2010
14-17/12/2010, Ottawa, ON a
TABLE OF CONTENTS
General Conference Programme p. 2 Student Day Programme p. 3 Plenary Session Programme p. 5 Topical Session Programme p. 8 Plenary Session Oral Abstracts p. 16 Topical Session Oral Abstracts p. 25 Poster Abstracts p. 90 Participants p. 172 Sponsors p. 186 Exhibitors p. 189 Sponsor Advertisements p. 194 Conference Floor Plans p. 199 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
GENERAL CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 14 DECEMBER 15 DECEMBER 16 DECEMBER 17 DECEMBER
09:00-10:30 08:30 - 10:00 Student Day Plenary Session Plenary Session (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2) (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2) Plenary Session (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
10:30-11:00 10:00 - 10:30 Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break
11:00-12:30 10:30 - 12:00 Student Day Topical Sessions Topical Sessions Topical Sessions
12:30-14:00 12:00 - 13:30 Lunch Lunch Lunch (Governor General Ballroom) (Governor General Ballroom) (Governor General Ballroom) Lunch (Governor General Ballroom)
14:00-15:30 13:30 - 15:00 Student Day Plenary Session Plenary Session (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2) (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2) ArcticNet Plenary (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
15:30 15:00 - 15:30 Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break Meeting Adjourns
15:30 - 17:00 Student Day Topical Sessions Topical Sessions
Registration/Reception 17:00 - 19:00 Poster Session Poster Session (4th Floor Foyer) (Confederation Ballroom 3) (Confederation Ballroom 3)
19:30 (Dinner on your own) 19:30 19:00 - 23:00 Dinner on your own Qapirangajuq Banquet (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2) (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
2 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
STUDENT DAY PROGRAMME
TUESDAY, 14 DECEMBER ArcticNet Student Day Plenary Session (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
Brent Else, Marc Cadieux & 08:30 Opening Remarks Martin Fortier
Why Didn’t Anyone Tell Me That? Things I Wish I Had Known 09:10 Keynote Speaker: Jennifer Gardy as a Fledgling Scientist
10:00 Break (fi nal sign up for breakout sessions)
Lucette Barber, Sophie Charvet & 10:30 Summary of ArcticNet ASA Outreach Activities Inga May
Bottom’s up! A Community-Perspective Approach on 10:45 Breanne Reinfort Communicating Mercury Contaminant Information to the ISR
11:00 Magaly Chambellant Ringed Seals as Indicators of Ecosystem Change
Morning Breakout Sessions “Careers After Graduation”
Room Sector Speakers
Maurice Levasseur & Quebec Academic C.J. Mundy
Jennifer Gardy & Provinces I Private 11:15 Peter Calamai
Hamed Sanei & Provinces II Public Peter Outridge
Tom Sheldon & Les Saisons Northern Employment Stephanie Meakin
12:00 Lunch
3 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
STUDENT DAY PROGRAMME
Plenary Session (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
Surviving the Arctic Winter on Bylot Island: Insights into the 13:30 Arnaud Tarroux Foraging Tactics of a Terrestrial Predator
Climatic Factors Driving the Hydrological and Geochemical Re- 13:45 Erika Hille sponses of Tundra Upland Lakes to Landscape Perturbation
Migrations and Aggregations of Arctic Cod during Winter in the 14:00 Maxime Geoffroy Amundsen Gulf (Southeastern Beaufort Sea)
Afternoon Breakout Sessions “Careers After Graduation”
Room Sector Speakers
Zou Zou Kuzyk & Quebec Academic Trevor Bell
Cynthia Pyć & Provinces I Private 14:15 Mike Peters
Leah Braithwaite & Provinces II Public Jennifer Nield
Nick Xenos & Les Saisons Northern Employment Marc O’Connor
15:00 Break (Final chance to hand in Nomination Form to be part of the 2010 ASA Executive Committee)
Plenary Session (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Arctic: Time Lines, 15:30 Cynthia Pyć Regulations, and Industry - ArcticNet Collaboration
15:45 Marc Cadieux & Brent Else Closing Remarks
16:00 ASA Annual General Meeting (2010 ASA Executive Committee Election)
4 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts PLENARY SESSION PROGRAMME
WEDNESDAY, 15 DECEMBER - 8:30 to 10:00 (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
08:30 Opening Remarks
Impacts of Climate Change on Tundra Ecosystems in Canada: Greg Henry Preliminary Synthesis of Results from the Canadian IPY Project 08:50 Professor, University of British Columbia Cicat
Arctic Freshwater Systems: Trans-ecosystem Integrators of Climate 09:10 Frederick Wrona Professor, University of Victoria and Environmental Change
Trudy Wohlleben A Summary of Signifi cant Canadian Arctic Ice Events in 2010 09:30 Ice Forecaster, Canadian Ice Service
WEDNESDAY, 15 DECEMBER - 13:30 to 15:00 (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
Geoff Green 13:30 Founder, Executive Director and Expedition Leader, The Greatest Classrooms on Earth Students on Ice
Scot Nickels Inuit Qaujisarvingat: The Inuit Knowledge Centre and Arctic 13:50 Director, Inuit Qaujisarvingat: Inuit Knowledge Centre, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami Science – Emerging Research Opportunities
Thierry Rodon Improving Access to University Education in the Canadian Arctic : 14:10 Professor, Carleton University / Researcher, CIERA, Université Laval Learning from Past Experiences and Listening to the Inuit Students
Barry Smit Communities and Environmental Change: The Arctic and Beyond 14:30 Professor, University of Guelph
5 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
PLENARY SESSION PROGRAMME
THURSDAY, 16 DECEMBER - 8:30 to 10:00 (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
Overview of Key Findings and Current Projects: International 08:30 Crystal Lennie Manager, Health Projects, Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Polar Year Inuit Health Survey
Eric Dewailly Think Big, Eat Small: How Science Could Help For a 08:50 Professor and researcher, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval Sustainable Nutritional Policy in the Arctic?
Implications of Changing Natural and Socio-Economic Michel Allard Environments: An Integrated Regional Impact Study (IRIS) of 09:10 Professor, Université Laval the Canadian Eastern Subarctic Region
1 2 Gilles Gauthier & Dominique Berteaux Is the Tundra Food Web Controlled by Top Predators? New 09:30 1 Professor, Université Laval 2 Professor, Université du Québec à Rimouski Evidence from the Arcticwolves Project
THURSDAY, 16 DECEMBER - 13:30 to 15:00 (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
1 2 Whitney Lackenbauer & Rob Huebert Arctic (In)Securities: International Dimensions and 13:30 1 Professor, St. Jerome’s University, Waterloo 2 Professor, University of Calgary Northerners’ Perspectives
ArcticNet Science for Sustainable Communities and National 13:50 David Hik Professor, University of Alberta and Global Policy and Decision-Making
Russel Shearer Joy to the World: ArcticNet’s Research Results Shared 14:10 Director, Northern Science and Contaminants Research Directorate, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Throughout the Arctic Council Circumpolar World
ArcticNet Seabed Mapping Capability: Meeting both Science 14:30 John Hugues Clarke Professor, University of New Brunswick and Safety Requirements in a Sparsely Charted Environment
6 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
PLENARY SESSION PROGRAMME
FRIDAY, 17 DECEMBER - 9:00 to 10:30 (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
Bernard W. Funston 09:00 President, Northern Canada Consulting Sustainable Development and the Arctic: the Search for Balance Chairperson, Canadian Polar Commission Board of Directors
Derek Buxton The Canadian Polar Icebreaker - Project Update, 09:30 Project Manager, Polar Icebreaker, Canadian Coast Guard, Milestones, Science Installations, Fittings and Fisheries and Oceans Canada Capability
Danielle Labonté Building the Knowledge Necessary to Support Canada’s 09:50 Director General, Northern Policy and Science Integration Branch, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Northern Strategy
FRIDAY, 17 DECEMBER - 14:00 to 15:30 (Confederation Ballroom 1 and 2)
Louis Fortier ArcticNet: Where Do We Go from Here? 14:00 Professor, Université Laval / Scientifi c Director, ArcticNet
15:30 Meeting Adjourns, Meeting Rooms Available if Needed
7 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts TOPICAL SESSION PROGRAMME (Schedule)
WEDNESDAY, 15 DECEMBER - 10:30 to 12:00
Arctic Marine Mammals (Part I) Provinces I
10:30 Ferguson, Steven Killer Whales in the Canadian Arctic: What Me Worry? 10:45 Bailleul, Frédéric Variability in Seasonal Movement Patterns, Diving Behaviour and Habitat Features Among Neighbouring Populations of Beluga (Delphinapterus Leucas) in Sub-Arctic Canada 11:00 Breton-Honeyman, Kaitlin Nunavimmuit Knowledge of Beluga: Understanding Beluga (Delphinapterus Leucas) Migra- tory and Local Movement in Nunavik 11:15 Pokiak, Rynee Traditional Knowledge on Beluga Health in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region 11:30 Doniol-Valcroze, Thomas Evolutionary Responses to Stock Depletion: Skewed Age Structure in an Intensely Harvested Beluga Population
Arctic Lakes, Rivers and Estuaries (Part I) Provinces II
10:30 Charvet, Sophie Algae that Behave Like Animals: Dominance of High Arctic Lakes by Mixotrophic Chrysophytes 10:45 Culp, Joseph Establishing Legacy Conditions for Canadian Arctic River Biodiversity and Function 11:00 Dibike, Yonas Climate Impacts on Northern Hemisphere Lake-Ice Characteristics and Water Temperature Patterns 11:15 Rautio, Milla Life Under the Ice: Exploring Food Webs in Subarctic Lakes 11:30 Hille, Erika Climatic Factors Driving the Hydrological and Geochemical Responses of Tundra Upland Lakes to Landscape Perturbation 11:45 Peters, Daniel Isotope Hydrology of Arctic Tundra Lakes along the Proposed Mackenzie Gas Pipeline in Northwestern Canada
Ocean Mapping, Coastal & Shelf Processes (Part I) Quebec
10:30 Fox, Dave Can Molar Gas Ratios Positively Identify the Nature and Origin of Massive Ground Ice of Herschel Island, Yukon? 10:45 Angelopoulos, Michael Integrated Geophysical Approach for the Detection and Assessment of Ground Ice at Parsons Lake, NWT and Herschel Island, YT 11:00 Lantuit, Hugues Cyclic Activity and Nutrient Release From Retrogressive Thaw Slumps in the Arctic Coastal Zone 11:15 Lantuit, Hugues Dissolved Organic Carbon (Doc) from Massive Ground Ice along the Yukon Coast - Why Does it Matter? 11:30 Malone, Laura Investigation of Thaw Slump Disturbances on Water Quality near Fort Mcpherson, NWT, Canada
8 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Community Adaptation & Vulnerability in Arctic Regions (Part I) Confederation 1 and 2
10:30 Sheldon, Tom Tukisinnik (‘To Understand’): A Community Research Forum in Nunatsiavut to Discuss The Nature and Value of Research in the Region 10:45 Pearce, Tristan Transmission of Environmental Knowledge and Land Skills in Adaptation to Climate Change in the Arctic 11:00 Wolf, Johanna “Stuck in Slush”: Values and Cultural Identity in Adaptation to Climate Change in Two Labrador Communities 11:15 Laidler, Gita Evaluating the Floe Edge Service: How Well Can SAR Imagery Address Community Concerns around Sea Ice Change and Travel Safety? 11:30 Goldhar, Christina Water Ways: Community Relations with Freshwater and Freshwater Systems on the Labrador North Coast, and Resilience to Environmental Change
Arctic Sea Ice Les Saisons
10:30 Haas, Christian Ice Conditions in the Lincoln Sea and Plans For a Future Canadian Arctic Sea Ice Mass Balance Observatory 10:45 Ferguson, James Twelve Days under the Ice with an AUV in the Canadian Arctic 11:00 Burchill, Nick HUGIN 1000 AUV for Arctic Applications 11:15 Prinsenberg, Simon Observing the Snow and Ice Properties in the Arctic Coastal Waters of the Canadian Beaufort Sea with Helicopter-Borne Ground-Penetrating Radar, Laser and Electromagnetic Sensors 11:30 Peterson, Ingrid Wind Effects on Ocean Volume Transport, Air Temperature, and Sea-Ice Area in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago 11:45 Hannah, Charles Modelling Ocean and Sea-Ice Conditions in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Using a High-Resolution Nested Model within a Pan-Arctic Model
WEDNESDAY, 15 DECEMBER - 15:30 to 17:00
Arctic Marine Mammals (Part II) Provinces I
15:30 Dale, Aaron Marine Mammal Co-Management in Canada’s Arctic 15:45 Petersen, Stephen Genetic Relationships among Narwhal Sampled from a 2008 Ice-Entrapment Event 16:00 Higdon, Jeff Seals and Sea Ice: Evolution, Biogeography, and Conservation of World Pinnipeds 16:15 Luque, Sebastian Seasonal Foraging Behaviour of Ringed Seals in Hudson Bay 16:30 Chambellant, Magaly Ringed Seals as Indicators of Ecosystem Changes
9 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Arctic Lakes, Rivers and Estuaries (Part II) Provinces II
15:30 Prowse, Terry River and Lake Ice: Responses to Climate Variability and Change 15:45 Christoffersen, Kirsten Plankton Population Dynamics during Summer and Winter in High Arctic, Shallow Lakes 16:00 Gantner, Klaus Lake Food Webs in the Northwestern Canadian Tundra - Can Climate Induced Permafrost Thaw Slumping Affect Fisheries Habitat? 16:15 Rolland, Nicolas Postglacial Paleoclimates of the Foxe Peninsula (Nunavut, Canada): A Multiproxy Lake Sediment Archive Study 16:30 Rouillard, Alexandra Paleolimnological Assessment of Environmental Changes from Pim Island, Nunavut, High Arctic Canada 16:45 Salcedo-Castro, Julio Modeling Estuarine Circulation Induced by Subglacial Freshwater Discharges in Glacial Fjords
Ocean Mapping, Coastal & Shelf Processes (Part II) Les Saisons
15:30 Bennett, Robbie Seabed Morphology, Processes, and Geologic Framework of Northern Baffi n Bay and Lancaster Sound 15:45 Blasco, Steve Geological Processes on the Canadian Beaufort Outer Shelf and Upper Slope 16:00 James, Thomas Sea-Level Fingerprinting, Vertical Crustal Motion from Postglacial Rebound, and Projections of Relative Sea-Level Change in the Canadian Arctic
Arctic Marine Shipping Les Saisons
16:15 Church, Ian The Clipper Adventurer Grounding: CCGS Amundsen Response and Implications for Navigational Safety in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago 16:30 Dawson, Jackie Navigating a Warming Arctic: Risks and Opportunities of Policies Governing the Cruise Sector in Arctic Canada 16:45 Comtois, Claude Transforming the Infrastructural Arena: Canadian Arctic Ports and Shipping
Community Adaptation & Vulnerability in Arctic Regions (Part II) Confederation 1 and 2
15:30 Armitage, Derek Co-Management Institutions and Environmental Change: Learning to Adapt in Canada’s Arctic 15:45 Larrivée, Caroline From Research to Adaptation: Ouranos’ Role in Helping Push Forward Adaptation to Climate Change 16:00 Fleming, Laura Climate, Change and the Future: Adapting in Nunatisavut 16:15 Knotsch, Cathleen The Contribution of IBAs to Community Capacity: The Case of Baker Lake, Nunavut 16:30 Amundsen, Helene Sense of Place as a Driver for Adaptation to Changes in Coastal Communities in Northern Norway
10 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Arctic Marine Ecosystems (Part I) Quebec
15:30 Lansard, Bruno The Relative Contributions of Freshwater Inputs by the Mackenzie River and Sea-Ice Melt to the Seawater Carbonate System 15:45 Kuzyk, Zou Zou Arctic Margin Sediments as a Sink: Perspectives from Pb-210 And Cs-137 Distribution along the North American Arctic Margin 16:00 Tucker, Jane Microbial Processes in the Beaufort Sea 16:15 Miquel, Juan-Carlos Carbon Sources and Flux in the Coastal Beaufort Sea: Results of the Malina 2009 Survey
THURSDAY, 16 DECEMBER - 10:30 to 12:00
Arctic Marine Ecosytems (Part II) Provinces I
10:30 Maps, Frédéric Understanding Copepod Life-History and Diversity Using a Next-Generation Zooplankton Model 10:45 Winegardner, Amanda Zooplankton Metacommunity Responses to Environmental Change in the Sub Arctic 11:00 Geoffroy, Maxime Migrations and Aggregations of Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) during Winter in the Amundsen Gulf (Southeastern Beaufort Sea) 11:15 Matley, Jordan The Interactions of Marine Seabirds Feeding on Arctic Cod (Boreagadus Saida) 11:30 Link, Heike Spatio-Temporal Variation in Benthic Boundary Fluxes in the Canadian Arctic 11:45 Carr, Christina The Polar Barcode of Life Project: Discovering and Documenting Diversity
Arctic Lakes, Rivers and Estuaries (Part III) Provinces II
10:30 McCullough, Greg Underice Freshwater Circulation in the Nelson River Estuary, Hudson Bay 10:45 Guéguen, Céline Fluorescence and Absorption Properties of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in Nelson River Estuary 11:00 Knopp, Jennie A. Two Bodies of Knowledge, One Community Monitoring Plan: Understanding the Effect of Environmental Change on Arctic Char Using Science and Traditional Knowledge 11:15 Dorn, Shannon Factors Affecting Differential Mercury Levels in Land-Locked and Anadromous Arctic Charr (Salvelinus Alpinus) from Labrador 11:30 Sinnatamby, R. Nilo Temporal Analysis of Otolith-Inferred Temperatures Experienced by Young-Of-The-Year Arctic Charr, Salvelinus Alpinus, in Labrador, Canada
11 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Human Health (Part I) Ontario
10:30 Chateau-Degat, Marie-Ludivine The International Inuit Cohort Study: Beginnings of the Database Integration 10:45 Cunsolo Willox, Ashlee & "Will We even Exist?" The Emotional Health and Well-Being Impacts of Climatic and Shiwak, Inez Environmental Change in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Canada 11:00 Douglas, Vasiliki Change and Adaptation in an Inuvialuit Settlement Region Community: Preliminary Results of the Food and Cultural Security in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region Project 11:15 Minich, Katherine Inuit Housing and Homelessness: Results from the International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey 2007-2008 11:30 El Hayek, Jessy Older Age and Lower Adiposity Protects against Low Vitamin D Status in Inuit Adults 11:45 Flannelly, R. Chris Arctic Industrial Development and Inuit Health Care: The Medical Insurance Plan for the North Rankin Nickel Mine, 1957-63.
