an an d ro w— er m en s e n n to s o w a h t pl t , g Exp i t t di g h th t th e y d o g ro w— M ultitud e of s pores in a s in gle g rain— Th e w ay in whic h th e s e e d whe at b ec o m e s affe c te d by bun t— M e th o d s o f re s s n th e s e e — a n e la th e m os e ffe c ua — m e d i g d Alk li y t t l Li , m a e rs c o n a n n ammon a o as — e c o n a e su s an c e s tt t i i g i , p t h Obj ti bl b t — — fo r d re s s ing Imp o rtan ce of d re s s i n g barle y Fun gi attackin g o ther plan ts in th e s ame w ay th at h un t and sm ut attack w he at N o tion of farm e rs re s pe ctin g fungal dis eas es in wheat b emg au e th e er e rr an c s d by b b y pl t .

TH E fungus n ow to be des cribed affects only th e a n an d is o n e of th e m s mm n dis gr i , o t co o

ea is s u e n es s in eases . to which wh t bj ct U l ,

ee th e e au n s a b e n e o ut d d, pr c tio th t will poi t d are a en e en s a e a e b e t k to pr v t it, c rc ly fi ld will

un ee m its en a men s en fo d fr fro cro ch t , which oft

n u us e ee The a exten d to a mo s t i j rio d gr . bot

ical name o f s un us is uredo wtid a o r n thi f g f , s n n us s o a e m its m s s us n ti ki g r t, c ll d fro o t di g ti g UR F CE TIDA o n U . 7 0 EDO , B NT

u ma b e e e e o n as s n odo r, which y p rc iv d p i g thro ugh th e field wh ere it prevails an d if an ear b e en in th e an th e sm e is or two brok h d, ll

n e a e es em es th e s en o f u i tol r bl . It r bl t ch p trid

fish an d a e es th e n e s m , dh r to fi g r , fro which it is n o t eas em e The a me s as usua ily r ov d . f r r , l,

a e en a a e o f n am es as a e h v giv it v ri ty , bl dd r

an un e e - an an d s me mes s mu br d, b t, p pp r br d o ti t ;

e e e e n s th e as which , how v r, prop rly b lo g to l t

es e un us The uredo oetida or un d crib d f g . f , b t, its m s en e al n ame n ne s its a a es o t g r , co fi r v g to th e a n m e e n th e se e s en e s gr i , co pl t ly filli g d it t r , an d replacing the flour by a black dis g us ting

e s e is a m as s " o f f tid powder . Thi powd r

ne e es . e am n e em en an Spor To x i th , op i f ct d

a n h is eas is n u s its gr i , w ich ily d ti g i hed by

un e s a an d ea a ea an e . Th e ro d d, c ly, d d pp r c black m atter will be foun d to have occupied th e e n e an d ma b e no w e at whol i t rior, y look d

s e s in th e as e o f th e with th e micro cop . A c

e un a e a e sm a uan an d oth r f gi, t k v ry ll q tity,

as a ule o f e lay it o n a s trip o f gl s with glob wat r . Over this place a bit o f th e thin glass previously allude d to as us eful in micrOSCOpic examin a

n s e en a en s o f e tio s . Thi will pr v t l high pow r

' m a n u n th e a e . n s e a e to chi g w t r If co id r bly g ifi d, th e spores presen t th e app earan ce o f a number

MODE OF ACTIO N .

This uredo w as very carefully examined by

aue an d his a n s o f th e a us M . B r, d r wi g v rio points o f in teres t in which it should b e viewe d

u m He h as no t ar m a e his a s e s . e d with cc to d kill ,

e e s wn th e m e um as is s n how v r, ho yc li it how

- n n s s eem in a u th e en an e here . Opi io f vo r of tr c

f s un us th e s o n ioles o f the s o thi f g by p g root , an d of their b eing prop elled through th e tis s ues the as en n sa as w as s a e i n th e by c di g p, t t d

f th u d e um s ues n l case o e re o s ge t . Thi q tio wil b s us s esen is en en e s e di c ed pr tly . It wh it t r th e young ovum that it fin ds a suitable place ll e e a n . en n e e e a e un a for v g t ti g Wh o c th r , f c d tion is des troye d by it ; there is n o develop m en th e a s fructification an d n o t of p rt of , m e th e bryo wh atever c an b e detect d . Still e

a n s e s o n an d en th e a es is cut gr i w ll ; wh h rv t , th e dis eas e d grain s are actually larger in cir cumferen c e an s are s un B e th tho e which o d .

e e as sume e na n hue the for th y th ir fi l brow ,

s eas e a n s are a e a een u di d gr i of v ry d rk gr colo r, and em en en th e e u a e sm e it, wh brok , p c li r f tid ll

e us men n e n u a en u th e pr vio ly tio d . Si g l rly o gh , s m a a of th e e s s t tig t flow r are n o t de ro ved . ’ aue s m a M . B r re rks o n th e progre s s of thi s fungus are well des ervin g of a place in e v er y

ea s e u n He s a s Th e ear es tr ti po it . y , li t KS o n . U REMAR M BA ER . 7 3 p eriod at which I dis covered th e p arasite within the cavity o f th e o vule o f a youn g plan t o f wheat (th e s ee d grai n o f which had be en in oculate d

' w h the un o f uredo oeti d a an d s n th e it f gi f , ow

14 em e was th e 5 th o f une th Nov b r, J ,

1 806 e n s een a s be e the ear eme e , b i g ixt d y for rg d m its s e an d a u en a s e e fro ho , bo t tw ty d y b for th e s un ea s s n n m th e s ame o d r , pri gi g fro root,

were in m . a ea s a e th e inn e bloo At th t rly t g , r

a o f th e vum is e s ma an d a e c vity o v ry ll, , ft r fe un a n is e th e a umen or a c d tio , fill d with lb f ri n aceous su s an e o f th e s ee an d a ea o c b t c d, lr dy cu ied man un un i m p by y yo g f g , which , fro e e - e o r s a n a e e the th ir j lly lik root p w , dh r to m em ane lines the a an d m br which c vity, fro which they can be easily detached in small

a es a s a n . In a s a e e e fl k , with th t p w th t t t th ir v ry

b n ma e e s ma e s s een . s s ll p dic l y di ti ctly At fir t,

' th e fungi are o f a pure white colour an d when

“ h e ar me es m its s e th e um is m u t e e rg fro ho , ov ch

n a e but s l e ain s its n al s a e e l rg d, ti l r t origi h p ;

d the un a m u t in m an of an f gi r pidly l iply g, y t m a e en nea co me to ma ur as he h v th rly t ity, sume a a er c our and a n se a a e d d rk ol , h vi g p r t d from the s a n lie oo se in th e a o f the p w , l c vity

ovum . The nfec e rain s c n nue n i t d g o ti growi g, and the fungi con tinue to multiply till the c 3 r U R . 7 4 REMARKS o M . BA E soun d grain s have attaine d their full size an d

u en tlfe n e e a n s are e as m at rity, wh i f ct d gr i ily dis tingui shed from the s oun d on es by their

n ene a a e an d of a a e een b ei g g r lly l rg r, d rk r gr

u an d ened e a ea be e colo r ; if Op , th y pp r to fill d

- n B ut to exces s with thes e dark coloured fu gi .

A e r f e a A ra n of w e a affe c e th e h althy g ain o wh t . g i h t t d by ured o foe tzda Wi th wh zch it IS fill ed .

th e grai ns infected with th e ured o f oetida very

a e u s t and ese un are s e m r r ly b r , th f gi ldo foun d o n th e outside o f th e grain ; but if a

a n b e u s e e ea em e ffen gr i br i d, th y r dily it th ir o s e sm e is s e an a m u iv ll, which wor th th t fro p

fish en th e s un a n s are e e trid . Wh o d gr i p rf ctly

e an d and as s ume e wn rip . dry, th ir light bro

u th e n e e a n s a s an e but a colo r, i f ct d gr i l o ch g , to s me a a e n e a n n e e o wh t d rk r brow , r t i i g, how v r, G uns "" 7 5

th e same shap e which the ovum had at its

ma n th e u men s o f th e s ma a s for tio , r di t tig l o ” ema n n un a e e r i i g lt r d . The s ketches h e re given will convey to the reader a correct idea of the form as sume d by

th e a n en u e s un us Th e gr i wh occ pi d by thi f g . dark green colour of th e in fe cted grain s is m erely a common effect of th e pre s en ce of th e

m e um un . e e e in a n e yc li of f gi . Mr B rk l y, ot to his m as terly paper in th e Journ al of th e Horti

u u a e o n th e s eas e th e a c lt r l Soci ty di of pot to, remarks It is well k nown that th e pres en ce of th e mycelium of fun gi acts as a s timulan t to the chlorophyl witn es s the rich ti nt o f fairy

u h as n f n s . A us n s an e a ew ri g c rio i t c , withi

a s a en un e m n e . Th e a e ea es d y , f ll d r y otic h z l l v , a ee o r two a e e e en e a s e w k b ck, w r v ry g r lly pott d

f n On e am n a n t a a es o ee . wi h d rk p tch gr x i tio , it was foun d that the revers e of s uch p atch es was e e er s i fie utta ta had cov r d with g/ p g , which b een living at th e expen s e of th e p aler portion s

th e ea e in th e su a en a the of l f, whil bj c t p rt ” a e e chlorop hyl h ad b ecome o f de p r gre en .

' The chlorop hyl is th e term applied by botan i s ts an d vege table phys iologis ts to th e green colouring m atte r of leave s . The ques tion wheth e r the fin e con tents o f the 6 X R 7 E PE IMENTS .

s es of un uredo wtida as wen as s e por b t, f , tho o f smu or uredo s e etum en e the o s t, g , t r by ro t an d u a e in th e an h as a ea een circ l t pl t, lr dy b

s h as een th e s u m s e o f glan ced at. Thi b r i m s s e e s but n o on e h as et s een em o t ob rv r , y th

n o r u s as is s a e in th e grow wo ld thi , t t d first

a e be th e n m a m e o f . Th e ch pt r, or l od growth spores themselves are un doubtedly to o large to en e e e th e s ma a o f th e ea es o r the t r ith r by to t l v ,

l h s me n en us ex spon gio es of t e root . So i g io en l m a periments have b een rec t y de by Mr . e e e h e m s n mmun a e B rk l y, which o t ki dly co ic t d

th e au a a ea e s a s th e to thor, th t pp r to t bli h theory that th es e con ten ts of th e spores do en ter th e an in th e wa sus e e an d pl t y p ct d, grow Th e mode o f proceeding was to immerse s ome

n a n un O s eeds of wheat in water co t ini g b t . ne o f th e firs t appearan ces was a curious mould with peculiar spores that s prun g up o n th e

un Th e an spores o f b t . pl ts which came up from thes e s eeds were eviden tly affected ; but no communication whatever could be traced b etween the cells of these plants and th e shoots

out the No n s thrown by spores . i tru ion what ever of th e mycelium developed by the hun t s es n the ea u be is e e por i to wh t co ld d cov r d .

T s oo s ere ore as if th fine n en s of hi l k , th f , e co t t SPORULES . 77 . the s es e a n a a e th e un us por do c rt i ly prop g t f g . Some writers have calle d thes e kin ds o f fungi

in in th e n e of an s ento h ta o r grow g i t rior pl t p y ,

an s n n su s tan es as en tozoa is pl t withi livi g b c , m ma s n e ade to des ignate ani l livi g within th m .

es s a s es e ento h ta n e e w in i n Fri y , th p y v r gro l vi g an ma s b ut s is ea a m s a e as s e e a i l , thi cl rly i t k , v r l kin ds o f moulds have been foun d in various

a s of e he e s u e is on e of p rt th m . T whol bj ct the m n os t curious that can be co ceive d . To return to the hun t w e may ob s erve as be

e a o f the mu u e of its s ules or fin e for , th t ltit d por

n en s n an b e co t t n o adequate con ceptio c form ed . One grain o f wheat is cap able of con taining four million s of s pores ; it is therefore b eyon d all calculation what quan tity o f s porules th ese may s n a l e d forth . C re of th e s e ed is th e o n v way to e en th e en a men s o f s es pr v t cro ch t thi p t, which will otherwi s e app ear in almo s t every

e o f a Th a in s h a fi ld whe t . e w y which thi p ens is m s e s on th e s u e co n p , by o t writ r bj ct, sidere d to be at en th e a n is es ed th wh gr i thr h , o r m e aus es th e unte s ee s are fro oth r c , b d d

ru u e an d th u of s u es en e s a es . pt r d, e clo d por l th c p

e are o f a eas n a u e an d use~ Th y gr y, oily t r , co

uen a a n q tly dhere to th e s kin of the s oun d gr i s . It is quite certain that the disease may be at M IE 7 8 RE ED S . any time propagate d by r ubbing sound wheat u u again st that which is infested by th e f ng s . \ en th e s ee b e s n in this condition If, th , d ow , e Th e the re sult may b e easily predict d . m ethod al s o of co un ter actin g th e e vil at on ce

m ean s e th e s ugges ts its elf. It is erely to cl

ea is a u b e s n m all th e wh t which bo t to ow , fro hun t which may have attach ed its elf to it by

eas n o f its un u us a a e The n r o ct o ch r ct r . pri ci

le o f effe n s e ea mus b e p cti g thi obj ct cl rly t , to use mean s to convert th e oily m atter which

aus es s s na e n a sa on aceous c it to tick ob ti t ly, i to p , o r s a m a e a w b e o py tt r, which will llo it to

ea a e ff em s e e m es r dily w sh d o . Ch i try h r co to o ur aid An a a n e o il n s a . lk li will co v rt i to o p an d s is th e as s o f all effe ua dress in as thi b i ct l g,

i - s a e o f th e s ee n . m s e e it c ll d, d cor Al o t v ry

s has its e u a e s s n but th e es di trict p c li r dr i g, b t are m e e a n f s n e r ly modific tio s o thi pri cipl .

a e e e n e en s m a be us e the Wh t v r oth r i gr di t y d, effective con s tituent is s om e alkalin e m atter in h m o f a le m s s s e t e . e se s for y Li , . which po a a n e e es h as a n een n o t lk li prop rti , ccordi gly b unfrequen tly resorte d to it mus t n o t howeve r be mu s a e in m n s es e se too ch l k d ixi g, or it lo th

d mm n e e s an us en a s . prop rti , th oft f il Co o

as an d su s an es n a n n amm n a as pot h , b t c co t i i g o i ,

S O R G R D ESSIN BA LEY . a a n s th e s mu o r uredo s e etum e ua g i t t, g with q lly effe e ause th e s a e n of th e s es good ct, b c c tt ri g por at a n s e an e rlier seas on diffus es them exte iv ly .

B ut a e e s e e e en adh e e b rl y fi ld , wh r th y oft r

n e an in ea u b e m e a en e lo g r th wh t, o ght to or tt d d to than they are for a great quan tity of this

a n is a m s e e ea es e As gr i l o t v ry y r d troy d by it .

n e e a an es is to be e th e re k owl dg dv c , it hop d p j udice which leads s om e to regard the appear an ce o f this fungus with th e complacency

ef men n e e b e em e . ma b or tio d, will r ov d It y happ en that th e s tate of th e atmosphere which is a u a e to its e e men en s a f vo r bl d v lop t, t d to good yield o f b arley but it should be rememb ered that every ear s o des troyed is a los s of s up e

all m an e ' rior corn . By e s dress b arl ywhere there h as een mu s mu th e e us ea In b ch t pr vio y r .

m n a e a s ea 1 84 6 is m s a e en . thi y r, , it o t l t bly pr v l t

' e a th e uredo aetzd a a u With r g rd to f , ltho gh j udicious dres sin g h as been foun d to ch eck it

“ s u a en e al e ee a is n s e e to ch b fici d gr , th t it co id r d to be b ad man agemen t to have much of it o n

a m s a un s in s s e e th e y f r , it till bo d di trict wh r a u u n is a s gric lt re is of an inferior ki d . It l o foun d to pre vail more in th e spring than in th e au umn s whbats Th e s a e ua is t own . f g rd the e e u n n f th e s ee p rf ct p rity an d clea li ess o d . R 1 BE BERRY BLIGHTS . 8

When mix ed with th e flour it is exces sively disagreeable ; but whethe r it is inj urious to

ea is n ot u e e e u a h lth q it d cid d, tho gh it prob bly

e s u e n th n s u do prod c ill effects o e co tit tion . No other co m plan t but wheat is affe cte d

un in s un but e e are s e e a by b t thi co try, th r v r l fun gi in exis te n ce attackin g see ds q f cultivated

an a a s n ot pl ts in th e s ame w y . Whe t doe afford a s olitary in s tan ce o f this kin d of dis eas e La e in a n ea e s e e . t ly, Afric , r Algi r , th r h as een un a u e es s th e b fo d r do, which d troy s eeds o f a s pe cies o f Lucern e j us t as bun t do es

ea We m a s enume a e e o r wh t . ight l o r t ight . ni ne other kin ds o f vegetables which have th eir parts o f fructification utterly ruine d by dif feren t uredin es an alogous to tho s e producin g s mu an d hunt in n Th e m a e is s u e t cor . iz bj ct to a large uredo ; th e p anicum o f Egypt h as its parasite al s o in the sh ap e of ure do ; while an

e n en e s as s es an d is a a e oth r ki d t r gr , prop g t d

in th e s ea s with h th .

m s e e a m e l s a a e e e Al o t v ry f r r wi l y, th t wh r v r th e b erb erry -tree grows it produces fungal dis eas es in n The mm n un us o n th e cor . co o f g

' ’ ea es o f s s u is th e ce czdzum an d s l v thi hr b , it look , at a casua an e er mu h e the us l gl c , v y c lik r t, or u e of h r se mes in a e r do , t e o , when it co l rg R 8 2 BE BERRY BLI GHTS .

' p atches b ut ex amine it with a good micro s e and th e m is u e ffe en cop for q it di r t . It h as n n -ia mm n an u e e e othi g co o with y r do, xc pt

a e n s th e s ame e the co n th t it b lo g to ord r . If

en s its es affe n th e un t t of Spor do ct cor , f gi mus t b e altered by b eing tran sferre d to a n ew

f be e th e e place o growth . It will w ll worth whil ’ o f th e s cientific reader to exami ne Corda s ex

uisite a n th e ae um in his n es q dr wi g of cidi , Ico

Fun orum o r u e s o f un h e a n g , Fig r F gi will g i m e s m ean s at a an e an h e u or by thi gl c , th co ld

a The e e a s from p ges o f description . b rb rry l o is a a e er si he but n o u e c an be tt ck d by y/ p , r do con ceive d to aris e out o f th e sporules o f afun gus s o entirely distin ct from it in every poin t o f e vi w . V CHAPTER .

— Blight s c aus ed by an imalcul ac an d i n s e c ts Th o s e to b e h ere — n o c ed rue aras e s c a e d e ar -c o c e e er-co rn ti t p it Blight ll kl , p pp ,

— ~ o r purpl es Why c alle d p e pp erc orn App e aranc e o f an affe cte d — — ear Co n t ent s of a dis e as e d grain Its s imilitude to a co tt o ny mas s o f re s— o s e n e w water is foun to be a mass fib M i t d ith , it d o f e el- s a e an ma cu ae — He n c e c a e u brs o tr t ci o r e el o f h p d i l l ll d i i , — ’ wh e at A cc oun t o f it in B ak e r s w o rk on th e Micro s cope ’ M r aue r s o s e r a o n s and raw n s — r o e . B b v ti d i g Vib i b l on gs to th e — — — cl as s I nfus oria N at ural his to ry o f th e vibrio Its e ggs Th e — w ay they e n te r th e pl an t Len gth o f tim e th e vibri o ne s retai n — vit ality B e s t me tho d o f e xami nin g th em by th e micro sc ope — R m e — ur r s e o n se e n m o h rs e dy S p i i g th e f r t e fi t tim e .