Arctic Community Infrastructure Quebec
10:30 Daraeikhah, Mohsen Sustainable Energy Systems for Climate Change Adaptation in the Arctic 10:45 Borsy, Emily Granular Resource Management Planning and Climate Change in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region: From Research to Implementation 11:00 Flanders, David & 4D Visioning for Climate Change Decision-Making in Clyde River, Nunavut Kautuk, Gordon 11:15 Carson, Lee A Discussion of the Role of Science in Canada’s Northern Strategy
Impact of Climate Change on Canadian Eastern Sub-Arctic (Part I) Les Saisons
10:30 Brown, Ross Climate Variability and Change in the Canadian Eastern Subarctic Iris Region 10:45 Lévesque. Esther Vegetation Changes In Nunavik And Nunatsiavut. 11:00 Vincent, Warwick Freshwater Resources in a Changing Subarctic Environment. 11:15 Côté, Steeve Caribou Herd Dynamics: Impacts of Climate Change on Traditional and Sport Harvesting 11:30 Cossette, Stéphane Les parcs nationaux et autres statuts d'aires protégées au Nunavik: stratégies de conservation
12 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts THURSDAY, 16 DECEMBER - 15:30 to 17:15
Arctic Tundra and Vegetation (Part I) Quebec
15:30 Fréchette, Bianca Arctic Biome Changes on Baffi n Island Within the Past 200,000 Years: Lessons from Past Warm Times 15:45 Grogan, Paul Soil Bacterial Diversity in the Arctic is not Fundamentally Different from that Found in other Biomes 16:00 Henry, Greg Recent Tundra Vegetation Change: Results of Plot Based Monitoring Across the Tundra Biome 16:15 Gérin-Lajoie, José From Nain, Nunatsiavut to Kugluktuk, Nunavut: Analysing Vegetation Change by Interviewing Local Experts from 8 Inuit Communities across the Canadian Arctic. 16:30 McLennan, Donald IPEM - A Cost Effective Predictive Modelling Approachfor Developing Process-Based Ecological Inventories for Arctic National Parks
Education and Outreach Provinces II
15:30 Pit, Mare And…Action! The Success of Shooting Polar Science 15:45 Kurszewski, Denise M. Introduction to Research Using Photovoice 16:00 Loring, Eric A Community-Based Story of Contaminants in the Arctic – The Quest for Knowledge Through Elearning Tools 16:15 Green, Geoff University of the Antarctic: Accredited Field-Courses with Students on Ice 16:30 Solomon, Eric Rethinking our Relationship with the Public: Why the Public can't Relate to Arctic Science, Why it Matters, and What We Can Do About it 16:45 Heath, Joel People of a Feather and the Arctic Sea Ice IPY Project 17:00 Reinfort, Bréanne Bottom’s Up! A Community-Perspective Approach on Communicating Mercury Contaminant Information in the ISR
Human Health (Part II) Ontario
15:30 Ford, James D. Climate Change and Food Security among at-Risk Populations in Regional Inuit Centres 15:45 Hirsch, Rachel Sharing Research Findings in the Canadian Arctic: Assessing the Integrationof Inuit Knowledge in Policy Communications about Climate Change Related Food Insecurity 16:00 Ip, Morgan A Comparative Analysis of the Gender Specifi c Determinants of Diet Choice in Three Communities in Nunavut, Canada 16:15 Lardeau, Marie-Pierre The Use of Photovoice to Explore the Food Security of Users of Community Food Programs in Iqaluit, Nunavut 16:30 Sheikh, Nelofar Assessment of Traditional and Market Foods Consumption Over Time in Inuit Population 16:45 Wolfrey, Charlotte & "My Word": Using Digital Storytelling for Climate-Health Research in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut Shiwak, Inez & Cunsolo Willox, Ashlee
13 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Space-Based Earth Observations for the Arctic Provinces I
15:30 Piekutowski, Thomas Space-borne Earth Observation Opportunities for Arctic Science and Operations: Overview Of EO at the CSA 15:45 Babin, Marcel Pan-Arctic Primary Production: State-of-the-Art on Estimation from Ocean Color Remote Sensing 16:00 De Abreu, Roger Operationally Monitoring Sea Ice in Canada's Changing Arctic 16:15 Kapfer, Mark The Floe Edge Monitoring Service: Providing an Expanded Suite of Near Real Time Image Products to Monitor Sea Ice Conditions for Communities in the Canadian Arctic 16:30 Chamberland, Joseph From ERS to Sentinel-1, from R&D to Operational Service – Present and Future of Ship and Iceberg Detection/Discrimination with SAR 16:45 Zorn, Paul Parkspace – Developing Satellite-Based Protocols to Monitor Change in the Ecological Integrity of Canada’s Arctic National Parks 17:00 Royer, Alain Snow Properties Retrieval in Subarctic Regions Using Passive Microwave Remote Sensing and Modeling
Impact of Climate Change on Canadian Eastern Sub-Arctic (Part II) Les Saisons
15:30 Allard, Michel Permafrost and Climate Change : Importance for Municipal and Transportation Infrastructures 15:45 Owens, Sandra Health Survey and Health Knowledge: Nunavik and Nunatsiavut 16:00 Power, Michael Charr in a Changing Climate: How Will Charr Like the Tropics? 16:15 Furgal, Christopher Impacts of Cimate Change on Food Security in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut 16:30 Furgal, Christopher Factors Infl uencing Adaptation to Climate Change
FRIDAY, 17 DECEMBER - 11:00 to 12:30
Arctic Tundra and Vegetation (Part II) Quebec
11:00 Harper, Karen Is the Arctic Shrinking? Results from an Interdisciplinary Study of Changes in the Forest-Tundra Ecotone 11:15 Siegwart Collier, Laura Berry Shrub Performance along an Altitudinal Gradientin Nain, Nunatsiavut 11:30 Cuerrier, Alain Pigugunnatuvut Nunagijavut, Our Plants Our Land: Bridging Generations Together Through a Plant Workshop 11:45 Walker, Xanthe The Reproduction, Establishment, and Growth of White Spruce at Its Northern Range Limit in Canada 12:00 Boulanger-Lapointe, Noémie Trends in Shrub Dynamic in the High-Arctic: The Case of the Arctic Willow 12:15 Champagne, Émilie Can Caribou Control their Resources ? Simulating Herbivory on a Key Summer Food Resource, the American Dwarf Birch
14 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Ocean Atmosphere Interactions Les Saisons
11:00 Cullingford, Tim Catlin Arctic Survey 2010 - Arctic Ocean Carbon Cycle and Ocean Acidifi cation Studies During the Winter-Spring Transition 11:15 Thomas, Helmuth Barium And Carbon Fluxes in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago 11:30 Mariani, Zen Using Infrared Emission Spectroscopy to Study Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry and Radiation 11:45 Else, Brent Annual Pco2sw Cycling in Amundsen Gulf and Eddy Covariance Measurements of Air-Surface Co2 Flux: New Understandings of Gas Exchange Processes in an Arctic Polynya 12:00 Pucko, Monika The Infl uence of the Atmosphere-Snow-Ice-Ocean Interactions on the Levels of Hexachlorocyclohexanes (Hchs) in the Arctic Cryosphere. 12:15 Grenier, Patrick Macrophysical Characterization of Arctic Winter Mixed-Phase Stratiform Clouds
Arctic Wildlife Provinces I
11:00 Taillon, Joëlle Contrasting Body Condition of Migratory Caribou Female-Calf Pairs at Calving and Weaning 11:15 Pollock, Lisa Non-Structured Shorebird Distribution at a Sub-Arctic Stopover Site 11:30 Bilodeau, Frédéric Life Under the Snow: The Effects of Snow Cover on Lemming Population Dynamics 11:45 Robus, Jennifer Linking Science and Traditional Knowledge in Understanding Impacts of Climate Change on Geese in the Hudson Bay Lowland 12:00 Tarroux, Arnaud Surviving the Arctic Winter on Bylot Island: Insights into the Foraging Tactics of a Terrestrial Predator
Arctic Hydrology Provinces II
11:00 Abnizova, Anna Seasonal Hydrology and DOC Dynamics at an Extensive Low-Gradient Wetland, Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Canada 11:15 Assini, Jane Snowcover and Melt at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut: Present and Future Conditions 11:30 Scott, Neal Quantifying the Watershed-Scale Carbon Balance of Intact and Disturbed High-Arctic Ecosystems at Cape Bounty, Melville Island, Nunavut 11:45 Herod, Matt The Dispersion of 129i in Arctic and Subarctic Watersheds
15 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
PLENARY SESSION ORAL ABSTRACTS
IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING NATURAL knowledge leading to affordable strategies that respect Inuit AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS: AN perspectives. INTEGRATED REGIONAL IMPACT STUDY (IRIS) The IRIS report is organised in four main parts: OF THE CANADIAN EASTERN SUBARCTIC Part I provides an overview of the report and is structured REGION as an executive summary that defi nes the main issues addressed. Part II and part III constitute the core of the Allard, Michel1,2,3 ([email protected]) and M. assessment that presents the supporting scientifi c evidence Lemay2,3 of the assessment. The Climate and Cryosphere (part II) provides a synthesis of the past and recent climate 1 Département de Géographie, Université Laval, Québec, trends of the IRIS regions as well as climate projections Qc, G1V 0A6 upon which experts based their assessments of expected 2 Centre d’études nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, changes. In the part III, the priority issues of adaptation are Québec, Qc, G1V 0A6 addressed through 10 chapters covering natural, social and 3 ArcticNet Inc., Université Laval, Québec, Qc, G1V 0A6 health topics ranging from the consequences of thawing and erosion of permafrost, to the shifts in the diversity of The overarching goal of the IRIS approach is food supplies from hunting to cultural self-determination to study the impacts of climate change in the Canadian in the face of environmental change and modernization. Eastern Subarctic and transfer this knowledge to help Finally, Part IV conveys a synthesis of the key fi ndings and northern societies and industries prepare for the challenges recommendations presented in this assessment. and opportunities that lie ahead. The IRIS framework is based on consultative and participative processes that involve communities, stakeholders, managers, policy makers POLAR ICEBREAKER - PROJECT UPDATE, and scientists working together to identify key priority issues MILESTONES, SCIENCE INSTALLATIONS, or systems to be addressed. Throughout the consultative FITTINGS AND CAPABILITY committee of the Ouranos Northern Environment Program that brings together partners sharing a mandate in Buxton, Derek ([email protected]) and S. the Eastern Subarctic Region, priority issues and knowledge Julien gaps for the region were identifi ed. The report is organized according to priority Canadian Coast Guard, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, issues identifi ed for the region, which are human health, Ottawa, ON, K2P 1L5 safety and security, vulnerability of infrastructures, resource exploitation and socio-economic development. Canadian Coast Guard’s largest and most capable The breadth of topics covered by the ArcticNet research icebreaker, CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent, is scheduled for program included the thawing of permafrost soils, shifts decommissioning in 2017. Budget 2008 provided funds for in vegetation, changes in animal populations, impacts of the acquisition of a new Canadian-built multi-purpose Polar climate on lakes and rivers, human health issues related Icebreaker. to the shifts in the diversity and quality of country food The Polar Icebreaker will be named after former supplies, drinking water quality and supplies, contaminant Prime Minister John George Diefenbaker (CCGS John G. loadings, and climate-related changes in infectious diseases. Diefenbaker), one of Canadian history’s great champions The assessment also examines the adaptation capacities of developing and protecting Canada’s North. CCGS of northern communities, the cultural self-determination John G. Diefenbaker will be one of the centerpieces of the in the face of environmental changes and the ways to Government of Canada’s high profi le Northern Strategy. integrate scientifi c and traditional knowledge together. Its The Polar Icebreaker will be capable of operating key fi ndings and conclusions will convey a synthesized in Canada’s Arctic farther north and for a longer period of vision of the impacts of climate change and modernization time each year. It will provide the Canadian Coast Guard across the region while providing local communities with with increased coverage in the Canadian Arctic and adjacent
16 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts waters and will be able to operate for three seasons in the Effective fi sheries management is usually based Arctic, over a larger area and in more diffi cult ice conditions. on catch restriction, gear modifi cation, and closed areas. From decision to delivery, designing and building However, consumers can also play a role in the future of a Polar Icebreaker is a major national project that can fi sheries and health is a strong determinant of fi sh species take eight to ten years to complete. The new icebreaker choice. The demand for fi sh continues to increase yearly—is should enter into Arctic service in 2017, in time for the it possible to maintain the benefi ts of fi sh consumption decommissioning of CCGS Louis S. St Laurent. while minimizing the risks to both human health and global The project timeline identifi ed the development fi sheries and how this paradigm could apply to the Arctic? of the Indicative Operational Requirements as one of the In temperate and tropical regions, harvesting from fi rst steps. Consultations with Canadian Coast Guard Fleet higher trophic levels in the marine food chain eventually and Stakeholders working groups were conducted and by leads us to make nutritionally and ecologically incompetent February 2010, the requirements document was completed. choices. We are eating the wrong kinds of fi sh and too many The Design Phase is currently underway with a Conceptual of them. There is good indication that some of the smaller Design being developped by the Coast Guard Vessel fi sh species have more to offer to human health with less Procurement Group and a Design Contract will be awarded risk than larger fi sh closer to the top of the food chain. in mid 2011. It is anticipated that approximately 24 months There are several reasons for this. Fish at the top of the will be necessary to complete the design work and produce a food chain can become signifi cant repositories for a range construction specifi cation. Construction will commence in of contaminants both natural and anthropogenic and may the Fall of 2013. The construction of the Polar Icebreaker also have low concentrations of key nutrients. The fl esh will be completed in late 2016 and after contractor sea of most large predator fi sh from warm water fi sheries (big trials Coast Guard will deploy the vessel to the Arctic for tuna, swordfi sh, marlin, shark) usually is low in omega-3 performance trials in November 2017. fatty acids and high in mercury/selenium ratios compared to Since the begining of the project, Canadian Coast small pelagic fi sh, such as sardines, herrings, anchovies, and Guard has been working closely with the Canadian scientifi c mackerel. In addition, these species have not been subject community in order to determine the essential features that to the same over-fi shing pressure that has befallen almost the Polar Icebreaker should have as a platform to support all of the larger fi sh species. They not only provide higher Arctic science. Within budget constaint, Canadian Coast levels of benefi cial nutrients, but are also signifi cantly lower Guard is proposing to equip the ship with arrangements in contaminants ubiquitous to the marine food chain. They and fi xtures that will allow research in all types of weather are also very affordable. and conditions normally encountered in the Canadian In the Arctic, work has been done to balance the Arctic. Among them is a moon pool surrounded by an toxicological risk (POPs and mercury) with the nutritional, ocean sampling room which will allow sampling and cultural and economical benefi t (omega-3, selenium, vitamin the deployment of scientifi c equipment in a sheltered D etc) but this has not been really evaluated according environment. General purpose labs, dedicated wet and dry to the a trophic level perspective. Over the last 15 years, labs, and a coring capability are also envisioned. Further, omega- 3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes of the ship will be able to transport 350 cubic meters of Nunavummiut has decreased from 7.4% to 5.6 % in the scientifi c cargo in a dedicated hold additional to fi ve cargo 18-29 yrs group. Similar decreases were observed in older containers and fi ve containerized labs. Accomodation will groups. Public health authorities will have soon to promote permit up to 40 scientists and program staff to board the the consumption of rich-nutrients marine foods but will vessels. need information on risk, benefi ts and how the resource can support different policy scenario. For example, for a similar intake of nutrients, beluga fat contains 3 to 10 times THINK BIG, EAT SMALL: HOW SCIENCE COULD more PCBs and other POPs and beluga muscle about 2-fold HELP FOR A SUSTAINABLE NUTRITIONAL higher amounts of mercury, respectively, than seal. It is POLICY IN THE ARCTIC? even more evident for sea run arctic char in which mercury concentrations range from 0.01-0.1 ug/g (wet wt) and PCBs 1 Dewailly, Eric ([email protected]) and D. C. G. from 0.005 to 0.015 ug/g ww. Apart from arctic char, only a 2 Muir limited number of marine fi sh and invertebrate species have been analysed in the Canadian arctic but all contain relatively 1 Departement de médecine sociale et préventive, Université low mercury and PCBs. For e.g. mussels from Nunavik Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 2M2 contain very low mercury (0.01-0.02 ug/g ww) and PCBs 2 Canada Center for Inland Waters, Environment Canada, 0.005-0.05 ug/g ww). Also mercury–selenium ratios in fi sh Burlington, Ontarion, L7R 4A6 and invertebrates are very low. Additional measurements
17 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts contaminants and nutrients in low trophic level fi shes and in THE GREATEST CLASSROOMS ON EARTH invertebrates that are available to arctic communities would help health authorities give advice on risk/benefi ts and on Green, Geoff ([email protected]) healthy alternatives. Students on Ice, Gatineau, Québec, J9J 3N7
IS THE TUNDRA FOOD WEB CONTROLLED BY Drawing from his experiences as leader of over TOP PREDATORS? NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE 100 polar expeditions in the last 17 years, Geoff Green ARCTIC WOLVES PROJECT will refl ect on the successes, challenges and surprises of experiential polar education... and take a look to «what’s Gauthier, Gilles ([email protected]) and next» in the decade ahead. Dominique, Berteaux ([email protected]) Outcomes of expeditions for students, teachers, scientists, leaders and experts – particularly during the Département de biologie and Centre d’études nordiques, International Polar Years – have demonstrated that guided Université Laval, Québec City and educational experiences to the Arctic and Antarctic can Université du Québec à Rimouski inspire, motivate and catalyze interest and action in areas of science, environment, arts, culture, socio-economic issues, The extent to which the tundra food web is politics, activism and more. controlled by predators (top-down) or primary production Geoff will describe how captivating the hearts and (bottom-up) remains controversial. Yet, this is a crucial minds of young people has helped the public to understand question that may determine how the tundra ecosystem how much the polar regions matter now more than ever. He will respond to current climate change. The International will also share several exciting new polar education initiatives Polar Year project ArcticWOLVES (Arctic Wildlife being planned for students, scientists, educators and the Observatories Linking Vulnerable EcoSystems) addressed general public in Canada and around the world. this question using a circumpolar network of fi eld sites. Geoff is the Founder and Executive Director of Over a 4-year period, a team of more than 140 researchers, the Students on Ice Foundation. He was a member of students and collaborators from 8 countries studied several Canada’s National Committee for the International Polar species of predators and their prey at 14 primary fi eld sites Year. Most recently, Geoff was recognized as one of the top using innovative technologies such as analysis of stable 25 Transformational Canadians. isotopes or satellite-tracking of animals. We will present an overview of some of the key results of this project. We found that the risk of nest predation in birds decreases with IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TUNDRA increasing latitude, indicating that predation is an important ECOSYSTEMS IN CANADA: PRELIMINARY agent infl uencing avian migratory behaviour and species SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS FROM THE distribution in the Arctic. Shared predators also result in CANADIAN IPY PROJECT CICAT indirect interactions among prey species, which may affect the population dynamic of alternative prey. In North Henry, Greg1 ([email protected]) and the CiCAT America, predators have a strong infl uence on lemmings, a project group2 keystone species of the tundra food web, and in particular on their cyclic pattern of abundance. However, climatic 1 Department of Geography, University of British conditions, and especially the quality of the winter snow Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 cover, also affect lemming cycles and may lead to their 2 the 32 principal investigators and other members of the disappearance under some conditions. We found that many project will be identifi ed in the presentation. top predators of the tundra may benefi t from allochthonous exchanges with the marine ecosystem, in particular during Tundra ecosystems currently cover ca. 30 % of winter, which could contribute to the maintenance of Canada, play important roles in the energy balance and their populations. Our results show that predation plays a carbon cycles of the planet and provide crucial services and dominant role in the functioning and structuring of arctic resources to northern people. Canada also has the greatest terrestrial ecosystems and suggests that animal populations variety of tundra systems, largely due to the enormous are strongly impacted, and sometimes driven, by predator- latitudinal breadth (>20º) and the myriad gradients in prey interactions. moisture, snow cover, soil development, etc. Over the past 30 years, the Arctic climate has warmed and changes
18 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts in tundra systems have been observed by residents and ARCTICNET SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE by scientists that are consistent with predictions from COMMUNITIES AND NATIONAL AND GLOBAL warming experiments and ecosystem modelling studies. POLICY AND DECISION-MAKING Despite these and other facts, we do not have a good baseline of information on tundra ecosystems in Canada Hik, David1([email protected]), S. Meakin2, S. Nickels3 and from which we can determine the degree and extent of C. Furgal4 changes as the climate continues to warm. Attempting to provide such a baseline and to assess the current state 1 University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada of the tundra systems in Canada was the major objective 2 Inuit Circumpolar Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada of our IPY project: CiCAT (Climate change impacts on 3 Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Arctic tundra ecosystems: interdisciplinary and 4 Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada multi-scale assessments). Our project involved 32 principal researchers from northern aboriginal associations, northern The impact of ArcticNet research can be perceived communities, governments, and universities and spanned at several levels, and may be both direct and indirect. I scales from molecules to regions. However, the number of will provide a brief summary of emerging results from a people involved in the research over the past 3 years was collection of studies that contribute to our understanding >250. The project was conducted by groups of researchers of how to improve the use, translation and transfer of in the interlinking themes of vegetation, soils, carbon scientifi c research results and TK/IQ into sound policy. dynamics, modelling, and community based research. Within Scientists and decision makers need to support each other each theme there were subgroups, determined by factors in identifying the most effective ways to use and translate such as methods used, scales of studies, and components research results on urgent issues, such as climate change, of the ecosystems. One group has worked on applying new into action at the local, region, national and international approaches to monitoring ecosystem integrity in the Arctic levels. Effective translation and uptake of research results National Parks. In this presentation, we summarize and may be constrained by several factors. Our results suggest synthesize the preliminary results across the project. We that a simple ‘matrix’ analysis can be used to identify show that the environment is changing across the Arctic: common factors that infl uence the knowledge translation northerners have observed that the vegetation has changed process, including the scope of the relevant scientifi c with a general increase in the height and density of shrubs; domain, the thematic focus of the research within the satellite imagery shows changes in caribou habitat consistent science–policy interface, the accessibility of data, and the with increased plant growth in summer ranges, but increased relevance of the research for various users within society. fi re in winter ranges. We also provide the fi rst coordinated An a priori understanding of this process may facilitate the measurements of CO fl uxes across a range of tundra 2 best use of knowledge generated through diverse research types in Canada, and fi nd that all sites are currently sinks activities. for carbon during the growing season. We have also found that High Arctic tundra soils are important sources of N2O, which will alter how we view feedbacks to climate change. ARCTICNET SEABED MAPPING CAPABILITY: Results from these scientifi c studies are used in ecosystem MEETING BOTH SCIENCE AND SAFETY modelling to project changes in net primary production REQUIREMENTS IN A SPARSELY CHARTED and carbon cycling into a warming future. As part of the legacy of our project, we have initiated community-based ENVIRONMENT. SHIPPING HAZARD RISK studies on the berry producing shrubs at nine communities MANAGEMENT AND THE NEED FOR MORE across the Arctic. These studies involve elders and students SURVEYS working together to bring traditional knowledge and scientifi c approaches together to understand what has and Hughes Clarke, John E. ([email protected]), D. Cartwright, I. will happen to the important species used by northerners. Church, S. Brucker, J. Muggah, P. Kuus and T. Hamilton Finally we will present a general synthesis of our results and their importance for the future of research in the Arctic. Ocean Mapping Group, Dept. Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick
The spate of groundings this summer in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago has highlighted the fact that those waters remain incompletely mapped. With the increasing shipping traffi c density, and specifi cally traffi c
19 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts that is not constrained to the shipping lanes, there is a very this she can simultaneously build up corridors safely in real risk of further groundings. support of science, general shipping and search and rescue In order to deliver on the mandated ArcticNet operations. science program, the CCGS Amundsen needs to operate outside the existing shipping lanes. Outside those lanes, the chart source diagrams indicate only that those areas BUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY TO have “track or spot soundings”. Taking advantage of the SUPPORT CANADA’S NORTHERN STRATEGY Amundsen’s hull-mounted and launch-mounted multibeam survey capability, the current approach has been threefold: Labonté, Danielle ([email protected]) 1) where spot sounding suggest > 100m depths and/or little variability in relief, virgin transit tracks may be attempted at Northern Policy and Science Integration Branch, Indian and the bridge’s discretion; 2) where a pre-existing charted track Northern Affairs Canada is reported, that is followed; and 3) wherever the Amundsen has safely transited before, that multibeam corridor is As a northern nation, Canada needs knowledge strongly preferred. to support the development and stewardship of its vast Option 1 contains the most risk. Unlike commercial Arctic. In its Northern Strategy, the Government of Canada shipping, however, the ArcticNet team have access to recognized the critical role of science and technology some of the underlying sounding databases from the CHS. in providing the foundation for sound decision making This provides signifi cantly more information about the in the North. To that end, the Government has made actual spot sounding density, facilitating risk assessment. signifi cant investments in Arctic science including the Unfortunately, this data is not publicly available at the Canadian High Arctic Research Station, the Arctic Research present time. Additionally, where inferred shoal regions Infrastructure Fund, northern monitoring, and three new are suspected, the Amundsen can deploy her launch-based Canada Excellence Research Chairs. These and other new multibeam system to clear a safe corridor ahead of the investments are strengthening Canada’s leadership in Arctic mother ship. science and building the knowledge necessary to support Option 2 has been actively used but such tracks Canada’s Northern Strategy. Canada will host the “From may be misleading as they were often referenced using Knowledge to Action” conference in April 2012 to link uncertain horizontal datums and thus being on the apparent International Polar Year science to policy and decision track is no guarantee that the vessel is really reproducing making. As this major international effort draws to a close, that passage. For example the Clipper Adventurer was we need to ensure that these new investments are leveraged following one of those corridors. In both 2006 and 2010 to sustain the momentum of IPY and to address the the Amundsen was able to use her launch-based multibeam growing challenges and opportunities in Canada’s North. capability to investigate suspected sills along such tracks. Wherever possible, Option 3 has been employed. ARCTIC (IN)SECURITIES: INTERNATIONAL To date, the strategy of the CCGS Amundsen has been to DIMENSIONS AND NORTHERNERS’ accumulate a growing dataset of multibeam corridors. PERSPECTIVES Wherever shoal regions are suspected, these corridors are preferred and widened by successive passes. These Lackenbauer, P. Whitney1 ([email protected]) and R. multibeam corridors are served up dynamically on the Huebert2 bridge displays as the vessel transits between science stations to supplement the published charting information. 1 Department of History, St. Jerome’s University, Waterloo, Ultimately, it is clear that there is a pressing Ontario, N2L 3G1 need to expand the safe shipping corridors in the Arctic 2 Department of Political Science, University of Calgary, Archipelago. Dedicated government charting platforms Calgary, Ontario, T2N 1N4 such as those that used to be operated for the Canadian Hydrographic Service in the 1980’s and early 90’s are no Climate change is fundamentally reshaping longer available (CSS Baffi n retired in 1989 and CSS Tully the Arctic region. Boundary disputes, newly viable was reallocated in 1994). Replacement platforms with transportation routes, access to resources, and governance equivalent capability are not scheduled to be available until issues have generated signifi cant questions about Arctic 2017. The Amundsen is unique in that she in the only vessel security and circumpolar geopolitics in the twenty-fi rst operating in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago that carries century. Anticipating future prospects for competition, both hull and launch mounted multibeam sonars. Using
20 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts confl ict and cooperation in the region requires a systematic jurisdictions: Inuvialuit Settlement Region of Northwest examination of the new forces at play, both internationally Territories, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut of Northern and domestically. But what is Arctic security? What should Labrador. Partnerships with ArcticNet and the Canadian policy makers anticipate that the circumpolar world will Coast Guard enabled a 10,000 km voyage representing the look like in the future, given the various forces that are now largest geographic area ever covered in a single health survey transforming this region? with community-university agreements signed in all 36 Our presentation will frame the current state of participating communities. Steering committees worked with the international and national debates about the meaning of university investigators through an historic participatory Arctic security and the evolving Arctic security environment. research process. Key overview of results and the many We will critically assess the interplay between traditional, ongoing research projects utilizing the analytically rich state-based military security and environmental, health, and database will be presented. Communication to communities societal security concerns. What is the best framework/ involved a plain language report of key fi ndings and will be model to incorporate the complexity of the new forces, supplemented through northern outreach communication and explain the actions that are now being taken? How activities throughout the upcoming year. The results of do nations and non-governmental organizations view the the research project holds promise of informing public international legal system, and how do they interpret the health policy with the overall goal of improving health and legal regimes and specifi c legal rules that exist and apply wellness in Inuit communities. to the Arctic? Are states ultimately moving to defend their northern interests through unilateral action predominately through assertive diplomatic policies supported by INUIT QAUJISARVINGAT: THE INUIT increasing their power? Or will the north become an area KNOWLEDGE CENTRE AND ARCTIC SCIENCE – of cooperation in which new modes of cooperation can EMERGING RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES be established through good will and trust? Although the literature makes reference to the centrality of Northern Nickels, Scot ([email protected]) and C. Grable residents’ views in terms of security and safety in the changing North, how do their perspectives relate to the Inuit Qaujisarvingat: The Inuit Knowledge Centre, Inuit central debates? Tapiriit Kanatami, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5E7
Issues of sovereignty, resource development, OVERVIEW OF KEY FINDINGS AND CURRENT climate change and militarization have attracted surging PROJECTS: INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR interest in the Arctic, creating increasing demands for the INUIT HEALTH SURVEY best available knowledge. These global and national drivers are infl uencing Arctic science through increasing demands Lennie, Crystal1( [email protected]), H. Saudny2, for timely scientifi c information as well as the engagement M. Wood3, G. Osborne4 , T. K. Young5 and G. M. Egeland2 and knowledge of arctic Indigenous peoples. These changes present many opportunities and challenges to building 1 Inuvialuit Regional Corporation, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0 sustainable Inuit communities in Canada and fi nding 2 Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and innovative ways that connect Inuit knowledge to sound Environment, McGill University, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, science, research, and policy development. QC, H9X 3V9 This presentation will talk about a new initiative – 3 Nunatsiavut Government, Department of Health, Happy Inuit Qaujisarvingat: The Inuit Knowledge Centre (IKC) Valley-Goose Bay, NL A0P 1E0 – that has been launched by Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami to 4 Department of Health and Social Services, Government work towards addressing these opportunities. The IKC of Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut, XOA OHO will focus efforts to ensure an increasingly active role for 5 Dalla School of Public Health, Unversity of Toronto, ON, Inuit in research that leads to the generation of innovative M5T 3M7 knowledge for improved research, science and policy decision making within a Canadian and global context. The Inuit-specifi c data are needed to help guide health continuing opportunities for partnership between ArcticNet, promotion and interventions that are appropriate for the IKC, and broader science and research initiatives will be Inuit communities. The Canadian Federal Program for discussed. International Polar Year provided a unique opportunity to develop a comprehensive health survey involving 3 Inuit
21 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
IMPROVING ACCESS TO UNIVERSITY JOY TO THE WORLD: ARCTICNET’S RESEARCH EDUCATION IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC : RESULTS USED TO IDENTIFY SCIENCE GAPS LEARNING FROM PAST EXPERIENCES AND AND INFORM POLICY AND DECISION-MAKING LISTENING TO THE INUIT STUDENTS PROCESSES THROUGHOUT THE ARCTIC COUNCIL CIRCUMPOLAR WORLD Rodon, Thierry1 ([email protected]), Marise Lachapelle1 ([email protected]), F. Abele2, F. Shearer, Russel ([email protected]) Walton3 and F. Laugrand1 Chair of Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme 1 Université Laval, Québec, Qc, G1V 0A6, (AMAP) under the Arctic Council and Director of 2 School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton Northern Science and Contaminants Research, Indian and University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6 Northern Affairs Canada 3 University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3 The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Increased participation in postsecondary Programme (AMAP) is one of the working groups under education is of primary concern for Inuit. The goal of the circumpolar Arctic Council. The primary objectives this communication is to present the preliminary results of of AMAP are to monitor and assess the levels, trends a research on Inuit participation in University education and effects of pollution (e.g. persistent organic pollutants, throughout Inuit Nunaat. This research is based on a survey heavy metals (mercury), radionuclides, acidifi cation and conducted amongst university program delivered in Inuit petroleum hydrocarbons) and climate change on Arctic Nunaat and among Inuit students that had a university ecosystems and people. AMAP conducts major scientifi c experience. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted assessments which are prepared by AMAP Expert Groups amongst a selected sample of students. composed of scientists and experts nominated by the Arctic Based on the surveys and interviews, we will countries, Arctic Indigenous Peoples’ Organizations and present our preliminary results on the following issues other countries and international science organizations. 1) Inventory and evaluation of past and present university These Expert Groups are established by the AMAP initiatives in Inuit Nunaat or for Inuit in term of curriculum, Working Group to deliver scientifi cally independent, peer delivery methods and success. reviewed assessments on topics of concern to the Arctic 2) Evaluation the Inuit Peoples needs and experiences with Council. Based on the scientifi c assessments, AMAP postsecondary programs or courses allowing us to better reports the key fi ndings and recommendations for action understand educational paths and university successes from to the Arctic Council Ministers and Senior Arctic Offi cials the point of view of the Inuit for their consideration. The recommendations are used to 3) Presentation of different scenarios to improve access inform policy and decision-making processes by the Arctic to university education for Inuit and Northerners in Inuit Council participants, particularly the eight Arctic nations Nunaat. The data has been collected through surveys and the Arctic indigenous people organizations (Permanent and in-depth interviews and workshops convening all the Participants of the Arctic Council). stakeholders in University education in the Canadian arctic. AMAP is nearing completion of two major We expect this research will provide evidence- scientifi c assessments in which ArcticNet data and network based data on the Inuit students university experience. and investigators have contributed signifi cantly to over the will promote a national discussion amongst provider of past two years. These assessments are the Climate Change university program in Inuit Nunaat, Northern institutions and the Cryosphere: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in and Inuit organizations in order to develop a more the Arctic (SWIPA), which is a follow-up to the Arctic coordinated effort in university program delivery and Climate Impact Assessment 2004, and the AMAP Mercury curriculum development. Assessment. The latter assessment addresses the question : What controls mercury levels in the Arctic, and what are the effects on Arctic biota and people? Future AMAP assessments where ArcticNet will be called upon to contribute include the Arctic Ocean Acidifi cation (AOA) assessment (2011-2013) as well as a proposal for a broad-scale integrated Arctic Change project (2011-2017) which is awaiting a decision by the Arctic Council.