“ TH E fungi described in the previous chap ters are tho se to which th e prin cipal fungal diseas es o f wh eat are due ; an d that portion of

s ea s e ein m e e is me ro thi tr ti b g co pl t d, it ti to p oecd to the con sideration o f th e ravag es o f certain minute anim alcul ae an d in sects who s e effe s are n n th e a me w u his ct k ow to f r r, itho t b eing generally aware o f th e real ch aracter o f

m The th e caus es which produce the . blights o f this kin d propo s ed to b e i nve s tigated are such as are th e results o f th e attack s o f true an d

r h a as es . t e n e o f extrem al . sm all p r it For otic 8 4 R R on VIB IO T ITICI, other des troyers o f th e wheat there is no space ; n or is n e es s a s n e e are n th e it c ry, i c th y withi

ea mm n se a n an d do n ot e u e r ch of co o ob rv tio , r q ir th e a d m The i of th e micros cop e to reveal the .

’ firs t in s ec t to b e brought b efore the r eader is on e of th e mo s t singular of living cré atures ; an d were its habits n o t thoroughly inves tigated an d

e e u s eem a m s n e e . Its prov d, th y wo ld l o t i cr dibl attacks are confined to th e farin aceous portion o f th e a n h es s an d e a es gr i , whic it d troy r pl c , producin g the dis eas es kn own . by the name o f

- - ear e e e n u es . a n cockl , p pp r cor , or p rpl A gr i o f wheat in fected by this blight as sumes th e a ea an e of a a e e - o n w en e th e pp r c bl ck p pp r c r , h c s e n n a Th e e co d ame is cle rly derived . whol

‘ ear is altere d in appearan ce "th e chaff husks

en and th e awm s e me u us s e op ; b co c rio ly twi t d, s o that s uch e ars are easily dis tin guis hed from th e ea Th e a n s s u n a h lthy crop . gr i fir t t r d rk

een an d en a an d as h as een s a gr , th bl ck , b id,

e a t a e e - ms look x c ly like little bl ck p pp r cor . If o n e of th em b e divide d into two with a pen

n e w b e un om letel e a k if , it ill fo d p p y fill d with den s e e n m as s u n th e a e whit cotto y , occ pyi g pl c o f the u an d ea n m e e a e luti~ flo r, l vi g r ly littl g n us m a e ese n en s s eem th e e e o tt r. Th co t t to y

e a uan o f es s e a e e er lik q tity fibr , clo ly p ck d tog th C K on P PP R R . 5 OC LE, E E CO N 8 in parallel directions ; but if a little morsel is a en o n th e end o f a in an d ut on a s t k p , p lip of as s and m s ene s n b e s een to gl oi t d, it will oo di e and e a m a ea an e th e vid , giv ilky pp r c to

a e B ut on su m n a e u w t r . , b itti g it to pow rf l m s e th e as n s e bse e s n icro cop , to i h d o rv r will oo dis cover that th e cottony mas s is a den s e body

- of n eel s a e an ma u ae which . o ften livi g h p d i lc l , wriggle about with great vivacity . Accordin gly th e name given to th e di s eas e is

’ vibrzo tritici, the eel of th e

ea Th e ann e e a am wh t . x d di gr is a faithful repres en tation o f a grain of wheat cut acro s s when occupied by th ese vi briones an d th e n mass , dow y T e e n fi t ri as is s een n h e inte o r . , lli g firgizéiifizgf fifiii m m m m mm ” In the e a n s th e oth r dr wi g , magnifi e d te n diame ters e e s are se en as e are e e l , th y vi w d

wi th e ib r o Th e r ones ma n e 130 ame e rs . Egg th v i vib i , g ifi d di t o e u m a ni c il d p , g e s fie d 200 tim .

the mi ros co e ma n fied 130 d ame e s by c p , g i i t r , R EMARK o n MR K R 8 6 S BA E . an d a s the e o n e o f em wi h l o gg of th , t th e un v e u in m a n 2 yo g ibrio coil d p it, g ified 00 diameters ; to which reference will b e sab s e

u is quen tly made . Altho gh it only within th e las t four o r five y ears that th e atten tion of o ur men o f s cien ce h as b een awaken e d

th e ea n a u e o f s u us n s e to r l t r thi c rio i ct, for which we are more p articularly in debte d to

es s Hen slow its ea a a e was n o prof or , r l ch r ct r t un n n s e e s o f th e as en u In k ow to ob rv r l t c t ry . an n e es n u a n ame a i t r ti g p blic tio , which c to s e n e n in 1 64 en e m co d ditio 7 , titl d, E ploy m en th e s e en t for Micro cop , by H ry

B a er fel ow th e a e s r k , l of Roy l Soci ty, thi vib io

His em a s o n are a is n otice d . r rk it s fol low The dis covery o f a certain kin d of an

uillce o r an ma s es em n ee s in e g , i l r bli g l , blight d

ea was a en a m a e m e n e wh t, ccid t lly d by y v ry i g

nio us en . u e e e e am in th e fri d, Mr T rb rvill N dh , summ e th e ea 1 4 3 in th e m ann r of y r 7 , er des crib ed by him s elf in his curious book o f

e New Micro s copical Dis coveries . Th se an i malenlae are n o t usually lodged in s uch blighted grain s of wheat as are covere d extern ally with

- e us se n s e is ew s e freé s oot lik d t, who i id lik i quen tly converted in to a black powder ; but abun dance o f cars may be ob serv ed in s ome

88 MODE OF REVIVING

If the grains o f wheat are grown dry by

ee n an d ou cut em en in a ndi k pi g, y th op th t co

n th e us ma e is e dis n u s a e tio , fibro tt r v ry ti g i h bl , an d on u n a e s e a a e , p tti g w t r to it, will p r t with

ea ea n es s an d s eem e fin e u es or gr t r di , lik t b threads tap erin g at both en ds ; but n ot the leas t motion or symptom of life will be per c eived till they have b een in water fo r s ome u s n a e uen e n e e re e ho r ; y, fr q tly th y will v r viv or come to m e at all B ut th e same ov . if a ns be s ee e in a e for s me u s or gr i t p d w t r o ho r ,

u e for ee o r u a s in ea e b ri d thr fo r d y rth , till th y are u s a u a e m s u e and en f lly t r t d with oi t r , th

' en e a en n e o n a n o ut a s mall op d with p k if , t ki g

n o f th e e ma e a e u an d portio whit tt r c r f lly, s ea n n u n a s o f as s th e ani pr di g it thi po lip gl , ma s ma be een un e e e and ex l y s b dl d tog th r, en e n udina but u m n t d d lo git lly, witho t otio ; an d u u n th e a a n o f a e e tho gh, po pplic tio w t r, th y will n o t revive so s oon as thos e taken from

es a n s se m s u e has n e e een fr h gr i , who oi t r v r b e a e et a e a in an u o r two in xh l d, y , ft r bid g ho r

a e w e a e n s a un em a e an d w t r, h v co t ntly fo d th liv vigorous an d that n otwiths tan ding the grains have been kept in a dry con dition even for s me ea s o f a rema a e o y r , which I have rk bl ns an e now efo e me i t c b r . X I 8 E AMINAT ON . 9

In th e m n o f u us 1 4 3 a sma a e o th A g t, 7 , ll p rc l ee a of blighted wheat was s en t by Mr . N dh m

to a n es es . e s en o f th e a M rti Folk , q , Pr id t Roy l e an a un o f his en n ew dis Soci ty, with cco t th covery which parcel th e presiden t was pleas e d e m e es n u e am n e a e to giv , d iri g I wo ld x i it c r

u . In e s o do cut en s m e o f f lly ord r to , I op o th e a ns a e e e me out th e gr i th t w r b co dry, took

us m a e an d a e a e to o n a fibro tt r, ppli d w t r it slip o f glas s but could dis cern n o other mo

n an a s e a a n o f th e es o r ea s tio th p r tio fibr thr d , which s eparation I impute d wholly to an elas ticity in the fibres an d p erceiving n o token o f

e a e a n em due a e an d lif , ft r w tchi g th with c r , e ea in the e e men was ea an r p t g xp ri t till I w ry, a un e e was en ee am cco t th r of writt to Mr . N dh who havi ng by trials o f his own foun d out the ause s had s u es s a se m e c of thi cc , dvi d to s teep th e grain s b efore I should attempt to o p en th em ; o n doing which I was very s oon

n n e o f his e a an d en e a ne co vi c d v r city, t rt i d with the pleasin g sight o f thi s wo n derful ph enom e

n o n . n e e n a e m a e e e men s at Si c th I h v d xp ri t ,

ffe en me s a n s o f th e s ame a e di r t ti , with gr i p rc l, without being dis appointed s o much as on ce and arti ularl o n th e 4th da u 1 4 p g y y of J ly, 7 7 , n n s me th e s ame a e e s a e fi di g o of p rc l l ft, I o k d R R G G 9 0 SU P ISIN SI HT . a couple o f grain s in water for th e space of thirty-s ix hours ; then b elievin g them suffi cien tl m s en e cut one en an d a in y oi t d, I op , pply g s ome ' o f th e fibrous sub s tan ce to th e micro s e in a o f a e s e a a e mme cop drop w t r, it p r t d i diatel an d esen e m e m u t u es y, pr t d to y vi w l it d o f th e anguillce without th e least motion or

fe B u n avin au s ign o f li . t exp erie ce h g t ght me m e a s a e m notwith , by for r tri l , th t th y ight s an n s s e e e em fo r a u t di g po ibly r viv , I l ft th bo t

u u s an d en e am n n em a a n fo r ho r , th x i i g th g i , foun d much th e greates t numb er movin g their extremities pretty briskly ; an d in an hour o r af e e a ea e as e as es e ea two t r, th y pp r d liv ly th cr

r es an d e tures usually a e . Mr . Folk some oth r ” en s e e nes ses o f s e e m e n fri d w r wit thi xp ri t . There can be s carcely foun d a more interes t in m s a e an ese n es g icro copic l obj ct th th vibrio . ’ a e s a un o f th e en men a e Mr . B k r cco t ph o th y

a a e s s s e Cu us a exhibit is as ccur t a po ibl . rio s th e e m a e is an d e as h as een whol tt r , w ll it b des crib ed by him a s witnes sed almos t a c en

u a o m e n m s s s a e een as t ry g , od r icro copi t h v b m u s u s e as h e was es e s s ch rpri d by th ight , which any p ers on pos ses sin g a tolerable in stru m a a en ent m y r e dily joy .

The nes did n o t e e es a e the vibrio , how v r, c p — MB U ME . UR . 1 . BA ER C TIS 9

f aue wh o ea e e th e a n e o . otic Mr B r, r d b for Roy l

e in th e ea 1 82 2 an a un o f his Soci ty y r , cco t Micros copical Ob s ervation s on th e S uspen sion ' ” o u u a n o f th e Vib riti i f th e M sc l r Motio ri o T c . His excellen t drawings of this in s e ct are in th e

s us eum e e the n nes s f th e Briti h M , wh r , by ki d o gen tlemen to who s e care these valuable s pe

mene o f art are mm e e e e ex a ci co itt d, th y w r

the au me o f em a e mined b y thor . So th h v

s n e e en use . u s us a e his i c b d by Mr C rti , to ill tr t obs ervations on th e various ins ects affectin g

the n c s u s e in th e s um e cor rop , p bli h d ixth vol o f th e Journ al o f th e Royal Agricultural

He n s e s a th e e n s Society . co id r th t vibrio b lo g

' th e as s in rs orza and e e es e s to cl fi , b li v with oth r

a its e s are a en u th e s a an d th t gg t k p by p,

an d h en are h atched in th e s talk germ cn . W th e grains containin g th e vibriones are s own see e u s in th e s in an d with good d, th y b r t pr g,

s et th e animalculae at lib erty . It is s tated by

th e es en m s s a th ee s s me m es b t to ologi t , th t e l o ti

ea th e s e o f a ua e o f an n in en t r ch iz q rt r i ch l g h,

and a at a s s an e m th e e em th t, hort di t c fro xtr ity o f th e a e a e s ve e an e t il, th y h v di co r d orific

u in s n Th e un when ce th e eggs is s e tri gs . yo g

ms are e u in em as s een in th e wor coil d p th , “ dra n u s s a s th e e s me wi g . Mr . C rti y , gg co 2 IN NE R 9 N UMBER O G A IN .

in s n s five s ix e e and are forth tri g of or tog th r, detached in water "the young worm s can b e

u In a u s een thro gh th e tran sparen t skin . bo t an hour and a half after th e egg is laid in

a e th e un m e n s e a e w t r, yo g wor b gi to xtric t itself ; which it took o n e of them an hour an d ” n twelve minutes to accomplis h . Whe largely m a n e th e ea a is eas s een g ifi d h d of vibrio ily ,

‘

. It and its curious form ation may b e ob served . is furn ishe d with a s ort o f probo s cis capable of

n a n o r e ten s n e th e u e s o f a co tr ctio x io , lik t b

Th s n a in a e sm a e es e . e e e ll t l cop gg b i g l id w t r, un ques tion ably facilitate s their b ein g taken up by th e roots into th e in terior of th e s tem

en e th e un n es fin d e w a as s n wh c yo g o th ir y, oo as a e n th e n as en u e e e th e h tch d, i to c t ov l b for

t un a A u th e app earan ce of h e yo g e r . ltho gh larger vibrion es which lay th e eggs after coming out o f th e bur s tin g cockles reach th e s e us m en n e s e n a ne in th e iz j t tio d, tho co t i d grain are exceedin gly minute ; thes e are s o s m a a us an are m u e ll, th t forty or fifty tho d co p t d to he s ometim e s gathered in to the s oft s tringy

a - he a e m as s of a s ingle e r cockle . T l rg on es die s n a e a n th e e s e s e oo ft r l yi g gg , whil tho occupying th e i nfected grain s re tain their capa bility of exhibiting sign s of active life after VITALTTY . 9 3 they h ave b een immure d for years in their

a an d n n e e e a e e fo r six d rk co fi d r c pt cl s . K pt

d a o r se en ea s an e e as . a e v y r , tr t d Mr B k r

e s e s m e mes e n s e dir ct , th y will o ti xhibit co id r a f m i a m m s s ble powers o otion . It s l os t i po ible e e h ow s a can be ese e to d cid thi vit lity pr rv d, b ut it h as b een attributed by some writers to th e glutin ous m atter which h as b een n oticed as s ma n n in h a - sis till re i i g t e e r cockle . Still thi

n an a n e u o e am ne n othi g more th co j ct re . T x i

em effe ua th e s e e s u s ak th ct lly, ob rv r ho ld o th e cockles in tepid water for about a couple of hours b efore they are divided "they will then en e a be un e e and ma b e g r lly fo d v ry liv ly, y k ept in that condition a good while in a little

a e . n ee is s s e to es e e em w t r I d d, it po ibl pr rv th in s wa s e e a ee s and ee em thi y for v r l w k , k p th ready to show "but if th e p erson to whom they are to be exhibited h as never s een th em

e e th e es wa is a e em at n e b for , b t y to t k th o c

m an affe e a n es s o n e e a fro ct d gr i , l t i cr dibl cir cums tan ce as th eir coming from s uch a s ource

u e are ra e met should b e do bted . Th y r ly

r n e In s with in any g ai exc pt wh eat . ome a s of th e in m s dis eas e e a s con p rt k gdo , thi pr v il siderabl e in e a s is s a e to y, whil oth r p rt it c rc ly

t ll a th e e rem b e met with a a . Prob bly b s t edy 9 4 REMED Y . would be to soak th e s eed in water sufiiciently

m to th e nes ann s an war kill vibrio , which c ot t d a high temperature ; but it must not be hot en ough to de stroy th e vitality of th e good

Th e au h as e uen sho n em s eed . thor fr q tly w th a me s an d n es s e ei ex eme sur to f r r , wit d th r tr

s e . On e n v ua av n e e em pri i di id l, h i g vi w d th w as n s men met his m e in th e s ee ith to i h t, ill r tr t ” Y ou s a h e ma an ou n w , id , y f cy y k o a

ea ab u n b ut ou e n good d l o t cor , y littl k ow what you Often grin d and it would be well mos t certainly for thos e wh o are co nversant with

s n a n o f th e f o f man thi pri cip l portio ood , if they were be tter acquainte d with pro erties an d its eas s p with dis e .

Ergot of Wheat .

Ergo t of Rye . r ERG 9 7 d mes The er otted a n i o o tic fowl . g gr i s c m

letel an e in m' an d o e es p y ch g d both for pr p rti , an d is on e o f th e mos t won derful mon s tro sities

w o b m t in n a u Th e a te e a ns t e e with t re . l r d gr i e n a e u n a an d u e in th e lo g t , t r bl ck, protr d mann er shown in th e figures, both o f which are a n s o f a ua e me s h as dr wi g ct l sp ci n . Ergot

een th e su e o f nume us s e u a n s and b bj ct ro p c l tio , l

‘ h as b s n u a m s a e b een actuall it , y a i g l r i t k , y

as se amon s th e un to ea s n o cl d g t f gi, which it b r

u e an a e e s u e a tr e res mbl ce wh tev r . A v ry p rfici l e am n a n in th e es en s a e o f s en e is x i tio , pr t t t ci c ,

a en ough to show that this is a gre t error . Some p erson s have imagin ed that it is caus ed by th e pun cture of an in sect m ade for th e pur se of a n its e su as is e n n po l yi g gg, ch w ll k ow to be the cas e in certain remarkable exores

en es on an s of o ak a es an d c c pl t , which ppl ,

- a mm n am u nut g lls are co o ex ples . By s ch

' un u es m a n is n u e and th e p ct r , orbid ctio i d c d,

esu s are th e e rescen es a u e to m e o f r lt xc c ll d d , so which are article s of comm ercial importan ce

n f a us e man e a n un us a d o gre t to . A c rt i f g

n a ia a m an es e and e e e i v r bly cco p i rgot, th r for it h as been con cluded by certain Ob servers th at it u h e a i e e ui e as prod ces t dis e se . It s how v r q t probable that th e fun gus is accidental to the n 9 8 E B GOTINE . e as a th e e is aused th e re rgot, th t rgot c by p

h un u th u e f it s en ce o f t e f g s . B e e ca s o s ” uc n s a s es s Hen slow a prod tio , y prof or , wh t it ma th e e is a m ns us s a e i f th e y, rgot o tro t t s ee in th e em an d a u ar o ne d which bryo, p rtic l ly

a it is e e n a u al enla e u es p rt of , pr t r t r ly rg d, protr d

e n th e aff and en as sum es a u e b yo d ch , oft c rv d ’ m s m e a es m n a s u m for o wh t r e bli g cock Sp r, fro

en e th e n am e e is en wh c rgot, which of Fr ch u l and o f a e a n . is a s e a xtr ctio It bl ck p rfici ly, s n e u e n e na c n ain n mu po gy t xt r i t r lly, o t i g ch oily m a e s o a u n e an alm n tt r, th t it will b r lik o d ” "in his en e at a an e . Dan e wh light d c dl i l ,

’ a e o f s u a s an d e n en e s s a s a a t bl g r th ir co g r , y th t

e a n sa a n e m a e h e a s mus c rt i cch ri tt r, which c ll h ” m su a is derivedfro m e c ns s n of roo g r, rgot, o i ti g

e ve e u a en s of a n h een of r tw l q iv l t c rbo , t irt hyd o

en and een o f en . n er c em st g , thirt oxyg A oth h i ann un ce a h e had s e e in a n on o d, th t di cov r d it a u zotis ed vegetable s bs tance, which he denom

' in ated r t e is a n in the s ate of e go zn . It obt i ed t a n e o f a un en and ter as e brow powd r, p g t bit t t , an d h e s u n th e r n look po it as active p i ciple. He a s a is n c nd i n us s y th t it arcoti a po so o , but th e composition and propertie s do not yet seem to be as e a ne and mos ab i c rt i d t prob ly, f “ it c ul e dul d o d b y examine , it would tum out tc

1 0 RG H 0 E OT IN W EAT .