22 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
It will be critically important for the future work in Viscount Melville Sound - a narrow section of Parry of AMAP’s activities to engage young scientists into the Channel - consolidated and became truly land-fast in the process now or in the near future in order for them to gain winter of 2009-2010. M’Clure Strait at the western end of the necessary international experience. They could stand to Parry Channel and Barrow Strait and Lancaster Sound at the take on a more leadership role in the future, particularly for eastern end did not consolidate as per normal. This led to some activities that may be conducted over the long-term. an early break-up and extensive clearing of Parry Channel this summer, and the CIS record for least ice coverage in western Parry Channel was broken. Signifi cant coastal ice COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL breakages were also observed in the far north this past CHANGE: THE ARCTIC AND BEYOND summer. On August 4, the Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland calved a large ice island close to 300km2 in area, Smit, Barry ([email protected]) the largest all-in-one piece of ice to break off an Arctic ice shelf or fl oating glacier tongue in decades. Additionally, University of Guelph, Department of Geography, Guelph, fracturing of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf (the largest remaining Ontario N1G 2W1 ice shelf along the northern Ellesmere Island coast) continued in summer 2010 and in mid-August a section 2 Research on adaptation to changing environmental totaling 50km was lost. All of these events highlight sea conditions in the Arctic is compared to similar investigations ice thickness and distribution trends which have became in other parts of the world. Distinct contributions of the particularly pronounced within the Canadian Arctic during work include exploration of interactions between ecological the past decade, and underscore the necessity for increased and human systems, direct involvement of decision-makers monitoring of the area (preferably using high-resolution in the research, and the documentation of current and active microwave satellite-based sensors such as are found past experience as a basis for assessing strategies for the on Radarsat-2). future. Among the accomplishments of the program are 3 recent volumes which demonstrate the impact of ArcticNet research. ARCTIC FRESHWATER SYSTEMS: TRANS- ECOSYSTEM INTEGRATORS OF CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE A SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT CANADIAN 1 1 ARCTIC ICE EVENTS IN 2010 Wrona, Frederick J. ([email protected]), T. D. Prowse , E. McCauley2, D. Peters1, K. Flanagan3, K. Gantner1, P. D. 1 1 1 1 Wohlleben, Trudy ([email protected]) di Cenzo , L. de Rham , M. Thompson , P. Mesquita , E. Hille1, P. Moquin1 and S. Kokejl4 Canadian Ice Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3 1 Water and Climate Impacts Research Centre, University of Numerous anomalous ice events were observed Victoria, Victoria, BC 2 in and around the Canadian Arctic in 2010, emphasizing National Centre for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, the importance of remote sensing in these areas. This University of California Santa Barbara, California, CA 3 past winter, the sea ice in Nares Strait once again failed to Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, consolidate, making this only the third year in the 1983-2010 Calgary, AB 4 period of the Canadian Ice Service ice chart record (along Water Resources Division, Indian and Northern Affairs with 2007 and 2009) in which this occurred. Additionally, Canada, Yellowknife, NT extensive fracturing and mobility of the sea ice in the western Canada Basin and in the Arctic Ocean between Projected changes/shifts in climatic regimes in the Ellesmere Island and the North Pole were observed Arctic regions are expected to have far-reaching cascading during the January to April period of this year, leading impacts on the hydrology and ecology of northern/Arctic to challenging ice and weather conditions for scientists freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater systems are particularly working on the UNCLOS project, for the JTFN military sensitive to climate variability and change (CVC) because exercises along the north coast of Ellesmere Island and for numerous hydro-ecological processes respond to even small expeditions leaving Ellesmere Island for the North Pole. changes in the climate and related cyrospheric regimes. Within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), along the Furthermore, hydrological and ecological processes may northern route of the Northwest Passage, only the ice change either gradually or in an abrupt manner when environmental/ecosystem thresholds are exceeded. A
23 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts signifi cant amount of uncertainty still remains however, in predicting the direct and indirect physical, geochemical and ecological responses of arctic freshwater ecosystems to CVC. Under ArcticNet, we have been conducting a series of integrated hydrological and ecological studies assessing the impacts of landscape and freshwater-ice related cryospheric changes on the hydrology, geochemistry, and food web responses of upland Arctic lakes. Drawing upon examples from our and other relevant studies, I will discuss the importance of freshwater systems as trans-ecosystem integrators of climate and environmental change. In addition, I illustrate some of the major challenges involved in understanding and predicting impacts and responses at appropriate spatial and temporal scales and will provide some perspectives on future research directions.
24 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
TOPICAL SESSION ORAL ABSTRACTS
SEASONAL HYDROLOGY AND DOC DYNAMICS PERMAFROST AND CLIMATE CHANGE: AT AN EXTENSIVE LOW-GRADIENT WETLAND, IMPORTANCE FOR MUNICIPAL AND POLAR BEAR PASS, BATHURST ISLAND, TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES CANADA Allard, Michel1,2([email protected]), M. Lemay2, C. Abnizova, Anna ([email protected]) and K. L. Barrette2 and T. Bell3. Young 1 Département de Géographie, Université Laval, Québec, Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, Qc, G1V 0A6 Ontario, M3J 1P3 2 Centre d’études nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, G1V 0A6 Numerous ponds and lakes exist at Polar Bear Pass 3 Department of Geography, Memorial University of (PBP), a National Wildlife area. This large wetland (100 Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF, A1C 5S7 km2) situated in the middle of Bathurst Island is considered one of the most critical ecological sites in the area and is The presence of permafrost (i.e. soil or rock at home to migratory birds, muskox and caribou. Detailed temperatures below the freezing point of water) is one hydrological and hydrochemical investigations were initiated of the key factors that make the Arctic highly sensitive here in the summer of 2007 and have continued through to climate change. A warmer climate leads to greater to 2010. In this talk we explore the seasonal variability of depths of thaw in summer (the active layer depth) with a range of ponds typical of the area and examine trends the consequence that the surface of the ground settles. in the movement and sources of dissolved organic carbon Increased thaw depth also destabilizes slopes and accelerates (DOC) into them. down slope soil movements such as gelifl uxion or even Our hydrologic results suggest that ponds are highly triggers landslides. The thawing of permafrost often gives dependent on the presence and/or absence of linkages way to the formation of hollows and lakes which are termed to water sources, such as late-lying snowbeds occurring in thermokarst lakes. Those changes affect both natural the lee of slopes or hillslope creeks which drain into the environments, with major ecological impacts, and built low-lying wetland from the surrounding plateau, especially environments, with potentially damaging consequences for in warm years (e.g. 2007). Importance of these linkages buildings and transportation infrastructures. In Nunavik is minimized in wet cool years (2008, 2009), when high and Nunatsiavut, the climate warming that occurred since summer rainfall keeps water tables high in ponds and 1992 resulted in a general increase of 1.5 °C in near surface connectivity between ponds, wet meadows and small creeks ground temperatures (4 m deep) and lead to major changes is enhanced. in the abundance of discontinuous permafrost. The Seasonal dynamics of DOC into ponds was impacts also affected roads and runways since they were highly dependent on the timing and duration of a pond’s not designed to face the ongoing climate warming and, also, hydrologic connectivity to its catchment. Evaluation of because the importance of local effects was ignored such terrestrial pathways of carbon showed distinct differences as the impacts of infrastructures on snow cover and soil in DOC concentrations into ponds based on these drainage. Over the same period, the northern population different water sources (e.g. lingering snowbank, creek). increased by 10% generating an important need for new Understanding pond hydrology, and pond linkages to its housing construction. The communities are expected surrounding catchment (i.e. other water sources), along to expand over permafrost terrain in the coming years. with terrestrial pathways for DOC will help to identify Existing infrastructures such as roads and airports will have carbon pathways in this wetlands and perhaps lead to better to be stabilized and expanded while some new ones may estimates of carbon budgets in these expansive low-gradient be required. The approach used to support community wetlands. adaptation and expansion consists principally in producing high resolution maps of permafrost conditions integrating data from numerous sources such as drilling, geophysics,
25 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts thermistor cables, and laboratory analyses of permafrost show through their actions a strong sense of place, which samples. Numerical simulations of ground thermal regime translates into a range of adaptation activities. and active layer changes until 2050 are made to assess This paper shows that climate change adaptation how the terrain will evolve and choose the best building research needs to include sense of place as a motivation foundation designs adapted for each terrain conditions. for developing adaptive capacity. Communication and This information is compiled into GIS systems and then discussion of adaptation in communities should therefore transferred and discussed with community representatives, focus on sense of place as a driver of adaptation to develop involved ministries (Municipal affairs, Transports) and other adaptive capacity. Impacts of climate change are currently stakeholders to orient policies and decisions. not the driver of adaptation, but it is sense of place and a motivation to maintain aspects of quality of life that induces adaptive responses. SENSE OF PLACE AS A DRIVER FOR ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES IN NORTHERN NORWAY INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL APPROACH FOR THE DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF Amundsen, Helene1,2 ([email protected]) GROUND ICE AT PARSONS LAKE, NWT AND HERSCHEL ISLAND, YT 1 CICERO Centre for Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo, P.B. 1129, 0318 Oslo, Norway Angelopoulos, Michael1, Wayne H. Pollard1, Nicole J. 2 Department of Sociology and Human Geography, Couture2 and Robert Gowan3 University of Oslo, P.B. 1096 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway 1 Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, The subjective dimension is largely missing in Quebec, Canada, H3A 2K6 the climate adaptation research. This paper proposes that 2 Geological Survey of Canada, Natural researching the subjective dimension is necessary in order Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada to understand how communities are responding to a suit of 3 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, changes and why they are making those choices. One such Canada subjective aspect is sense of place, which has received little attention within climate adaptation research. Sense of place The mapping of ground ice distribution is encapsulates the subjective meaning attached to a place fundamentally important for natural resource development and sense of place is taken to include both the physical in the Arctic, because the melting of ice within permafrost characteristic specifi c to a place and the subjective meaning destabilizes the ground, which could lead to the destruction attached to it. Arguably, a strong sense of place translates to of infrastructure. Although borehole drilling provides a commitment to the place and a willingness to act to make accurate information, the process is expensive, time the place better or, as in this case, to make it possible to consuming, and only generates point samples. Surface- continue living in the communities. In this paper I present based geophysical techniques, however, are non-destructive, research showing the importance of sense of place as a relatively cheap, and can survey a large area. My research motivating factor for adaptation. focuses on the detection and characterization of ground It has been established through a number of case ice using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and capacitively- studies that climate change combined with other stressors coupled resistivity (CCR) at Parsons Lake, NWT, a already has profound consequences for communities in the natural gas fi eld 75 km north of Inuvik. Using detailed Arctic and their livelihoods. While much of the literature borehole logs from March 2004, the fi rst phase of my focuses on the impacts of these stressors on places, this MSc is to evaluate how well geophysical tools predict ice paper uses insights from place and sense of place literature content under various ground thermal regimes, ground ice to understand the drivers of adaptation. structures, and enclosing sediments. Fieldwork activities Research in two municipalities in northern Norway were conducted at Parsons Lake in winter 2010, as well as reveals how sense of place is important when analysing summers 2009 and 2010. Preliminary graphs showing the adaptation processes to current challenges. In the two relationship between electrical resistivity and ice content municipalities, the main current challenge is declining (measured gravimetrically) in summer reveal clusters of populations and this is the area where adaptation activities points associated with varying types enclosing materials, are most visible. The concern over declining populations is including ice, peat, as well as coarse-grained and fi ne-grained linked to concerns over livelihoods and provision of public sediments. The scattering of points within clusters can be services. Interviewees in the two municipalities express and partially explained by the fact that additional environmental
26 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts factors like ground temperatures control resistivity important in this regard. Research on these co-management values, especially in summer. In summer, warmer ground institutions highlights their role in facilitating adaptation and temperatures lead to a greater prevalence of unfrozen enabling learning through change by enhancing the fl ow of water content. Further analysis shows that the range of ice resources and information (e.g., for monitoring), bringing content is high for values of high resistivity and low ground together diverse perspectives, and creating incentives for temperatures. Hence, one can be observing enclosing individual and collective action. In this institutional context, sediment types of ice, ice/coarse, or coarse material. learning is recognized as central to effective adaptation, Current results, however, demonstrate that GPR is capable while social learning processes associated with multi-level of mapping contacts between the aforementioned materials. institutional partnerships are increasingly recognized as On the subject of seasonal changes, it is clear that there a crucial type of adaptation in situations facing rapid is a better relationship between resistivity and ice content environmental change. Still emerging, however, is an in winter rather than summer. This could be due to the understanding of the specifi c mechanisms through which fact that in winter, ground temperatures are much lower, these co-management institutions create the conditions and hence, the prevalence of unfrozen water content is for social learning, defi ned here as the on-going action, reduced. For all summer data points (includes all enclosing refl ection and deliberation of individuals and groups sediments as one group), ground temperature is signifi cant collaborating to seek solutions to complex, multi-scale at 95% confi dence. For all winter data points, the natural challenges. We draw on the outcomes of a team project log of ice content is signifi cant for 95% confi dence. Due in three co-management contexts in Canada’s Arctic to to changes in the prevalence of unfrozen water content, examine how social learning is enabled or constrained, there is a seasonal shift in terms of which variable is most and highlight the role of knowledge co-production as a important in controlling resistivity. Multiple regression key mechanism in this process. We examine the multiple models including the aforementioned variables produce dimensions of knowledge co-production (i.e., gathering, R-squared values of 0.57 and 0.50 for summer and winter sharing, integrating, interpreting, applying), as well as the respectively. In order to improve the model, quantitative relational attributes of co-management arrangements that estimates of unfrozen water content will be made. In order infl uence when, where and how knowledge is produced. to accomplish the latter, the borehole data must be used The implications for co-management policy and institutional in conjunction with Inuvik weather data from 2010 to adaptation are highlighted. generate a ground thermal regime model for 2010. Secondly, GPR must be applied to quantify ice structure, which affects unfrozen water connectivity, and thus, electrical SNOWCOVER AND MELT AT POLAR BEAR PASS, resistivity. The knowledge gained from Parsons Lake will BATHURST ISLAND, NUNAVUT: PRESENT AND be used to help model thermokarst development adjacent FUTURE CONDITIONS to retrogressive thaw slumps on Herschel Island, Yukon Territory. Assini, Jane ([email protected]) and K. L. Young
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, CO-MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS AND Ontario, M3J 1P3 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: LEARNING TO ADAPT IN CANADA’S ARCTIC In this talk we explore the present and future snowcover and melt patterns of Polar Bear Pass (PBP), Armitage, Derek1 ([email protected]), F. Berkes2, A. Dale1, an extensive low-gradient wetland situated in the E. Kocho-Schellenberg2 and E. Patton2 middle of Bathurst Island, Nunavut. Our measured and modelled snowcover results from 2008 and 2009 indicate 1 Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier that snowcover here is largely controlled by wind and University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5 topography. Exposed hilltops are blown free of much 2 Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, snow, while stream valleys and lee of slopes collect the Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 most. Within the wetland itself, subtle variations in micro- topography (ponds, lakes, wet meadows, frost cracks) Responding to environmental change in Canada’s ensures some variability in the end-of winter snowcover Arctic will require a broad range of adaptation measures in and ensuing melt pattern. In addition, snowcover and the short- and long-term (e.g., infrastructure change, altering melt varied across the Pass (both east to west and north hunting patterns). Land claims-based co-management to south). Snowcover receipt in 2008 and 2009 was low in institutions in the Canadian Arctic may be particularly comparison to other studies, while probability and snow
27 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts depletion curves indicate similar melt rates. Projected 1 Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 route de la Mer, Mont- changes in northern climate (e.g. warmer temperatures, Joli, Quebec, G5H 3Z4, Canada enhanced snowfall) will have an effect on the timing and 2 Nunavik Research Center, Makivik Corporation, Kuujjuaq, duration of spring melt here. Our modelled results indicate Quebec, J0M 1C0, Canada that the snowfree season could be increased by up to three 3 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 weeks at PBP. Future spatial and temporal changes in University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada snowmelt could have potential consequences on the timing of other hydrologic processes such as runoff, ground thaw Seasonal variability in environmental characteristics and evaporation loss as well as vegetation communities at can drive distributional patterns, habitat use and selection, PBP. as well as migration and foraging strategies of wild animals. Understanding these fundamental patterns of animal ecology may have important implications for the design and PAN-ARCTIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION: STATE- implementation of adequate conservation and management OF-THE-ART ON ESTIMATION FROM OCEAN strategies. In the present study, we have synthesized COLOR REMOTE SENSING information on seasonal diving activity, movement patterns and associated environmental correlates for beluga from Babin, Marcel1,2 ([email protected]) and S. two different but neighbouring geographical regions of the Bélanger3 Hudson Bay complex, in northern Canada, to gain insights into seasonal habitat use and the potential infl uence of 1 Québec-Océan, Département de Biologie, Université environmental changes. Laval, Québec, Qc, G1V 0A6, CANADA Fourty-six beluga were captured between 1993 2 Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, BP 8, 06238 and 2009 and equipped with satellite-linked time-depth Villefranche-sur-Mer Cedex, FRANCE recorders: 32 individuals in Eastern Hudson Bay (EHB) 3 Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université and 14 animals in James Bay (JB). Beluga from these two du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Qc, G5L 3A1, CANADA regions differed markedly in their seasonal movements. The EHB beluga had migrated out of Hudson Bay by October The ongoing decrease in perennial ice and and exhibited three seasonally-dependent residency areas: increase in rivers discharge will strongly impact on Arctic the EHB, the Ungava Bay(UB), and the Labrador Sea (LS)). marine ecosystems and, notably, on primary production In contrast, all JB beluga remained in JB and stayed there by phytoplankton. But how primary production will until their last day of transmission (mid November to evolve over the next decades is highly uncertain. While ice mid March). In EHB, beluga preferentially used relatively receding will allow more solar radiation to penetrate the shallow waters (58 +/- 28 m) characterized by strong water column and fuel photosynthesis, enhanced vertical thermal stratifi cation, with a thermocline located at around stratifi cation may prevent the injection of the new nutrients 40 m where animals dove preferentially. In September, needed to support additional algal growth in the lit layer. In diving activity increased where the water column was more this study, we use ocean color remote sensing to analyze the homogeneous in temperature (no thermocline) at around spatial and temporal variations in primary production over 3°C. In UB, beluga used generally deeper waters (119 +/- the whole Arctic Ocean. We fi rst address the possible fl aws 84 m). However, no particular depth was more intensively in the use of ocean color remote sensing in Arctic through used in this area. Water column in UB was homothermic at a number of sensitivity analyses. We then examine annual around 1°C. In the LS, beluga preferentially selected an area trends since 1998 and identify the physical mechanisms and on the continental plateau characterized by a deep trough biogeochemical processes that may be responsible for the (353 +/- 171 m). There, sea surface temperature reached observed trends. -1.8°C, and most of the water column was at around 0°C except for a deep zone at around 3 or 4°C where beluga VARIABILITY IN SEASONAL MOVEMENT systematically dove. The habitat preferentially used by PATTERNS, DIVING BEHAVIOUR AND belugas in JB was shallow (25 +/- 10 m) and the water HABITAT FEATURES AMONG NEIGHBOURING column was generally warm during the summer months POPULATIONS OF BELUGA (DELPHINAPTERUS (around 7°C). In November, water temperatures began to LEUCAS) IN SUB-ARCTIC CANADA decrease signifi cantly to reach negative values in December. An intensifi cation of beluga diving activity was observed at 1 1 Bailleul, Frédéric , Thomas Doniol-Valcroze , Véronique that time. Lesage1, D.W. Doidge2, Michael Power3, Adam Lewis2,3 and In the past, environmental conditions in EHB Mike O. Hammill1 and in JB appear to have been more similar to one another
28 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts than they currently are. Long-term changes in sea surface of the geologic framework is that Lancaster Sound is temperature and decreases in sea ice concentration, both comprised of bedrock overlain by discontinuous glacial linked to global warming, are known to have occurred in the till. Thin glaciomarine sediments drape the till and/or region since the early 1990s. The evolution, distribution, and bedrock. Localized accumulations of Holocene sediment ecology of the beluga whales are infl uenced by the dynamic infi ll depressions with thickness varying from <1 to ~10 m. nature of the seasonal pack ice, which suggests the timing The seabed of Northern Baffi n Bay is dominated by a very and geographical patterns of seasonal migrations and the large deep water fan which has been collecting sediments time spent in select summering and wintering grounds may since the Eocene from fl uvial deltaic sources followed by be changing in the current climatic context. sediment derived from glacial-interglacial sequences. A naturally occurring hydrocarbon vent at Scott Inlet (in Northern Baffi n Bay) was fi rst observed in 1976 and SEABED MORPHOLOGY, PROCESSES, AND continues to be active today. The area has been mapped GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF NORTHERN by multibeam and a submersible dive using the CCGS BAFFIN BAY AND LANCASTER SOUND Amundsen’s ROV in 2009 was able to image gas escaping from the seabed. Understanding these features is important Bennett, Robbie1 ([email protected]), S. Blasco1, C. to establishing a baseline of natural hydrocarbons present in Campbell1, J. Hughes-Clarke2 and I. Church2 the waters of the Northwest Passage. Ice Scours have been observed to water depth of 1 Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic), P.O. Box 1006, 850m at the mouth of Lancaster Sound. These scours are Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2 of interest as present day ice berg keels have been observed 2 Ocean Mapping Group, Dept of Geodesy and Geomatics to have a maximum draft of 450 – 500m in the Arctic. Ice Engineering, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, scours in 850m water depth may have been caused during Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3 the last glaciation when sea level was about 100m lower and glacial ice up to 1000m thick was present in the area. The Greenland portion of Northern Baffi n Bay is The study of these deep water scours is important in order currently undergoing extensive hydrocarbon exploration and to distinguish them from the shallow water scours that are is the site of oil and gas discoveries in recent years. There being generated from the present ice conditions. has been no exploration activity in the Canadian portion of Northern Baffi n Bay and Lancaster Sound since the late 1970’s due to concerns about the lack of knowledge LIFE UNDER THE SNOW: THE EFFECTS OF about this unique and sensitive environment. Over thirty SNOW COVER ON LEMMING POPULATION years later the shallow geology and geohazard potential DYNAMICS of this region is not well understood even though the area represents an un-drilled and under-explored potential Bilodeau, Frédéric1 ([email protected]), G. hydrocarbon basin that is equivalent in size to the Beaufort- Gauthier1 and D. Berteaux2 Mackenzie Basin. These issues must be addressed in order to make informed decisions about the future of this area. 1 Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Under the ArcticNet seabed mapping project, the CCGS Québec, G1V 0A6 Amundsen has been acquiring multibeam echosounder 2 Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, UQAR, and sub-bottom profi ler data in the Northern Baffi n Bay Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 and Lancaster Sound since 2004. In 2008, the Geological Survey of Canada and University partners at the University Rising temperatures and changes in the of Quebec at Rimouski and the University of Quebec precipitation regime will have a strong impact on both the at Montreal completed a research cruise in the Northern quality and depth of the snow cover in the Arctic. A snow Baffi n Bay and Lancaster Sound area onboard the CCGS cover of high quality is thought to be an important factor Hudson which collected 13 piston cores and about 700 km for maintaining the cyclic dynamic of lemming (Dicrostonyx of high resolution seismic data. These data sets are being groenlandicus and Lemmus sibiricus) populations in the tundra. integrated to understand the shallow geology of the area in A good snow cover will insulate lemmings from extreme order to identify and analyze potential seabed geohazards. variations in external temperature and will protect them The seabed of Lancaster Sound has been from most predators in winter but will also allow them an infl uenced by past glaciations as shown by glacial fl uting easy access to food plants in the sub-niveau space. On Bylot and deep water ice scours that are observed on multibeam Island, Nunavut, we tested the hypothesis that greater snow data throughout the Sound. The current understanding depth will enhance lemming density and reproduction rate
29 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts during winter by experimentally increasing the snow depth been ongoing over the last 18,000 years. Progradational on a 7.29 ha experimental plot with multiple lines of snow distal glacial outwash deposits cover the shelf and upper fence from 2007 to 2010. The snow fences increased snow slope. Sediment laden meltwater discharge across the depth by about 50% compared to a control site but not shelf from the ablating Laurentide ice sheet provided the uniformly across the experimental plot. Preliminary results sediment source. Sheet fl ow shifted to channel fl ow during show an increase in lemming winter nests density due to deglaciation. Late glacial meltwater density fl ows eroded well enhanced snow depth but no other effect on demographic defi ned linear drainage channels into the outwash deposits parameters. We also examined how the snow cover both across the shelf and down slope. infl uenced the amplitude of the lemming cycles. Using a During the last glacial period with the associated 16-year time series of lemming abundance on Bylot Island, sea level lowstand, the shelf was subaerially exposed out we modeled their cycle of abundance using two approaches. to the 100m isobath. Subaerial deposition of the glacial We adjusted an autoregressive model, which included outwash on the exposed shelf was accompanied by the lemming density in the previous year, and a sinusoidal aggradation of permafrost. The northern limit of ice- model. Support for the autoregressive model would indicate bearing permafrost appears to be correlative with the shelf that density-dependent effects drive the cycle (likely through break and sea level lowstand at the 100 m isobath. Pingo- a bottom-up process), whereas support for the sinusoidal like features and gas venting occur discontinuously at the model would rather suggest that external processes (such shelf edge. The spatial association of these features with the as predation) drive the cycle. So far the sinusoidal model northern edge of permafrost probably indicates that fl uids fi ts the data better than the autoregressive one, pointing are migrating along the base of the relatively impermeable to external factors as a more probable cause of lemming permafrost and escaping at the shelf edge. Rising sea level cycles at our study site. We added three snow cover resulted in erosion of the outwash sediments and the related variables (snow density and depth and subnivean deposition of thin transgressive deposits. At the shelf edge temperature) to these models. Preliminary results show that in 100m of water these sediments at 0.3 m below seabed adding the snow cover variables signifi cantly improves the are dated at 9000 BP. Overlying recent mud deposits form a fi t of both models to the data. This suggests that quality of thin veneer at the shelf edge that thickens signifi cantly down the snow cover in winter may have a strong impact on the slope. Upwelling processes at the shelf edge over time have high-amplitude lemming cycles. prevented the accumulation of sediment over the last 9,000 years.
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON THE CANADIAN BEAUFORT OUTER SHELF AND UPPER SLOPE GRANULAR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE Blasco, Steve1 ([email protected]), R. Bennett1, K. INUVIALUIT SETTLEMENT REGION: FROM MacKillop1, J. Hughes-Clarke2 and I. Church2 RESEARCH TO IMPLEMENTATION
1 Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic), P.O. Box 1006, Borsy, Emily1, 2 ([email protected]), J. Fraser1 and F. Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2 Duerden2 2 Ocean Mapping Group, Dept of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, 1 Inuvialuit Land Administration, Tuktoyaktuk, NT X0E Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3 1C0 2 Department of Geographic Analysis, Ryerson University, Beaufort Sea seabed research is being conducted in Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3 response to the recent federal government release of deep water leases for hydrocarbon exploration drilling. Under the As the impacts of climate change become more ArcticNet seabed mapping project, the CCGS Amundsen apparent in Arctic communities and as permafrost degrades, has continued to acquire multibeam, subbottom profi le and it will become more important for resource managers sediment sample data to defi ne the geological framework for to plan for aggregate resources required for adapting geohazard assessment. Initial interpretation of these data is infrastructure to environmental change. This presentation providing an insight into the geological processes that have provides a review of the results of ArcticNet funded been active on the Canadian Beaufort outer shelf and upper research to implement a Granular Resources Management slope. Plan in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, in the Beaufort The dynamics of the Beaufort outer shelf and Delta region of the Northwest Territories. A comparative upper slope are infl uenced by shelf processes that have analysis of how aggregates were managed in the Inuvialuit
30 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Settlement Region before and after the development of the 1 Département de chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à ISR Granular Resources Management Plan is presented. Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7 At the 2007 ArcticNet ASM, the presenting author 2 Department of Arctic Environment, National presented a poster titled “Impacts of Climate Change on Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, DK- the Availability of Granular Resources in the Inuvialuit 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Settlement Region, NWT.” It suggested that community 3 Environmental Archeology, National Museum of infrastructure in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region is Denmark, DK-1220 Copenhagen, Denmark vulnerable to climate change, and that aggregate availability 4 Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, is critical to ensuring that community infrastructure is Québec, G1V 0A6 protected from environmental change. It also outlined 5 Greenland Climate Research Center, Greenland Institute several initiatives that might be important for an integrated of Natural Ressources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland approach to adaptation, including: the creation of an aggregate inventory for the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Modifi cation of plant abundance and distribution, the completion of aggregate demand forecasts for each especially shrubs, has been predicted by warming community in the Region, and the development of a experiments using open-top chambers and confi rmed by Granular Resources Management Plan which takes into aerial photography analyses and land based observations in consideration community needs and environmental changes. the Low-Arctic. In the High-Arctic, even though satellite In 2008, the Inuvialuit Land Administration images analyses suggest an increase in NDVI and warming began working in collaboration with Indian and Northern experiments have had a positive effect on shrub cover, little Affairs Canada to defi ne how granular resources could be is known about natural system responses. Arctic willow cooperatively managed in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. (Salix arctica Pall.) is a structuring species in these harsh The research, completed in 2009 by the author3,4, was used environments that could induce noticeable vegetation as a basis for the development of the Inuvialuit Settlement cover changes, either by increased growth of established Region Granular Resources Management Plan which was individuals and/or by colonization of new sites. formally adopted by the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation in Species cover, population age structure and 2010, and is currently undergoing implementation. individual annual growth analyses have been conducted The Management Plan identifi es a number at four locations in Canada (Resolute Bay, Alexandra of circumstances which may affect the adaptation of Fjord, Sverdrup Pass and Lake A; from 74°N 94°W to community infrastructure to environmental change. 83°N 75°W) and one in Eastern Greenland (Zackenberg These include potential diffi culties accessing aggregates as Research Station; 74°N, 20°W). Study sites are located in transport conditions change, increased demand to enhance relatively exposed sites with sparse vegetation cover (< 5%) foundations, road-beds and runways in the face of warming, representative of polar desert communities. Vegetation increased demand resulting from community growth and survey records over the last 10 years indicate that most development, increased demand associated with oil and of the sites have experienced a slight, but not signifi cant, natural gas development and the construction of all weather increase in willow cover. Population age structure, obtained highways to replace winter roads. through the dendrochronological analyses of over 200 Building on the outcome of the ArcticNet project willows established by seed, tends toward the same the Management Plan recognises that the identifi ed conclusion: populations are not in expansion but have had a inventory of aggregates is relatively low and irregularly peak of colonization between the 60s and the 80s. However, distributed in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), in the most protected sites, annual individual growth has and there are signifi cant cost implications for developing increased in time. Productivity might thus be enhanced in aggregate sources for community supply. Climate change areas where inhibiting factors such as water limitation and will also further decrease the availability of aggregates as a growing season length are not the main determinants of result of reduced ice and winter road transportation seasons, ecosystem composition. In addition, detailed colonization and due to the melting of ground ice within granular investigations pursued in Zackenberg have demonstrated deposits. that seedling establishment is possible. On the studied site, year seedling density have reach 8 seedlings/m2 with TRENDS IN SHRUB DYNAMIC IN THE HIGH- a survival rate of approximately 25% in the fi ve following ARCTIC: THE CASE OF THE ARCTIC WILLOW years. The fi ndings of this research lead to address with caution to High-Arctic barren landscapes the hypothesis Boulanger-Lapointe, Noémie1 ([email protected]), E. of a greening of the Arctic associated with increase shrub Lévesque1, N.M. Schmidt2, C. Baittinger3, S. Boudreau4 and cover. M. C. Forchhammer2,5
31 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
THE ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF NUNAVIMMUIT KNOWLEDGE OF MUSKRAT ABUNDANCE AT THE NORTHERN BELUGA: UNDERSTANDING BELUGA EDGE OF THEIR RANGE: RESULTS AND (DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS) MIGRATORY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TRADITIONAL FOOD LOCAL MOVEMENT IN NUNAVIK USERS Breton-Honeyman, Kaitlin1 ([email protected]), C. Brammer, Jeremy ([email protected]) Furgal1, M. Hammill2, V. Lesage2, W. Doidge3 and B. Hickie1
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill 1 Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9 University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 2 Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, Department of Fisheries As a part of the multidisciplinary International and Oceans, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 Polar Year (IPY) project entitled “Yeendoo Nanh 3 Nunavik Research Centre, Makivik Corporation, Kuujjuaq, Nakhweenjit K’atr’ahanahtyaa – Environmental Change Québec, J0M 1C0 and Traditional Use of the Old Crow Flats in Northern Canada” we have been studying the traditionally harvested Unprecedented rates of climatic change in the wildlife of the Old Crow Flats (OCF), Yukon. The OCF Arctic may be altering Arctic marine mammal ecology. One is a vast wetland complex comprised of more than 2700 species of particular interest, likely infl uenced by current lakes located in the Northern Yukon. It forms an integral trends in environmental variables in the North, is the beluga component of the traditional territory of the Vuntut whale (Delphinapterus leucas). The beluga whale remains Gwitchin First Nation and is a major source of local important to the subsistence livelihood and culture of the traditional food security. Inuit. Further, this species can be regarded as a sentinel Here I present results pertaining to the muskrat for marine ecosystem health. The use of Inuit Traditional (Ondatra zibethicus), a small, broad ranging, semi-aquatic Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in marine mammal ecology rodent that plays an important role in wetland ecosystems. and management has been growing in recent decades. Our In the OCF, muskrats represent a signifi cant portion of research focuses on two populations of beluga, both of the traditional harvest of the Vuntut Gwitchin. With this which are considered to be endangered by the Committee in mind, it is the goal of this research to document the on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. These environmental determinants of muskrat abundance at the populations have been slow to recover following the end northern edge of their range. of commercial hunting one century ago, and continued Using aerial surveys of muskrat pushups subsistence harvesting. constructed upon lake ice, I have quantifi ed muskrat TEK about beluga was collected and documented abundance within 200 lakes across the whole of the from expert hunters and elders to increase the OCF for the past three years. These abundance data can understanding of ecological factors infl uencing habitat be compared with environmental variables based on use. Thirty-nine semi-directive interviews following an LANDSAT and RADARSAT images. In particular, I wish ethnocartographic format were conducted in four Nunavik to examine what role the relative phenology of spring ice communities (Kangiqsualujjuaq, Quaqtaq, Ivujivik and melt plays in determining muskrat abundance. Spring ice Kuujjuaraapik) in the winter of 2009 and 2010. Interviews phenology will be considered along with lake morphological were analyzed using NVivo (qualitative analysis software). characteristics, productivity and surrounding land cover. Interviews covered a broad range of topics including, prey Given the context of Arctic warming and the species, changes in body condition, stock differentiation, declines in other traditional food species like the caribou, accounts of predation and local and migration movement understanding the ecology of other locally harvested patterns. A presentation of TEK data on migratory and species becomes an issue of greater concern. The muskrat local movements illustrates the detail and depth of the represents a species that is likely to benefi t from regional knowledge held by hunters and elders in Nunavik on this trends of warming and could play a greater role in species. Data presented covers the topics of: timing of traditional harvesting activities in the future. migration, migratory patterns, descriptions of movements and factors infl uencing movement patterns and habitat use as well as observed changes in migration. This research is part of an interdisciplinary project to increase the understanding of beluga habitat selection and use via a combination of TEK and scientifi c survey techniques. Ultimately, the project will identify critical factors
32 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts infl uencing habitat use and preference and the ecological the Torngat Mountains. These areas are also characterized variables associated with these areas of importance. by the climate model as having the largest natural climate Increased understanding of ecology and habitat selection is variability. essential in understanding and promoting conservation and recovery of this species in Nunavik marine waters. HUGIN 1000 AUV FOR ARCTIC APPLICATIONS
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN THE Burchill, Nick([email protected]), E. Gustafson, CANADIAN EASTERN SUBARCTIC IRIS REGION: B. Jalving and Ø. Engelhardtsen A SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2 OF THE IRIS-4 ASSESSMENT Kongsberg Maritime, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B3B 2B6
Brown, Ross1,2, M. Allard3, C. Barrette3, T. Bell4, M. Bernier5, The increase in human activity in the Arctic region S. Bleau5, D. Chaumont2, A. Frigon2, M. Lemay3 and D. has led to a need for improved knowledge about the subsea Paquin2 Arctic environment. Requirements for bathymetric and geophysical mapping of the seafl oor in ice-covered areas 1 Environment Canada, Climate Research Division are increasing, as well as the need to gain more knowledge 2 Ouranos Consortium about the ice itself. Seabed mapping requirements stem 3 Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval from several sources, including Minerals Management 4 Memorial University Service (MMS), academic research and national territory 5 INRS-ETE, Université du Québec mapping. Requirements for mapping the underside of ice fl oes are being formulated as the concept of Ice This presentation will provide a summary of the Management emerges as a critical risk-reducing measure for material included in the Climate Chapter of the IRIS- offshore Oil & Gas companies. 4 assessment. The chapter provides an overview of the An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is the factors infl uencing the climate of the Nunavik-Nunatsiavut natural tool to employ for under-ice surveying, in both region on seasonal and decadal to multi-decadal time scales shallow and deep waters, and for both seabed- and ice with reference to observed and proxy information on air underside mapping. Traditionally, AUVs have provided temperature, precipitation, ice and snow cover, glaciers, signifi cant cost benefi ts for deep-water survey work, where and the ground thermal regime (ground temperature and tow-body based systems suffer from comparatively lower active layer depth). The Chapter presents information on operational effi ciency. However, for effi cient under-ice recent trends in key climate variables and indicators as well mapping of large areas, AUVs are even more attractive due as scenarios of projected changes in a range of climate to the presence of the ice itself. variables selected for their potential to be impacted by A range of new challenges arise when using AUVs climate change and their relevance to northern communities. for under-ice surveying. These include risk of collision with The climate scenarios were developed for the 2050 time- the ice, increased risk of a lost AUV, and a more challenging frame (averaged over 2041-2070) based on a six member environment for maintaining long-range autonomous ensemble of projections from the Canadian Regional navigation accuracy. Additionally, AUV launch and recovery Climate Model (CRCM) run at Ouranos. (L&R) operations will require innovative solutions to keep The historical precipitation and temperature record the risk of damage at an acceptable level. for the region shows evidence of important multi-decadal The HUGIN 1000 Arctic Class AUV system scale variability with the period from the early 1990s addresses the challenges of the Arctic environment. characterized by rapid warming, decreases in snow and Operational risk is minimized by employing high area ice cover, abrupt decline in glacier extent in the Torngat coverage rate (ACR) sensors, such as interferometric Mountains, and continuous deepening of the permafrost synthetic aperture sonar (Kongsberg HISAS 1030) and active layer. The climate change scenarios for the 2050 multibeam echo sounder. The HUGIN AUV concept period suggest that mean annual temperatures over the includes a number of enabling technologies for under- Nunavik-Nunatsiavut region will be ~3°C warmer with a ice operations, including collision avoidance algorithms ~10-25% increase in mean annual precipitation. Important specifi cally developed for under-ice operations and radio- seasonal and spatial differences in the magnitude of these through-ice localization and communication systems. projected changes are highlighted in the presentation. Some of the largest relative changes are projected to occur along the Hudson Bay coast, the Ungava Peninsula and
33 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
THE POLAR BARCODE OF LIFE PROJECT: interconnected pillars addressing sovereignty, promoting DISCOVERING AND DOCUMENTING economic and social development, protecting our DIVERSITY environmental heritage, and providing Northerners with more control over their economic and political destiny. Carr, Christina ([email protected]), S. J. Adamowicz and P. Along with this Strategy, the government has D. N. Hebert already announced some $8B worth of major engineering projects directly aimed at implementing elements of that Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, strategy. Many of these large, ambitious, and risky projects Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1 are planned to be implemented in the 2012-2016 timeframe. Making these announcements a reality represents a huge The Polar Barcode of Life program (PolarBOL) challenge for Canada, and yet it is a challenge we as a Nation is an international initiative aiming to discover and can’t afford to have fail. catalogue terrestrial, freshwater, and marine diversity in This paper explores the role of science in the polar environments. PolarBOL participants aim to obtain Northern Strategy, both as a key element in its own right, DNA barcodes for 20K species by 2015 and in the process but also as a vital enabling element to the engineering mega to provide novel insights into the magnitude of polar projects announced to date and anticipated in the future. biodiversity, the distributions and associations of species, Although the Northern Strategy is generally biogeographic patterns, and climate change effects. This described in terms of its four pillars, that structure does campaign is led by scientists from Norway, New Zealand, not serve as an ideal framework for describing the capital and Canada with increasing and welcome participation from projects already announced and still needed to implement other nations. A focal project within PolarBOL is one of the the strategy. A better framework might be the Prime fi rst attempted all-taxon biodiversity inventories to employ Minister’s speech of 2008 in which he stated “To develop DNA barcoding, conducted at the boreal/Arctic transitional the North, we must know the North. To protect the North, site of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. To date, this project we must control the North.” has generated ~40K barcode records representing ~4K “Knowing the North” certainly involves science of species and has revealed a striking and unexpected level the North and education about the North, two elements of of diversity within some taxonomic groups. Here, we which are clearly a focus of ArcticNet and their Schools on present circum-Arctic barcode results for one marine group Board program. Knowing the North is also the link between (Polychaeta), discussing its species diversity, trans-Arctic the Northern Strategy and the recently announced High invasion history, and biogeography. These data suggest that Arctic Research Station planned for Cambridge Bay. 1/4 of polychaete morphospecies are actually complexes However Knowing the North also covers a number of of multiple species and that ‘widespread’ species show ambitious engineering and infrastructure development signifi cantly more geographic structure than previously project announcements including mapping, surveillance, and thought. The extent and patterning of sequence divergence weather forecasting systems. All will require innovative, out among trans-Arctic polychaete species suggests that of the box thinking and scientifi c advancement in order for interglacial range expansion and subsequent vicariance them to succeed. occurred at multiple times throughout the Pleistocene, and The paper will fi rst itemize and summarize the $8B provided a powerful opportunity for the calibration of a of Arctic Strategy projects that have been identifi ed so far molecular clock. We also highlight key gaps in the dataset as and describe a new engineering program structure for these well as potential future directions for marine research within projects. Gaps will be identifi ed and additional projects will PolarBOL. be proposed. Next, the paper will discuss the key areas of scientifi c and technical risk associated with these planned A DISCUSSION OF THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN and proposed projects, summarize some of the key CANADA’S NORTHERN STRATEGY scientifi c innovations made to date, and outline some of the key scientifi c challenges remaining to make these projects Carson, Lee ([email protected]) successful. Finally the paper will present some ideas and NORSTRAT Consulting, 3 Arbuckle Crescent, Ottawa, ON, opportunities for collaboration between the government, K2G 5G9 industry, and the scientifi c community in addressing these scientifi c problems and risks. The Government of Canada has developed and announced an Arctic Strategy, comprised of four
34 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
RINGED SEALS AS INDICATORS OF FROM ERS TO SENTINEL-1, FROM R&D TO ECOSYSTEM CHANGES OPERATIONAL SERVICE – PRESENT AND
1 FUTURE OF SHIP AND ICEBERG DETECTION/ Chambellant, Magaly ([email protected]) and S. H. DISCRIMINATION WITH SAR Ferguson1,2
1 2 2 3 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Univeristy of Power, D. , J. Chamberland , S. Churchill and P. Adlakha
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 1 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T C-CORE, Morrissey Road, St. John’s, Newfoundland and 2N6 Labrador, A1B 3X5 2 C-CORE, 400 March Road, Kanata, Ontario, K2K 3H4 Recently, Hudson Bay experienced unidirectional 3 C-CORE, 16 Ingram Drive, Fall River, Nova Scotia, B2T trends in temperature, sea-ice extent, time of break-up, 1E7 and length of the open-water season. Predicted impacts on population dynamics of ice-associated species include Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is naturally habitat loss and shift in prey availability. The ringed seal applicable to monitoring icebergs and vessels with their (Phoca hispida) depends on a stable ice platform with ability to provide images in either day or night, through suffi cient snow depth and a productive open-water season cloud or fog, and various wind conditions. Conditions, like for reproduction and survival. Evidence of ringed seal cloud, fog and high winds can impede traditional monitoring sensitivity to environmental variations has been reported, methods such as areal surveillance. Radar satellites also offer but mechanisms involved were poorly understood. In the advantage of monitoring areas that are not feasible to western Hudson Bay, density, life-history traits, and diet of monitor through areal surveillance such as extreme north ringed seals were monitored over two decades, providing an and south latitudes or very large area surveillance. It is in opportunity to understand the effects of climatic variations this context that C-CORE provides an operational SAR- on the population dynamics of this long-lived carnivore. based iceberg and ship surveillance service. This service Ringed seal density was estimated through strip-transect is downstream GMES service offered through the ESA analyses after aerial surveys were fl own in western Hudson funded Polar View, a project with a team of over 80 partners Bay in late spring during the annual moult in the 1990s and in 14 countries. Polar View (whose origins started in 2002) 2000s. During these periods, ringed seals were also sampled provides advanced environmental monitoring services from from Inuit subsistence fall harvests In Arviat, NU, and satellites. The services are focused on operational users ages, reproductive status, percentage of pups in the harvest, requiring timely information on an ongoing basis. and diet were assessed. Strong inter-annual variations in Polar View’s iceberg and ship surveillance service these parameters were observed, and a decadal cycle was has been realized through a solid foundation of fourteen suggested and related to variations in the sea-ice regime. The years of ongoing research and development with funding exceptionally cold and heavy ice conditions that prevailed from the oil and gas industry, the Canadian Ice Service, in the eastern Arctic in 1991-92 likely induced a shift from the Canadian and European Space Agencies and Defence pelagic to benthic in the Hudson Bay productivity, reducing Research and Development Canada. Iceberg detection the availability to ringed seals of sand lances (Ammodytes sp.), programs have been conducted by C CORE in virtually their major prey. Ringed seals were not able to compensate every place on the earth that are subject to icebergs for the energy loss from sand lances by feeding benthically including Eastern and Northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and the nutritional stress endured, combined with an the Barents Sea, the South Atlantic, Pacifi c and Indian increased predation pressure by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) Oceans and Antarctica. The SAR satellites that C-CORE and arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), led to a decrease in ringed has investigated include ERS, RADARSAT-1/2, ALOS seal reproductive performances, pup survival, and density PALSAR, ENVISAT ASAR, TerraSAR-X and Cosmo- during the 1990s. The recovery of ringed seal demographic Skymed. parameters and number in the 2000s was associated with the The primary topics of research have included the immigration of pups, juveniles, and young adults into the ability of SAR to detect icebergs and vessels as a function western Hudson Bay area. Variations in ringed seal density, of sea-state, frequency, polarization and resolution. Equally demographic parameters and above all, feeding habits important to detection is the reliable discrimination refl ected changes in the sea-ice regime, productivity, and fi sh between ships and icebergs as misclassifi cation can result community of western Hudson Bay, confi rming that the in expending signifi cant resources for investigation. Thus, ringed seal is a good indicator species of ecosystem changes, research has also included the ability of multi-frequency and long-term monitoring of the species in Hudson Bay multi-polarization SAR to classify ship and icebergs targets. should be a priority. The paper will primarily concentrate on recent results of
35 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts detection and classifi cation analyses with C-Band SAR, limiting growth in arctic tundra is nitrogen. Both hypotheses derived from ASAR, Convair-580 SAR and RADARSAT-2. predict undercompensation under heavy browsing pressure. Detection performance, as a function of polarization, In spring 2009, we implemented a simulated browsing will be presented by means of receiver operating experiment in the summer range of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles characteristic curves that provide a plot of probability caribou herd by allocating two levels of nitrogen input (0 of missed detection versus probability of false alarms. and 10g/m2 of urea) and three levels of browsing pressure Classifi cation performance has been derived using a (0%, 25% and 75% of available shoots) in fi ve replicated multivariate maximum likelihood classifi er that incorporates blocks. We estimated the above-ground primary productivity detection morphology, polarization features, coherent with the point intercept method and monitored individual target decompositions and radar cross section measures. branches after 2 years of treatment. Preliminary results A methodology to extend this analyses to simulations of indicate that birches with 25% of their shoots browsed Sentinel-1 and RADARSAT Constellation Mission will be had an above-ground primary productivity similar to presented to allow the quantifi cation of expected service unbrowsed birches. At high browsing pressure, the above- performance once these mission are launched in the near ground primary productivity was lower than for unbrowsed future. shrubs. Compensation at low browsing pressure occurred independently of the nitrogen treatment, a scenario corresponding to the prediction of the limiting resource CAN CARIBOU CONTROL THEIR RESOURCES ? model. Our results indicate that a low browsing pressure has SIMULATING HERBIVORY ON A KEY SUMMER a neutral effect on birch biomass, which could be positive FOOD RESOURCE, THE AMERICAN DWARF for a rising or declining caribou population. On the other BIRCH hand, a large caribou population could deplete one of their key summer resources in a short time. Our results could Champagne, Emilie1,2, J-P. Tremblay1,2 and S. D. Côté1,2 also be affected by the structure of birches, as the number of leaves or their size could be modifi ed by browsing. 1 Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Structural data will be examined in the near future. Québec, G1V 0A6 2 Centre d’Étude Nordique, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6 ALGAE THAT BEHAVE LIKE ANIMALS: In the last few decades, large populations of DOMINANCE OF HIGH ARCTIC LAKES BY migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) occurred in Nunavik MIXOTROPHIC CHRYSOPHYTES and Nunatsiavut. At high abundance and in arctic ecosystems with low productivity, large herbivores can Charvet, Sophie1,2,3 ([email protected]), W.F. infl uence the availability and quality of plants. This can Vincent1,3 and C. Lovejoy 1,2 in turn exert retroactive feedbacks on the life history of caribou. Our objective was to evaluate the effects 1 Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, of herbivory levels on a key resource for caribou: the Québec, G1V 0A6 American dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa Michx.). Because 2 Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V the abundance of this resource has been hypothesized 0A6 to partly buffer the decrease of caribou herds following 3 Centre d’Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, overuse of lichens, we were interested in understanding Québec, G1V 0A6 how it responds to variation in browsing pressure. The compensatory continuum hypothesis stipulates that plant Classical microscopy and pigment analyses were response to browsing, and potential compensatory growth combined with an 18S rRNA gene survey to investigate to replace lost tissues, is a function of nutrient availability. protist biodiversity in three High Arctic lakes (latitudes 75˚ Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that dwarf birch to 83˚N) in late summer. Although the protist community could compensate for moderate tissue removal only when at each site had a unique species composition, they were all supplied with nitrogen. Alternatively, the limiting resource characterised by chrysophyte dominance. Chrysophyceae model suggests that plant response to browsing is a function accounted for 50 to 80% of the total biomass as determined of the resource limiting plant growth vs. the resource by microscopy and were the most commonly retrieved affected by browsing. According to this hypothesis, we sequences from clone libraries. Accessory pigment analysis predicted compensation to occur at moderate browsing with showed a corresponding abundance of fucoxanthin, a or without nitrogen addition because browsing is removing marker carotenoid for several groups of heterokonts, photosynthetic tissues using carbon while the resource especially chrysophytes. Chrysophyte genera Dinobryon,