B ut who s tate th at they n ever m et with it . th e s ame n ua s u e a s in e i divid l wo ld, p rh p , oth r

a es s e m e an e s fin d . pl c , di cov r or th th y wi h to Profess or Hen slow des ired his miller to s earch for him in us e s o f e e ea an d h e two b h l r v t wh t,

u u e e en s e m en s an d q ickly prod c d thr e doz p ci , s aid there w as as m any more l eft in th e s am

le Th e au in 1 844 sus e e th e e st p . thor p ct d xi en ce of ergot in c ertain low lan ds in a village n ea ea Y a m u an d e ues e th e m e r Gr t r o th, r q t d ill r o f th e place to look in to th e corn wh en s en t to b e un m on e a u a a m e on a e gro d fro p rtic l r f r r, v ry sm a u a n n ea th a s s The mil ll occ p tio r e m r he . ler s oon receive d from this place four bush els

ea an d o n s ea n un e of wh t, rchi g fo d dir ctly forty e s e m en s h e u th e ight p ci , which bro ght to au Th n th au thor . e followi g s eas on e thor searched in a wheat field on th e s am e little

a m an d u n o t fin d an e in but f r , co ld y rgot it ; gathered a large quan tity in the gras ses grow in in th e s ame s in a es e e h e g di trict, pl c wh r t

a n a dr i ge was b ad .

Th e m e n a effe s of e in sma ses dici l ct rgot, ll do , have already b een n oticed as bein g extremely

e u but a en an e ten its es u s pow rf l, if t k to y x t r lt o n the an ma ame are u u h as i l fr tr ly awf l . This

een e nume us e e men s of b prov d by ro xp ri t , X R E PE IMENTS . which profes sor Hen slow gives a mo s t s triking accoun t in his valuable n otice o f thi s dis ease to which h e adds a prop er caution again s t

n w th u their rep etition o e q e s tion is s ettled .

' Animals which refused ergot mixe d with th eir

a e een m e e s a an d it food h v b co p ll d to w llow it, n was re duced th em to a wretch ed con ditio . It

e u n s and a s u n u an d th e tri d po pig , l o po po ltry,

ns e uen es e e s n es s an en e an d in co q c w r ick , g gr ,

flamm ator a n so n en se a th e e s y ctio i t , th t fl h a u a m e as es th e a u e a . In s ct lly slo gh d w y o c ,

m s e off an d n o es n an ma li b rott d , d criptio of i l s ufferi ng h as ever exceede d th e direful ills thus

nfl es e e m m a e i icted . Th exp ri en ts were d with a e e e m ne e e th e e o f r e vi w to d t r i wh th r rgot y , cons tan tly groun d up with th e flour in som e

a s of an e m n ot b e th e aus e o f th e p rt Fr c , ight c gangren ous dis eases so prevalen t amongs t th e

in e a n s s Th e s m m s o f poor c rt i di trict . y pto

es e e em s eas es are ea u an d e e th pid ic di dr df l, th r s eems to be very little doubt that th e suspicion s as to their origin ating from ergotted flour o f

h as a ea r e are e . es s e y corr ct T i r, who p id gr t a en n t6 th e s u e men n s a as e tt tio bj ct, tio c which

n e i am came u d r h s own ob s ervation . A f ily

' e e in a s tate ea es u n an d the w r of gr t d tit tio , father b egge d o f a neighbouri ng farmer a U 1 0 2 . AWF L CASES .

uan o f er otted r e su th e u en q tity g y to pply rg t ,

i e s e am Th e calls o f h s dis tr s d f ily for food .

m e a e him but a e a h e was far r g v it , dd d th t

a n o t es e th e a s o f afraid it w s whol om . Still c ll

e e a e an d in th e a e o f s hung r pr v il d, f c thi

u a Th e e u as th ca tion it w s eaten . r s lt w e

e o f th e fa e m e and five o f th e d ath th r, oth r,

en o ut of se en . Two su e but o n e childr v rviv d, o f em ecame s u se uen ea and um th b b q tly d f d b, an d es es s m a ua e , b id , lo t a li b which ct lly rott d o ff e s e in th e s a e wa as the m s o f , pr ci ly m y li b . the animals which were compelled to swallow th e e e men a e ess He slow xp ri t l rgot . Prof or n has published a s eries of remarkable extracts m th e ar s e s e of a s am i fro p i h r gi t r W tti h , n

uff in th e ear 1 62 . e s th e suf S olk, y 7 It r cord feringe o f s everal p ers on s from an unusual s e es of m ortification in th e m s th e s m p ci li b , y p tom s o f which were very similar to thos e of th e p eople un der th e in fluen ce o f ergotted rye in an n ee e e ee s a e Fr ce . I d d th r s m gr at proba bility that their maladies were due to the same

ause e e a in th e uff ases th e er c , xc pt th t, S olk c ,

was a o f wh eat ns ea o f r e. Wh er got th t , i t d y e e it i e e e in s am es o f ea v r s p rc iv d pl wh t it , o u be a e u e ou an d m e " ght to c r f lly pick d t, ight b s o to m d a men s n e in u us n s ld e ic l , i c j dicio ha d

1 04 OF R EFFECTS D AINAGE . s n e u us a n e an d in 1 845 e e i c j dicio ly dr i d, w r s ea e in a n e in th e as s s B ut rch d v i for rgot gr e . in places adj acen t th e author gathered large

uan s e e m a s n e e n q titie . Th s e dow ow afford xc lle t

th e a e an d n o m a n a ea s food for c ttl , co pl i t pp r as e e e en th e u an was a ua h r tofor , wh occ p t ct lly a a u n an an ma n em u fr id to t r y i l i to th . Altho gh

s a ma n o t b e e e e s e thi f ct y p rf ctly d ci iv , it affords a s trong pre sumption in favour o f th e idea that ergot did greatly ten d to promote th e

m f a e u am n a n o f evils co plaine d o . A c r f l ex i tio th e as s es n n ea m an e e- s gr growi g r y h dg row , will en able an in quirer in th e autumn to dis cover a h m a ma n In 184 4 m ore ergot th n e y i gi e . an d 1 8 45 e e was a ea ea b e un in , th r gr t d l to fo d such places an d it is n otorious to numb ers that pigs running about th e lan es b ecame

s as e di e d . Thes e in quiries are un doubtedly of great m an e an d e a ue is u e en an e i port c , th ir v l f rth r h c d

th e a a e e is eas n e e e a by f ct, th t th r r o to b li v th t in s me a es in an e e e a ns a e o loc liti Fr c , wh r p i h v b een taken to preven t ergot being s en t to th e m th e r e th e e em s m e ill with good y , pid ic for rly

s o e a en a e m n s e . n ee is pr v l t h v di i i h d I d d, it s a a e a e een n ea em e id, th t th y h v b rly r ov d by

s u us a e s b e a thi j dicio c r . It i to e hop d th t this N T ERGOT O NOTICED . 1 0 5 matter will receive more atten tion In p arts o f our own un e m an d unaccoun t co try, wh re orbid

s a am t able dis order prev il ongs t h e poor . Ergot

‘ Is n ot unlikely to be the uns us pecte d s ource o f m u suffe in e af n n u ch r g hith rto b fli g i q iry . The spe cimens o f ergot o f rye drawn for

is s e n e e a e e th e au in th ctio , w r g th r d by thor e em e 1 84 5 in a s of ea s S pt b r, , ort p ty oil, with

he r e as a s ff su s . T w a e an d ti cold b oil y l t , pre tty n early every other car was more o r les s

er otted . In the e us e em e h e un g pr vio S pt b r, fo d a h s am n in th e n e Th ex ctly t e e thi g xt field . e

en e a n n s eem s b e a an wet a g r l Opi io to , th t y h rd

n ut h la d is s uitable to its developm en t . B t e s n u a in is a s o few e e n e i g l r th g , th t p opl otic it . Threshers in b arns will declare they n ever s aw

is n e o ut em . a me it, till it poi t d to th A f r r of ea a e ea s o f a e assu e th e gr t ctivity, ighty y r g , r d au h e h ad n e e s een He s n a e ed thor v r it . oo g th r a e e o f er o tted r e - as s an s e pi c g y gr , d how d it to the old an s a e in all m e m , who id, W ll, y lif , I ” n e e s aw s u n e e " n ee v r ch a thi g b for I d d , by th e men wh o in our a n s is a work b r , it prob bly

f en m s aken en o n th e th e un o t i t , wh floor, for d g

o f a s and m e not a e es em es . r t ic , which it littl r bl The prevalen ce o f ergot in tho s e fie lds where t a e s e e and its sa ea an e he drain g i imp rf ct, di pp r c D 3 1 0 6 E RGOTETIA.

fro m su as a e een u e a n e ch h v b thoro ghlyw ll dr i d, s eems to point to this as its chief preven tive After searching in vain over a g; p arish for ergot in wheat; during the autumn o f 1 844 th e an e r e ues e a sm a a m e , th r q t d ll f r r

' to loc k ove r s om e that was grown o n a w et c a e s s e a a n n a m a s l y y pot clo to ditch djoi i g r h . He w as soon pres en te d with three or fo ur s p e c imen s m th e s us e e a e on e tw o fro p ct d pl c , or of which h ad th e ch aff s cale s s till adh eri ng to

s s eem n m th e u th em . Thi s to co fir s ppo sition as to its a u e a t e s an d at n e f vo rit loc li i , o c to s u es th e es m e e n gg t b t thod of g tti g rid of it . Profes sor Hen slo w appears to be o f th e s ame

n n an d n s a en e is an e opi io , hi t th t wh rgot w t d

m e na ec s m a b e for dici l obj t , it ight prob bly always Obtain ed if grown where s uch con dition s o f s n m s s oil pre e t the s elve .

Th e un us e e s a a m an th e f g , b for id to cco p y

s eas e an d h as een a u ed di , to which it b ttrib t ,

r a h m is a e e o teti . T e e e a c ll d g r f ct, how e e o f n en e es n o t ro e aus e v r, coi cid c , do p v c an h as a n as s mu d effe ct . It ty tty app ear an e an d th e au h as s een th e clados o c , thor p mum fierbarum e us n e n , pr vio ly otic d, growi g with it o n th e chaff s cal e s of th e ergo tted ears o f r u a an s mu a u u ye . S ch tr t tion o f n tritio s

II CHAPTER V .

Fre quen t o ccurre nce of s hri vell e d grains in s ampl es of wheat f en c aus e th e w e a m d e or cec ido m ia tritici— Th e O t d by h t i g , y me fo r s e e n s is Jun e in th e e en n s — Its occu a o n ti i g thi fly , v i g p ti — o f laymg its e gg s in th e fl o w e rs Larvm o r m aggo ts from thes e e ggs inj ure th e yo un g o vary— The s e maggo t s m ay b e e asily — - fo un d in th e ears Mis take s re specting them Th e m idge a re al p aras ite— Wan t o f i nformation am o n gs t farm ers respect — ur s— o n a o ser e ti ng it W ell de s cribe d by Mr. C ti L g go b v d by r K r — His e w o f o ne a n its e s — e cu ar es o f M . i by vi l yi g gg P li iti — ’ th e l arv ae M ay b e foun d in th e ch afl dus t of w hea t in b arn s o n e c r sa es b ut are o n ar ae c o ere w a l o ki g lik h y lid , ly l v , v d ith m e m bran e — Ch rys alis s tate prob ably n ot re ache d till s prin g Failure o f atte mpts to bree d th e m idge s— Curious en tom olo — gic al que s ti o n re s pe c tin g them Imp ortance of deciding it — — Es tim ate of l o s s e s by th e midge Re marks Ame rican wheat

m e or He ss an . idg , i fly

RE M AR K AE LE as are th e diseases prevalen t in th e ea a e een ea e o n in th e wh t, which h v b tr t d as a e s e are a e m e in l t two ch pt r , th y s c rc ly or teres tin g obj e cts o f in quiry than th e curious devas tator o f th e growin g crop s to which a en n is n ow a u t b e tt tio bo t o e directed . Ev ry farmer kn ows th e lo s s that h e con s tan tly sus tain s from th e a e m ue in his s am es , . l rg ixt r pl of

e e and e e e a n n n shriv ll d d f ctiv gr i s . This co ti u a a ens e en en th lly h pp , v wh e blo ssoming ' ~ wHEAT MID GE . plan ts h ave promis e d to yield th e most healthy

u e an d all his s e s a e een as prod c , pro p ct h v b d th as s s e . a es e e an e bright po ibl H rv t, how v r,

es n s eas n a e s a o n e him an d thr hi g o , h v di pp i t d , the reas on o f th e defect in th e co rn h as b een

m Th e e sea es co pletely wrapt in mys tery . r rch of th e en tomologis t here come to aid him in th e

s er o f his en un sus e e en em es di cov y hidd p ct d i , an d demon s trate to him that th e defect is fre

uen due to an n s e u m a s q tly i ct which , tho gh yri d o f em m a a e e s e in his e s h e has th y h v xi t d fi ld , n s een o r a f is a ue a as ever he rd o . It tr p r itic

o f s n u a eau u ma n an d its fly i g l rly b tif l for tio , ’ ’ s en n am e is cecia om za tritici or ea ci tific y , wh t m The me to ee e se m es is n th e idge . ti s th idg i m n of June m s e en a u n ne o th , fro v till bo t i ’ in th e e en n en e ften s a m o clock v i g, wh th y o w r am n s th e en s s mn ea s of n o g t th blo o i g r cor . They may be discovered busily engaged about the e s an d e u a n is a n flow r , th ir occ p tio l yi g

e e s in m e e th e e s u e th ir gg the . H r gg prod c

e e m a s o r a ae i n u e littl y llow ggot , l rv , wh ch i j r th e un a and n se uen e en the yo g ov ry, co q tly pr v t grain from att aining its due growth an d swell

u m n n s es e m a s in g to its n at ral di e sio . Th ggot are easily foun d in th e ears when th e grain is

med u n a the aff s a es . The for , by p lli g b ck ch c l 1 1 0 WHEAT MID GE . author for s everal years p as t has certainly

un a e n um e s em an d e a e fo d l rg b r of th , th y h v

een en u his n s e n b oft bro ght for i p ctio , by farm ers who h ave s earched for th em at his

u n e ar m s a m an e b s gges tio . Th y e o tly cco p i d y an an e- u e us is me e th e or g colo r d d t, which r ly red n i th e ea e h as een robi , w th which r d r b m a a ua n n us a e One de cq i ted i a previo ch pt r . farm er imagined th at thes e larvae were o f great us e in ee n on s un u s s was a f di g thi f g . Thi n atural mis take for an un s cientific p ers on but it ten d s n evertheles s to prove to more ex pe rien ced inves tigators h ow cautious they should be n ot nn e n s ea e sim to co ct thi g with ch oth r,

u ar n n Th e a ply b eca s e they e coi cide t . wh e t m e a s its e s in th e ea ee s in the idg l y gg wh t, br d

e ar an d es th e s e e e n e . , do mi chi f b for otic d It is e e e a n th e e n n en in th r for , ccordi g to d fi itio giv th e s a a ea a as u i e e . h fir t ch pt r, r l p r it Tho gh

a u a e dam a e esu s m its a a es a c lc l bl g r lt fro r v g , des cription of it will mo s t likely be a n ovelty to m any readers who m ay have suffere d greatly

m an d are n o t a ua n e a fro it, who cq i t d with wh t h as een n n th e s u e b writte o bj ct . By far th e b es t accoun t of thi s curious fly is

a . u s in his a m a e a e s th t of Mr C rti , d ir bl p p r published in th e Journ al of th e Agricultural

1 1 2 R OF M K R Y . OBSE VATIONS R . I B

e u es en an d eau u s y llow, p b c t, b tif lly iride cen t

en s e n in e s h m e e . T e a o en is s wh r po bd hort, a e n a n an d is u n s e w an t p ri g to poi t, f r i h d ith

’ s o r ns um en a n its e s ovipo itor, i tr t for l yi g gg , n ea e e m es as n as th e th e o vi rly thr ti lo g body,

u e n e m . u d ct b i g xtre ely s len de r . Mr . C rtis s a es a h e h as n e e s een th e mae but t t th t v r l fly, h as n o doubt that h e should fin d in it a

ffe en m e is a un an di r t for o f an tenn ae . Ther b d t m a e in th h e t f e o f h e a e s o . Cur tt r, w ol p p r Mr tis o n th e n s e s affe n th e n s i ct cti g cor crop , to n u e a a e u e usal e n e e us i d c c r f l p r . Th y bri g b for , in a m s n e es n m m an n e u o t i t r ti g for , y wo d rf l facts relatin g to the econ omy of thes e minute

n s o h n portio f t e creatio .

Th e en e a e n a u a s h as v r bl t r li t, Mr . Kirby, long been more in tim ately acquain ted than m o s t others with th e habits o f th e wheat m h m h e . In t e s um e 98 e h ad a idg r of , good

un m a n s e a n s u n Opport ity of ki g ob rv tio po it, an d in th e early p art of th e year followin g h e communicated them to th e Lin n ean Society in

He s aw s a ms his usual felicitous m anner . w r ’ em a u e in th e e en n at of th bo t ight O clock v i g, which time th ey were busy laying their eggs but towards n in e they h ad n early all left th e

' s ene of e a on s S o nume us e e c their op r ti . ro w r A S OF THE G H BIT MID E .

e a h e n e a m a n th y, th t otic d dozen at a ti e l yi g

e r e s u n th e s am e ear th e s am e th i gg po . At

me h e u n o t is on h u ti , co ld d cove r e e co ld pro n un e o c to be a male . Th e m ales mo s t likely

m a e e a ea an e at s m e e m k th ir pp r c o oth r ti e .