36 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Kephyrion and Erkenia were detected via microscopy, studies had similar protocol, additional work is needed to and many of the 18S rDNA sequences clustered with operationalize the collaboration among the three study similar known cultured chrysophytes. The gene survey sections. This paper will provide an overview of this provided new insights into Chrysophycean phylogeny, with recently initiated ArcticNet project and propose fi rst results some novel sequences emerging at the base of a strongly of our analysis in order to show the signifi cance of these supported monophyletic Chrysophyceae group. type of analyses at regional level for stakeholders. In arctic aquatic environments, mixotrophy, or the capacity to combine photosynthetic carbon fi xation and with the ingestion of food particles, would enable the algae PLANKTON POPULATION DYNAMICS DURING to maintain a basal metabolic activity during the dark SUMMER AND WINTER IN HIGH ARCTIC, winter months when photosynthesis is impossible. Many SHALLOW LAKES chrysophyceans are mixotrophic and different clades associated with mixotrophs Ochromonas, Dinobryon or Christoffersen, Kirsten ([email protected]) Cyclonexis were abundant in the all three lakes studied. The dominance of mixotrophs, at the end of the growing Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of season, in lakes of different hydrological and nutrient Copenhagen, Denmark characteristics suggests that features of the Arctic environment strongly select for this group of organisms. High Arctic lakes are characterized by ice coverage for approx. 10 month but due to logistical complications most studies take place during the very short ice-free THE INTERNATIONAL INUIT COHORT summer period. The seasonal variations of snow and ice STUDY: BEGINNINGS OF THE DATABASE overages are large and unforeseen between years but is INTEGRATION also known to affect the water temperatures and nutrient availability. The aim of the project was therefore to describe Chateau-Degat, Marie-Ludivine1 (marie-ludivine.chateau- and analyze the biological activity of plankton under [email protected]), B. Abdous1, P. Bjerregaard2, E. infl uence of snow and ice as well as to evaluate role of Dewailly1, G. M. Egeland3, C. Furgal4, S. Owens1 and K. T. the winter period for the functioning of two high-arctic Young5 ecosystem at Zackenberg, N.E. Greenland. It appeared that the phyto- and zooplankton populations remained 1 Axe de recherche en santé des populations et active under the ice during two winters and indicated that Environnmentale, CRCHUQ, Université Laval, Québec lake metabolism continued during winter although only G1V 2M, Canada little or no light reached the water column and the benthic 2 Department of Family and Health, University of Southern photosynthetic layers in the lakes. Denmark, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark 3 School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition,Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada THE CLIPPER ADVENTURER GROUNDING: 4 Departments of Indigenous Studies and Environment CCGS AMUNDSEN RESPONSE AND RISK and Resource Studies/Science, Gzowski College Trent MITIGATION WITH NEAR REAL-TIME University, Peterborough, K9J 7B8, ON, Canada CONSTRUCTION OF SAFE SHIPPING 5 Dalla Lana School of Public Health ,Toronto, ON M5T CORRIDORS 3M7, Canada Church, Ian ([email protected]), D. Cartwright and J. Hughes The radical diet and lifestyle modifi cations seen in Clarke circumpolar Inuit populations over the past half-century are associated with profound changes in health status. Ocean Mapping Group, Department of Geodesy and The international adult Inuit cohort study entitled «The Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Inuit Health in Transition Study» will study this specifi c Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3 phenomenon. The cohort includes circumpolar Inuit populations from Nunavik (component region 1), Nunavut, The CCGS Amundsen happened to be the closest Nunatsiavut, Northwest Territories (Inuvialuit Settlement vessel to the MV Clipper Adventurer grounding on the Region) (component region 2), and Denmark/Greenland 27th of August, 2010. As a result she was called upon to (component region 3) and each study has a cross-sectional undertake the removal of passengers and non-essential crew. population based design. Although, previous 3 companion The Clipper Adventurer had gone aground while following
37 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts an old transit track through otherwise unsurveyed waters TRANSFORMING THE INFRASTRUCTURAL on the southern side of Coronation Gulf. The vessel had ARENA: CANADIAN ARCTIC PORTS AND knowingly navigated away from the recommended and SHIPPING properly surveyed shipping lanes to the north. Thus to approach the grounded vessel required that the Amundsen Comtois, Claude ([email protected]), Julien share the same risk in traversing uncharted regions. Croteau-Dufour ([email protected]) and Coronation Gulf is transected by several island P. Bourbonnais chains. These consist of basaltic escarpments (the “Coronation Sills”) that are known to be steep (often Department of Geography, Interuniversity Research Center vertical) allowing little opportunity for a vessel to avoid if on Enterprise Networks, Logistics and Transportation, approached without prior knowledge. Charted shipping University of Montréal, Montréal, P.O. BOX 6128, lanes through the area were established on the northern side Downtown Branch, QCX H3C 3J7 Canada. of the Coronation Gulf to avoid these escarpment features and provide a safe thoroughfare for the Northwest Passage. There is a vast literature on the impacts of climate The southern region of the Coronation Gulf is sparsely change on shipping opportunities in the Canadian Arctic. charted with only a collection of ship tracks and spot Paradoxically, the understanding of the vulnerability of soundings of unknown origin with vast areas of white chart. maritime transport and port infrastructure in coping with In 2005 and 2006, the Amundsen had established a these changes remains largely unknown. This raises a series safe multibeam-surveyed corridor along an old transit line of key issues. How are Canadian shipping companies through the southern Coronation Gulf, 5 nautical miles shaping arctic routes and port system? How vulnerable to the north of the grounding site. Had this corridor not is Canada’s Arctic shipping industry to respond to new existed and her approach to the Clipper Adventurer been opportunities arising from environmental changes? Above constrained to using just the existing shipping lanes, the all, how can these changes affect public and private Amundsen could have only safely approached the grounded investment strategies? These issues are addressed by vessel to within 25 nautical miles. A rescue operation at examining Canadian northern route patterns in terms of this distance using the barge and zodiac launch craft in frequency of services, ports-of-call and capacity. After unprotected waters would have taken many days and been outlining the effects of environmental changes on marine potentially unsafe. activities in terms of water level, land take, marine access At the closest point of approach within the and soil quality, we provide an analysis of the vulnerability multibeam corridor, there remained no option but to transit of marine transport infrastructure. A key feature of the through uncharted waters along the potential underwater study is the focus on Canada’s marine industry investment extension of the sills to approach the vessel. To achieve this priorities. safely, the ship’s barge was used with its recently-installed high resolution multibeam sonar. This provided a safe and reliable means of establishing a shipping corridor towards LES PARCS NATIONAUX ET AUTRES the vessel. The corridor was ultimately extended to the STATUTS D’AIRES PROTÉGÉES AU NUNAVIK: grounding site and included a survey around the vessel, STRATÉGIES DE CONSERVATION. UNE clearly defi ning the shoal. CONTRIBUTION AU IRIS 4 ASSESSMENT With the existing corridor established by the Amundsen and only a few hours of additional mapping Cossette, Stéphane1 ([email protected]), with the multibeam-equipped barge, a safe corridor was F. Brassard1, F. Poisson1 and N. Girard2 constructed between the community of Kugluktuk and the grounded Clipper Adventurer. This corridor allowed the 1 Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement Amundsen to approach the grounded ship without risk of et des Parcs, Direction du prtrimoine écologique et des succumbing to the same fate, minimized the risk associated parcs, Québec, Québec, G1R 5V7 with transporting passengers between the two ships 2 Parcs Nunavik, Administration régionale Kativik, Kuujjuaq, and greatly increased the effi ciency of the entire rescue Québec, J0M 1C0 operation. Au Québec, la responsabilité de créer et de gérer les parcs nationaux et les autres statuts d’aires protégées relève principalement du gouvernement et plus encore du ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs (MDDEP). Les cadres légaux, les conventions
38 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts en vigueur ainsi que les ententes conclues avec les nations IRIS 4 ASSESSMENT - CARIBOU HERD autochtones font en sorte que les stratégies et les façons de DYNAMICS: IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON faire sont modulées pour tenir compte du contexte propre à TRADITIONAL AND SPORT HARVESTING chaque territoire. Actuellement, ce sont 57 102,32 km2 de territoire Côté, Steeve D.1 ([email protected]), C. Hins1, M. qui sont protégés au Nunavik. Deux territoires se sont vus Festa-Bianchet2, C. Dussault3, J.-P. Tremblay1, V. Brodeur4, attribuer un statut permanent de protection. Il s’agit des M. Simard5, J. Taillon1, M. Le Corre1 and S. Sharma1 parcs nationaux des Pingualuit et Kuururjuaq. Les autres territoires ont des statuts temporaires de protection. 1 Département de Biologie and Centre d’études nordiques, La création de ces aires protégées s’inscrit dans le Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6 cadre d’une stratégie gouvernementale adoptée en 2000. 2 Département de Biologie and Centre d’études nordiques, L’un des principaux objectifs de cette stratégie est de créer Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1 un réseau d’aires protégées représentatif de la biodiversité 3 Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, du Québec. La récente publication du Portrait du réseau Québec, Québec, G1S 4X4 d’aires protégées au Québec – période 2002-2009, a permis 4 Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, de mettre à jour les variables de représentativité utilisées Chibougamau, Québec, G8P 2Z3 pour constituer le réseau du Québec et de déterminer des 5 Société Makivik, Kuujjuaq, J0M 1C0 critères permettant de mesurer son effi cacité à assurer la conservation de la biodiversité sur le territoire. Selon Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are a key species in l’analyse de carences réalisée avec le Cadre écologique Arctic ecosystems including northern Québec and Labrador. de référence du Québec, les milieux naturels côtiers They play a central role in the ecology of predators and sont généralement bien représentés dans le réseau the structure of Arctic plant communities. In addition, d’aires protégées de cette zone. Les principales pistes caribou provide socioeconomic and cultural benefi ts from d’amélioration à rencontrer sont observées dans les portions subsistence and sport hunting activities. Changes in the centrales de ces provinces naturelles. distribution and abundance of caribou due to global climate Les parcs nationaux du Québec, les réserves de change would have serious biological, societal, and economic biodiversité et les réserves aquatiques sont créés en vertu implications. Direct and indirect consequences of climate de la Loi sur les parcs et de la Loi sur la conservation du change on migratory caribou herds may include alteration patrimoine naturel. L’application de ces lois au Nunavik in habitat use, migration patterns, foraging behaviour diffère de celle du Québec méridional en raison de and demography. For example, caribou may experience a la Convention de la Baie-James et du nord québécois further northerly shift in distribution due to several factors (CBJNQ). Une attention particulière doit être apportée à including longer ice-free periods, increases in snowfall and cette situation, car les principes inscrits dans la Convention extreme weather events, alterations in the fi re regime, and guident les actions du gouvernement dans la mise en place changes in the distribution of insects and predators. Future de son réseau d’aires protégées. De plus, puisqu’il s’agit research by Caribou Ungava, a research group interested in d’un traité reconnu au sens de la constitution canadienne, la the ecology of migratory caribou in the context of climate CBJNQ a préséance sur ces lois. change, will address the factors outlining variations in the La consultation des communautés occupe une population dynamics of caribou, implications for survival place importante dans le processus de création des parcs and reproduction, as well as the response of caribou habitat au Nunavik. Habituellement, les communautés consultées to different climate change scenarios. Management efforts sont celles les plus près du projet. Une des premières focusing on mitigating greenhouse gases to reduce the étapes du processus est la constitution d’un groupe de potential effects of climate change, preserving high quality travail. Ce dernier est composé de représentants de l’ARK, habitat, limiting anthropogenic landscape disturbances, and des corporations des villages nordiques, des corporations managing hunting in a sustainable manner, could alleviate foncières, de la Société Makivik et du MDDEP. stressors on migratory caribou in the Québec-Labrador À l’automne 2009, le gouvernement du Québec peninsula. lançait le Plan Nord. Il s’est engagé à mettre à l’abri d’activités industrielles 50% de la superfi cie de ce territoire, dont 12% serait dédié aux aires protégées. Il y a donc un contexte propice au parachèvement de la qualité du réseau d’aires protégées et de la protection de l’ensemble de la biodiversité.
39 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
PIGUGUNNATUVUT NUNAGIJAVUT, OUR and information sharing are of the utmost importance to PLANTS OUR LAND: BRIDGING GENERATIONS this research group, a photo essay of the workshop and THROUGH A PLANT WORKSHOP project update have been posted on the Tukisinnik research facebook group page. We hope that efforts to maintain an Cuerrier, Alain¹ ([email protected]), L. ongoing dialogue with the community of Nain will help Hermanutz², A. Downing¹, L. Siegwart Collier², A. Fells², garner a continued interest in the transfer of knowledge S. Karpik4 and the elders and youth participants of Nain, concerning the traditional uses of plants. In completing the Nunatsiavut³ workshop we saw that the project was successful in bonding together elders and students as this was voiced by several ¹ Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de participants. Elders and students also expressed an interest Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2 in having an annual workshop that could take place over a ² Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John›s, longer period of time and it is our goal to help make this a Newfoundland, A1C 5S7 reality. ³ Nain, Newfoundland, A0P 1L0 4 Nunatsiavut Government, Nain, NL, A0P 1L0 CATLIN ARCTIC SURVEY 2010 - ARCTIC OCEAN Compared with other aboriginal peoples, plant CARBON CYCLE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION use by Inuit is generally not well documented. This is STUDIES DURING THE WINTER-SPRING true in the Nunatsiavut region of northern Labrador, TRANSITION where elder knowledge of plant use is being lost without transmission to younger generations. In the summer of Cullingford, Tim1 ([email protected]), H. S. Findlay 2010, 27 community members from Nain, Nunatsiavut 2, S. Comeau3, G. Cooper4, L. A. Edwards5, C. N. Lewis6, took part in ethnobotanical interviews to elucidate the O. Wurl4, R. Clement7, J-P. Gattuso3, J. A. Gilbert2, N. naming of plants in Inuktitut and their uses. To ensure Hardman-Mountford2, C. Lovejoy8 and L. Miller4 that this knowledge is passed on to younger and future generations, a plant workshop (“Our Plants Our Land”) 1 Geo Mission Ltd, London, EC3R 7DD, UK was held in Nain in mid-September, and served as an 2 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK opportunity for the youth of Nain to come together with 3 Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Station their elders. Eight students and eight elders took part in a Zoologique, UMR 7093, B.P. 28, 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer semi-structured learning experience. The fi rst day of the Cedex, France fi eld trip took place on Paul’s island where researchers and 4 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, youth teamed up to collect plants. Plants were brought Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada back to the elders and the youth did their best to learn and 5 School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, document the names and uses of these plants while being LL59 5AB, UK out on the land. A “boil up” lunch served to feed hungry 6 School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 minds and bodies with traditional foods and strengthened 4PS, UK ties between youth, elders and researchers. The following 7 Crew Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 day the plant collection was sorted so that each elder could 3JN, UK get an opportunity to discuss all of the plants together 8 Department de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, with the youth. Researchers demonstrated how to create Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada herbarium specimens and the importance of preserving a plant collection. Students worked together to press all Ocean acidifi cation resulting from the uptake of of the plants that were collected and this collection is anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide into the oceans currently being prepared by students in Nain. The collection is becoming a major global concern. The term describes as well as information gathered from the ethnobotanical a decrease in the naturally alkaline pH of seawater, and study will be maintained in the Nunatsiavut Government reports globally indicate ocean pH has already decreased archives. Posters that were already drafted were reviewed by 0.1 unit (an approximate 1.3 fold increase in acidity) by the elders at the workshop and are being posted in since pre-industrial times. It directly affects the biology the community. A plant guide book that will include and biochemistry of most calcium carbonate-dependent Inuktitut names and ethnobotanical uses is expected to marine species (corals, molluscs, starfi sh, coccolithophores, be published in cooperation with Memorial University, foraminifera, crustacea), since increasing acidity reduces Montreal Botanical Garden, Nunatsiavut Government and the availability of carbonate ions for shell and skeleton Parks Canada by March 2011. As community involvement formation. For organisms less dependent on calcium
40 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts carbonate including primary producers (phytoplankton), 2 Canadian Rivers Institute, Univ. New Brunswick, primary consumers (zooplankton) and detritivores Fredericton, NB, E3B 6E1 (fl agellates, invertebrates) at the lowest trophic levels, it 3 Environment Canada (NWRI), Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5 may nevertheless impact on their metabolism, behaviour, 4 Parks Canada, Western and Northern Services Centre, biodiversity etc. Winnipeg, MB, R3B 0R9 The Arctic Ocean is thought to be a ‘bellwether’ 5 Environment Canada, WCIRC, Dept. Geography, Univ. of ocean acidifi cation, since it has naturally lower carbonate Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3R4 ion concentrations due to increased CO2 solubility and increased sensitivity of acid-base dissociation coeffi cients in Ecological structure and function of Arctic colder waters and ocean mixing patterns. Model projections rivers are expected to be modifi ed signifi cantly by climate suggest that surface waters of the Arctic Ocean will become change and variability with increased temperature, nutrient undersaturated with respect to aragonite (a type of calcium availability and sediment input likely to be key drivers of carbonate) by the end of this century at current CO2 this change. Through the Arctic BioNet IPY project we emission rates. established an extensive sampling network of 58 rivers (120 The potential environmental and socioeconomic sites) along a large latitudinal gradient in Canada’s Eastern consequences of ocean acidifi cation in the Arctic region Arctic (i.e., 58o to 82o N). Our aim was to determine baseline include destabilization of North Atlantic fi sh stocks information for physical-chemical characteristics, functional (through changes at lower trophic levels), changes in food processes of primary production and decomposition, supplies for endangered species (eg. Arctic fox and polar and benthic invertebrate community structure of these bear) and possible changes in diet for indigenous Inuit rivers. This bioassessment also incorporates stable isotope populations. In spite of this, baseline data on predicted analysis of carbon and nitrogen to examine food web ocean acidifi cation in the Arctic is limited, especially in structure along this gradient. Latitudinal trends in algal winter when sea-ice prevents access by ship. Moreover, communities demonstrated declining specie richness with studies on the exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the increasing latitude; these shifts are related to changes in atmosphere are inherently complicated by the sea ice barrier. water chemistry. Diatoms were dominant in all rivers while The Catlin Arctic Survey 2010 set out to study green algal abundance decreased at high latitudes. Algal carbon cycle biology, biochemistry and physics related to biomass also decreased with latitude and mean chlorophyll a ocean acidifi cation during the transition from late winter to values were always less than 0.003 g/m2. Macroinvertebrate early spring through: richness also decreased with latitude; mayfl y and stonefl y • Temporal studies at a Canadian High Arctic Ice Base off larvae were rare above 63o N and dipteran larvae dominated Ellef Ringnes Island (78ON) high Arctic rivers. The most counterintuitive fi nding was • Spatial/Temporal studies via a Explorer Team trek (85 ON observed in carbon isotope patterns, such that high latitude to North Pole) food webs were largely based on terrestrial carbon sources. The data retrieved include CTD, seawater and sea- Low Arctic webs utilized carbon fi xed in both terrestrial ice carbonate chemistry, nutrients, plankton and atmospheric and aquatic communities. These fi ndings represent the
CO2 collected over a 7 week period to obtain details of the fi rst detailed bioassessment of rivers along this latitudinal dynamics occurring within and below sea-ice during the gradient and will serve as a baseline to which future winter-spring transition. In addition the Ice Base performed biological change can be compared. studies on key Arctic Ocean marine ‘food-chain’ organisms (molluscs, crustaceans and micro-organisms) subjected to different future acidifi cation scenarios. “WILL WE EVEN EXIST?” THE EMOTIONAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IMPACTS OF CLIMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN ESTABLISHING LEGACY CONDITIONS FOR RIGOLET, NUNATSIAVUT, CANADA CANADIAN ARCTIC RIVER BIODIVERSITY AND FUNCTION Cunsolo Willox, Ashlee1 ([email protected]), S. Harper2, V. Edge3, and the Rigolet Inuit Community Government4 Culp, Joseph. M1,2 ([email protected]), R. A. Curry2, R. B. Brua3, J. Lento2, E. A. Luiker1,2, W. Monk2, A. Ritcey2, J. 1 School of Environmental Design & Rural Development, Sweetman4 and F.J. Wrona5 University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 2 Department of Population Medicine, University of 1 Environment Canada (NWRI), Dept. Biology, Univ. New Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 6E1 3 Department of Population Medicine, University of
41 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 and 2010, this presentation will analyze the emotional and 4 Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, NL, Canada, A0P 1P0 mental impacts of climatic and environmental change, and argue that changes in the land and local ecologies “Time is everything, and I don’t think we have too directly impact the health and well-being of individuals and much of that left. I believe [climate change] needs to be communities in the North. Community perspectives will addressed immediately, or our whole way of living will cease be shared through data from interviews, focus groups, and to exist. And I wonder: will we even exist?” Excerpt from a digital stories created by Rigolet residents, and avenues for digital story created in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut future research will be discussed. Over the last 50 years, both scientifi c measurements and oral knowledge confi rm that Canada’s Arctic regions have experienced rapid climatic and environmental changes. MARINE MAMMAL CO-MANAGEMENT IN In the last decade, Northern communities have reported CANADA’S ARCTIC changes in precipitation levels, ice thickness, snow levels, access to land foods and fresh drinking water, and weather Dale, Aaron¹ ([email protected]) and D. patterns. Activities such as hunting, fi shing, trapping, and Armitage² going to cabins, are being affected by this environmental and climatic variation, and as a result, it is becoming ¹ Torngat Wildlife, Plants and Fisheries Secretariat, Nappy increasingly challenging for many Inuit to continue to Valley – Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labnrador, A0P practice land-based activities or to regularly travel on the 1E0 land during winter months. ² Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, While there are numerous published studies Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5 examining the natural science aspects of climate change in the North, there are fewer works examining the impacts of This paper examines the challenge of knowledge these changes on human health and well-being (physical, co-production and the implications for learning and mental, emotional, and spiritual). Fewer studies still examine adapting in the context of a marine mammal co- the emotional and mental dimensions of climatic variation management in Nunavut, Canada. Knowledge co- and environmental change, and how this impacts the well- production is the collaborative process of bringing a being of Northern residents. Given the close connection plurality of knowledge sources and types together to to the local environment that many Inuit experience, and address a defi ned problem and build an integrated or the rapidity of changes experienced in the North, Inuit systems-oriented understanding of that problem. The communities potentially face even greater impacts on health paper considers knowledge co-production by examining and well-being because of these changes. Indeed, there is fi ve interrelated dimensions: knowledge gathering, a growing body of literature which studies—and seriously sharing, integration, interpretation and application. Voices considers—the connections between and among climatic of hunters, community representatives and managers and environmental change, and emotional and mental health engaged in co-management are highlighted to identify and well-being. primary challenges and opportunities. The analysis reveals From research results garnered as part of a large- how differentiated and compartmentalized views of scale, multi-year, community-driven project that examines knowledge continue to constrain adaptive and collaborative the impacts of climate change on human health and management. An understanding of knowledge co- well-being in the community of Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, production processes, however, may help to overcome the Labrador, Canada, it is clear that the emotional and mental resilience of top-down management approaches. consequences of climatic and environmental change are of increasing concern and importance to Northern residents. Rigolet community members have shared that this change SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR and variation impact local ecologies in myriad ways, and in CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN THE so doing, elicits feelings of anxiety, depression, stress, and ARCTIC melancholia, as well as grief, loss, and lament for having connections with the surrounding ecologies change at a Daraeikhah, Mohsen1 ([email protected]), E. G. R. rapid, and often disorienting, pace. Davies1, J. V. Lukovich2, C. M. Furgal3 and S. P. Simonovic4 In order to address this aspect of health and well- being further, this presentation will examine the emotional 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and mental impacts of climatic and environmental change University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2W2 within Rigolet. Drawing from the research fi ndings in 2009 2 Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of
42 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, NAVIGATING A WARMING ARCTIC: RISKS AND Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 OPPORTUNITIES OF POLICIES GOVERNING 3 Department of Indigenous Studies, Trent University, THE CRUISE SECTOR IN ARCTIC CANADA Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 4 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dawson, Jackie1 ([email protected]), E. J. Stewart2 and University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9 A. Johnston3
Over time, Arctic climate change is expected to 1 Department of Geography (Global Environmental Change disrupt energy systems, land transportation routes, northern Group), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 infrastructure, human health, and traditional subsistence 2 Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln practices. This study describes a quantitative model University, Lincoln, New Zealand currently under development that uses the system dynamics 3 Department of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism, methodology to identify and evaluate effective adaptation Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 strategies for Arctic communities. System dynamics is a widely-used participatory modelling approach that directly Changes in seasonal climate patterns including involves stakeholders in problem identifi cation, model a decrease in sea ice thickness has facilitated an overall construction, and model analysis. This study includes increase in navigable cruise shipping routes in certain stakeholder participation in Arviat and Rankin Inlet, regions of Arctic Canada. The number of planned cruise Nunavut; however, the research approach and the model itineraries through the Northwest Passage increased by structure will also be adaptable to other Arctic regions. 70% between 2005 and 2010 and an upward trend is likely In its recent energy strategy, Ikummatiit, the to continue. There have also been an increasing number of Government of Nunavut describes plans to foster the pleasure craft vessels arriving unannounced in communities. use of alternative energy sources, develop sustainable Although these ‘surprise’ ships provide a sense of novelty energy policies, improve energy effi ciency for buildings, in small Arctic hamlets, some have voiced concerns transportation and electricity generation, and reduce regarding security. In addition to security issues growth dependence on expensive and economically volatile in marine transportation in Arctic Canada also presents petroleum products. To support Nunavut’s efforts in regulatory challenges. The biggest cause for concern is energy policy development, we have begun to develop a a general perception that the increasingly ice-free Arctic systems model that links energy supply to demand for heat, waterways are safe for passage. Despite an overall decrease transportation and electricity for the Territory. This model in sea ice thickness and abundance there remain signifi cant will show monthly electricity and fuel costs of different navigation hazards including hull-penetrating multi-year ice energy systems for each household, effects of district that fl oats south from the Arctic Ocean and chokes popular heating and other effi ciency measures, reliability of different transportation routes. These ice conditions force ships to options, and fi nally the broader environmental, social and take alternate routes through areas with known navigation fi nancial effects of diesel use versus combinations of hazards including shallow sand bars and rocks. The region alternative energy technologies. has also been criticized for outdated and poor navigation Energy-system modelling represents the fi rst part charts. These dangers were highlighted during the 2010 of the study. The next steps in model development tie the summer season with the grounding of two separate ice- energy component to a larger economic sector, which will strengthened ships within one week. On August 27th the focus on natural resources development and management Clipper Adventurer, a cruise ship carrying 110 passengers as compared with traditional subsistence practices, and came to a halt on a known hazard, but one that did not will facilitate the connection of socio-economic systems appear on the captain’s charts, in the Coronation Gulf about with environmental change. Such connections will focus 100 km east of Kugluktuk. A few days later on September on feedbacks between permafrost melt, air temperature, 3rd a fuel tanker carrying nine million liters of diesel wind patterns, sea ice cover, coastal erosion, water quality, fuel became stuck on a sandbar just southwest of Gjoa renewable energy availability, population change, energy Haven. Fortunately these incidents ended positively but consumption, transportation and infrastructure. The larger the outcomes could have been disastrous had the Clipper model will help to identify community vulnerabilities to Adventurer sunk as the Explorer did in the Antarctic in environmental change and the broader effects of potential 2007 or the fuel ship leaked as with major oil tanker spills of adaptation strategies. the past. This presentation provides an analysis of changing cruise patterns throughout Arctic Canada, outlines existing marine policies governing the industry, and discusses the risks and opportunities associated with existing governance
43 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts frameworks. Discussion will be based upon results of a 1 Water and Climate Impacts Research Centre, Environment preliminary analysis of over 150 stakeholder interviews Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, (community residents, policy makers, & operators) V8P 5C2 conducted between August and October 2010 as part of the 2 Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate SSHRC funded C-TAC (Cruise Tourism in Arctic Canada) (NVE), Oslo, Norway, N-0301 project (see research webpage – http://www.uoguelph.ca/ gecg/page.cfm/JackiePDawson). There is increasing concern regarding how climate change will affect lake-water thermal structure and lake-
ice characteristics, particularly ice formation, duration, OPERATIONALLY MONITORING SEA ICE IN breakup, thickness and composition. This study employs CANADA’S CHANGING ARCTIC a one-dimensional process-based multi-year lake ice model, MyLake, to simulate the evolution of the Northern De Abreu, Roger, M. Arkett, T. Carrieres, M-F. Gauthier and Hemisphere lake-ice and thermal structure patterns under L. Braithwaite a changing climate. Large-scale simulations are conducted Canadian Ice Service, Environment Canada over the major land masses of the Northern Hemisphere o o subarctic regions between 40 and 75 N using hypothetical Environment Canada’s Canadian Ice Service lakes positioned at 2.5º latitude and longitude resolution. (CIS) promotes safe and effi cient maritime operations and For the baseline period of 1960 to 1999, the lake-ice model protects Canada›s environment by providing reliable and was driven by gridded atmospheric forcings from the ERA- timely information about ice and iceberg conditions in 40 global reanalysis data set. Trend analysis performed Canadian waters. Daily and seasonal ice charts describing on the 40 years simulations of lake-ice phenology and the extent, type and concentration of sea ice and icebergs lake-ice thickness shows that the generally accepted global are provided to support navigation and other activities in warming trend in the second half of the 20th century is coastal waters. In addition, the CIS is now responsible for well refl ected in the results. Modeling results for the baseline the daily satellite detection and reporting of oil pollution in period are also compared to that of a future climatic period Canada’s coastal waters, including the Arctic. (2040-2079) projected by an ensemble of three Global Today, the CIS relies on a suite of space-borne Climate Models based on the SRES A2 emissions scenario. visible, infrared and microwave sensors to operationally Analysis of the modelling results indicate that lake-ice monitor Canadian coastal and inland waterways. Short freeze-up timing will be delayed and break-up will advance, and long-term forecasts of ice conditions are provided thereby resulting in an overall decrease of lake-ice duration regularly by experienced ice forecasters and increasingly and reduced lake-ice thickness. The changes in snow depth via numerical models. Changing ice conditions in Canada›s on the lake-ice and in white-ice thickness depends on the Arctic represent new challenges to both the monitoring geographic location and other climate parameters. The and forecasting of ice. A reduction in ice cover has resulted future warming will also result in an overall increase in lake- in increased activity into, onto and outside the margins water temperature, with summer stratifi cation starting earlier of sea ice in support of offshore exploration, marine and extending later into the year. transport, scientifi c research, security operations and policy development. As a result, the demand for current, future and historical ice information is increasing signifi cantly and EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO STOCK changing in scope. The presentation will describe these DEPLETION: SKEWED AGE STRUCTURE operational challenges for the CIS, the related knowledge IN AN INTENSELY HARVESTED BELUGA gaps in terms of ice monitoring and forecasting and POPULATION importantly, highlight how research partnerships, like with 1 Arcticnet, are assisting the CIS understand and respond to Doniol-Valcroze, Thomas (thomas.doniol-valcroze@dfo- 1 2 3 this new ice monitoring regime. mpo.gc.ca), V. Lesage , D. W. Doidge , L. Postma and M. 1 Hammill
CLIMATE IMPACTS ON NORTHERN 1 Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans HEMISPHERE LAKE-ICE CHARACTERISTICS Canada, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 AND WATER TEMPERATURE PATTERNS 2 Nunavik Research Centre, Makivik Corporation, Kuujjuaq, Québec, J0M 1C0 Dibike, Yonas1 ([email protected]), T. Prowse1, T. 3 Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Saloranta2 and R. Ahmed1 Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6
44 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Intensive wildlife harvesting can elicit evolutionary 1 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, responses in wild stocks. Nunavik communities have Ontario, N2L 3G1 traditionally harvested beluga whales along their shores. 2 Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment The targeted beluga belong mostly to two populations: the Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6 Western Hudson Bay (WHB), which numbers about 60,000 3 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, St. John’s, individuals, and the depleted Eastern Hudson Bay (EHB), Newfoundland, A1C 5X1 which now numbers about 3,000 individuals. Harvest statistics showed signifi cant reductions Earlier studies have shown that anadromous Arctic in age of EHB beluga in recent years compared to beluga charr have lower total mercury concentrations (THg) caught during the early 1980s. Hunt closures in EHB have than conspecifi cs from nearby lake resident populations. limited our ability to monitor age changes in the population. Previously, mercury concentrations in many fi sh species However, harvesting has continued in the waters of Hudson have been positively related to age, size, and trophic level Strait, a migration route for both populations. Here, we (TL). In some species, a negative relationship between combined aging techniques based on teeth examination to mercury and growth rate, suggestive of a growth dilution determine the age structure of the catch with mitochondrial effect, has been found. Possible explanations of the DNA analysis to determine stock of origin. Results phenomenon in Arctic charr include: 1) growth dilution, show clear differences in age structure between the two with faster growing fi sh expected to have lower THg; 2) populations, with the EHB harvest being strongly skewed differences in trophic structure between the marine and towards younger individuals and showing a paucity of older lacustrine foodwebs, with individuals feeding at a higher individuals, characteristic of depleted stocks. TL expected to have higher THg; and 3) differences in These observations raise important management the THg of prey items at a given TL, with individuals questions, such as the possible consequences of harvesting consuming high mercury prey expected to have higher adults, particularly mature females, and the resulting impacts THg. Anadromous Arctic charr were collected from the in a strongly social care-giving unit. These results also Fraser River in Labrador (56°37’44.62”N, 62°31’12.85”W), hint at the potential long-term consequences of over- and lake residents were obtained from Coady’s Pond harvesting. Life-history changes experienced by species #2 (56°38’30.55”N, 63°37’30.51”W), 68 km west of subject to intensive harvesting practices can bring forth the anadromous collection site. Dorsal muscle samples evolutionary responses when target traits are heritable. were used for matched THg and stable isotope analyses For example, size-selective harvesting can favour reduced and combined with similar analyses of foodweb items investment in growth and earlier age at reproduction. EHB (e.g., forage fi sh, zooplankton, insect larvae, molluscs, beluga are known to be of smaller size than other Canadian amphipods, algae) obtained from the lacustrine and marine populations, which could refl ect changes induced by over- environments. Mercury concentrations in lacustrine Arctic harvesting resulting in early maturation and reproduction of charr from Coady’s Pond #2 (THg = 119 ± 42 μg/kg) females. were 6 times higher than those found in the anadromous These changes can have detrimental effects. charr from the Fraser River (THg = 21.6 ± 7.6 μg/kg). The For instance, female reproducing at a younger age could difference in THg was not due to growth dilution, as charr experience higher adult or calf mortality, especially if there from both environments grew similarly as indicated by an are few experienced females in their group. Such changes ANCOVA used to compare ln age versus ln length in Arctic away from the naturally selected optima will be extremely charr from the two locations. Anadromous Arctic charr had diffi cult to reverse, and could have impacts on the dynamics a signifi cantly higher average trophic level (TL = 3.7 ± 0.12) of the population. Wildlife managers should consider the than lacustrine charr (TL = 3.2 ± 0.13). Therefore, the lower evolutionary implications of alternative harvest strategies in THg concentrations found in the anadromous Arctic charr order to facilitate rebound of over-exploited populations. cannot be attributed to consistent use of lower trophic level prey resources. Current efforts are focused on examining the remaining hypothesis that the THg in foodweb items FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFERENTIAL collected from the lacustrine and marine foodwebs are MERCURY LEVELS IN LAND-LOCKED AND different, and that the lower THg of anadromous charr is ANADROMOUS ARCTIC CHARR (SALVELINUS related to lower average prey mercury concentrations. ALPINUS) FROM LABRADOR
Dorn, Shannon1 ([email protected]), D. Muir2, B. Dempson3 and M. Power1
45 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
CHANGE AND ADAPTATION IN AN cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Evidence since the INUVIALUIT SETTLEMENT REGION Nutrition Canada Survey (1973) suggests that Aboriginal COMMUNITY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF people have low intakes of vitamin D and are shifting THE FOOD AND CULTURAL SECURITY IN THE away from the consumption of traditional foods. Further INUVIALUIT SETTLEMENT REGION PROJECT risk factors including age, higher body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) Douglas, Vasiliki ([email protected]) and L. Chan concentrations and low socio-economic status predispose Aboriginal populations to low vitamin D status. Community Health Sciences, University of Northern British Objectives: 1) Determine the prevalence of vitamin Columbia D defi ciency and insuffi ciency in Inuit adults and 2) Identify risk factors for low vitamin D status (gender, age, vitamin Objectives: To determine how the changes in the D intake, BMI, household crowding, and socio-economic physical and socio-economic environment of a community status.) in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region has affected its cultural Methods: 2595 Inuit adults (18 - 90 y) participated and physical food security. in the 2007-2008 Inuit Health Survey. Households Study Design: This is a comparative anthropological were selected randomly from communities in Nunavut, analysis using ethnographic fi eld research technique coupled Nunatsiavut and Inuvialuit Settlement Region. All data with narrative analysis of the research literature. were collected in the fi eld and through a mobile research Methods: The ongoing changes to diet and lifestyle laboratory, the Amundsen Research Ship. Dietary intake was in a community in the ISR were documented by the fi eld assessed through the administration of a 24 h recall and researcher and compared with the analogous cases of the a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric Japanese Ainu, Eastern Arctic Inuit and Greenlandic Inuit measurements and information about household living to locate adaptation in its historical and anthropological conditions, supplement use and health status were context. collected through interviews. Nurses collected blood Results: Physical food security is currently not an samples and serum 25(OH)D and PTH were measured by issue in the community, but cultural food security, defi ned as Chemiluminesent technology (Diasorin, Liaison). Statistical an adequate supply of country food, is. The community is analysis, including student t test, ANOVA, chi-square and adapting to change through adoption of market foods, while logistic regression were performed using STATA 10. maintaining access to country foods to a degree that varies Results: At the end of the summer, 72% of from symbolic to nutritionally signifi cant depending upon Inuit adults had insuffi cient 25(OH)D concentrations (> species and socio-economic circumstances. 75nmol/L) with a mean of 58.5±33.3 nmol/L. Older adults Conclusions: Physical food security is unlikely to (> 50 years old) had higher vitamin D concentrations and become an issue in the ISR unless disruptive change to its intake than younger adults (47.6±27.2 vs 83.8±32.4 nmol/L, socio-economic structure occurs. Cultural food security is p<0.05). Men had higher vitamin D status and intake than more problematic, but ongoing adaptations point the way women (60.6±34.2 vs 57.2±32.7 nmol/L, p<0.05). The toward an equilibrium that is both community-generated strongest predictors of vitamin D status among Inuit adults and environmentally and culturally sustainable. were age and percent body fat. Conclusions: This is the fi rst population OLDER AGE AND LOWER ADIPOSITY assessment of vitamin D status in Inuit adults. Based on PROTECTS AGAINST LOW VITAMIN D STATUS our results, there is a need for interventions promoting IN INUIT ADULTS the consumption of traditional foods rich in vitamin D particularly among young adults. Further, assessment of 1,2 1,2 1,2 El Hayek, Jessy , H. Weiler and G. M. Egeland vitamin D status in the winter across wider age ranges is advised. 1 School of Dietetics and Human and Nutrition, McGill University, MacDonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H2V 3X9 ANNUAL PCO2SW CYCLING IN AMUNDSEN 2 Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and GULF AND EDDY COVARIANCE Environment, McGill University, MacDonald Campus, Ste- MEASUREMENTS OF AIR-SURFACE CO2 FLUX: Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H2V 3X9 NEW UNDERSTANDINGS OF GAS EXCHANGE PROCESSES IN AN ARCTIC POLYNYA Background: Low vitamin D status may be a risk Else, Brent1 ([email protected]), T. Papakyriakou1, R. factor for many health conditions, including osteoporosis, Galley1, H. Thomas2, L. Miller3 and E. Shadwick1
46 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
1 Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of 2 Department of Civil Engineering, UBC, 6250 Applied Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada. 2 Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 3 University of Southern Mississippi, 1020 Balch Blvd, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1 Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 USA. 3 Centre for Ocean Climate Chemistry, Institute of Ocean 4 DRDC Atlantic, 9 Grove Street, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 3Z7, Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2 Canada.
The traditional understanding of air-sea CO2 Northern nations have begun to collect data in the exchange in an Arctic polynya is that in-phase cycles of arctic to assert their sovereignty claims under Article 76 of dissolved sea surface CO2 (pCO2sw) and ice concentration United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS). drive a signifi cant net annual uptake of CO2 (Yager et With an arctic landmass second only in area to that of al., 1995). Supersaturation of pCO2sw with respect to the Russia, Canada has a major interest in this. atmosphere exists during the winter when ice coverage While climate change predictions suggest the prevents gas exchange, and strong undersaturations driven possibility of open water in much of the Canadian Arctic by biological productivity exist during the summer when by 2040 or 2050, arctic operations still have to contend with ice concentrations are low and gas exchange can proceed signifi cant ice-cover. However, the ice is thinner and there is normally. Here we present results from the 2007-2008 now much more open water than even in the past few years. IPY ArcticNet and Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study This results in prolonged periods of low visibility, which projects which show that this model is not applicable for the have made surface-based operations over long distances Cape Bathurst polynya/fl aw lead complex (Amundsen Gulf, hard to support with an aircraft. Canada). The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Observations of sea-surface pCO2sw made with can solve this problem. Operating without a tether, it can a continuous on-track sensor from Oct. 2007-August make undersea transits or surveys hundreds of kilometers 2008 show that under-ice values in the region were never in length, and it can collect data at the seabed resulting in supersaturated (ranging from 300-380 uatm). A signifi cant higher resolution surveys. In early 2010, an ISE Explorer decrease in pCO2sw (to 304uatm) was observed in the spring, AUV, built for Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), but did not achieve the levels of undersaturation observed was deployed to Canada’s high arctic. Its mission was to in other polynyas (Miller et al., 2002; Yager et al. 1995). undertake under-ice bathymetric surveys in support of This was followed by a signifi cant summertime increase in Canada’s submission to establish the outer limits of its water temperatures that returned pCO2sw values to near- continental shelf under the UNCLOS. atmospheric levels, reducing the potential for signifi cant Two ISE Explorer vehicles have been built for CO2 uptake. NRCan equipped with a 4000m depth rated variable In addition to the pCO2sw patterns not fi tting with ballast system, a 1300Hz long-range homing system and the standard model of a polynya, our eddy covariance an under-ice charging and data transfer capability, to make observations revealed episodic uptake of CO2 at signifi cant them suitable for arctic survey work. The Explorer’s range rates in the winter months. Based on observations was extended to approximately 450km by adding extra from RADARSAT-1 imagery and sensible heat fl ux batteries. The scientifi c payload onboard includes a Seabird measurements, we were able to attribute these fl uxes the Conductivity-Temperature-Depth sensor, a Knudsen open water fl aw leads that were ubiquitous in the region. We 117kHz singlebeam echosounder, and a 200kHz Kongsberg hyptothesize that this enhanced gas exchange is driven by Simrad EM2000 multibeam echosounder. sea ice formation, and that it may be a signifi cant process In April 2010 one of the Explorer AUVs in the annual air-sea gas exchange budget of polynyas and completed its fi rst UNCLOS mission under the arctic ice. It other mobile ice regions. was launched from a main ice-camp close to Borden Island on a survey that covered 360 kilometers. On arrival near the 12 DAYS UNDER THE ICE WITH AN AUV IN THE camp, it homed in to a 36” diameter hole, where it remained CANADIAN ARCTIC under the ice, was recharged, reprogrammed and released on another mission heading farther north. It returned to Crees, Tristan 1, C. Kaminski1, James Ferguson1, J. M. the ice-hole at the remote camp after collecting data along a Laframboise1, A. Forrest2, J. Williams3, E. MacNeil4, D. 320 kilometer route. This was challenging as the ice-hole on Hopkin4 and R. Pederson4 which the remote camp was located actually drifted 10km per day. 1 ISE, 1734 Broadway St., Port Coquitlam, BC, V3C2M8, The AUV was recharged again and dispatched to Canada. www.ise.bc.ca the main ice-camp covering another 360 kilometers. In total,
47 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts the Explorer conducted 12 days of continuous operation ARCTIC INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT under ice (a record). It carried out over 1000 kilometers AND INUIT HEALTH CARE: THE MEDICAL of seabed survey (a record) and made the second deepest INSURANCE PLAN FOR THE NORTH RANKIN dive by an AUV under ice, reaching a depth of 3163 meters NICKEL MINE, 1957-63 on the second leg. NRCan are now preparing for a 2011 deployment to collect additional arctic survey data. Flannelly, R. Chris (chris.fl [email protected]) and F. Tester Our paper will discuss the confi guration of the vehicle for arctic under ice operations, the probability School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, of loss assessment process which we adopted, and the Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z2 process of qualifying the vehicle systems for long range unsupervised missions under ice. We will also provide From 1957 until it closed in the summer of further details of the mission itself. 1962, North Rankin Nickel Mines Limited operated an underground nickel mine at Rankin Inlet on the west coast of Hudson’s Bay. Following the construction of the Distant KILLER WHALES IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC: Early Warning (D.E.W.) Line, it was the fi rst industrial WHAT ME WORRY? development undertaken in the eastern Arctic. The present-day community owes its existence to this industrial Ferguson, Steven. H.1,2,3, J. W. Higdon2, C. J. D. Matthews3, operation, as no settlement existed at this location prior to S.D. Petersen1, B. G. Young2 and M. C. S. Kingsley4 the opening of the mine. The North Rankin Nickel mine is of considerable importance to a historical examination of 1 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, relationships developing between a colonizing culture and Winnipeg, MB, Canada Inuit of what is now Nunavut Territory. Many Inuit went 2 Department of Environment and Geography, University from land-based hunting and trapping camps, tents and of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada igloos, to living in shack and wood frame housing in and 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of around Rankin Inlet in a matter of months: from hunters Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada and trappers to miners working underground. Meeting the 4 Eqalugalinnguit 97A, P.O. Boks 570, Nuuk, DK-3900, health care needs of Inuit presented the company and the Greenland Indian and Northern Health Services with new and serious challenges at a time when the provision of health care to Killer whales (Orcinus orca) occur throughout the Canadians was a matter of private subscription. Some of world’s oceans but have recently been observed more these were cultural and brought Inuit ideas about health frequently in the Canadian Arctic. For example, killer and the timely provision of care into confl ict with taken whales had not been reported present in Hudson Bay prior for-granted, euro-Canada ideas about health care provision to the mid-1900s yet observations have since increased as a matter of employment (for doctors, nurses and others) exponentially concurrent with a decrease in summer sea ice. and the provision of a professional service. Shortly after the Killer whale activity during the open water season has been mine opened, the costs of hospital care in Canada were met concentrated in areas where marine mammal prey is diverse by the passage of the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic and abundant. They have been observed killing and eating Services Act of 1957. bowhead (Balaena mysticetus), narwhal (Monodon monocerus), The Rankin Nickel Mine opened before the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas), and seals. The impact of killer Northern Administration had in place, any policy for whale predation on marine mammal species is unknown but meeting the housing needs of Inuit increasingly relocating of particular interest given their greater use of Arctic waters (or being relocated) to settlements developing throughout where Inuit subsistence hunting depends on the same prey. the eastern Arctic. In the face of serious environmental and We modeled basic predator-prey dynamics to assess possible health problems related to the immunological capacity of impacts of loss of sea ice refugia and concurrent increases Inuit, the company and the Indian and Northern Health in predation. Results suggest that the some marine mammal Service came up with a ‘Health Insurance Plan’ to meet populations may be negatively impacted by recent changes the health care needs of company employees. This, in in killer whale predation. We conclude that conservation turn, raised questions about the provision of services to of marine mammals with continued warming of the Arctic others not employed by the mine and the role of public should consider trophic effects of invasive temperate health problems in relation to the provision of health care. species occupying polar regions. Limitations and problems with the plan are illustrative of the challenges posed by the provision of health care to many Canadians - Aboriginal and others - living in rural
48 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts and remote locations, involved in primary production and CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY confronted with structural and environmental barriers AMONG AT-RISK POPULATIONS IN REGIONAL to health that, it can be argued, could only effectively be INUIT CENTRES addressed by public means. Developments in Rankin Inlet precede the introduction of Medicare in 1966 and illustrate Ford, James D.1 ([email protected]), S. Chatwood2,3, G. the important role of national health care insurance to Healey4, M-L. Chateau-Degat5, C. Furgal6, W. Gough1, D. Canadian socio-economic and environmental realities. Kurzewski7, M-P. Lardeau1 and E. Power8
1 Department of Geograpy, McGill Unievrsity, Burnside CLIMATE, CHANGE AND THE FUTURE: Hall, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6 ADAPTING IN NUNATISAVUT 2 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto 3 Institute for Circumpolar Health Research, Yellowknife, Fleming, Laura (lfl [email protected]) NWT 4 Qaujigiartiit/Arctic Health Research Network, Iqaluit, Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, Nunavut Ontario, N1G 2W1 5 CRCHUQ, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 6 Indigenous Environmental Studies, Trent University, Change in Nunatsiavut, Labrador, the newest Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8 Inuit region of Canada, is abundant. Nunatsiavummiut 7 Research Development, Institute for Circumpolar Health are observing changes in the local environment, including Research, Inuvik, NWT delayed sea ice freeze up, and earlier thawing, decreased 8 School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s snow pack, as well as changes in wildlife abundance and University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 migration patterns. As natural-resource based communities, these now common implications of a changing climate Food insecurity is a chronic problem affecting are affecting the livelihoods and wellbeing of local many Inuit communities and is likely to predispose Inuit residents. At the same time, the relatively newly instated food systems to the negative effects of climate change. Nunatsiavut Government is in the midst of an arduous While we have an increasing understanding of food undertaking of transitioning governance arrangements from system vulnerability in small, traditional Inuit settlements, former provincial institutions into those more akin to the few studies have focused on larger regional Inuit centres interests of Labrador Inuit, while also working to improve (RICs) or highly vulnerable groups. This paper will profi le employment, housing and infrastructure, is contributing a recently initiated ArcticNet project that is working with positive yet notable change amongst Nunatsiavummiut. community members, local organizations, and government Adaptation is the process of making modifi cations in Inuvik, Iqaluit, Arviat, and Kuujjuaq to examine the or adjustments in order to better manage or cope with a pathways through which climate change might affect given change or stress (Smit & Wandel, 2006). This case the food security of at-risk populations. We defi ne ‘at- study in Hopedale, found that local residents are adapting risk populations’ to include individuals who use food to environmental and socio-political change, with some banks and soups kitchens on a regular basis, and who success. Moreover, local informal institutions and norms by defi nition experience chronic food insecurity. To this (e.g. pooling resources for hunting excursions, sharing end, the project has fi ve primary objectives: 1) document harvested foods), play an important role with regards to and describe the nature of food insecurity among at-risk improving or constraining the ability of local residents to populations in RIC’s, 2) characterize the environmental, adapt. Policy interventions to enhance future capacity will biological and socio-economic determinants of their food need to consider and integrate these informal norms and insecurity, 3) document coping strategies to manage food practices, distinctive in this region (Natcher et al, 2010), to shortages, 4) examine the pathways through which climate foster the future well being of residents of Hopedale, and change might affect food insecurity for at-risk peoples, similarly, Nunatsiavut. 5) identify opportunities and priorities for adaptation intervention in the context of rapid current and future change. These questions are being addressed using multiple methods including the use of participatory photography (photovoice), interviews, focus groups, and instrumental climate and sea-ice data. While we hypothesize that at-risk populations are likely to be highly vulnerable to climate change, preliminary results from Iqaluit appear to suggest
49 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts a potential uncoupling of the food system of at-risk along with scientists at the University of Ottawa, have populations from the climate sensitive subsistence economy. begun to analyze the geochemical composition of this ice The food security of this population, however, is highly including the pH, liquid conductivity, anions/cations, tritium dependent upon the availability of social safety nets (formal and deuterium and gravimetric ice contents. Preliminary pH and informal) and economic conditions, both of which and conductivity studies have found the sampled massive could be affected by climate change. ice bodies to be particularly ice rich and originated from ground water sources. Tritium and deuterium fi ndings suggest that the majority of ice is intrasedimental in origin CAN MOLAR GAS RATIOS POSITIVELY and of Pleistocene age. Such fi ndings are crucial if we are to IDENTIFY THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF understand the modern architecture of Herschel Island and MASSIVE GROUND ICE OF HERSCHEL ISLAND, to accurately project the island’s future geomorphology. YUKON?