’ u seen in su mu u es at n Tho gh ch ltit d ight, th e mornin g does n o t exhibit a sin gle on e in action ; but they are to be foun d while repo sin g

o n the eat- s a th n n is wh t lks . If e growi g cor

e s a en e an u a u a s w ll h k , th y fly l g idly bo t, hort

e m th e un s u e but n o t in h ight fro gro d, di t rb d

vi o rate e a e e es low n u n g d . Th y t k th ir r t dow po

th e an e ea s inte a s the pl t, with th ir h d po d tow rd

' sk in s n e m a be rea y, which po itio th y y dily

un The a us n s s o s s n u a fo d . gre t b i e f thi i g l r creature s eems to b e th e s afe depo sition o f its

e s i th o f th a en o ccu gg n e florets e whe t . Wh

e in s wa e are n ot eas m e m pi d thi y, th y ily ov d fro

‘ e en a emen but ma be e am n e th ir g g t, y x i d if p ains are taken to efiect this obj ect They ih variably as sum e the po sition mo s t favourable

fo r the n se n o f e e s th e n ovi i rtio th ir gg , by lo g

u h a e em po sitor with which n at re s provid d th . No in dication is afforde d by th e common ap pearan ce o f th e flies that they are po s s es sed o f " s o u us an n s umen but on es s n the c rio i tr t, pr i g anus of any one of them it m ay be discovered o i p o IT R l 14 THE v s O . and they h ave th e power of un sheathing it at

e are a m e at . pleas ure . Th y r d with wh , Mr

a e a n e a e u e va ina Kirby c ll d lo g r tr ctil t b , or g ,

un sh eath s an aculeus n e in s tru which , or poi t d is m en e a s n as fin e as a a . s t lik ti g, h ir Thi

n u e n th e flo ret an d th e e s i trod c d i to , by it gg are depo site d upo n th e in te rior valuvle of th e

a us a e th e s ti mata Th e a u a e coroll j t bov g . cc r t en m s m w e owe e se s e a to ologi t, to who th ob rv

n s h as s e e em s e e a m es au tio , di cov r d th v r l ti c ght prison ers by b ein g unable to withdraw this

n s um n He a s nes se th e e a n i tr e t . l o wit d Op r tio o f e s n th e e s a e m an a em s in d po iti g gg , ft r y tt pt

h a One da h e a e e an ear which e f iled . y g th r d u n th e es e e a e en a e an d po which fli w r ctiv ly g g d, was en abled by th e aid of a pocket micro s cope ”

e s ema a e es s . u to vi w thi r rk bl proc I co ld, h e s a s e d s n e e e th e e s y , v ry i ti ctly p rc iv gg

as s n on e a e an e e m nu e air- il p i g ft r oth r, lik i t h b

es u th e a n a th e a u eus e n bl , thro gh v gi , c l b i g ” n h fl H a s n se e t e o ret. e wholly i rt d i to dd , I examin ed this proces s for full ten minutes b e

e th e a en e an m a s en a e s e for p ti t littl i l di g g d it lf, an d at las t it was through my violen ce th at sh e ” s n nue h er em m n an d flew a a e . di co ti d ploy t, w y If all th e eggs that are thus lay ed in favourabl e s eas ns e e be a e en e o w r to h tch d, or if Provid c

1 1 6 L RVE OHAFF U A IN D ST .

am a n e di eter s . M g ifi d still farth er to th e ci

' en en mes the s a an ventra t t of tw ty ti , dor l d l a ea an es e e as e e pp r c w r h r drawn by Mr .

e n a m s e m en s e e en u e L o rd, to who p ci w r tr s t d

a u es e a a een for th t p rpose . Th l rvae h ve b

u s me e s n s ee o n th e en tho ght by o p r o to f d poll , while others thin k they live o n th e j uices o f th e e ovary . Th y u nques tion ably des troy in s m e wa th e e fructification a e o y pow r of for, ft r

e e a n s a e mm en e is e a n th ir op r tio h v co c d, it c rt i

a th e e men n e e s e s and m e e th t g r v r w ll , co pl t

s e esul s . es e e m a s as h as t rility r t Th littl ggot ,

een m en on e are e e as un u n b ti d, v ry ily fo d po ‘ s earchin g in an ear of wheat th at h as b een fre

uente d th m s hen th e n is q by e idge . W cor threshe d they m ay b e di s covered in the chaff us an d as e h ad en e e n th e d t, look if th y t r d i to

sa is s a e . s s s e u e chry l t t At fir t ight, tho fig r d

e e a e s a ea an e but e e h r g v thi pp r c , th y prov d to b e larvae covered with a singular kin d o f m em

n e e a es th e fin e us o n th bra e . Who v r t k d t e

a n in his an ma eas em b r floor h d, y ily pick th o ut an d w e e e em to b e e a o f , ill p rc iv th x ctly A e a e th e size given in th e figures . good pr p r r of obj ects for th e micros cop e would put s ome

u in Cana a a s am en e m . e p d b l , wh th y ight b eas a n a u a s wh o a e en ily ex mi ed . N t r list h v giv TO B R D G 1 1 ATTEMPTS EE THE MID E . 7

e a en n to ese n s e s are o f n n th ir tt tio th i ct , Opi io th at th e chrys ali s s tate is n o t reached till th e s n a d a th e n m em an us e n pri g, n th t thi br o cov ri g is a protection agains t cold till that con dition i a ne is ue a e e h a n one s ttai d . It tr th t th r s bee in s tan ce o f a fly hatched from a chrys alis in

e em e but s was an e e n . e e S pt b r, thi xc ptio Th r have b een m any attempts made to breed thes e flies from th e larvae covered with th e mem

ane or th e su se sa es foun d in th e br , , ppo d chry lid

' as e in a n ch afl b ut all h ave failed . It w tri d v i by th e writer ; but he thought others might have obtained them by reason o f more s kil ful me s on n u h un e thod , till i q iry e fo d th y

e e e ua un su ess u . n u es a e w r q lly cc f l Co j ect r h v , as usua een suf en a un an and a l, b fici tly b d t ;

ues n h as een a sed e th e a ae do q tio b r i , wh ther l rv n o t ente th e ea e m e u e o r r rth to b co p pa , chry

ali s e a n s a the m em an us s de . C rt i it i th t br o cases o f th e larvae are found left adhering to th e s oun d grain s an d to th e chaff- sc al es ; an d

es s Hen slow an d e s as s e a s me prof or oth r rt, th t o larvae have been kn own to leave th e ears and

u in h en m b ry themselves t e earth . An y to o logist wh o decides th e ques tion whether these larvae certainly enter th e groun d to turn in to u ae i do ea s to sc en in p p , w ll gr t ervice i ce ' 1 1 8 Los s ns B Y THE MID GE .

en a es es af n n ma n th e g er l, b id fordi g i for tio to farmer respectin g th e habits o f on e of th e mo st “ fatal e n emies to his produce when th e s eas on ’ ' In th e au s O inion is s uitable to them . thor p j th e ss in 1 84 5 e s me a ms in th e lo , ov r o f r ,

un o f r w as n s e a e an d " co ty No folk, co id r bl Mr

s e e a ea s a o a u a e th e de Kirby, v r l y r g , c lc l t d s truction in o ne p arti cular field of wheat w h e e am ned as at eas en us e s hich x i , l t tw ty b h l

h e s s in in te en a es . In e s e t fif cr P rth hir , lo

flicted th e m e in 1 82 8 w as es tma e by idg i t d,

a a e u a u a at o n e- o f th e by c r f l c lc l tor, third

‘ In n en u u i . 1 83 0 an e a s n crop , i t llig t gric lt ri t “ th e n s e e n e ea o r two orth ob rv d, A oth r y r o f the wheat-fly will m ak e two - thirds o f the ” a farme rs here b ankrupt s . H ppily thes e are n o t common cas es ; b ut they are s uch as th e agricultural districts are p erp etually in

an e o f an d e e e th e a m e s u d g r , th r for f r r o ght to b e m ade well aware o f th e po s sibility o f

' th e en croachm en ts they are liable to when th e

u an a I flies m ltiply to y gre t exten t . t does n o t

a e aus e in e a n ea s th e ama e follow, th t b c c rt i y r d g

' e ave n e is n s n fi an be s o at th y h do i ig i c t, it will ; e m es en th e es m a e a s me oth r ti , wh fli y, p rh p , co " in e e m n n um e s un e s s a n ed e ov rwh l i g b r , l k owl g o f their - habits enables us always to Oppo s e a

1 2 0 FLY HESSIAN . th e wh eat-midge is to b e foun d on the con ti n en u e an d a a a s th e n t Of E rop , th t it tt ck cor

s in an e aus n th e sam e s e l t i crop Fr c , c i g t ri i y n th e grains that h as b een shown to be th e result

i a a es n n u ac s are of of ts r v g i E gland . S ch f t i nes timable advantage ; for n o t only do they enlarge o ur p erception o f th e won ders o f crea

n but e us an ns n me s tio , giv i ight i to thod by

s u s e e s es en in th e un which kilf l ob rv r , r id t co try, m ay con fer s ignal advan tages on their n eigh

u T e u s o f th e a s bo rs . o dw ll pon th e hi tory h bit of a little midge may app ear at firs t sight

n an d un an en a e e -in trifli g worthy Of l rg d, w ll form ed min d ; but wh en th e b enefits o n th e o ne

an an d th e n u es o n th e e h d, i j ri oth r, Of which a m u u e o f e n s are th e aus e are ltit d littl thi g c ,

n s e e w e s a s n e e e a th e in co id r d, h ll oo p rc iv th t ves ti atio u o f e e s n e n ma e is a ur g v ry i gl thi g d , p s uit worthy Of n o t only a ration al but o f a

us an d ene en s es us e pio b vol t pirit, d iro both to giv

n u an d n e en e a ho o r to God to co f r b fits on m n . Th e midge j us t des crib ed in thi s popular n e h as een e a e th e s otic , b prop rly c ll d Briti h ,

-m a e f ea e . e e is n e m o wh t idg Th r oth r idg , dif feren t a s a e th e me an ea -m e h bit , c ll d A ric wh t idg , It h as b een design ate d by entomologi sts cecz

’ d om za des truc tor a n ame h c its es uc e y , w i h d tr tiv H ESSIAN FLY . l 2 l

' a n e a an s Th e account f th rav ges e tir ly w rr t . s o e dreadful havoc it h ad m ade in th e crop s in

me a ause mu a a m in s A ric c d ch l r thi coun try .

a us s a e en s n was un H ppily for , thi ppr h io gro d

ess The me an ea -m e usua l . A ric wh t idg lly as ses un e th e n ame o f th e es s an be p d r H i fly,

ause en it was s n e th e ea re c wh fir t otic d, id p vailed that th e Hes sian troop s brought it with

em in s a m man Th e ea th their tr w fro G er y . y r 1 77 6 was th e p eriod o f its being Ob s erved as m m t n s e us e as a n s . n ee su co it i g rio d v t tio I d d, ch were th e inj uries it inflicted o n th e wheat-crop s

in me a a a ues n was a s ed e e A ric , th t q tio r i ,wh th r th e culture o f thi s grain could be any longer

a e on in s e u . s eem s e e a c rri d c rity It , how v r, th t th e work of des truction does no t n ow prevail

a a e e u um s h to very gre t d gr e . A t n i t e s eas on when thes eattacks comm en ce "n o s oon er do th e plan ts appear above groun d th an they are d s auses th e es es s evoured . Fro t c fli to d i t ; but in th e genial days o f s prin g they com e forth a a e la e e s in th e n g in . Th y y th ir gg i terior Of th e s ern is s o ea en e a a t , which w k d th t it c nn ot s u th e car en th e a n e ns s e pport wh gr i b gi to w ll, an d n se uen the an a s an d e s e co q tly pl t f ll p ri h s .

th e s s a s Kirb as far a All crop , y Mr . s

e en e its t e e e s a a e it xt d d fligh , f ll b for thi r v g r . FLY 1 2 2 HESSIAN .

s e s e in L n s and o It first how d it lf o g I l , fr m

en e ee e n an at a u h e a wh c it proc d d i l d, bo t t r te of

een or en m es annua a d th e fift tw ty il lly, n by

ea 1 89 had ea e two un e m es m y r 7 , r ch d h dr d il fro

its n a s a n . m s s e e eve origi l t tio I u t Ob rv , how r, that s ome accounts s tate its progres s at first to

a e ee n e s a the a e o a u s e en h v b v ry low, t r t f bo t v m es er an num an d th e am a e i eon sider il p , d g n able ; and that t he wheat-cre p s were n ot m ate ri ll n u e e e th e ea 1 88 a y i j r d by it b for y r 7 . Though these i nsect hordes traverse such a

a o f un in th e u s e th e ea e tr ct co try co r Of y r, th ir flights are n ot more than five o r s ix feet at a

n n e e s em in de tim e . Nothi g i t rc pt th th eir s u t e a ee n e e m un a ns n or th e tr c iv c r r, ith r o t i

a s s e e bro de t river . Th y w re seen to cros s th e

a u h e num D el ware like a clo d . T b ers Of thi s

e e s o ea a in ea a es th e fly w r gr t, th t wh t h rv t

us es s a me e m th e e em e ho w r d with th , to xtr ann an o f th e n s e oy ce i habitan t . Th y fille d every plate or ves s el that was in u s e an d five hun dred were coun ted in a s ingle glas s

um e e s e em a few m n u e s a t bl r xpo d to th i t , with ” ’

e ee in . s is s a un littl b r it Thi Mr . Kirby cco t ; an d an interes tin g des cription of th e fly its elf is

en . Cu t s in th e a e s e us giv by Mr r i , p p r pr vio ly a e e We a e n dv rt d to . h v o ly to hop e this mis

CHAPTER VIII .

N at ural an tid o tes to th e wh e at-m idge B ene fits of i nsects — — to m an Inj urie s B eautiful bal an c e o f n ature Che cks to m ultipli cation o f i n s ec ts I chn eum o n s Why s o n am ed — — The ir gen e ral habit s D ep o s itio n o f th e i r e ggs in th e l arvae o r e ggs o f o ther i n s e c ts — Larvae of I ch n eumo n s— How they p rey on the ir vi ctim s - R egulation Of th e ir numb ers — V arious si ze s — Wo n d erf ul in s tinc ts — Ic hn eum on s glueing the ir e ggs I chn eumon s l ayin g the m in n e s t s like c ucko os — B enefic ial re s ults from Ichn eum on s Th e Ich neum on of th e w he at — midge Its nam e P la tygas ter tzp ulce — Curious erro r re s p e c t — ing it M ay b e s e en in J uly an d Augus t— M e tho d o f layi n g its — e ggs M o de by which this Op erati o n m ay b e w itne s s e d— On e — e gg laye d by it in e ac h larva R em ark s by p rofe s s or Hen slo w O fiice s o f o th er I c hn eum o n s foun d in wh e at — Flie s p re yi n g o n — th e m idges Pre caution s ag ain s t th e m idge to b e adop te d by

— — - — farm ers Fine sie ves B urn in g th e chaif dus t Hessian fly urn n th e s u e — m s B i g t bbl R e ark .

TH E good providen ce o f God h as supplied mo s t remarkable an tidotes to th e ove rwhelming in creas e of what would otherwi s e b e th e ruin o usly destructive ho s ts Of th e in sects that prey u n th e n h e h as en th us po cor , which giv for e s te

n f m an n a ce O . Scien ce an d art have s ugges te d other rem edies . It is propo s ed in this chapter

es e em th e m an to d crib th , for co fort d b en efit Of th e a u u W gric lt rist . e derive great advantages ’ I CHNEUMONS . 1 2 5

m th e nse t n s o f ea n e fro i ct por io cr tio , both dir ct an d n e an n e essa e s and e e i dir ct . M y c ri , v n u u e s m e us m es e m nu e s u es l x ri , co to fro th i t o rc , an d i e th e un in n sum n e m s n l k f gi, co i g d co po i g m a e e a e th e dan e s o f num e us tt r, th y v rt g r ro fatal diseas es that would otherwis e approach us h 0 11 th e wings Of every breath . On t e oth e r

an e en a men s as in th e n s an es h d, th ir cro ch t , i t c o f the ea -m e and es s an us wh t idg , H i fly, fill

ala m s and ea en th e es u n with r , thr t d tr ctio Of our a B ut all n s are n e u h rve sts . thi g wo d rf lly reg ulate d by Him who holds in his han ds th e

a an es o f n a u e u th e m es e b l c t r , tho gh od of th ir a us men are en en m mm n e dj t t Oft hidd fro co o vi w, an d b e n n e u e e th e easu es Of , to k ow , r q ir , lik tr r s u a W a e ua u a e es e . e e s e n pirit l tr th, c r f l r rch h v what might b e apprehen de d from th e wh eat m e in s un mu e un idg thi co try, if it ltipli d ch ecke d ; n or are pers on s in gen eral aware o f th e m arvellous an tagoni sm provide d again s t s u s a e s th e en m s s e e ch di s t r . Till to ologi t di cov r d th e won derful habits of a p eculiar tribe Of in s e s a e th e mm n n ame i hneumon ct , c ll d by co o c , th e existen ce of such a ch eck on th e minute

un n n devas tators of our crop s was totally k ow . neum n s so a ed are th e ins umen s o f Ich o , c ll , tr t

s en e The e m n eum n h as een thi b fit . t r ich o b " 1 26 I CHNEUMONS . a e em e aus e e are as va ua e ppli d to th , b c th y l bl in their Op eration s for th e des truction of in s e ct

es s as th e an ma s s o es na e are in -de p t , i l d ig t d vourin th e e s of es an d s e en s in g gg crocodil rp t , th e r egion s where they are the t error of th e

n a a s o f th e i h bit n ts . Th e little ichn eumon in sect world do as great s ervice as th e ichn eu m ns a e en th e an e us o Of Afric , which pr v t d g ro creature s j us t m en tion e d from becoming so num erous as to occupy th e coun tries where they a un th e e us n o f e an ma s and bo d to xcl io oth r i l ,

e o wn m e m n o f th ir is ry fro wa t food . In order to un derstan d how th e curious in s ects about to be n oticed s tay th e en croach m en o ur e m es a few s e va n s t of littl idg , Ob r tio are n s e ece s ary on their gen eral habits . Th ir peculiar ins tinct is to lay their eggs in other n nse s m s en e are in the livi g i ct , o tly wh th y

a a s a me m s i in y l rv t te . So ti e they ovipos t chr s alides an d as n a in e s but ne e , occ io lly gg ; v r, it is e e e in an n s e e in a e fe b li v d, y i ct whil p r ct

n us co dition . Th e Obj ect of their eggs b eing th

‘ a is a e ma un der es e r um stan es l id , th t th y y th ci c c ,

are a u a le to e n a ure a n t which f vo r b th ir t , h tch i o ru s e u g bs . The gr b s or maggots s oon com m en ce attacking th e living sub stances in which

1 2 8 G THE GG LAYIN E S . priate food for h er youn g ; yo u s ee h er alight upon th e plants wh ere they are mos t usually to b et w run u e e m a e u e m ith, q ickly ov r th , c r f lly e am n n e e ea an d a n un the x i i g v ry l f, , h vi g fo d un un a e e h er s ea n s e h er fort t obj ct Of rch, i rt

s n n its e s an d e e e s an e . ti g i to fl h, th r d po it gg

In a n h er m as n s us Of its a e v i victi , if co cio f t ,

es its s s o ut an a u m e writh body, pit cid fl id, n aees its en a u a or n s n a with t t c l , bri g i to ction th e other organ s Of defenc e with which it is provide d "th e active ichn eum on braves every

an e an d es n o t es s h er u a e an d d g r, do d i t till co r g address have in sured s ub si s ten ce for o n e of h er u u e en e a s e e sh e dis f t r prog y . P rh p , how v r,

ve s a s en s e th e e s en e e co r , by , xi t c of which w

e e e u we a e n o n e n Of its p rc iv , tho gh h v co c ptio n a u e a sh e h as een es a e s m e t r , th t b for t ll d by o precurs or Of h er o wn tribe that h as already buried an egg in th e caterpillar sh e 1 8 ex amin

in . In s as e sh e ea es a a e a g thi c l v it, w r th t it

u n o t suf e for th e su o f two an d wo ld fic pport , proceeds in search of s om e other yet uno ccu ” e u are th s n pi d . S ch e i gular habits Of the s e

ea ures us a es e . es e cr t , th ptly d crib d All th

es ses are as m be e e e a ie proc , ight xp ct d, v r d according to th e numb er o f eggs that may be p laced with a h Ope of s afe existen ce in any o ne RI U 2 C U O S INSTINCT . 1 9 bOd As s n as es e e s are a e th e y . oo th gg h tch d, youn g maggots revel in th e feas t th e body o f e m es e th e su th ir victi provid , whil pply Of food in every in s tan ce is regulate d with an inco n ceivable e s n s o as us to as ese un pr ci io , j t l t th yo g ichn eumon s till they have grown to a s ize to d u n th e u o r a e o witho t it . The gr b c t rpillar o n

e a e e s e dies o r e a s us which th y h v xi t d , , p rh p , j t retains sufficien t vital power to turn into a chrysalis which at las t do es n o t give birth to a mo th u e f o r an e e , b tt r ly, y oth r fly prop r to it, but to s e e a u - n n eum n s s e v r l f ll grow ich o , who

a ae a e e m e u ae n s s l rv h v b co p p withi thi ca e .