Fox, Dave1 ([email protected]), W. Pollard1, D. ARCTIC BIOME CHANGES ON BAFFIN ISLAND Lacelle2 and N. Couture3 WITHIN THE PAST 200,000 YEARS: LESSONS FROM PAST WARM TIMES 1 Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Fréchette, Bianca1 ([email protected]), Y. 2 Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Axford2, J. P. Briner3 and A. P. Wolfe4 Ontario, Canada 3 Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1 GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8 “How did it get to be underground in the fi rst 2 INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, place? Did the source water trickle down from the melting 80303 snows or up well from subterranean springs?” Mackay, 1972 3 State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New An exciting new tool has been developed in recent York, 14260 years that enables geocryologists to accurately identify the 4 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3 origin and nature of massive ground ice features. The molar ratios of O2, N2 and Ar gases entrapped in massive ground A new sediment core recovered from Lake ice is a novel, periglacial fi eld technique that results in a CF8 (70°33’ N, 68°57’ W, 195 m asl) on Baffi n Island, positive disassociation between buried glacial and non- Arctic Canada, preserves for the fi rst time the last three glacial intrasedimental ice (Lacelle et al., 2007 and Cardyn interglaciations superimposed between minerogenic sands. et al., 2007). Massive ground ice, large tabular ice bodies Records of insect (Chironomidae) remains, diatoms and with a volumetric ice content exceeding 95%, is a unique biogeochemical parameters are summarized in Axford et al. permafrost feature that persists throughout permafrost (2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, landscapes (International Permafrost Association, 1998). 106, 18443-18446.). Here we present the pollen record Massive ground ice features, discovered in the headwalls of these three organic units. The vegetation cover of the of retrogressive thaw slumps on Herschel Island, Yukon, warm periods of the past 200,000 years will be reported as have been analyzed extensively in order to comprehend vegetation structural types (or biomes). July air temperature the structure, composition and spatial extents (Pollard, and sunshine during the growing season (June-July-August- 1990). However, the origin of this buried ice, be it buried September) will be reconstructed from pollen assemblages glacial or non-glacial intrasedimental ice, is a fundamental using the modern analogue technique. The vegetation and question that has yet been fully understood. To understand climate results at Lake CF8 will then be compared with the origin of massive ground ice features is to understand other interglacial Baffi n Island records. Preliminary results the paleoclimates and environments that spawned their indicate that a succession of Arctic biomes is distinguished creation. Moreover, ground ice features have a major from the present interglacial (Holocene, last 10 ka) and infl uence on the geomorphology of permafrost landscapes the last interglacial sediments (LIG, ca. 130 to 125 ka and directly control rates of coastal erosion, active layer ago), whereas only one Arctic biome is recorded in the depth migrations and thermokarst activity, all of which are previous interglacial sediments (PIG, ca. 190 ka ago). On projected to increase under many climate change scenarios. northeastern Baffi n Island, vegetation cover changes were The established research sites of Herschel Island offer a more important during the LIG than during the Holocene. unique opportunity to employ new scientifi c methods to The LIG vegetation evolved from a prostrate dwarf- understand this longstanding question. Our research team, shrub tundra to an erect dwarf-shrub tundra and then to a
50 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts hemiprostrate dwarf-shrub tundra, whereas the Holocene of factors linked to bottom-up control. However, top- vegetation evolved from a prostrate dwarf-shrub tundra to down control through fi sh has not been assessed in the a hemiprostrate dwarf-shrub tundra. The vegetation at the study lakes and very little is known about the exact role end of the PIG was a hemiprostrate-prostrate dwarf-shrub that fi sh play in the overall food web structure. To address tundra. From the pollen record, the LIG was the warmest the question, we conducted a fi sh food web survey in within the past 200,000 years with July air temperature about 2009 and 2010 included 26 Tundra lakes in the Northwest 4°C higher than today, and shrub birches were present in Territories, Canada. The three specifi c objectives were: the vicinity of Lake CF8. Today, the northernmost shrub the detailed characterisation of the aquatic food web in 12 birch populations grow about 400 km south of Lake CF8. study lakes using stable isotope signatures of ( d15N and Experimental summer warming in Arctic regions of Alaska d13C), 2) determine the relative importance of top-down resulted in increased shrubbiness (e.g. Tape et al., 2006, vs. bottom-up controls within the food web, 3) explain fi sh Global Change Biology, 12, 686–702). Increasing shrub community composition or absence of fi sh using lake- and abundance during the LIG is an important result as it landscape-specifi c factors. Collection methods included gill suggests that the directional changes that occurred on Baffi n netting, seine netting, minnow trap sets, electro-fi shing, and Island are consistent with experimental tundra warming and angling, zooplankton tows, Ekman and Ponar sampling of recent shrub expansion in Alaska. A shift from herbaceous benthic invertebrates. We present preliminary results of to woody tundra would have important implications for our food web characterization and fi sh survey and provide processes and interactions within tundra ecosystems and evidence that top-down control is important in affecting between tundra and the atmosphere, notably through the food web structure in certain fi sh-bearing lakes, but not a decrease in albedo. In a global warming scenario, it is conclusively in others. We also discuss the importance of important that we improve our understanding of how lake morphology, connectivity to the nearest fi sh bearing changes in shrub cover likely infl uence the behaviour of the lake and other lake- and landscape-specifi c factors that could climate system. be affecting fi sh community establishment and distribution in the context of past, present, and projected CVC in the region. LAKE FOOD WEBS IN THE NORTHWESTERN CANADIAN TUNDRA - CAN CLIMATE INDUCED PERMAFROST THAW SLUMPING AFFECT MIGRATIONS AND AGGREGATIONS OF ARCTIC FISHERIES HABITAT? COD (BOREOGADUS SAIDA) DURING WINTER IN THE AMUNDSEN GULF (SOUTHEASTERN Gantner, Klaus 1,3 ([email protected]), D. Ross2, F. J. BEAUFORT SEA) Wrona1, E. Hille1, and J. D. Reist3 Geoffroy, Maxime ([email protected]), D. 1 Water and Climate Impacts Research Centre, Environment Robert and L. Fortier Canada, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, 2 Aurora Research Institute, Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada 3 Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, During the Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study Winnipeg, MB, Canada (CFL, 2007-2008) in the Amundsen Gulf, signifi cant aggregations of fi sh were detected in winter by the EK- Climate Variability and Change (CVC) in the 60 echosounder of the CCGS Amundsen. Echo-validation Canadian Arctic is expected to have impacts on the hydro- was performed by comparing characteristics of the CFL ecology of freshwater ecosystems. Changes in the physical aggregations to monospecifi c aggregations of arctic cod and chemical environments of the landscape and related observed in Franklin Bay during the CASES program aquatic habitats, and alterations to the processes that act on (2003-2004). A similar in situ mean target strength (TSN) freshwater ecosystems are expected. Partly related to a poor suggests that, as in CASES, the aggregations observed understanding of their inter-relationships, the effects of during CFL were made up of arctic cod. A multifrequency such changes on lake food webs and other environmental analysis (38 and 120 kHz) further indicated a mean volume factors on higher trophic level organisms in Arctic lakes backscattering strength difference (ΔMVBS) range between are not well understood. Trophic controls (top-down vs. -5dB and 4dB in February and March, consistent with bottom-up) within the lakes are thought to determine this the acoustic signature of arctic cod. Integrated biomass structure. Our past efforts have concentrated on analyses was calculated over ten months and reached a maximum
51 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts of 0.732 kg m-2 in February. Aggregations were only for millennia, the Inuit. Due to their close relationship encountered under high sea-ice concentration, from with their environment, they are keen observers of the December to April, and aggregating behaviour closely surrounding elements and the living world. Elders and local related to the ice cover. We suggest that arctic cod vertical experts represent the Inuit living memory and they are the distribution was driven by temperature and prey distribution. witness of the changes that occurred over their lifetimes The species generally sought for the warm Atlantic Layer and further as oral tradition was the only transmission during winter, but when forming dense aggregations mode of knowledge until the early 1900s. Semi-structured individuals were also following their zooplanktonic prey in interviews were done in 8 communities across the Canadian the colder Pacifi c Halocline. All aggregations were recorded Arctic (Nunatsiavut, Nunavik and Nunavut) between 2007 over the continental slope, where it was possible to stay and 2010 to collect information about Inuit perception of away from the cold upper layers. Diel vertical migration vegetation and environmental changes in the last decades. patterns were observed within the aggregations, presumably From East to West, the selected communities were: Nain, in to avoid visual predators such as ringed seals (Phoca hispida). Nunatsiavut; Kangiqsualujjuaq, Kangiqsujuaq and Umiujaq, Arctic cod also migrated from 220 m to 550 m bottom in Nunavik; Pangnirtung, Pond Inlet (Qikiqtaaluk Region), depth areas throughout winter as a response to increasing Baker Lake (Kivalliq Region) and Kugluktuk (Kitikmeot light intensity. Understanding arctic cod migrations and Region), in Nunavut. A total of 144 people (median age 70) distribution in the Canadian Arctic is needed to anticipate were interviewed with the assistance of local interpreters. the response of this key species to climate change and sea- Both men (56) and women (88), contributed to this study ice cover reduction. as their respective knowledge is complementary: men are usually more knowledgeable about climate, seasons and FROM NAIN, NUNATSIAVUT TO KUGLUKTUK, hydrology while women talk more easily about plants, NUNAVUT: ANALYSING VEGETATION CHANGE berries and ecological factors affecting them. Answers to the BY INTERVIEWING LOCAL EXPERTS FROM 8 questions were later coded in ordinal or binary variables to INUIT COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE CANADIAN allow multivariate analyses like detrended correspondence ARCTIC. analysis (DCA) to be used. Frequency analyses will also be done to examine consensus (>50%) over change Gérin-Lajoie, José1 ([email protected]), A. Cuerrier2, among interviewees, by themes (vegetation, environmental L. Siegwart Collier3, E. Lévesque1, L. Hermanutz3, G. and human factors). Preliminary results suggest that Henry4 and C. Spiech1 vegetation change and its perception present regional disparities. However, there is general consensus over some 1 Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec observations, mostly thawing permafrost, lower water levels, à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7 and more unpredictable weather, stronger winds, less abundant Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, snow, sea-ice later freeze-up and earlier break-up, newly Québec, G1V 0A6 observed species. The high arctic site (Pond Inlet) tend to 2 Jardin botanique de Montréal, Institut de recherche en differentiate from the others and there seems to be more biologie végétale, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2 consensus over change in Western and central Arctic sites 3 Memorial University of Newfoundland, Department of (Kugluktuk and Baker Lake). Analysis of human perception Biology, St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7 regarding the detection of environmental changes is a 4 University of British Columbia, Department of complementary tool to scientifi c monitoring but using an Geography, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z2 ethical approach that includes local populations. The people living and witnessing these changes act as « living probes The warming trend in climate observed in the », integrating continuous observations of environmental Arctic and its impact are increasingly being noticed both factors at local and regional scales. The quantitative by scientists and Northerners. Vegetation in general acts approach using multivariate DCA analysis proves to be a as an integrator of diverse biophysical and geographical useful statistical tool for comparing complex human data components (e.g. soil, climate, topography, latitude) and among communities, gender and age groups, thus facilitating is a good indicator of current changes. Several scientifi c the detection of trends in vegetation change to be validated plant monitoring programs were initiated several years ago in time or by modelling and measurements. in different parts of the Canadian Arctic (ITEX, EMAN- North, CANTTEX). However, there is no long term dataset existing in Canada as it does in other northern countries (e.g. USA, Denmark). Consequently, there is a need to collect the observations from the people inhabiting these territories
52 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
WATER WAYS: COMMUNITY RELATIONS WITH freshwater systems for traditional foods and transportation FRESHWATER AND FRESHWATER SYSTEMS familiarizes residents with the dynamic characteristics of the ON THE LABRADOR NORTH COAST, AND local watershed, presents situations where residents have RESILIENCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE to utilize adaptive strategies in response to seasonal water shortages, heightens the ability of residents to recognize Goldhar, Christina1 ([email protected]), T. potentially harmful long-term trends in water availability, Bell1 and J. Wolf 2 and strengthens the capacity of the community to adapt to these changes. Simultaneously, these lifestyle choices 1 Geography Department, Memorial University, St. John’s, and livelihood activities enhance exposure-sensitivity. A NL A1B 3X9, CANADA household is less sensitive to local freshwater changes when 2 Labrador Institute and Faculty of Arts, Memorial it relies less on the immediate environment by primarily University of Newfoundland, consuming store foods and bottled water, and pursuing a Goose Bay, NL A0P 1E0 livelihood that is largely disconnected from locally available resources. These fi ndings suggest that the diversifi cation Residents of Rigolet, Nunatsiavut are currently of the local economy to include waged employment, experiencing variations in freshwater availability that store-bought foods, bottled water, and tap water may resemble the implications of climate trends on freshwater concurrently enhance and diminish community resilience to systems in the Western Arctic; yet minimal research environmental change. attention has focused on the experience of these changes and their signifi cance in the minds of Nunatsiavut residents. These changes are challenging the ability of residents to UNIVERSITY OF THE ANTARCTIC: access preferred drinking water sources and are exacerbating ACCREDITED FIELD-COURSES WITH existing fi nancial barriers that restrict their time spent on the STUDENTS ON ICE land. Prior to this narrative of change, a preliminary Green, Geoff1 ([email protected]), L. baseline understanding of the ways in which freshwater is Copland2 and T. Straka1 valued, and the relationship northern peoples have with freshwater and freshwater systems, is largely missing from 1 Students on Ice, Gatineau, Québec, J9J 3N7 the literature. Vulnerability to these changes is shaped in 2 Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ontario, part by lifestyle choices and livelihood activities, and must K1N 6N5 be understood through the lens of local values, preferences, and understandings. As stated by O’Brien and Wolf (2010: University of the Antarctic: Accredited Field-Courses with p232): “How to respond to climate change impacts depends Students on Ice importantly on what the effects of climate change mean to those affected. Similarly, what is considered as effective and This presentation will touch on successes and legitimate adaptation depends on what people perceive to be lessons learnt from the Students on Ice Antarctic University worth preserving”. Expedition 2009. It will also share details of the upcoming Drawing on vulnerability approaches from the Students on Ice Antarctic University Expedition 2011 and climate change literature (see for example: Adger 2003, plans for a similar Arctic expedition in 2012. 2006; Ford and Smit 2004; O’Brien et al. 2004; Füssel and The 2011 ship-based educational expedition will offer Klein 2006; Ford et al. 2006; Smit et al. 2008; Ford 2009), prospective students the opportunity to enroll in and recent perspectives offered by O’Brien and Wolf (2010), one of seven University-level fi eld courses. Using an this paper explores the vulnerability of Rigolet residents to interdisciplinary approach to examine the uniqueness of freshwater systems change. This approach emphasizes local the Antarctic continent, including its political, scientifi c preferences and values, considering the experiential and and exploration history, the journey will motivate, inspire cultural dimensions of climate change, and draws on results and expand students vision of the Planet, who they are, from 89 household interviews (88% response), targeted and what they are capable of accomplishing. Foster youth interviews, and participant observation in Rigolet. leadership, international cooperation, develop research skills This paper argues that the exposure of northern and strengthen relationships between people working for a communities to freshwater systems change and their sustainable future. capacity to adapt are largely shaped by the attributes of Courses offered by partner Universities on the people’s relationship with freshwater and freshwater systems. Students on Ice Antarctic University Expedition 2011 Gathering water from the land for drinking and relying on include:
53 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
- Practical Study in Earth and Atmospheric Science covered by MPS clouds. Highest frequencies of occurrence (University of Alberta) are found southwest of the Svalbard Islands and west of - Origin and Evolution of Antarctic Ecosystems over Time Novaya Zemlya ( > 80 %), whereas lowest values occur (Carleton University) over Greenland and Siberia (10 to 20 %). MPS clouds - Tourism and Polar Destinations (Luleå University of observation and modelling are important, notably because Technology) their greenhouse effect modifi es radiative transfer and hence - Antarctica and the Earth System (McGill University) surface temperature. - Glaciology (University of Ottawa) - Polar Ecology (University of St Andrews) - Predator Ecology in Polar Ecosystems (University of St SOIL BACTERIAL DIVERSITY IN THE ARCTIC Andrews) IS NOT FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT FROM Once in Antarctic waters, all students will make THAT FOUND IN OTHER BIOMES frequent fi eld trips to the Antarctic mainland via Zodiac infl atables from the main ship. These landings will be Haiyan, C.1,2, N. Fierer3,4, C. L. Lauber3, J. G. Caporaso5, R. supplemented by lectures, seminars and lab exercises in Knight5,6 and Paul Grogan1 ([email protected]) dedicated space aboard the expedition vessel. The expedition will have approximately 70 1 Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston,ON participating University students, and 20 University faculty, K7L 3N6, Canada. scientists, experts, and educators. Undergraduate and 2 State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, graduate students from around the world and from any Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University can apply to participate. East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing, 210008, To learn more, visit www.uantarctic.org and www. China. studentsonice.com. 3 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, UCB 216, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. MACROPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, ARCTIC WINTER MIXED-PHASE STRATIFORM University of Colorado, UCB 334, Boulder, CO 80309, CLOUDS USA. 5 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Grenier, Patrick ([email protected]) and J.-P. Blanchet Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. 6 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement, Université du Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8 The severe environmental stresses of the Arctic The representation of Arctic clouds in atmospheric may have promoted unique soil bacterial communities numerical models represents a diffi cult challenge, to compared with those found in lower latitude environments. address which the distribution and properties of all cloud Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the types must be better known. In this context, we present a biogeography of soil bacterial communities in the Arctic characterization of the macrophysical properties of Arctic using a high resolution bar-coded pyrosequencing technique. winter mixed-phase stratiform (MPS) clouds, performed We also compared arctic soils with soils from a wide range using the CALIPSO satellite data set. It is inferred from of more temperate biomes to characterize variability in the lidar backscattering at 532 nm, the depolarization ratio soil bacterial communities across the globe. We show that and the color ratio signals that there may exist MPS clouds arctic soil bacterial community composition and diversity consisting of a liquid top generating ice crystals which are structured according to local variation in soil pH rather precipitate below, in agreement with other recent related than geographical proximity to neighboring sites, suggesting studies. After investigation of data from 2108 overpasses that local environmental heterogeneity is far more important during the winters of 2008 and 2009, we found at least one than dispersal limitation in determining community-level MPS layer in 39 % of the profi les and multiple layers in 6.3 differences. Furthermore, bacterial community composition % of the profi les. It is also found that the lateral extent of had similar levels of variability, richness and phylogenetic the MPS layers obeys a power-law distribution. MPS parcels diversity within arctic soils as across soils from a wide exist up to an altitude of 8000 meters, but 95 % of the MPS range of lower latitudes, strongly suggesting a common parcels are located below 4500 m. All Arctic regions within diversity structure within soil bacterial communities around the investigated domain (60oN to 82oN) may potentially be the globe. These results contrast with the well-established
54 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts latitudinal gradients in animal and plant diversity, suggesting ICE CONDITIONS IN THE LINCOLN SEA AND that the controls on bacterial community distributions PLANS FOR A FUTURE CANADIAN ARCTIC SEA are fundamentally different from those observed for ICE MASS BALANCE OBSERVATORY macroorganisms and that our biome defi nitions are not useful for predicting variability in soil bacterial communities Haas, Christian across the globe. Departments of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences and FLUORESCENCE AND ABSORPTION Geophysics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, PROPERTIES OF COLORED DISSOLVED T6G2E3 ORGANIC MATTER IN NELSON RIVER ESTUARY The Arctic sea ice cover is changing rapidly, with large year-to-year variations. Since 2004, we perform Guéguen, Céline1 ([email protected]), A. Perroud1, observations of sea ice conditions in the Lincoln Sea G. McCullough2 and D.G. Barber2 between Canada and the North Pole, in particular of ice thickness. After years of little change, strong variations 1 Chemistry Department, Trent University, Peterborough, have occurred recently. These raise questions about the Ontario, K9J 7B8 Lincoln Sea’s sensitivity to Arctic-wide ice dynamics and 2 Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of deformation and the role of more regional deformation Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, related to the formation of ice arches north of and ice Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 export through Nares Strait. It would also be desirable to establish more systematic observations in several other Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents one regions of the Arctic and in the waters along the North of the largest carbon reservoirs at Earth’s surface. Colored West Passage. Recent efforts are presented including dissolved organic matter (CDOM), which is the fraction of snowmobile and airborne surveys which could become DOM that absorbs ultraviolet and visible light, is essentially part of a future, collaborative Canadian Arctic Sea Ice Mass controlled by terrestrial inputs, in situ biological activities Balance Observatory (CASIMBO) to provide important and photochemical reactions. Here we report CDOM baseline data for environmental change assessments, ocean/ absorbance and fl uorescence data collected under ice and in atmosphere climate studies, as well as for the safety and ice-free season in the Nelson River estuary. This study aims sustainability of shipping and offshore operations. to better understand coastal surface CDOM distribution and dynamic. Origins as well as seasonal variation of CDOM are discussed. The absorption coeffi cient at 355nm (a355) IS THE ARCTIC SHRINKING? RESULTS FROM was chosen for describing changes in CDOM quantities. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF CHANGES The signifi cant inverse relationship between salinity and IN THE FOREST-TUNDRA ECOTONE a355 indicates a conservative behavior for surface CDOM absorbance. However the absorption mixing line was Harper, Karen1 and L. Hermanutz2 time dependent, suggesting a temporal change in CDOM quantities in Nelson River. This agrees with a355 values 1 School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie measured in Nelson River endmember. The CDOM University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3J5 fl uorescence, assessed through excitation emission matrices 2 Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John’s, (EEMs), was dominated by humic-like component, while Newfoundland, A1B 3X9 protein-like component from biological origin remains low. The terrestrial source of surface fl uorescent CDOM The Arctic is delimited in the south by the forest- is consistent with high humifi cation index (HIX) and low tundra ecotone or treeline. With climate change, trees are biological index (BIX). Therefore, the assessment of optical expected to encroach upon tundra at its southern limit properties of CDOM points out the signifi cant infl uence of thereby shrinking the extent of the non-treed Arctic terrestrial input in the carbon cycle in Nelson River estuary. landscape. We report the results of an interdisciplinary Canadian International Polar Year research program that investigated the causes and consequences of change of the forest-tundra ecotone (treeline). Our objectives included analyzing recent change in vegetation and microclimate, determining the mechanisms of this change, mapping the spatial pattern of treeline, assessing the role of
55 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts disturbance and developing models of the relationship everywhere, bringing science and math curriculum to between environmental change, resource availability and northern classrooms in a culturally relevant context, and human health and well-being. Together with international allowing southern classrooms to discover the mysteries of researchers we developed common protocols and collected the Arctic. www.thearcticseaice.com data during the summers of 2007-09 to examine change at 3) Multi-Scale Community Based Research and treeline at over a dozen locations in the Yukon, Northwest Monitoring - This training component of the project Territories, Nunavut, northern Manitoba, northern Quebec involved engaging Inuit using timelapse, multimedia and and Labrador. Data were collected on trees of all ages, oceanographic techniques for ecosystem monitoring recruitment dynamics, seed availability, vegetation, soils, and research, and was conducted in conjunction with climatology, microclimate, snow and ice, spatial pattern, the Sanikiluaq Hunters and Trappers Organization, soil and socioeconomic indicators regarding the impacts Environment Canada, and the Nunavut Wildlife of changes in climatic conditions on treeline and their Management Board. Many techniques developed for consequences on ecosystems and communities. Evidence outreach during the IPY project will also leave a lasting of change in and movement of the forest-tundra ecotone legacy for environmental monitoring. This program was evident in some sites but not in others despite provides Inuit with meaningful jobs that use their increasing temperatures. Recruitment may be hindering traditional skills and local knowledge to address issues that treeline movement at some sites where there appears to be the community has established as priorities. Multi media a bottleneck to tree expansion due to limitations of seed approaches provide unique spatiotemporal data, and allow production, seed viability and seedling mortality. Shrubs Inuit to visualize what is being monitored, engaging them in appear to be a conduit of change by actively preceding tree the program. Oceanographic deployments can be conducted expansion into tundra at some sites.Our key fi nding was the conveniently during hunting trips in different sea ice large amount of variability in tree growth, regeneration and regimes. In the long term, we hope to link this program with spatial pattern among tree species, regions across Canada high school science programs in a multi-community network and even sites within the same region. This variation in of environmental monitoring and knowledge exchange. treeline response may be extremely challenging to outline www.arcticeider.com/research general strategies for climate change adaptation in Arctic environments. RECENT TUNDRA VEGETATION CHANGE: RESULTS OF PLOT BASED MONITORING PEOPLE OF A FEATHER AND THE ARCTIC SEA ACROSS THE TUNDRA BIOME ICE IPY PROJECT Elmendorf, S. C. 1, Greg H.R. Henry1 (greg.henry@geog. Heath, Joel ubc.ca), and the Tundra Vegetation Change Group2
Mathematical Biology Program, University of British 1 Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 2 authors (52) will be identifi ed in the presentation This talk will outline the activities and release of three major deliverables for International Polar Year, and Results from experimental warming studies suggest discuss the future legacy generated through this IPY project. tundra vegetation will respond rapidly and dramatically 1) People of a Feather - a feature length to climate warming, and indeed, NDVI data from remote documentary taking place on the Belcher Islands, Nuavut. sensing and repeat aerial photography suggest such changes It is a cultural fi lm based around the natural history of may already be occurring. NDVI changes, however, may the arctic eider duck, the Inuit who rely on them for food refl ect a variety of processes and repeat measurements of and feathers, and the challenges they are facing adjusting permanently marked plots offer an invaluable opportunity to environmental changes in sea ice ecosystems. www. to monitor detailed changes in vegetation composition peopleofeafeather.com and abundance. Here, we report results from a synthesis 2) The Arctic Sea Ice Educational Package - of repeat measurements of 195 permanent plots in Arctic brings Arctic science and culture to life, linking visual and alpine tundra plant communities in North America content and natural history accounts with actual data sets (90 plots), Europe (82 plots), Asia (10 plots), Australia (12 collected by Arctic researchers in lesson plans about sea plots), and Antarctica (1 plot) that were revisited at least ice ecosystems. Made in collaboration with southern and twice between 1980 and 2010, with an average timespan of northern educators, it is designed for Grade 8-12 classrooms 13 years between fi rst and last sampling periods. Annual