Th e au n o t man ea s a o h ad a sa s thor, y y r g , chry li

s s e at th e e me n o es s an which di clo d, prop r ti , l th s e en een neum n s n s ea a a e m v t ich o , i t d of l rg oth

h e h ad e e e s ee eme e m which xp ct d to rg fro it .

n s in we are u n au is a I t ct, told po high thority,

en s e e en e an d n e en en prop ity prior to xp ri c , i d p d t

ns u n is e e in s s an e Of i tr ctio . It v rifi d tho e tr g

e a ns The e m a s n s Op r tio . littl ggot which pri g from the egg Of th e ichn eumon go e s on e at in u its e e u n e e a o f g p pr y, d vo ri g v ry p rt it e e th e a an s n e e u es xc pt vit l org , which it v r to ch , as if it kn ew in s tin ctively that th e death o f its victim would involve its o wn en tire des truction b am ne me n eum n s n ue e r y f i . So ich o o ly gl th i E ‘ OF 1 30 SERVICES ICHNEUMONS . e s th e es Of e a n a ae e ause gg to bodi c rt i l rv , b c their m aggots are provide d with in s trumen ts

ie n th e s n s . e s e th e cu for p rci g ki Oth r , lik ckoo am n s la e e s in th e n es s in o g bird , y th ir gg t Of s e s a e m to e u e o wn ct , which h tch th d vo r th ir

ees are a u s u su youn g . B p rtic larly bj ec t to ch

n s us en em es O n ce a men un es s i idio i N co l t, l

e a s un e wa e seems s uflicient to af e p rh p d r t r, b fl an n eum n an d n n can s u as s its ich o , othi g rp p ers everan ce un til its e ggs are s afely placed in t e n d n s su a e to its en h co itio it bl prog y .

ea in e e are e s e es to m an n Gr t d d th ir rvic ki d, in preven ting th e inj uries Of th e i ns ects which “ ” h e e u n o ur n . In a n use t pr y po cor v i , to words o f th e able n aturalis t from whos e writings

u a n s a e een e us en e s q ot tio h v b pr vio ly giv , do th e des tructive cecidomyia o f th e wheat con ceal its larvae within th e glumes that s o clo s ely

e th e a n ee s e ies of es e m nu e cov r gr i . Thr p c th i t

en e a s our a e s ent in m e b f ctor Of r c , rcy by

ea en n h ow n u e e e s n H v , k ow to i trod c th ir gg i to

em us e en in th e m s ie e u th , th pr v t g i ch f th y wo ld

er s e c as n an d sa n ma m oth wi o c io , vi g nkind fro ” th e s o f fam m u be f r i horror e . It wo ld o e gn to th e purpos es of a popular little bo ok like

th e es en en e n th e en m c pr t, to t r i to to ologi al detail s o f the formation an d habits Of these

1 3 2 ICHNEUMON LAYIN G E GGS .

is me for all o i con tainin g thes e larvae . It ti l a e at a e e s a e of n e e servers to rriv b tt r t t k owl dg , es we es as au s m s e s th e l t d troy, thor Of i chi f , as e Pre udicie frien dly an tidotes to th eir incre . j an d has ty j udgmen t lead to p erp etual miscon

s truetion s as n s m a an d n a u a . , to thi g both or l t r l th um s e B ut to return to e ichne on . Thi littl platygaster may b e readily foun d on th e glum es

th e ea - an s in th e m n s o f u and Of wh t pl t , o th J ly

u h e a s an d s eems us . un s a e t e A g t It r r pidly ov r r , to know well which are thos e occupied by th e a ae o f th e m e The au un n um e s l rv idg . thor fo d b r o f em in a us ea —fields in u us th v rio wh t A g t,

1 84 5 an d a m s n a a on e am n n l o t i v ri bly, x i i g th e ea s on e a ea e s e e r which th y pp r d, di cov r d

at e n a n e th e e s th th y co t i d obj ects of th ir earch . The ichn eumon hun ts fo r them with th e utmo st ea e n es s an d th e aid of a s a a a es g r , by h rp t il pl c a s n e e in ea o f e The i gl gg ch th ir bodies . s ight h as b een witn es s ed by th e following ex p eriment a n umb er o f larvae o f th e wheat m e e e ut u n a e e o f e a e idg w r p po pi c whit p p r,

e n ea ea e an d an neum n was pr tty r ch oth r, ich o e n th e m s u The dropp d i to id t of th e gro p . en e of h er mann e th e a a n s Of rgy r, r pid vibr tio h er an enn ae an d th e e h er a u es t , whol Of ttit d , ere m s u n On a w o t am si g . ppro aching one Of IOHNEUMON LAYING E GGS . 1 33

the larvae h er agitation quick en ed to the utmo st inten sity sh e s oon ben t h er body in a slan ting t i e n enea her eas a e h er a dr ctio b th br t, ppli d t il th e a ae an d e m n s as ea sen to l rv , , b co i g till d th, t forth h er curious sheath an d deposited h er egg i th e m e ns e a un e n victi , which writh d co id r bly d r

th a n sh e ame o n e a h ad e Op er tio . If c to th t

evi us an e in sh e e in an n s an pr o ly gg it, l ft it i t t

and s u an e th e lat aster a s but o ght oth r ; for p yg l y .

o ne in ea s e e en e ea e ch . Thi how v r, Oft r p t d, des troys a great many of thes e little devas ta

h a Th e a ns s tors o f t e gr in . Ob serv tio Of profe s or Henslow confirm tho se which have been already “ m a H s a s en es e e s are a e e . e d y , Wh th gg h tch d,

the un ma s e u e an d yo g ggot which th y prod c ,

hi are the a e a s o f th e neumn s w ch c t rpill r ich o , feed upon th e fleshy o r mus cular p arts Of th e

a e a e are a a n a e u a n c t rpill r th y tt cki g, c r f lly voidi g

h e a a en th e a a e t s . e vit l p rt At l gth c t rpill r, th y

a e een us e u n a e es or as h v b th d vo ri g liv , di ,

e uen a en s an es th e s a e o f fr q tly h pp , it ch g to t t h a chrysali s b efore it is destroyed . T e ich neumon caterpillars al s o pas s to th e chrys alis

s a e an d e e ema n n the o f the t t , ith r r i withi body

ea a er a r me out e e e as sume d d c t pill r, o co b for th y

a e es n eum n is the fly state . E ch sp ci Of ich o

es e in its a a s on e o r at m s a r trict d tt ck to , o t to 4 U OF PLATYGAST 1 3 ICHNE MONS THE E R . few particular s pecies Of caterpillar ; an d th e females in stin ctively proportion the number o f eggs they depo sit in each in dividual to the

' re a e s e o f e own ofl S rin an d a o f l tiv iz th ir p g, th t ” o n e ar es n e t e th e insect which th y e d ti d o pr y . It is impos sible to con template thes e habits Of th e minute in s ects thus brought b efore our' n e u e n ee m es s e otic , witho t b i g d ply i pr d with th e omnipres en ce Of th e gre at B ein g to whom

ll n s e n Th e m n a thi g owe their xis te ce . sa e ha d

‘ a s ea th e n e th e em s a e th t pr d orth ov r pty p c , and s us en e th e e a u n n n an d p d d rth po othi g,

ee s th e s a s in e u s e s e u ates the k p t r th ir co r , r g l num e s ns n s an d us e s o f th e s m a es b r , i ti ct , ll t

n n s a ea n e ua e e in all " livi g thi g , pp ri g q lly p rf ct

a es s an w on ers from th e o nd erfu Wh t l th d W l , " Wh at les s than m irac l es from God c an fl o w ? Th e two other ichn eumon s men tione d by

i are s u s e m th e n ease Mr . K rby ppo d to li it i cr

i n o o f th e platygaster t pulae . O e f the m is s a to s in its e s the e in it id ovipo it gg , oth r s

ma s . e e are a s m an e s e es ggot Th r l o y oth r p ci , Open ing a wide an d curious field o f i n quiry for

m e e a n e e th e en to ologis t . S v r l very i t r s ti ng drawin gs of thos e alluded to here are given h . u s in t e a e e us rec o by Mr C rti , p p r pr vio ly m ’ m en e th e reade s a e u erusa One d d to r c r f l p l .

1 36 R EMEDIES .

Th e au h as e e s a ed h a h e u thor b for t t , t t co ld n o t s uccee d in breeding the midges from th e

a ae un in th e af us th e a n an d l rv fo d ch f d t of b r , that s ome Of the larvae have b een kn own to

‘ en i e a s eas n to e th e ea . e e s t r rth Th r , p rh p , r o b elieve that it may ultim ately b e distin ctly as certain e d th at th e chrys ali s con dition is as

s ume in th e ea . s o s e e s n s d rth If , tho p r o who

s us a e es s as is th e n s an throw thi d t c r l ly, co t t

a n th e a m - a e th e n ease Of h bit, i to f r y rd, h lp i cr

h h s m e en n th t e fly . T e b e t ethod Of pr v ti g e

mu l a n s es u e n s e s eem s ltip ic tio Of thi d tr ctiv i ct, b e u e e s s Hen slow to that s ggest d by prof or . He advises th e farm ers to get s ieves m ade o f s u a n s u n a the h aff m a b e s a e ch co tr ctio th t c y v d, an d th e us n a n n th e a ae as s u d t co t i i g l rv p thro gh .

s us m a b e es e b u n n an Thi d t y d troy d y b r i g, d

1 t th e a ae em s e es with l rv th lv . Th e writer h as r eason to believe that th e effi ac of s m e is m e an n e u a c y thi od or th co j ct r l .

In th e au umn 1 84 5 th e a ae th e m t Of , l rv of idge were extremely num erous in th e dis trict in w h e e s es an d s e e a a ms s u hich r id , v r l f r ffere d

Two n e n a con s iderably . i t llige t f rm ers h ad adopted th e precaution of th e sieve o n large

n e e e e s a e an occup atio s . Th r w r c rc ly y midges

b e un in e W ea w e in e to fo d th ir h t, hil oth r REMEDIE S . 1 37

neighbo urin g places they were extremely

s s m e u n m abun dan t . Thi i ple pr ca tio ight have

t aved m an e s n s in e a n ea s a a e s y p r o , c rt i y r , l rg

po rtion Of their crop .

e a the es s an th e a e With r g rd to H i fly, dvic

u s i man fe t given by Mr . C rti s i s ly th e b es t e is e the a en n po ssibl . It w ll worthy tt tio th e a u u a s s in me a hin Of gric lt r li t A ric . Not g

b e s m e He me e e mm en s can e mor i pl . r ly r co d th em to collect an d burn th e s tubble in th e fields where they have b een foun d ; an d the

eas n en is a th e a ae at th e as e o f r o giv , th t l rv b o u e b Th th e straw will f co rs e de s troye d . e burnt s traw will al s o form excellen t manure fo r th e lan d and thus a double advan tage will be

aine g d . The fungi and in s ects th at have b een de s cribe d in th e precedin g p ages form th e prin cip al

a s a - an s Two m p ra ites of our whe t pl t . ore chap t ers will be devoted to some gen eral remark s o n ce a n ma e s e en c nn e e e rt i tt r , vid tly o ct d with th s e in u e s an d en din is us e to e q iri , t g, it tr t d, b get

is a m m further inves tigation s . It l os t i po s sible to a in s u e an a n s a n o f void, ch xpl tio , th t ki d

as e m its e n a a ea s phr ologywhich, fro t ch ic lity, pp r at s un n n an d a n e e o f fir t i viti g, k owl dg which is assumed in th e books an d p ap ers of the 38 F 1 DI FICULTIES .

“ M n o f n learned . e s cie ce h ave been fre quently more min dful o f their own repu tation an th e ns u n o f th e i n o , th of i tr ctio g

n e u es en n o ra t . Still th y o ght to d c d farther than is n eedful to rai s e th e latter up to th e

e e e a n us e u n u en din prop r l v tio for f l i q iry , by bl g together in s tructive facts an d cl ear e xplana

M a a s e e b e e es e n tion . y it l o v r th ir d ir to poi t to th e gran d moral les son s taught by physical

‘ a s an d s a th e m s s n f ct , to how th t o t triki g m arvel s ten d to mak e us r es t more and more in b elieving con fidence in Him in whom we ” e an d m e an d a e o ur e n " us liv , ov , h v b i g Th th e exercis e Of o ur facultie s will quicken o ur a —an d f ith,

’ is n t reason s a our -but re os e Faith o l b , p .

1 4 0 U B NTENA LE NOTION.

s u In th e a us u a thes e bj e cts . v rio p blic tion s relatin g to th e progre s s Of that s ingular dis ease in potatoes that committed such ravages in th e au umn 1 84 5 em a s e e m a e u n t of , r rk w r d po

un s e a th e au s o f em f gi, which how d th t thor th h ad m ade n o accurate Ob s ervation s with re gard to th e real characteri s tics o f thes e s in gu lar e s s e - n m e an s at p t . Every w ll i for d bot i t

n e e e e es e m s a es an d e e e o c d t ct d th i t k , p rc iv d that n o practical advan tage could b e deriv e d from th e advice offered o n such erron eous

un a n s . h as een a ea s a e a fo d tio It b lr dy t t d, th t n o good re as on c an be given for th eir con stan t a ea an e un e e a n um s an es but pp r c d r c rt i circ t c , th e a m s un e s a ffus n e s u es l o t iv r l di io Of th ir por l , who s e m inuten e s s ren ders them capable of a un n in a m s e e s ua n Th e bo di g l o t v ry it tio .

ffi ul is n e e a n as e do di c ty to co c iv , flo ti g, th y , un se en in th e a m s e e an a e can t o ph r , how y pl c b e ee m e n fr fro th ir pres e ce . Nevertheles s he e a e een s e u a s a n t r h v b p c l tor who, h vi g m arked their con s tan t appearan ce on th e s ame

a es Of un e s m a ums an es pl c growth d r i il r circ t c , hav e venture d to conceive that they are the results Of what is called spon tan eous gen era t n S u s n s n io . ch p er o thi k th at certai n con di tions of m atter give rise to vitality o f th e low R R B B 1 4 1 MO E P O A LE VIEW.

nd f un in es e un i an d a th e s ame ki o d th f g , th t holds with regard to certain an imalculae an d n s e s is a n n i e to all th e i ct . Th re s o i g s Oppo s d

u s so nde t prin ciples Of in ductive philo s ophy .

The e en e on th e n a en s th e vid c , co tr ry, t d to co nclusion which h as b een previously an

oun c d nnum e e m a s s u es n e . a I r bl yri d Of por l ,

n n s u a e m at es e se to un fi di g it bl ric , giv ri f gi ; an d nnume a e m n u e e s s m a i r bl i t gg , i il rly cir c ums tan ced e th e an ma ulae , giv birth to i lc which have b een attributed to th es e unte n a e aus is n n is u e con bl c es . Th opi io f rth r

me th e a a un are fre fir d by f ct, th t f gi quen tly ab s en t when they might have b een e e e The eas n is to a e a un e . xp ct d h v bo d d r o , that by s ome me an s o r other th e sporules h av e n ot foun d their way to th e localities which otherwis e i ndicate th e con dition s of their growth " cons e quen tly th e exp ecte d un a e n ot a ea e a the n s an e f gi h v pp r d. M rk i t c

es e e u s ene a e s e Of pr rv d fr it , which g r lly giv ri to e a n m u s es e are e e c rt i o ld . If th cov r d, n o m u ds a ea e e s e th e air o l pp r ; if l ft xpo d to ,

e are a m s u t e In th th y l os t re o be dev lop ed . e form e r cas e th e sporules in th e air were ex cluded ; in th e latter they foun d a ready admis

n a n sio . Ag i ; if a match is burned immediately 1 4 2 F OF U G E FECTS F N I .

e a ar Of s me es e e the m u s are ov r j o pr rv , o ld

s a n o t to a ea . Th e eas n is th e en id pp r r o , oxyg ‘ h as b een con sumed which h as b een e s s en tial to th e e e m en o f ese un an d th e d v lop t th f gi, , if

es air be e u e mm ed a e e an n fr h xcl d d i i t ly, th y c ot

e e a e n u a n a s an s un v g t t . I oc l tio , l o, of pl t by f gi , militates again s t th e n otion o f spon tan eous

en e a n Th u au e a g r tio . e tr e c s e of th ir ppear an e is un u th e e s en e in th e c , do btedly, xi t c atmo sph ere o f th e s porule s as b efore s tated ; an d when thes e fin d a s ituation o f growth a a e e na u e e e e a e an d d pt d to th ir t r , th y v g t t pro

u un d ce f gi . The inj uri es we receive from such fungi are n a u a We a a a s een a mis i c lc l ble . h ve lre dy wh t e h chi f is done by them to o ur wh eat crop s . T e lo s s to th e po s s e s s ors o f s ilkworm s from th e s am e caus es is Often immen s e ; an d th e dry

un us as e e on e n s aus es e e s rot f g , v ry k ow , c x c s ive damage both in our shippin g an d in o ur

W a e e es s a an co m us es . e n e e ho h v , v rth l , gr d pen sation in th e ben efits con ferred by the various tribes o f fungi in clearin g away th e

n m a e evils ari sin g from decompo sing orga ic tt r . Th ey do thi s good effectually by their unparal e e a Of r an d th e u n e s s l l d r pidity g owth, by q ick an d facility with which th ey appropriate the

1 44 ERYSIPHE

A un dan s e Off an d vegetate on th e plan t . b t p cimen s m ay be frequen tly seen on th e leaves of

- We a e n s o the ea ees . kn t p ch tr ow th t, it b lo g

e as om cetes ecaus e a mi fifth ord r, ( c y , ) b good c ro s co e s s us a its s es are in aaci p how th t por ,

o r . e e e e e es a little ve sicles Mr . B rk l y b li v th t the various s p ecies Of this fun gus attack per fe tl a n l n o tanis can c y he lthy pla ts . Stil bo t positively s tate h o w it grows on any o ne of em Th e es au e h n a th . b t thoriti s t i k th t it

s in th e m o f a m u is a e grow for o ld, which c ll d by them oidium an d con ceive that very po s si

m a e s t a n t th ma a bly it k i s firs t ppeara ce a e s to t . B ut n h as un a its m e um o r obody fo d th t yc li , s a n a ua ets u n th e e a es in p w , ct lly g p i to l v for its ea s a e is a n e m u seem n rly t g it j oi t d o ld, i gly s u e a en we find th e h O the p rfici l . Now, wh p , ean th e ea an d th e e s e e s e u b , p , whol ri Of l g min ous plan ts with erin g un der th e triumph o f this di s eas e year after year— when it is th e pest

o ur eau ul ea - us e an d e en a es o n Of b tif p ch ho , v r g s me o f o ur n e s ees as th e s am e— a o fi t tr , yc or wh t a lamen a e s a e o f n an e e a s a t bl t t ig or c pr v il , th t we can s ay n o more o f it than has j us t been ann un e e mi s ir saa e t n s a o c d . W ll ght I c N w o y “ a e en s ea n s en e e e is to H ll y, wh p ki g of ci c , Th r ” ame i ever bush ou se ea for . g n y , ify choo to b t it BOTRYTIS

a a n th e a u bo tr ti Take g i v rio s kin ds Of y s .

e e is a o n th e a e o f n a u e a m e Th r h rdly, f c t r , or

mm n un us an Fo r ag e s h as co o f g th this . it

th e e in nn Th e ro met ye i umerable fields . p duce is pron oun ced mouldy "there is an en d o f ca e an n h u of inves it . S rc ly y o e as tho ght ti atin th e ma u In th e s n of g g tter f rth er . pri g th e esen ea th e s o f the pr t y r, botryti vetc h threatened des truction to an immen se

uan o f a ua e u e an d s u q tity v l bl prod c , thi wo ld h ave taken place h ad n o t the s un shon e w ea e B ut as k alm s an ith gr t pow r . o t y farmer what it is ; h e kn ows no more than

se w is en u tho ho have n ever se en it . It o gh fo r him a the an s are m u an d can th t pl t o ldy, it n o t b e e e B ut n u e us h lp d. s cien ce will i trod c to a e e s a e in s n ns are mil b tt r t t Of th g . O io ” e e a h n a s s t e a ene . es he d w d, y g rd r Do k ow th t “ ” s mi e is a r s a e Des u thi ld w bot yti , c ll d tr ctor, from its ravages ? An other bo trytis is foun d on u n s an d an ea all an s t r ip , other o n n rly pl t where de cay h as decidedly commen ced . Of all th e n s o f s a a ea s on ki d botryti , th t which pp r th e potato is p erhap s th e mos t rem arkable ; an d its singular connexion with th e di s eas e o f 1 84 5 and a a n ren e , g i in 1 84 6, will d r it

e etua mem r To s a at the p rp lly o able . y th 146 R O P BOT YTIS F OTATO . disease was caus ed by this fungus would be

n a th e es e en e but a its co tr ry to b t vid c , th t atten ds an d accelerates it is un que s tionable. " ue is a e e s in a s ad - con Tr it th t whol fi ld ,

' n o f seas e e e seen u a ace ditio di , w r witho t tr o f s but in all n a n n e n botryti ; co t gio , i f ctio , and n ula n an m a es ns an u . i oc tio , o li co t tly occ r

In m s as es th e s w as e a n con o t c , botryti c rt i ly

‘ n ec ted th e s eas e an d a es n o f its with di , d criptio

a er growth will b e in teres tin g to every r e d . Th e threads o f mycelium in terwove them s e es am n s th u a s sue e ran lv o g t e cell l r ti . Th y

’ through th e loo s e i ntercellular p as s ages of th e

e su a e o f th e ea ea eas e an d low r rf c l f with gr t , th e un eme e u the s m a a f gi rg d thro gh to t . Drawings o f thes e modes o f growth will be ’ un in e e e s a e in th e s fo d Mr . B rk l y p p r, fir t volum e Of the Journ al Of th e Lon don Horti

u u e m us a e c lt ral Society . Th y ad irably ill tr t the es s o f s u us un us th e m progr thi c rio f g , y c elium o f which was un doubtedly pres en t in t e a an is a a a e um h pot to pl ts . It rem rk bl circ s an e e e a s s w as un t c , how v r, th t thi botryti fo d to grow with greater luxuriance 0 11 th e dis eas ed

u e s e e the s sue is far m e ens e t b r , wh r ti or d , an in th e s em s ea e a th e m ce th t or l v s . Th t y li um o f this fungus was contain ed in th e

1 4 8 S TEPS IN TB UE SCIENCE fungus app eared ; an d whe re it was not actually s een e e na o n the ea es s eems to xt r lly l v , it

a e e e se an n uen e o n the tub ers h v x rci d i fl c , are in fa an es o r stems unde r which , ct, br ch

un as e e anis n o s . e e a gro d, v ry bot t k w S v r l other curious fungi have als o be en s een in the

u e s a e n ot et e en u de t b r , which h v y b f lly s cribed . En ough h as been s aid to Sho w the ex treme importan ce Of m ore complete kn owle dge Of the

a s f a as m u s an d the i um . h bit o p r itic o ld , Of c rc s tan ces favourable o r unfavourable to their

e ve m n is e a a n ow d lop e t . It hop d th t wh t is a u to be e a e on a s u e as the bo t d t il d th t bj ct,

es u o f e e men s b e e a e as a s e r lt xp ri t , will r g rd d t p in th e n Such s e s mus f right directio . t p t orm th e mm enc emen o f all us e u dis e co t f l cov ry .

’ Soun d knowledge s eldom takes a great l eap when it firs t comes amongs t us "it en te rs by s w an s u e m m n Th e i of lo d r ove e ts . l ght

enu ne s en e s a ea s as a s a g i ci c fir t pp r p rk, which s ubsequen tly is fann ed by indus try in to a

ame a s e s e u a i n s on th e n ra are fl f l p c l t o , co t ry, mo st r a a e s ly bl z Of traw .

is ur se in u suin ese n u e s It p po d, p r g th i q iri ,

s to a e to th e e e men s ma e fir t, dv rt xp ri t d by

Dutroch et one of th e m s n n us en , o t i ge io Of Fr ch 1 4 MY CELIA OF MOULDS . 9 naturalis ts ; an d then to des cribe s ome that

e e ma e th e au in th e s n of 184 6 . w r d by thor, pri g It may b e kn own that if th e s ap of certain

an s as th e ne for n s an e be e in as s pl t , vi i t c , k pt gl

es se s e a n fi am en s s n b e s een flo at v l , c rt i l t will oo ing in it ; but few p ers on s are apprised o f th e a a es e filamen s are th e m e a o f f ct, th t th t yc li m u s s u n s are ma e o f um s n o ld . If ol tio d g , i i

as s or ue th e same n of am en s gl , gl , ki d fil t will

a ea an d e a s are th e m e a m u s . pp r, th y l o yc li Of o ld

m es e m e a o r s e men s of s a n Fro th yc li , p ci p w ,

e two s e es of m u s o n e articu ther grow p ci o ld ,

a e es n n th e s m es m l t d, corr po di g with i pl t for

es e in th e s a e an d th e er d crib d fir t ch pt r, oth h aving th e threads from which they s prin g en e es u e of a ula n s Th e articu tir ly d tit t rtic tio . lated moulds look un der th e micros cop e like s n s of e ea s an d are e e e a e tri g littl p rl , th r for c ll d

’ ' monilza f m momle a n e a e e aus e n e , ro , ckl c , b c ck

a e are e uen s o ns u The n on l c s fr q tly co tr cted . articulate d threads pass by th e n ame o f bo try tid es e aus e e u e s un , b c th y prod c botryti f gi Of

ifferen n s . Dutro ch et a a e es e d t ki d , w r Of th

e u a es n s u e a s et n en us ex p c li riti , i tit t d Of i g io periments with a View to determin e th e pro pertie s of liquids favourable to the developmen t

Of one or he e He s a ms at th t oth r . di cl i e 1 5 0 E X PE RIMENTS OF DUTB OOHET

ll ea o f s n an e us o r e u a o utset a id po t o , q ivoc l

en e a n an d a u es e m na n . e g r tio , ttrib t g r i tio to th caus es to which they h ave been b efore as signe d

by th e writer .

h s n h e s e e w as a u e T e fir t thi g di cov r d , th t p r album en is altogeth er unfit for th e growth of

u n o f e any kin d of mould . A sol tio whit Of

e in s e a e e a e ea gg di till d w t r, k pt for whol y r,

e e n o m u a e e u a e in a yi ld d o ld wh t v r, tho gh pl c d

am s ua n an d in all th e e n n s d p it tio , oth r co ditio u s u w as usually deem e d propitio s . Thi liq id

en a en an d a e in as s e s s e s n a n th t k , pl c d gl v l co t i

111 an un e ea an d n e e o n e was ut g o c ch, i to v ry p

a n e s m e a i The a s a e si gl drop of o c d . cid ppli d

e e su u n mu a s w r lph ric, itric, ri tic, pho phoric,

a e an d a In e e ase a e a u c tic, ox lic . v ry c , ft r bo t e a s a u a e m u s o f th e s ame ight d y , rtic l t d o ld ,

m s a a e as mm n ue m u icro copic ch r ct r co o bl o ld,

a m s e e on e is am a m a e with which l o t v ry f ili r, d

e a a an se a a s th ir pp e r ce . The b e ded thre d co n s tantly grew un der thes e circum s tan ces ; but if there was added more than a certain quan tity o f an o f es e a s e e e e n o es u s at y th cid , th r w r r lt all The m u e as un b s . ixt r w fo d to e too trong .

n e u e Dutro ch et a al s It xt occ rr d to to try lk i ,

ns ea f s n h i t d o acid . Accordi gly e dropp ed in to the s ut n e o f e in s e a e ol io Of whit gg di till d w t r,

G JU VE ETABLE ICES .

Wh en e e o n th e e an th e s e v r, oth r h d, di till d

u es an an s s u as ea ea es j ic Of y pl t , ch p ch l v ,

au e ea es an d e s n a n n uss c l r l l v , oth r co t i i g pr i a e e e in a s m a ua n e n er cid, w r l ft i il r sit tio , th y i v i ably were foun d to give ri s e to moulds . The

eas n us was a th e a as se er r o Obvio ly , th t cid p d ov in th e act o f s a n er e e a e di till tio . Ev y v g t bl j uice on which experimen ts were made pro duced m u s n a ne an a a o ld , if it co t i d y cid wh t e e e en u n ot in s uffi en uan to v r, v tho gh ci t q tity

e en e e a e ues th e m s eas es o f r dd v g t bl bl , o t y t t th e es en e an a i n su s an e ese pr c Of cid n a y b t c . Th b eautiful inves tigation s were detaile d at length “ by Dutroch et in th e Ann ales des Scien ces ” a u e es as n a o as 1834 but s me N t r ll , lo g g , o h ow did n ot attract th e atten tion they merited . ' Th e salts Of potash in vegetable j uices cer tainl seem a n to e se e e imen s to y , ccordi g th xp r t , b e favourable to th e developm ent o f the myc e

um m u s . a s se em s m e li of o ld It l o , fro oth r fa s e a n to s m a e a e e is t ct r l ti g thi tt r, th t th r bo h a maximum an d minimum o f s uch s alts requisite for preven tin g or facilitatin g their growth . NO n eutral s alts produced any effect an d this e a n s a um en e e no m u s n o t xpl i why lb yi ld d o ld , with s tan ding th e s oda it unques tion ably con ains n u a e n u ed the t , a d which wo ld h v i d c F OF EF ECTS MINERAL SALTS . 1 5 3

e e a n e in a su s an xp ct tio Of th ir growth th t b t ce .

The eas n is th e s a in a umen is in th e r o , od lb

s a e of a umin a e of s a is a n eu a t t lb t od , which tr l

s a an d e e e a n th e e e m en s lt, th r for , ccordi g to xp ri t

o n n eu a sa s n o e e m en o f m e um tr l lt , d v lop t yc li

o un h could arise from it . It is n t likely t at a clo ser inves tigation Of thes e phen om en a might lead ultimately to s uch a cours e o f man agemen t as greatly to check th e various fun gi in fes tin g

th e e e a e es an d e e e e a e v g t bl trib , th r for th y h v b een brought in this place b efore th e n otice Of the reader "it will be well if an y p ers on who h as leisure an d talen t should b e i nclined to

make experim ents with this de sign . Not th e least curious Of th es e interes tin g

e e men s o f Dutro ch et e e th e ef e s o f xp ri t , w r f ct certai n s ub stances which h e added to th e

na m u es o rigi l ixt r . Wh en m ercury was added in its metallic con

n the o f th e m u s was ne e ditio , growth o ld ith r

or a e e a e impeded n cc l r t d .

Be d e Of me u s e s u ma e oxid rc ry, corro iv bli t , ' an d O e s a s o f m e u com letel reven ted th r lt rc ry, p yp all e e m en o f m e um and n o m u d v lop t yc li , o lds

s were een . ’ B ut E s m n e a or su u e mer thiop i r l, lph r t Of

u a e th e m u s e e a e ee . c ry, llow d o ld to v g t t fr ly TO U 1 5 4 ANTIDOTES MO LDS .

As e of me u e en e all oxid rc ry pr v t d growth, s e o f ea on th e n a u ene o oxid l d, co tr ry, q ick d it. Th e moulds were vi sible much s ooner than

es of n an m n and n ere Oxid iro , ti o y, zi c, w m e e n eu a in e e r co pl t ly tr l th ir effects . Th i pres en ce produced no differen ce whatever . a n es of e m e als as e Ag i , oxid oth r t , copp r, n e an d a n ot en e e en the ick l, cob lt, did tir ly pr v t vegetation of th e moulds but they were much m e e e es en e s o a e e i p d d by th ir pr c , th t th y gr w

n a . a d Spread a. gre t deal more slowly Th e proximity o f any p erfume always proves a complete an tidote to th e growth Of every m u o ld . NO u u n n and accurate a s man do bt, po lo g tri l , y m e u us a s u esen ems e es or c rio f ct wo ld pr t th lv , which at l en gth might b e reduced to a s ort o f a a s s em n e n ea en e on pr ctic l y t , co f rri g gr t b fit t u uffe n a in h e comm nity at large . S ri g s we do o ur a ms o ur a en s an d in our uses m f r , g rd , ho , fro moulds, s uch dis coveries would prove o f ines ti ma e a ue As an ns an e m a be s a e bl v l . i t c , it y t t d that flowers o f sulphur dus ted ove r th e leave s

eac ees in n uses an d a es Of p h tr forci g ho , pot to in am es are un m s effe ua in e en n fr , fo d o t ct l pr v ti g th e o f e s e o n th e rme and growth ry iph fo r, “

’ 1 5 6 U R EX PERIME THE A THO S NTS c a ea a u pp red . There w s too m ch of the a cid .

A drop o f sulphuric acid was added to La

' a n a n n th e s ame s u n f third g llipot, co t i i g ol tio o ’ um n In a m n s me m u o alb e . o th ti o ld f the

a e articul ted kin d b gan to show its elf. ’ To a Similar mixture JEthiOp s mineral was a e an d his su s e e e am e an dd d ; , to rpri , th r c a un an e of m n a and botr tid b d c both o ili y es .

Th e n e e e men was o f th e s ame n xt xp ri t ki d, e e a th e a w as e en xc pt th t cid ac tic . Pl ty o f m n a e o n th e s u a o ili gr w rf ce . B ed oxide Of mercury added to a gallipot

n a n n th e s ame m u e a e en e co t i i g ixt r , tot lly pr v t d th e app earan ce Of any mould . Red e o f ea o n th e n a u oxid l d, co tr ry, q ick en ed th e growth o f abun dance Of articulated moulds . Caus tic potash was n ext tried in th e s olu tion o f album en ; an d there came a quan tity

o f s or n on -a u a e un us s me botryti , rtic l t d f g , o

s e men s o f e e e an d s me co p ci which w r whit , o

u e as n e nea . lo r d, if ti g d with cochi l Thes e were all th e exp erimen ts h e h ad Im

s u e but e are u e s ufficien t ~to r to try, th y q it s how wh at won derful m atters for in quiry are

e es e t e un an d ea e pre s nted by th lit l f gi, to cr t F IMPORTANCE O SIMPLE FAC TS . 1 5 7 an exp ectation that a year or two of ingenious res earch would give ris e to ph en omena of th e u m s n e es to No r ul t o t i t r t men Of s cien ce . wo d

a al a an a es a a u NO man pr ctic dv t g f il to ccr e . can say that out o f th e slightes t apparen t dis cover w n s y e may n o t derive th e greatest be efit . The Simple circum s tan ce of th e deflection o f th e n ee e a a an u ren a e u dl by g lv ic c r t, c r f lly s e e an d s a e h as en to th e ob rv d t t d, giv world the e e e Th e di e e s l ctric tel graph . scov r r Of thi apparen tly trivial fact never imagined that it

u ea to an n e s ea es wo ld l d ythi g lik thi . It t ch us to mark every secret n ature un folds to thos e wh o diligently in quire in to th e hidden

n s of u am es u but be er thi g tr th . If f ili co ld p suaded e a e th e i us amusemen s to r pl c fr volo t ,

n m e a u u an d which o ly pro ot v c ity Of tho ght, are n o ea s u es o f easu e s e a ns r l o rc pl r , by Ob rv tio n s in th e in e m e Of thi g world which th y ov ,

‘ an d would introduce th e micros cope in th e win ter evenin gs into their circles in stead o f s ames h ow u our na na as e an d illy g , wo ld tio l t t

n e e m e " una e th e a k owl dg i prov Fort t ly, ppc

e for su e ea n s is on the n ease tit ch r cr tio i cr , and might become th e s ource o f real edifica tion . Philo s ophy would then be in deed to Christianminds 1 UR 5 8 NAT AL LAWS .

ffus e s ource o f e en ce and ru E iv vid t th, ’ A us re s e n o e r th e e nno e m n l t h ddi g bl d i d , o er an summer-no on an d ure as a Str n g th , p th t Whos e mild vibration s s o o the th e p art e d s oul h awn n Of c e da Ne w to t e d i g el s tial y. ' Hen ce ro u h er n ourish d o wers e n ar e t e e , th gh p , l g d by h , S he s r n s a of w e e a e r e p i g l t , ith l v t d p id , o e th e an n m as s Of lo w e s re s Ab v t gli g d i , ’ a n th e u e r n crow an d an e -win d Th t bi d fl tt i g d ; , g l g , Th e e s of s cienc e an d Of r ue a ns h ight vi t g i , ere all is ca m and c e ar w n a ure ro un Wh l l ; ith t d , O r in th e s arr re on s o r th e a s s t y gi by , ’ ' ’ To R e as on s an d to Fancy s ey e dis play d Th e rs t u - rac n fro m th e rear o fi p t i g, d y v id , Th e c h ain Of c aus e s an d e ffec t s to H im Th e w or - ro uc n E ss ence wh o a o ne ld p d i g , l P o s s e s s es b e in g ; whil e th e las t rece ive s Th e w o e m a n c en ce of e a e n an d ear h l g ifi h v th , An d e er eau e ca e or o v y b ty, d li t b ld, ous o r m ore remo e w e er sens e Obvi t , ith liv li ” n th a D iff us ive pain t e d o e r pid min d . OM O TH S N .

Some p ers ons m ay smile at th e n otion of

u s O devo ting their in q iries to the habit , f a fungus ; but fungi are th e work s of infinite

m an d n n is ma e n fini e wis wisdo , othi g d by i t

' dom th at h as n o t claims for Well~regulated

n fin ite in tellige ce . Every organiz ed s ub s tance is s o framed as to illus trate c ertain great n atural laws ; and na u a a s e n s e e and un e sto t r l l w , w ll co id r d d r od, have power to impress o n th e min d th e most s k n m a es s ns The fa of tri i g or l l o . lling an apple

X CHAPTER .

— Wo nderful e c onomy o f i n se c t s an d an imalcule s C ompe ns ati on — w e re ceive fro m i n s e c ts fo r the ir inj urie s Commercial im — p ortan c e o f in s e c t s the ir u se s in rem o vi ng d e cayin g o rgan ic — — m atte r Adap tatio n to thi s obj e c t R e as o ns o f i ns ec t tran s ~ fo rm ation s — Thei r am azin g m ultiplic atio n — Larva s tate — Pe rfe c t c on d itio n Differe n t h abitatio n s of th e s am e in s e c t in — — its d iffere n t s tate s I nj urie s to our c rop s from in s e c ts Wire — — w o rms El at ers W e e vil O s c in is vas tator C ephu s p yg

mwus o r c orn s aw -fi — r s — an - c e — a a es al , y Th ip Pl t li P lli tiv l — w e c an e xp e c t Mis tak e s as to reme die s aris in g o ut o f wan t — — of kn o wle dge I nfus o rial an imal c ul e s View o f th em by th e — — micro sc op e in i n fus io n s e as ily m ade P olygas tric a Sp e c ula tio us — Diff us io n of th e e ggs— Curious form s of i nfus oria

— - Ehren berg Cilia and the ir us es— Monads Fo s s il i n fus o ria Pre val ence o f livin g in fus oria— Their multitude s— Pro ve d by — — e xp erim en t s to e mit o xyge n— Liebig Guan o U s e s o f i uru — — sorial anim alcul es So urce o f p ure vital air Limit p utrefac o — tion D e s t ro ye d by putres cen t matters an d s ulphuric ac id onc u in r mar C l d g e ks .

TH E econ omy of th e minutes t ins ects and anim alcules with which we are acquain ted is quite as won derful as th e n ature o f th e fungi adverte d to in th e prece ding ch apter ; while some exp erim en ts recen tly m ade o n th e infu s a to as s th h e e ori , which cl e little eels o f t p p er- n o f the ea e n ar as s in p cor wh t b lo g, e trik g IMPORTANCE OF INSECTS . 1 6 1 as tho se that h ave b een de scrib ed in r elation to th e o f m u s Th e n u es w e growth o ld . i j ri receive from in sects are doubtles s great ; b ut w e have our comp en s ation in th e b en e

fits e n e u n us en we th y co f r po . Wh look upo n s om e o f thes e s ep arately in significan t

ns of ea n e m an e seem s portio cr tio , th ir i port c a m s n e e u su se on l o t i cr dibl . Who co ld ppo , e am n n a m nu e co cliin eal ' n s e a s x i i g i t i ct, th t thi n ation actually p ays about five million s o f dollars every ; year for th e myriads o f their ? drie d tiny bodies which art h as called in to us e

n e u is emem e en How wo d rf l it to r b r, wh w e ma b e s ea n a e e a th e e y li g l tt r, th t littl gum-shel -lac ins ect provides for us w ax a an a en a e our n a a a us an d pp d g to writi g pp r t , that ve ry large sums are yearly exp en de d o n its importation "When w e look at a slug

s s e e n a o n s me ea gi h ilkworm f di g l zily o l f, an d con s ider it merely as th e larva o f a pl ain

n m an d e e e its ee e m e looki g oth , p rc iv f bl ov

n n d a e s as e s u s me ts a r th r ickly p ct, it fill with amaze men t to recollect that more than fifteen hund red th ous an d hum an b eings gain their daily

ea m a e n n n an d m anufac br d fro g th ri g, wi di g, turin g th e web o f th e cocoon Of s uch a cater pillar l-Man y other i nstances might be adduced F 162 wrsn ADAPTATION.

' to o e a u th e n se t bes ofier us pr v th t tho gh , i ct ri , mu nn an a d n u n us e uen t ch a oy ce, n i flict po fr q

s e s we are s l a e t e L e s e t s . lo , ti l l rg ly h ir d b or ik th e un a e e as s n e to e m a f gi, lso, th y hav ig d th mo s t ben eficial p art in the gran d e con omy of n ature ; an d this is th e removal o f decompo s in an m a e an d us e e n d s g org ic tt r, th pr v nti g i

as e m u e a n e m a c fro p trid xh latio . Ev ry ggot a is e in th e ea d an m th t br d d d bo y Of y ani al, o r th e s sues o an e an is e min ti f y rott npl t, p rfor g

n e an d ne f n this e dful b e ficial u ction. For this purpo s e exten sive powers of multip lication and ea ve acit a e e en e s s en al e u gr t r y, r vid tly ti r q i; si s en e e ma s e th e ea ns te . H c w y e r so Of th e an es e u a th e n s e d an ch g p c li r to i ct worl , d

Of th e m u u e o e s t e a us es , h ltit d f gg . v rio fli

are a en s o f a ae n nua . la which p r t l rv co ti lly y . Small n umb ers could n ot p erform th e offices as s n e em an use ul e ten no r f ig d th to y f x t ; , i i n s e cts p as s e d at once in to that s tate in which

e are em e in th e a s of e d u n th y ploy d c re r pro ctio , would th ey be able to carry o n th e wo rk of

ee n o n ut m a e as e s e o e . f di g p rid tt r th ir ol bj ct _ Hen e we s ee th e s m of Go d as a ed to c wi do . ppli his es n Th e e s . s n in h s as e has ee d ig d ig . t i c b n

a ne and w e ma e e e th e a a a expl i d, y p rc iv d pt tion, is e e d en a ese nse s se It xp i t th t th i ct , who

1 6 4 WIRE -WORMS h e mus b e an s me an d a the t tr for d too, th t by ren ewi n g of his min d ? Th e s am e in s ect m ay b e sa in e a n as es e in s e e a id, c rt i c , to liv v r l

in it su s f e en s . n a s s cces w c di f r t world It i h bit ,

n n s a e ea an d air e is co ditio , w t r, rth , , whil it fitted for th e se res p ective abodes by n ew o r

m n s an d ms s ui e an s n s u e ea . g , i tr t , for t d to ch

m u s e an a a Every o n e h as s o e p rpo . C we h ve ’ b etter illus tration of this than in Bon ne t s cele b rated re mark Of what riches should w e n o t

a e een e e th e s m h ad een h v b d priv d, if ilkwor b born a moth without having b een previously a ” caterpillar I Still th e larvae of many i n s ects do th e greates t inj ury to th e produce of th e farms o f

s un . e am e t e e is s a e thi co try For x pl , h r c rc ly any sp ecies of cultivate d plan t free from th eir

n d s ar a a s . ea r e a s a as es e tt ck Wh t, y , o t , gr

m es e e - ms largely des troye d by th e . Th wir wor are th e larvae h atched from th e eggs of certain ” a m a ee e s . e s . b tl It will prob bly, r rk Mr

C s s u s e th e ene a ea e ea n urti , rpri g r l r d r to l r that there are n early s eventy s p ecies of beetle s in thi s coun try which are th e p aren ts of wire

m s "m an Of em e e e in de wor y th , how v r, liv c a in ee s un e th e a an d th e num ~ y g tr , or d r b rk b er a affe our s n e e a es th t ct crop of cor , v g t bl , R — E ELATE S WE VIL . 1 65

n s s e The e e s ad e i m e . e flow r , v ry li it d b tl

m t e s n an d n fro which h y pri g, i to which

e as s are a e ela ters an d a m s e e th y p , c ll d l o t v ry farmer h as an i n s tin ctive dread of th e s e worm s

em s e e Y et n o t man o f es e e s n s th lv s . y th p r o know that th e little lon g b eetles calle d skip ” a s w um en a o n e a s in j ck , hich j p wh l id th ir b ck a n e u mann e la th e e s wo d rf l r, y gg which pro

u Th e la d ce thes e mi s chievous devourers . e

e s o r s - a s ems e es ee n o n t r , kip j ck th lv , f d o ly

e s Th e es a un be un flow r . b t cco t to fo d of

em is a u s wh o es m e th th t by Mr . C rti , giv or

The hin ts fo r remedies than any other writer . lon g tim e thes e wire -worm s exi s t in their larva s a e a s e mu to th e am un of mis t t , dd v ry ch o t

n m chief i flicte d by the .

en e a s ea n th e a a s a e is th e G r lly p ki g, l rv t t o ne ih which in sects do mo s t inj ury to corn bu m en n s a th e e de t Mr . Kirby tio th t we vil vours en us e in th e ana in it wh ho d gr ry, both th e imago as w ell as larva con dition an d th at a single pair Of th e se i n s ects will produce in

u s i us n o n e year abo t x tho a d of their sp ecies . Cer eal plan ts are likewis e attacke d by a a o f th e m h n sumes th e l rv willow ot , which co

a n s o f ea an d th e s ee s as se gr i wh t d of gr s .

es a s a us n s la e s a e Fli , l o, of v rio ki d , y gg th t giv VAS TAT R 166 OSCI NIS O . birth to larvae de structive to th e several

n s n en e a ea in an us ki d Of cor , wh th y pp r y co i

n es e es a e e derable qua tity . Th fli h v th ir ich n um e n t e n eas e in the e on s for ch cki g h ir i cr , same way as th e midge des cribe d in a previous c a e e do n ot h e e e n ecu . , ow v r, b lo g p h pt r Th y ‘ liarl to th e e a and are ere re no t e y wh t, th fo l gi

ma e su e s s e o nd a as s ti t bj ct for thi work, b y p in e e s n e mon s t g n otice of th ir xi te c . A g t he

is es th e o ne a e os cinis b as tato r is Brit h fli , c ll d

T o f m o s much to be dreade d . w broods o agg t are ea us e e n e m its e s y rly h r d i to lif fro gg . Those born in th e summ er are locate d be

e en th e s ea an d s em a e the s i tw h th t , bov o l ; tho s e that are h atched in th e autumn are clo s e

an d e a s e th e s u a e . es e es to, p rh p b low, rf c Th fli an d their preven tives are des crib ed in th e pa e s e e men n e a e e en ub p r b for tio d, which h v b p lish e the r ul a On e o f d by Ag ic tur l Society . the mos t remarkable flie s which infe s t wheat an d e a n a ea s be th e c e lms oth r gr i , pp r to p p yg m s - ccaa or n aw fl . Fo r a n e e , cor y k owl dg Of the s in gular h abits Of this creature we are en

tirel n e e to u s . No a me h ad y i d bt d Mr . C rti f r r

e us s c e e it as far as is n n pr vio ly di ov r d , k ow ; n o Englishman of s cien ce h ad previously de s e its e a n an a s is crib d op r tio s d h bit . It ,

1 6 8 o n U HABITS THE CEPH S .

C n e e ua 2 1 1 846 . is hro icl for F br ry , It s a e in s e a a th e ma s in t t d thi p riodic l, th t ggot

ab n th e s a s e u the n e h iti g tr w liv thro gh wi t r,

n s e in an s a en as es o f e s e i clo d tr p r t c , v ry clo

e u e an d en e th e u a n n in a t xt r , t r p p co ditio M rch . It is als o added by the correspon den t o f this “ a ua e a e a es e es es v l bl p p r, th t th fli r ort to

e s in n - fields ass in s an d um flow r cor , gr wood , b elliferous an d compo site flowers o n b ank s an d

a - s es The s a s n a n n th e a ro d id . tr w co t i i g l rvae may b e detected after harve s t by a little atten

n th e s e es o f s u e e n cut tio , hort pi c t bbl b i g

n a m e un u e horizo t lly by the . Th y do bt dly

ause s e us m s e as th e ea s th e ih c rio i chi f, r of fe s ted s em s are e e s e e o r n a n n t ith r t ril , co t i o ly a s ma u s a n u n n ll n mb er of hrivelled gr i s . B r i g th e s tubble s eem s to b e th e b es t m ean s o f ex tirp ating th e cephus but there is an ichn eu m on n ame acfi moerus calcitrator d p y , which keep s it in che ck by depo sitin g eggs in the ma s u n em a an d e . ggot , which h tch liv po th There are m any other little i n s ects found

’ o n th e s em s an d ea s th e c crealza n t r of , or cor

an s th e a s a e no t et een pl t , h bit of which h v y b s uf en n u e n n or th e a ua s er fici tly i q ir d i to, ct l ; vices p erform e d by oth ers that accompany ’ em Vl n e am e Of s in th e th . e have a x pl thi HE R OT INSECTS . 1 6 9

t/ mf s as is al e a . de p , it c l d , th t Mr Kirby scribe d man y years ago ; but it ought to b e

' s s e a n corrre th e subj ect o f fre h ob rv tio s . This venerable n aturalis t took th e orange powder

in the ea fo r th e e em en f th e rs xcr t o thrip s . It was probably th e uredo rubigo which he

s a Th e au un uan e s th w . thor fo d q titi Of e

' thri s as au um He h as a s u p l t t n, l o fo nd

a ea man s ea Th e a gr t y thi y r, l rvae likewi s e o f a fly called chlorops has this year

a a e e In n s n es th e an tt ck d barl y . some i ta c or ge

e in the ea a ea e an d me n o t powd r wh t pp r d, so .

e e a ea a th u e un Wh r it did pp r, it w s e r do f gus

us m n j t entio ed . T o say that wheat is s ubj ect to the pres en ce

' o f a lzides o r an - e is n s a e in p , pl t lic , o ly to t t the cas e o f wheat what m ay b e affirme d o f

a m s e e n u e o f o ur s l o t v ry k own prod c oils . Th e same may b e likewise s aid o f s everal other minute creatures that are foun d in th e

x e s . l n our rana e s es e s ee th e fi ld g ri , b id w vil,

a ae o f a s e o f tine ma ea a l rv p cies a ke gr t h voc . Th ous an ds o f acari will be foun d in bran kept

n m es e m nu for any le gth of ti e . All th i te ea u es e the ee s th e n s an d the cr t r , lik w d , thor ,

ie s a e een e m e to s n u an d br r , h v b p r itt d pri g p in this our fallen con dition we mus t count F 3 0 RI 1 7 INFUSO A .

u n th e ea s b e ea en th e us th e po y r to t by loc t,

an e - m an d th e a e a an d th e c k r wor , c t rpill r, ” a me m are His ea a m p l r wor , which gr t r y,

n who rules over all thi gs .

’ en a u n the vibrio triticz or eel Wh ll di g to , of

th e ea h as een m e an n e s a e wh t, it b or th o c t t d

a e n s e s ea n th e as s th t it b lo g , prop rly p ki g, to cl

o f an m a u ae a e n us a e ause e i lc l c ll d i f ori l, b c th y con s tan tly app ear in infusions of c ertain sub

n Th e s s s f a e a e m s ta ces . po es or o tol r bl icro s cop e m ay s oon con vin ce himself Of th e truth o f as n Let him a e a s m a as s this sertio . t k ll gl

esse a um e h e eas e an d a e in v l, t bl r if pl , pl c it

a e h a and en n ea u a n littl y, th fill it rly f ll Of r i

a e en h as s a few a s e s e w t r . Wh it tood d y xpo d

th e air a s m s Of m a e b e s een to , li y ort tt r will floating o n th e s urface ; tak e a little o f this

o ff w a n e ea e an d ut o n a ith poi t d f th r, p it slip o f glas s us e a quarter o f an in ch achro m a s e s n s n tic . A ight p rfectly a to i hi g will n ow pres en t its elf "th e little drop o f water will

a f e u appear a p erfect m s s o active lif . So r

as e a s b e un eem n n es p t will l o fo d t i g with vibrio ,

a Th e au o r little eels o f extrem e ctivity . thor Obtain ed th e mo s t active an d curious eel s h e ever m et with from an infusion o f rip e s traw b erries ih rain water ; they darted about with

P OLY GASTRICA.

e m an s m a s a s em provid d with y to ch , c ll th

’ o l as trzca m th e e e fl ohti o lus p yg , fro Gr k v, (p )

and da as ter a s m a . e are y mp , (g ) to ch If th y s uffere d to rem ain a short tim e in water co n taining fin ely divide d p articles o f colourin g ma e th e a ea an e es e a es in tt r, pp r c Of th p rticl

e an s a en dies is su as to n a e th ir tr p r t bo , ch i dic t

a e n a n nume us u a a es th t th y co t i ro glob l r c viti . Still this poin t cann ot b e regarde d as com pletely decide d ; an d by many per s on s th e views o f Ehrenberg are declared to b e nu tenable . Roun d th e mouths Of these animalculae there are un cilia m a a a fo d , oving with r pidity th t as ton ishes th e Ob s erver "they look like hairs vibratin g with a vehemen ce that is in credible

n es s e s a n o u es cur till wit d . Thi vibr tio pr d c

en s ih the ui n ain n th e n us a r t fl d co t i g i f ori , and thus th e food on which they live floats in to th e m u th e s ame me e are en an o th . At ti , th y

e th e l a a s to s m u a u bl d by ci i l o wi q ickly bo t .

al n s e th e na e e e a Tot ly i vi ibl to k d y , good quarter of an in ch achromatic pres en ts th em to th e view o f th e m icros copis t in a little globule ”

a e . en s a s an e m nen s of w t r Wh , y i t phy i

s a num e o f dis s m a ms are ologi t, b r i il r for as sem e in one a e th e s e a e bl d drop Of w t r, p ct cl 1 3 CILIA . 7

s en e a n n me rO el ems e es is mo t t rt i i g . So p p th lv

e a a e t a dir ctly forw rd, with v loci y which p

ears en us m a n e e a p , wh th highly g ifi d , lik th t

Of an a s o a th e e e can s a e rrow, th t y c rc ly fol low their m ovemen ts whils t others drag their

e s s a n e th e ee . me bodi lowly lo g, lik l ch So make a fixe d poin t of s ome portion of th e

an d e e un t e a a body, r volv ro d it wi h gr t r pidity ; whils t others s carcely pres en t any appearan ce o f an m a m n m e m e a s i l otio . So ov forw rd by a uniformseries o f gen tle un dulation s o r vibra tion s whil s t others s eemto perform c on s ecu tive l eap s of n o small exten t comp are d with

th e s e e die s . In s e e is n o iz Of th ir bo hort, th r kind Of movemen t which is n ot practis ed by the s e an imalculae " they have eviden tly th e power o f s teerin g clear of Ob s tacles in th eir

‘ u s e an d o f a n ea e en s m co r , voidi g ch oth r wh wi

e ming in clo s prox imity . By wh at kin d o f s en sibility th e won de rful preci sion an d accu racy of their movemen ts is guide d is yet very d u u . The en e a su a e in s e s e o btf l g r l rf c , tho who

es are n o t n s e in a firm en e e a bodi i clo d v lop , p

ea s e sus e e Of m ess n s NO p r v ry c ptibl i pr io .

an s s e a s en sa n e e can be org Of p ci l tio , how v r, e e e e e e a n r d d t ct d, xc pt c rt i e Spots Observable 1 4 U R 7 FOSSIL INF SO IA .

in th e es o f m an s e es are b f ‘ bodi y p ci , which i . ” li d n e s eve by Ehre b rg to b e eye . Th e leas t an d s imple s t of thes e in fusoria are

a e mo nads en e a are s e al in c ll d , which g r lly ph ric s a e an d s m a u t eas e an d a h p , wi bo t wi h r pidity .

is n ot e e th e e s n e It , how v r, Obj ct of thi otic , to

a e th e a us am es o f n us ia but tr c v rio f ili i f or , by a few gen eral Ob s ervation s to Show th eir m o s t

m nen a a e s s an d th e s n u a pro i t ch r ct ri tic , i g l r an alogy b etween them an d th e m inute fungi brought b efore th e reader in th e foregoin g

a s th e ume e s s are a c p rt of vol . All g ologi t quain ted with th e quan titie s o f fo s s il in fusoria in a an d e m ne a s s m e h ch lk oth r i r l , o of whic

n a n em an e en erfe n e e co t i th to xt t p ctly i cr dibl , un e u a e m "s tration Th e til prov d by oc l r d o . m in eralis e d skele ton s actually in m any cas es h ave con tribute d to form s olid s trata o f th e e a e is a n o f s e us s n e m rth . Ther ki d ilic o to fro

is m e e ma e u Skele Tripoli, which co pl t ly d p Of

n s Or s ea s o f n us a n e u to h th i f ori . A Si gl c bic i n ch o f bog iron o re con tain s about two mil

n s Of m l n s o f micrOS CO ie anim alculm lio il io p . Of th e s pecies o f fo s s il infus ori a thus dis co

e e a t s s e s In e ea v r d h lf a lea t till xi t . th ir d d s a e and s s n n e u ess co n t t , fo il co ditio , th y do btl

GU — 1 76 ANO LIEBIG .

But it is impo s sible to con ceive that infinit e

s m an d e an d nes s can ve wi do , pow r, good , gi vitality to such atoms without a direct an d a

n e a n h as n e n e es . en ce e e e b fici l d ig Sci , i d d, r c tly h ad its reward in discovering such a design in th e in fus orial anim alcules in their livin g ” s a e . s e a an em en o f n a u e s a s t t A wi rr g t t r , y “ e h as as s ne th e n us a th e Li big, ig d to i f ori dead bodies o f higher orders of bein gs for th eir n ouri shm en t ; an d h as in thes e ani m alculae create d a mean s of limitin g to th e s es s s e e th e e e e us influ hort t po ibl p riod, d l t rio en ces which th e products Of di s s olution an d de cay exercis e upon th e life o f th e higher clas ses

Th e e en s e es a e o f animals . r c t di cov ri which h v b een m ade resp ecting th es e creatures are s o e a na an d s o a m a e a e xtr ordi ry d ir bl , th t th y ” e n i s allv n Th e deserve to b e mad u ver k own . n a a in ese s e es is a the pri cip l f ct th di cov ri , th t fun ction s o f an imal n ature are reversed in

es e an ma u es an d a n s ea o f e n th i lc l , th t i t d volvi g

a n a as e e e u e en . c rbo ic cid g , th y volv p r oxyg Coun t Rumford m ade a s imilar dis covery m any

ea s a o but was e nume us e y r g ; it , lik ro oth r

d fa t a u n n Th e o o c s e i . g , tot lly b ri d Oblivio air bubbles given o ut by water con taining

es e an u n a n su u en th imalc les co t i ch p re oxyg , USE O U 1 F INF SORIA . 77

a a sma o f ea ma - in th t ll bit d l tch wood, which a ame h as us een e n u s e wi u s fl j t b xti g i h d, ll b r t in to a flame again on b ein g imm ers ed in any “ ” o n e of em . m se th e e e a e th I y lf, c l br t d

e man em s as n am e e s us an G r ch i t l t d t ll , took

un of e n s em a a e a opport ity v rifyi g thi r rk bl f ct, upon fin ding in a trough of water in my gar den th e fluid coloured green by th e pre s en ce

f a us e es o f n u a e e O v rio sp ci i f s ori . I filt r d it

u a e fin e s e e in e s e a a e thro gh v ry i v , ord r to p r t all n e ae o r e eta e m a e s an d en co f rv , v g bl tt r ; th expo s ed it to th e light of th e sun in an in verte d

ea e - as s m e e u th e a e u e o f b k r gl , co pl t ly f ll, p rt r

was n n e a e th e a s e which co fi d by w ter . Aft r l p

a n m e an u n es Of fort ight, or th thirty c bic i ch of

as h ad e e in th e as s e g coll ct d gl , which prov d to ” be e i in en . e e en w e a e v ry r ch oxyg H r , th , h v a ua in es e ea u es un sus e e an d ct lly th cr t r , p ct d un seen th e m s e e ea e em a till icro cop r v l d th ,

h n s an S u e u e a air. m t e o rc Of p r vit l Fro i t t,

e e e a e se n us a a ea in s a th r for , th t th i f ori pp r t g n an t water impregnate d with deleterious m at ter h a a e eas es to act n u us on th e , t t w t r c i j rio ly

n ma s TO higher orders o f plan ts an d a i l . quote Liebig on ce more " In th e mo s t exten s ivel ffus e an ma u ae n am e th e een y di d i lc l , ly, gr nd red n us a we e nis e a m s a i f ori , r cog o t ’ 8 LIE B I C S E 1 7 STATEM NT . admirable caus e which re move s from water all s ub s tan ces i nj urious to the life of th e high er clas s es of anim al s an d create s in their place n u e ma e s th e s us en an e o f lan s tritiv tt r for t c p t , an d th e oxygen in dis p en s abl e to th e respiration

Of an ma s . a n h e s e es Th e in fu i l Ag i , Ob rv , s o rial animalculae can n ot be th e causes o f putr e factio n— of th e production o f poi s on ous m atter deleterious to plan ts an d anim als — but an in fin itely wi s e in ten tion design s them to accel erate th e tran s ition o f th e elem en ts o f putrefying s ub s tan ces in to their ultimate pro

u Th e eas n Of es en e in ese d cts . r o their pr c th

a es as a s em s e e s us is a pl c r eg rd th lv Obvio ly , th t in them they fin d th e con dition s s uitable for

e e e m en an d s us en an e en es e th ir d v lop t t c . Wh th

ums an es a e a e th e un e s a es en e circ t c t k pl c , iv r l pr c of th e atmo sphere through which their eggs are ffus e aus e s em m a e e a di d, c th to k th ir p p earan ce wh er eve r th e re quis ite s tate of things

ivificatio n e e are h o w e v s s . for th ir xi t Th y , e e s u e th e n u us n uen es o f v r, bj ct to i j rio i fl c a ua u e fa n and are e th e sul ct l p tr ctio , kill d by ph uretted hydrogen gas evolve d duri ng that

s e a un in all e a n sub proce s . Th y bo d d c yi g

s an es but n e e in ea u m as s es . t c , v r r lly p trid a e n e e e e e en is . Th ir provi c , th r for , vid tly th t ‘

1 80 R EFLECTIONS .

and while nature is daily op en ing th e treasures

o f h er en ma e s we u ea n a hidd rv l , o ght to l r th t

e e a n can un e a e ma e s s r v l tio fold gr t r rv l till, to

e u e our u s in ee e s en se an d u en r b k tr t f bl , q ick o ur a is a h e em a s in f ith . It hop e d th t t r rk this chapter o n th e fungi an d in s ects that m ay be r egarded as th e con geners Of tho se it w as th e e e es e e n ih chi f Obj ct to d crib , will giv a crease d intere st to th e details before given . They m ay ten d al s o to th e good of th e agri ’ u u a ea e s e s s n in m e c lt r l r d r, by God bl i g, or ways than in poin tin g out certain mun dane e s an d e m s is es e a e vil th ir re edie . It d ir d th t th y m ay b eget in his min d many con sideration s to

e an e h e ma e e e a e een which, p rch c , y h r tofor h v b a s an e s s n f e are n o t n tr g r . Le o s o pi ty o ly

en in the s e but se ess n s w e writt go p l, tho l o

fin d e e are en e a n e e th r , forc d by right k owl dg

Of n a u e Th e n a u a an d m ra e e n s t r . t r l o l p rf ctio of God are in p erfect un is on ; an d w e may be e a n a as s en e a an es in s an c rt i , th t ci c dv c Chri ti an s its s e es e se th e l d , di cov ri will h lp to clo

s o f th e s an d th e ue lip ceptic, tr light bright “ en in at th e s ame me s m an d n g ti , wi do k ow ” ledge will i ndeed b ecom e both th e s tability

o ur mes an d the s en our s a a Of ti , tr gth of lv ” n tio . S REFLECTION . 181

In e e e a s a esu t ord r, how v r, th t thi h ppy r l m a a ue is n e es s a n ot me e a y ccr , it c ry r ly th t we should view n ature in th e great and t e sm l a m a n o f th e e an d h a l, with d ir tio pow r s m of th e ea but a we u see wi do Cr tor, th t Sho ld s a u u a s ua m e um phy ic l tr th thro gh pirit l di .

e s as th e ea en e u s a the Ag p t, h th po t co ld y Of

ea u e me aus e In him we e an d gr t S pr C , liv , m d ” e an a e our e n . n th e sam ov , h v b i g I e mann er w e may say n ow with our own

a o urce of e n "U n ers a ou H il , S B i g iv l S l e a e an d ear " s s en a rese nce a l " Of h v n th E ti l P , h i T O th e e I b en d th e k nee ; to the e my thoughts o n nua c m wh o w a m as er an C ti l li b ; , ith t h d , e E as t th e great who le into p erf ction to uche d . e e th e ar o us e e a e r es By th v i v g t tiv t ib , ra in a m n e t and c a w ea es W pt fil y , l d ith l v ,

raw th e e e er an d m e th e d ew . D liv th , i bib ee s ers e n o co n en a s o s By th di p d i t g i l il , an s e ac a rac e an and s uc s and swe s St d h tt tiv pl t , k , ll , a w n m s o f u es Th e j ui cy tide ; t i in g as t b . At thy comman d th e vernal s un awake s Th e or s a e ru e to th e roo t pid p , d t d d t w n r w n s a n ow in fluen an ce By i t y i d ; th t t d , An d e fermen a on m oun n s re a s liv ly t ti , ti g , p d l n s Al this innumerous coloure d scene o f thi g .

s is all ue an d eau u e esse Thi tr , b tif lly xpr d ; bu m i An d as th e esen t ore s required . pr t mixed s tate o f th e world is un que stionably declare d in Scripture to be due to the fall of its n a n a an so e er thin na ural pri cip l i h bit t, v y g t , ~R S l 82 EFLECTION .

b e a e a e mus be e e e to profit bly r g rd d, t r f rr d more or les s to th e moral con dition of m an in

is We s a en fin d n a u e n d th world . h ll th t r a

e u e Th e e n r ligion h elpf l to each oth r . r ligio o f Christ is the on ly rectifier o f that which is

n In n a u e an d n a u e in h er u n wro g t r t r t r , by ’ h er ana es s treh th en s man s a in e logi , g f ith r li

n ur m e in his m n au gio . O Lord hi s lf i istry t ght mu n a u a s m u es an d h as e e ch by t r l i ilit d , h r by left his s ervan ts a p attern th ey should more

a e th e n an d th e e an d l rg ly follow . If thor , bri r, ’ th e various imp edimen ts to th e earth s bringing

th e n ee u sus en an e man a e forth df l t c for , h v s u ee e th e u s e en is but eas n cc d d c r , th it r o able that Our s tudies of thes e disorders o f th e original b eauty of creation should b e m ade

th aid e n is ue a with e of rev latio . It tr th t th e go spel was n ot de sign ed to teach us phy

Sical s en e but was n en e e a n ci c , it i t d d to xpl i an d e o ur n n an d un l us r ctify co ditio , to fo d to th e e a n e e n we s an fo r r l tio wh r i t d to God, both

me an d e n B ut n s e n a th e ti ter ity . co id ri g th t effe s o f s o ur s a e e a all e n a u e ct thi t t pr v il ov r t r , and will b e th e ultim ate caus e of th e destruc

n o f th e is u e ea a th e tio world, it q it cl r th t

u es u n o t . ea e s s en e Script r , tho gh t ch r of ci c , tuns t be th e regulators of tho se who pursue it

4 R 1 8 EFLECTIONS .

e is in ea en a emem an e of me ther h v r br c rcy . Is n o t this what revelation teaches us in a higher degree ? An d do we not s ee an analogy in th e un e s al ffus n o f es e a o m s h a n iv r di io th t , vi g life an d givin g birth to livin g things that pre y o n a we e a th e m s va ua e to th t which r g rd o t l bl , th e whole s tate o f the moral atmos phere ‘ aro un d us en e s n s o f all n s en e the , wh c i ki d t r ? heart upon th e win gs o f every thought Look again at the mis takes made respecting these s i p es t . How con tin ually have they been m s co n s trued ; an d le t us rememb er h ow little m an n s u the s e o f th e k ow witho t go p l, e r al ch arac ter o f th e mi s erie s which bes et him in

s i e h as ee n m en n e a e a n thi l f . It b tio d th t c rt i cultivators o f th e s oil have regarde d some o f e e s as a a u a n acco th ir littl foe f vo r ble sig , m

n f a ua u p anyi g a good yield o val ble prod ce . How m an y are continually making s imilar e rrors with regard to th e des troyers o f that

e n e u which is for their high s t i ter s t . M ltitudes o f p e ople look upon certain irregularities in

u fo r n s an e as s n s a e a l yo th , i t c , ig of wh t th y c l a ea a ee d s s n a m an en e good h rt, fr i po itio , ly g rous Spirit and believe them to be compatible

an a un an e n in a e - e o f with b d t xhibitio , ft r lif , u s u virtues of vario s kind . B t they forget that E 1 8 5 R FLECTIONS . they are really des tructive of all that fits the

a for th e n e e o f an d ue re h e rt k owl dg God, tr p

a a ion his es en e e ea e . a n p r t for pr c h r ft r Ag i , we have shown how con s tan tly m en have attri

u e to th e es e s o f e a n ns e s th e b t d d troy r c rt i i ct , very evil s caus ed by thes e little depre dators to

an s s h as e en which they are th e tidote . Thi b

n e in n an e an d n e e h as s n do ig or c , k owl dg how

the e . Now h ow n s an we fin d rror , co t tly do p ers on s attributin g to th e very in dividual s wh o are a n e un s e s e a e s an d idi g by th ir co l , th ir pr y r , e am es in a n off e s the a ua e s x pl w rdi g vil , ct l vil

ems e e s s s o f m s e es en a n s th lv . All ort i r pr t tio o f s an a en e e s e es o f o ro Chri ti g cy, v ry p ci pp brious e e all n s en un a n s a e pith t, ki d Of d ci tio h v been levelle d again s t tho s e Who s e occupation is in pres enting th e only gen uine an tagonism to th e s pread o f all that would ov errun and

es th e es es s n o f an n d troy b t bl i gs m . Bli d p re j udice h as con stantly accus ed such philanth ro is ts o f aus n th e ma a es to un e p c i g l di which , d r

God e are th e n effe ua e . P er , th y o ly ct l ch ck hap s s om e p ers on s wh o h ave in dulge d in s uch m s a en e s m a ea n m es e s e a i t k vi w , y l r fro th Ob rv

n s ma e m e as s u us n u es and tio to k or id o i q iri , to “ e an d n e e e e is a s ek for light k owl dg . Th r S REFLECTION . wa a eeme un o a man but the y th t s th right t , ' ” en d thereof are the ways of death . Man y more in structi ve an alogies might be u W ma c e a no t a sin le add ce d . e y re oll ct th t g devas tator of our bread- corn ; n o t a single in s ect to which atten tion h as b een calle d not a fun gus that preys upon and accelerate s the

e a o f the m s us e u ants but in its d c y o t f l pl , n a u e h as a ten en em e as we as t r d cy to r ov , ll to

n We a e seen ho w is s me ev . i flict, o il h v it

~ ' their prov mce to has ten decay, limit putrefac ’d ou n and us r m e ea . An tio , th to p o ot h lth ght " we n o t to mark th e effect o f trials o n th e Chris tian ? What is th e ten den cy Of every

‘ ’ thing Whi ch caus es th e man o f th e world to ? despair when overwhelm e d by adversities

is to u i the us m n r m te It p r fy pio i d, to p o o its ea ean it m all a is re u h lth, to w fro th t p j

' Our affl i ns dicial to its real welfare . So ict o “ work out for u s a far m ore exce edin g an d ” e e C s ian e tern al weight o f glory . H r by hri t graces are called in to exercise patien ce h as its

‘ p erfect work an d it b ecome s actually goOd for

e Is e e no t in es e us to have b een afflict d . th r th dealings o f th e suprem e Governor of th e uni

h n a u a an d s r ua th e mar vers e with t e t r l pi it l, k

R EFLECTIONS . num e s th e es e s o ur n e e b r of d troy r of food, ith r does th e great provision Of th e go spel hin der th e a en an an an d th e en use Of g cy of , dilig t mean s O n th e n a en u a es em . co tr ry it co r g th , provide d on ly that th ey b e in en tire sub servi en th e on e ea n e an d n en e cy to gr t pri cipl , co fid c in th e ef a e e un e a e e m fic cy th r of, d r wh t v r for we pres en t o ur modes of action to th e Obj ects we es n effe u em e n en e in d ig to ct . S pr co fid c th e great remedy does n o t in any degree man i

es se es sa n m a but f t it lf by c tio fro ctivity, it

a e s r nifies u o n wh at rouuds we m a r th r g p , g y m s e ua u e es o t ffect lly exert o rs lv to do good . An d in n othin g does th e wis dom Of God in

C s m e a un an a ea an in ao hri t or b d tly pp r, th commo dating this b eautiful law o f action n o t

n s a a ula s e men o ly to thi or th t p rtic r oci ty of , but to th e b en efit of all mankin d in all th e

a e ma es un es an d a s in v ri ty of cli t , co tri , h bit

e ma b e un h e h ad ame which th y y fo d . If fr d thi s method of coun teracting evil and re s torin g th e s a n es s o f m an one n a n a n e lo t h ppi for tio lo , it would hav e b een an e vidence o f a p articular

s m b ut in th e s u a th e s e wi do , it bility of go p l

ame a e th e es en s a e an d s e to lior t pr t t t , c ure th e future bliss of his fallen creature in all an s e e the s e mes h e h as ex hi l d wh r go p l co , N REFLECTIO S . 189

e an n n un a w s m us bit d i fi ite an d ivers l i do . Th

e e is n o ue s an th e ex er th r tr Chri ti who, by

s e o f th e un es h as en him ci Opport iti God giv , may n o t h elp to brin g in a revenue o f glory to

his a u an d a a es to his fel S vio r, h rv t of profit

lo -m w en .

Th e au en in n us n u com thor, th , co cl io , wo ld men d th e se thoughts to th e s erious con sidera

n his ea e s n a e ea m a tio of r d r . Lo g h v gr t or l dis eas e s con s um ed th e b es t fruits Of many

n s o f o ur an We a e u portio l d . h v tho ght too m uch o f reaping th e produce o f th e labours Of ’ m en s es an d a e e a e e th bodi , h v r g rd d too littl e s erious accoun t to which w e mus t be calle d for our neglect o f th e on e great remedy o f

e s u s e th e a m e s u n the th ir o l . Whil f r r look po

u a u a n in his e s n th e s r r l pop l tio fi ld , tilli g oil,

ea n th e en rn o r ean n th e cars r pi g gold co , gl i g

a a e a en m th e s e ma h e n th t h v f ll fro ickl , y thi k o n th e duty of m arkin g well th e real de s troyers

‘ o f th e h a in es s o f o ur a es an d en pp cott g , dilig tly s e e am e a e an d n uen e triv , by x pl , dvic , i fl c , to diffus e am ongs t them a love o f th at kn owledge which can alon e lead to an acquain tan ce

an d a ue e n o f th e s with, tr corr ctio , ill which h av e lo ng prevaile d amon gs t thous an ds Of th e

un Ho w an us are p easantry o f thi s co try . xio 1 90 all th e cultivators o f the fields that they a nay b e e to th e a es a ee m the de whit h rv t, nd fr fro feets en gendere d by such causes as those we

n e h ave des crib ed . They are willi g to try very s e es o f e e an d to a e e o s p ci corr ctiv , pply v ry p s B ut let u e e a e ible remedy . s r coll ct th t ther i s u a n as a s ri ual a es an d a s ch thi g pi t h rv t, th t

' we are sufiering it to become infected by negli~ gen ce of that which h as been so me rcifully pro vided ts eau e n an d u for i b ty whil growi g, p rity ’ en a e e n the s a ne i t wh g th r d i to Lord g r r, n o th e af th e a is b e. a en e f which whe t to t k , whil ch

s n a fir Men i to be burn ed up with un que ch ble e . n s s ss n s a e s e a s an d havi g po e io r t w rd for God, are as much respon sible for their moral efforts am n s s wh a o r in es e e s n s o g t tho e o l b u th poss s io , as the employed are for their dilige nce in th e

a s m u a m an t sk eted out to their han ds . S ppo s e to m th e see for a a a m was en us who d l rge f r tr ted, h ad mi e es s an d in th e ime o tt d to dr it, , t Of e a n th e ea s e e un a ea e en r pi g, r w r fo d, to gr t xt t, des troyed by th e n aus eous fungus which re

a e s th e o u s e u th e res on sibi pl c fl r . Who wo ld p ? lity be Will n ot a like s olemn day o f accoun t come for those who have influen ce over m en o f

e a e and n e to e a th e u u e of low st t , glect r g rd c lt r

e min s and to s ow am n s em in all th ir d , o g t th ,

RE FLECTI ONS . s u n o ur s s aff n ri ma e tr ctio of pirit , ordi g ch tt r n o t n our e a s but o ur ea s Th e o ly for h d , h rt .

a e es no t es n a u e but gr c of God do d troy t r , elevates it ; s o th e fuller dis coveries of th e wis do m Of redemption quicken th e admiration of th e eye that re s ts upon th e work s Of th e Divin e h an d b elow ; an d n ev er did th e p salmis t sen d

s ee e n es rO h etic o f th e a ou forth w t r ot , p p S vi r, than wh en h e h ad previously d ilated o n th e

e e n s o f as the am e o f th e d p rf ctio God fr r worl , an d all s e es o f ea u es him we m a p ci cr t r . With y e s a O L h ow man are w ll y, ord, ifold thy ” work s I in wis dom has t thou made them all "