56 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts air-temperature warming over the sampling period varied that the higher uranium concentrations found in shale will considerably among sites, ranging from slight cooling contribute to a correspondingly higher amount of 129I to increases of nearly 2ºC/decade. We found signifi cant from spring water although anthropogenic input may also tundra-wide increases in vegetation height as well as be a contributor. None of the other watersheds have a abundance of evergreen shrubs and graminoids, and water source in shale bedrock suggesting that the relatively declines in mosses. Surprisingly, we found no support enriched values seen in these areas are due exclusively to for the hypothesis that Arctic greening is driven by local the shale and potentially its high organic concentration and increases in air temperature in fact, temporal change in hence higher iodine. cover of bare ground cover was positively correlated with site-specifi c changes in annual air temperature, while temporal changes in the abundance of deciduous shrubs SEALS AND SEA ICE: EVOLUTION, and graminoids were negatively correlated with site-specifi c BIOGEOGRAPHY, AND CONSERVATION OF changes in annual air temperature. Changes in diversity WORLD PINNIPEDS were also complex. It is possible that vegetation dynamics in these areas are affected more by other environmental Higdon, Jeff W.1,2 ([email protected]) and S. H. factors, including moisture availability and precipitation Ferguson2,1 regimes, and other longer-term non-equilibrium processes such as recovery from glaciation. 1 Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T THE DISPERSION OF 129I IN ARCTIC AND 2N6 SUBARCTIC WATERSHEDS Knowledge of biogeographic patterns is Herod, Matt1, I. D. Clark1 and L. Kieser2 needed for effective conservation of world pinnipeds. This unique group of marine mammals evolved from a 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, terrestrial ancestor and have adapted to marine foraging Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5 while maintaining terrestrial (land or ice) habitat links. 2 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Pinnipeds are infl uenced by a mix of conditions in both Ontario, M5S 1A7 environments and are a particularly interesting group for biogeographic research. Using comparative methods Iodine-129 (129I) is a biophilic, radioactive isotope that controlled for phylogeny and body-size allometry we (half life: 1.6x107 years) that is produced naturally through found that adaptations to sea ice parturition led to higher the spontaneous fi ssion of 238U in the subsurface and dispersal capabilities and increased range sizes. Ancestral by cosmic ray interaction with 130Xe in the atmosphere. state reconstructions suggest that pinnipeds have had a Nuclear fuel reprocessing has released large amounts of long association with sea ice, an adaptation that would have anthropogenic 129I into the environment, which has led to facilitated expansion into novel habitats and increased range a large increase in the concentration of 129I and in the ratio sizes. of 129I/127I in the environment. Water samples from large Pinniped range sizes exhibited a strong Rapoport watersheds were collected in the Yukon Territory, Canada effect, or a positive relationship between range size and starting in Whitehorse (60°43′00″N) and moving north to latitude, at the global scale. However a latitudinal gradient Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territory (67°26′26″N). Samples in species diversity could not explain the Rapoport effect of ice remaining from the last glaciation ~10,000 years for global pinniped ranges, as diversity was highest at B.P. were taken from thaw slumps near Fort McPherson, mid-latitudes in both hemispheres. These regions are NWT to obtain a pre-nuclear background that can be characterized by marginal ice zones and variable climates, used to compare with the modern values of total iodine and support a mix of pagophilic and temperate species. and 129I to see what effect the global nuclear industry has Climatic conditions likely have a strong infl uence on had on northern watersheds. Values for total iodine in 14 distribution and richness patterns. We tested the climatic Arctic drainage basins were measured using ICP-MS and variability hypothesis (CVH) as an explanation of range are consistent at 0.034-0.039 ppm, however two creeks size variation using a global sea surface temperature (SST) which have a large contribution from springs out of shale climatology. The CVH predicted that species at higher bedrock have higher concentrations from 0.045-0.047 latitudes experience greater climatic variability, increasing ppm. Measurements by Accelerator mass spectrometry their tolerance range and thereby increasing range size. Our will present the 129I content in these waters. It is expected comparative results did not support the CVH explanation
57 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts and thus SST variation could not explain the Rapoport ecology of associated lakes. Recent research suggests that effect. However mean annual SST was a signifi cant predictor the enhanced geochemical loading related to affected lakes of range sizes, and was also the only variable that followed a can be explained by hydrological processes and permafrost consistent global latitudinal gradient. degradation, both of which are driven by climatic factors. Responses to SST gradients are likely related As the climate continues to warm, the north-western to thermoregulation, sea ice availability, and ecological Arctic is projected to be impacted by increasing rates of interactions ecological relationships with other large permafrost degradation, which is predicted to increase the marine predators such as sharks. These analyses agree with geochemical loading to these lakes. other studies and suggest that ocean temperature, and The overall goal of this ArcticNet/IPY study is not productivity, drives marine species richness patterns. to examine the interactions between landscape/catchment The results are important for predicting effects of future hydrology and lake geochemistry for a suite of paired-lakes climate changes, as modeled changes in SST will be able (control vs lakes affected by SRTS) adjacent to a section of to help predict distributional changes with ocean warming. the proposed Mackenzie Valley Natural Gas Pipeline. More Air temperature may also be a signifi cant predictor of specifi cally, the objective of phase one of this study is to pinniped biogeography, and future research needs include create/update a detailed hydro-climatologic record, which studies of physiological tolerances, interactions with sharks will be used to examine key climate indices that control the as predators and competitors, and the role of climate and permafrost hydrology of lake catchments in the study area. sea ice in speciation and evolution. A better understanding The focus of this study will be on a pair of lakes located of distribution and diversity patterns, and the role of 18 km northeast of Inuvik where hydro-geochemical fi eld the environment in shaping these patterns, will improve data was collected over a multi-year period. This data was conservation efforts, and these studies are particularly supplemented with climatic observations made at long-term important given current warming trends and declines in ice Environment Canada weather stations, located along the extent. proposed transect (e.g., Aklavik, Inuvik, Trail Valley, and Tuktoyaktuk), which provide a regional context. Preliminary fi ndings of a time-series analysis of CLIMATIC FACTORS DRIVING THE the key hydro-climatic indices that control lake catchment HYDROLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL hydrology and geochemistry, such as temperature, RESPONSES OF TUNDRA UPLAND LAKES TO precipitation (snow and rainfall), annual snowpack snow LANDSCAPE PERTURBATION water equivalence, spring freshet initiation, air and ground temperature, ice-on and ice-off timing, evaporation, and Hille, Erika1,2 ([email protected]), D. Peters1, F. Wrona1 and S. precipitation minus evaporation, will be presented. Our V. Kokelj3 enhanced understanding of these controls will provide necessary physical information to tackle the second phase 1 Department of Geography, University of Victoria, of this study, an examination of the linkages between Victoria, BC, V8W 3R4 catchment landscape and lake geochemistry in control vs. 2 Water Climate Impacts Research Centre, Environment lakes impacted by SRTS. Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3R4 3 Water Resources Division, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Yellowknife, NT, X1A 2R3 THE FLOE EDGE MONITORING SERVICE: PROVIDING AN EXPANDED SUITE OF NEAR A number of lakes in the upland region north- REAL TIME IMAGE PRODUCTS TO MONITOR east of Inuvik, Northwest Territories have been impacted SEA ICE CONDITIONS FOR COMMUNITIES IN by permafrost degradation. Shoreline retrogressive thaw THE CANADIAN ARCTIC slumping (SRTS) is an extreme form of permafrost degradation initiated by the thawing of ice-rich surface Hirose, Tom1 ([email protected]), M. Kapfer1, J. sediments, which results in terrain instability and the Bennett1 and G. J. Laidler2 slumping of material into the adjacent lake. These catastrophic features are typifi ed by steep headwalls, 1 Noetix Research Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 2E1 mudfl ows, and the removal of the vegetation, litter, and 2 Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, organic layers. The frequency of SRTS in the north-western Carleton University, Ottawa Ontario, K1S 5B6 Arctic has increased in the last 50 years and has been linked to changes in DOC, colour, and nutrient concentrations, The Floe Edge Monitoring Service provides near all of which have signifi cant implications for the aquatic real time sea ice imagery and information to communities
58 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts using an online delivery system. The service, for the This proposed study is supported partially through funding purposes of safe navigation both on and off the ice, began from the ArcticNet project entitled: ““Integrating and in 2003, covering 3 communities and has since expanded to Translating ArcticNet Science for Sustainable Communities now serve the majority of the Canadian Arctic. The service and National and Global Policy and Decision-Making” allows users access to remotely sensed data in the form of (Chris Furgal and David Hik). Collaborators on this study, optical and SAR satellite imagery in a timely manner. The as with the larger ArcticNet project, are interested in products include current fl oe edge location information, how Arctic science can inform policy. This research will potential danger warning signs and historical locations of therefore contribute theoretically to Arctic environmental fl oe edge locations. The Floe Edge Monitoring Service has management approaches by exploring how the integration also continued to expand its suite of products to better of various types of knowledge (i.e., indigenous, local, serve the communities. New advancements in technologies governmental, and scientifi c) facilitates or constrains and access to higher resolution imagery has led to the use communications about food insecurity decision-making. of interferometric products which can help to highlight Overall, this project will help link completed research, important features such as early break up indicators and policies currently in place and being developed, and the tidal cracks within the land fast ice. Online tutorials and actual practices of communities all aimed at promoting community workshops have given the communities the ecological and human well-being in the face of a changing proper tools necessary to confi dently interpret SAR imagery. environment. Our proposed methods include a cooperative working group with project partners to develop a knowledge SHARING RESEARCH FINDINGS IN THE tracking procedure and a series of stakeholder interviews CANADIAN ARCTIC: ASSESSING THE where this protocol is applied. Interviews will be used to: INTEGRATION OF INUIT KNOWLEDGE IN 1) map the knowledge networks formed by the sharing of POLICY COMMUNICATIONS ABOUT CLIMATE climate change related country food insecurity fi ndings; and CHANGE RELATED FOOD INSECURITY 2) identify through the process of narrative analysis whether confl icting ‘policy stories’ told by network actors can be Hirsch, Rachel1 ([email protected]) mediated. This two-step approach enhances rigour by fi rst scanning for (i.e., mapping) organizational structures and 1 Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, stakeholders and then by delving into (i.e., narrating) the Toronto, M3J 1P3 processes of information exchange and valuation between these stakeholders. The Government of Canada recognizes that further climate changes are now unavoidable making it imperative to consider how Northern Canadians are adapting. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GENDER Environmental managers must make sense of different SPECIFIC DETERMINANTS OF DIET CHOICE points of view or ways of understanding ‘best practices’ IN THREE COMMUNITIES IN NUNAVUT, for promoting sustainable subsistence. Co-management CANADA approaches have been adopted that require input from both local community members (Inuit and non-Inuit) and Ip, Morgan1 ([email protected]), S.G. scientists (often from non-Arctic institutions). Knowledge Donaldson1,2, N.C. Doubleday3, D. Haines4, D. Charette3, T. sharing then becomes crucial to communications. What is Nancarrow5, B. Grimwood1, A. Manning5, T. Leech5, B. unclear is how these multiple knowledge types are translated Adlard5 and J. Van Oostdam5 from climate change research to policy. The main aim of this research is therefore to build networking capacity 1 Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, by considering how sharing knowledge infl uences the Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, K1S 5B6 communication of fi ndings from climate change related 2 Head, Population Biomonitoring Section, Health Canada, food insecurity studies in the Canadian Arctic. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 The issue of climate change induced food insecurity 3 Department of Philosophy, McMaster University, has implications for environmental managers who must Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8 deal with different ideas about what food security means 4 Manager, Chemical Surveillance Bureau, Health Canada, to various actors (i.e., Inuit vs. non-Inuit), who the issue Ontario, Ontario K1A 0K9 applies to, and what a satisfactory response might be. In 5 Population Biomonitoring Section, Health Canada, Ottawa, fact, there is concern about how traditional knowledge is Ontario K1A 0K9 collected, defi ned, and used to inform Arctic policy-making.
59 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Dietary choice for Arctic residents is part of a projections of global sea-level change in the 21st century, complex system of daily factors that infl uence health. we determine the local amount of “absolute” sea-level Understanding the factors that infl uence dietary choices change. We next determine the vertical land motion arising in the Arctic is necessary for the development of from postglacial rebound (PGR) and incorporate this culturally appropriate dietary advice. To support health into the estimates of absolute sea-level change to obtain promotion efforts, this International Polar Year funded projections of relative sea-level change. The sea-level study (4 year) contributes to an expanding body of fi ngerprinting effect is especially important in the Canadian dietary research through a comparative analysis of the Arctic owing to proximity to Arctic ice caps and especially factors that infl uence dietary choices among Inuit living in to the Greenland ice sheet. Its effect is to reduce the range Cape Dorset, Iqaluit and Kimmirut in Nunavut, Canada. of projected relative sea-level change compared to the The objectives of the research are to: The objectives of range of global sea-level projections. Vertical crustal motion the research are to: (1) understand the gender specifi c is assessed through empirically derived regional isobases determinants of dietary choice; (2) determine the extent and the Earth’s predicted response to ice-sheet loading to which environmental contaminants infl uence decisions and unloading by the ICE-5G ice sheet reconstruction. to eat country food; and (3) identify culturally acceptable Owing to the large rates of crustal uplift from PGR across strategies to promote healthy dietary choices. Particular a large region of central Arctic Canada, some communities attention is given to understanding how cultural, economic are projected to experience relative sea-level fall despite and environmental factors infl uence dietary choice. In- projections of global sea-level rise. Where uplift rates are depth semi-structured interviews (n=128) were conducted smaller, such as eastern Baffi n Island and the western with women and men 18 years of age and older in Cape Canadian Arctic, sea-level is projected to rise. Dorset, Iqaluit and Kimmirut, Nunavut. The results of this research complement existing studies (e.g., Furgal et al., 2003; Kuhnlein et al., 2003; Donaldson et al., 2006) and can TWO BODIES OF KNOWLEDGE, ONE be used to inform effective dietary advice about country COMMUNITY MONITORING PLAN: food for Aboriginal peoples living in Arctic Canada. UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON ARCTIC CHAR USING SCIENCE AND TRADITIONAL SEA-LEVEL FINGERPRINTING, VERTICAL KNOWLEDGE CRUSTAL MOTION FROM POSTGLACIAL REBOUND, AND PROJECTIONS OF RELATIVE Knopp, Jennie A.1 ([email protected]), C. Furgal2, J. SEA-LEVEL CHANGE IN THE CANADIAN D. Reist3, Sachs Harbour Hunters and Trappers Committee4 ARCTIC and the Community of Sachs Harbour4
James, Thomas S1,2 ([email protected]), K. M. Simon1,2, D. 1 Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent L. Forbes3,4, A. S. Dyke5 and S. Mazzotti1,2 University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 2 Departments of Environmental Studies and Indigenous 1 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 Victoria, P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, British 3 Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Columbia V8W 3P6 Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6 2 Pacifi c Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada, 4 Sachs Harbour Hunters and Trappers Committee/Sachs 9860 W. Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2 Harbour Community Corporation, Sachs Harbour, Banks 3 Department of Geography, Memorial University, St. John’s, Island, NWT, X0E 0Z0 Newfoundland & Labrador, A1B 3X9 4 Geological Survey of Canada, 1 Challenger Drive, P.O. Box Community-based monitoring is becoming more 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2 important in Canada’s North, especially in light of the 5 Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, projected and unprecedented changes that will occur in the Ontario K1A 0E8 Arctic climate and environment. Communities are often the fi rst to observe and report these changes and the effects on We present projections of relative sea-level rise in the land, water and animals. Millennia of knowledge and the 21st century for communities in the Canadian Arctic. observations about the environment and natural resources First, for selected communities, we determine the sea-level exist among Inuit hunters and fi shers, who rely on these fi ngerprinting response from Antarctica, Greenland, and resources for food. Their observations can further both our mountain glaciers and ice caps. Then, for various published understanding of environmental variability and its effects
60 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts on Arctic biota. Community-based monitoring provides an THE CONTRIBUTION OF IBAS TO COMMUNITY opportunity to further understand both the current status CAPACITY: THE CASE OF BAKER LAKE, of fi sh and wildlife species as well as recently observed NUNAVUT changes. This knowledge can then form the basis for understanding and preparing for future changes in these Knotsch, Cathleen1 ([email protected]), B. Bradshaw2, M. Arctic species in light of a changing environment. Okalik3 and K. Peterson4 Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus), a truly northern fi sh species, is a staple subsistence resource for Inuit on Banks 1 Senior Research Offi cer, Inuit Tuttarvingat, National Island, NWT. In recent years, signifi cant climate variability Aboriginal Health Organization, 220 Laurier Ave. West, and change (CVC) has been observed in the area. Local Suite 1200, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5Z9 residents and scientists are concerned about the potential 2 Associate Professor, Department of Geography, University effects CVC could have on this local resource. This project of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 studies community-based monitoring (CBM) and the 3 Undergraduate Student, Human Rights and Political potential for bringing together both traditional ecological Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario knowledge (TEK) and scientifi c knowledge of chars and 4 Graduate Student, Global Environmental Change Group, their environments and intends to identify key indicators Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, of change in char using both quantitative (char growth Ontario, N1G 2W1 and environment conditions) and qualitative (Traditional Ecological Knowledge) data. Canadian Arctic communities are experiencing Scoping sessions and 13 TEK interviews were unprecedented mineral exploration and mine development conducted with the residents of Sachs Harbour prior in addition to being exposed to increasingly extreme to fi eld sampling to determine potential indicators of weather events and continuing environmental change. change in char and the environment based on local expert Concerned with identifying external threats to Arctic knowledge. Potential indicators drawn from both the TEK communities caused by a changing climate, research efforts interviews and existing scientifi c literature were then used increasingly seek to identify mechanisms for adaptation to determine the parameters of the study. Field sampling within communities (IPCC, 2007; Smit and Wandel, 2006). carried out in lakes used for subsistence fi shing by Sachs More recent research has given attention to institutions Harbour residents examined the current status of both as catalysts, barriers or determinants of adaptive capacity the char and the aquatic habitat. Fish were sampled for a (Glaas et al., 2010; Agrawal, 2008; Adger et al, 2007). In a variety of morphological parameters to catalogue current previous paper (Bradshaw et al., 2009), we conceptualized condition and to collect otoliths (“earbones”) from which the ways in which an Impact and Benefi t Agreement (IBA) both age and annual growth for each year of the fi sh’s life is established between a mine developer and an Aboriginal measured. community or larger representative organization might A summary of the preliminary investigation into either contribute to or detract from community adaptive the relationship between the local TEK and the annual capacity either directly or via its impacts on existing growth rate of individual Arctic Char in relation to community institutions. In this paper, we offer preliminary climatic conditions including mean annual temperature, results of an empirical assessment of this conceptualization mean seasonal precipitation, and seasonal ice cover in based on the case of Baker Lake, Nunavut and the IBA the local bay is presented. New insights provided from signed by Agnico-Eagle and the Kivalliq Inuit Association in the TEK interviews about char condition and changes support of the Meadowbank gold mine. in the local environment are explored. Ultimately this Based on interviews and meetings, which largely novel multidisciplinary approach provides new insights sought local perceptions of the performance of the IBA into potential environmental indicators which can be used and its contribution to community capacity and resilience, in community-based monitoring plans and further, is an some modest insights can be generated. First, local example of how science and TEK can complement one perceptions of community benefi ts fl owing from the IBA another to provide a better understanding of northern fi sh in place are overall limited to employment and increased species in a changing environment. disposable income with modest implication for community capacity; Second, a perceived disconnect between the scale at which the IBA is negotiated/implemented and the scale at which mine impacts and benefi ts are experienced appears to be challenging community institutions that have historically supported community capacity. Themes deserving separate elaboration in their relation to community institutions
61 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts are youth, health and environment, whereas processes ARCTIC MARGIN SEDIMENTS AS A SINK: of knowledge transfer and sharing and collaborative PERSPECTIVES FROM PB-210 AND CS- management appear to play a predominant role in the 137 DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE NORTH functioning of institutional structures. AMERICAN ARCTIC MARGIN
Kuzyk, Zou Zou1 ([email protected]), C. Gobeil1, INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH USING M. Goni2 and R. Macdonald3 PHOTOVOICE 1 INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, Québec, Québec, G1K Kurszewski, Denise ([email protected]) 9A9 2 Miguel Goni, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Institute for Circumpolar Health Research, Inuvik, NT X0E Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331 0T0 3 Robie Macdonald, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L The use of a community based participatory (CBR) 4B2 approach to research is becoming an expected standard for scientifi c research projects with Indigenous populations Processes occurring actively along margins, in the north. CBPR approaches attempt to equitably including deposition and burial of materials in sediments, involve community partners in research, draw on their are important in the biogeochemical cycling of many knowledge, share decision-making responsibilities, and build elements in the Arctic Ocean. However, a scarcity of community capacity. Photovoice has been primarily used in sediment core data for many margin regions has limited our a wide range of health research to empower marginalized understanding of these processes and thus compromised recipients of health systems in an effort to create positive foundations for carbon and other elemental budgets. Here, change and the data suggests Photovoice is an effective we report new Pb-210 and Cs-137 data for 25 sediment way of communicating with people in positions of power cores collected in 2007-2008 along the shelf and upper (Carlson, Engebretson, & Chamberlain, 2006.) In July 2010, slope in the North American Arctic margin, including the the Institute for Circumpolar Health Research (ICHR) North Bering-Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the Canadian partnered with the University of Toronto, Public Health Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and Baffi n Bay/Davis Strait. Agency of Canada and the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Sediment inventories of excess Pb-210 vary more than to host an Introduction to Research Course Using 10-fold (8-114 dpm/cm2), refl ecting both regional and local Photovoice for youth in Inuvik. differences in the supply of particles and particle-reactive Seven youth ranging from 14-20 years of age elements. In general, sediment Pb-210 inventories are low participated. Two research questions were developed: in the interior CAA, higher but variable along the Beaufort 1) What promotes good health in Inuvik? 2) What are Shelf, and highest in Davis Strait/Baffi n Bay, where there the challenges to achieving good health in Inuvik? The may be additional inputs of Pb-210 from the North Inuvik Homeless Shelter was in danger of closing due to Atlantic. Inventories are intermediate in the North Bering- lack of operational funds and there was much publicity Chukchi shelf region, despite mixing processes infl uencing and discussion around the topic. The participants had Pb-210 profi les more strongly than sedimentation. In other two days to take photos that captured their beliefs and regions, we estimate sedimentation rates of ~0.05 to 0.23 personal views concerning the research questions. Through g/cm2/yr, based on the Pb-210 profi les and a model that photos and discussion, themes of mental spiritual, physical incorporates both sedimentation and mixing. The depth and emotional health and wellbeing, nutrition, poverty, of Cs-137 penetration in the sediment cores was used to homelessness and pollution emerged. verify the sedimentation and mixing rates. Comparison of Along with learning the basics of community-based sediment Cs-137 inventories (0.7-4.2 dpm/cm2) and Pb-210 research, the youth-participants were enthusiastic about inventories provides insight into the major geochemical/ the photovoice methodology. Discussions around the sedimentological processes controlling the inventories of photos, as well as the health issues in Inuvik showed that the these elements and how these processes vary regionally. The students had great insight in how everyone could do more data provide, for the fi rst time, a foundation for regional in the community The youth-participants realized their elemental budgets, as well as a critical baseline for evaluating potential for community involvement in the health issues of changes in deposition and burial along the North American Inuvik. Arctic margin under altered climate scenarios.
62 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
EVALUATING THE FLOE EDGE SERVICE: Retrogressive thaw slumps are very large landslide- HOW WELL CAN SAR IMAGERY ADDRESS like features occurring in the presence of massive ground COMMUNITY CONCERNS AROUND SEA ICE ice. This form of thermokarst is generally initiated by lake CHANGE AND TRAVEL SAFETY? shore erosion, coastal erosion or nearshore thaw settlement leading to the failure of coastal cliffs and the (re)exposition Laidler, Gita J. ([email protected]) of ice-rich permafrost. These slumps can then evolve over hundreds of years and deliver large quantities of sediments Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, and nutrients to the nearshore zone. In this presentation, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., B349 Loeb we show examples from the Yukon Coastal Plain in Canada, Building Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 where retrogressive thaw slumps are among the largest in the world. We introduce the notion of polycyclic occurrence During several years of collaborative research of these slumps as well as the coupling of this polycyclicity with Inuit sea ice experts in Cape Dorset, Igloolik, and to climatic signals. We also show fi eld and remote sensing Pangnirtung, Nunavut, local expressions of interest were data describing the large quantities of sediment and nutrient received for increased access and availability of satellite released by these features and provide a comparative analysis imagery of sea ice. Therefore, the Polar View Floe Edge of the impact of coastal thermokarst and erosion of coastal Service was expanded to each community in the spring of cliffs. 2007, and follow-up workshops in November, 2007 helped to evaluate and improve the service. Preliminary results of this research were presented at ArcticNet in 2008, and THE USE OF PHOTOVOICE TO EXPLORE THE here we share more detailed results regarding an evaluation FOOD SECURITY OF USERS OF COMMUNITY of how well Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery can FOOD PROGRAMS IN IQALUIT, NUNAVUT address community concerns around sea ice change and travel safety. Several opportunities for the use of SAR Lardeau, Marie-Pierre1 ([email protected]. imagery emerged, including: i) seeing what is on (or within/ ca), J. Ford1, G. Healy2 and W. Vandebilt1 under) the ice; ii) monitoring seasonal and long-term sea ice changes; iii) hazards assessment; iv) planning travel routes; 1 Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, and, v) facilitating search and rescue operations. A number Quebec, H3A 2K6 of challenges were also identifi ed, such as: i) SAR image 2 Qaujigiartiit Health Research Centre, Iqaluit, Nunavut, interpretation; ii) image resolution; iii) frequency of image X0A 0H0 acquisition; iv) SAR image representation capabilities; and, v) technological challenges. The workshops also provided We develop a photovoice methodology to insights into intercultural and intergenerational exchanges, document the experience and determinants of food and a number of recommendations were developed insecurity amongst users of community food programs in to support the continued expansion and improvement Iqaluit, Nunavut. The target population includes individuals of the Floe Edge Service. Critically, discussions served and households who have diffi culty obtaining suffi cient as important reminders that technology is helpful, but food and who in many instances face signifi cant social and alone it cannot adequately address local concerns about economic marginalization, and as such have been neglected unpredictable sea ice conditions, travel safety, and passing in Arctic food systems research. Eight regular users of on Inuit knowledge to youth. food programs were recruited and engaged in Photovoice to document factors determining food consumption. Key CYCLIC ACTIVITY AND NUTRIENT RELEASE themes in the photographs were reviewed with participants FROM RETROGRESSIVE THAW SLUMPS IN THE in a workshop setting. Findings suggest that factors ARCTIC COASTAL ZONE improving food security status include sharing of traditional foods and the presence of community food programs as Lantuit, Hugues1 ([email protected]), M. Fritz1, N. a support mechanism. Factors identifi ed by the group as Couture2 and W. Pollard3 negatively affecting food security were the high cost of food in the Arctic and substance abuse. The study represents a 1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, pilot use of participatory photography among marginalized Research Section Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany 14473 Arctic populations in a food context and offers considerable 2 Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada promise for challenging study populations 3 Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2K6
63 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) FROM showing the relevance of DOC in computing sediment MASSIVE GROUND ICE ALONG THE YUKON budgets for large areas and for the Arctic. We highglight the COAST - WHY DOES IT MATTER ? need to collect samples from a range of exposures affected by other cryogenetic processes to get a comprehensive Fritz, Michael1 ([email protected]), Lantuit, Hugues1, N. picture of DOC contents in ground ice along arctic coasts. Couture2 and W. Pollard3
1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, FROM RESEARCH TO ADAPTATION: OURANOS’ Research Section Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany ROLE IN HELPING PUSH FORWARD 2 Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 3 Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, Canada Larrivée, Caroline1 ([email protected]) and M. Permafrost soils are known to hold around 50% Allard1,2 of the global soil carbon pool, mostly as particulate organic carbon (POC). The carbon is often stored deep in the soil 1 Ouranos, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B9 profi le, because of its redistribution through cryoturbation 2 Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, or simply because of the nature of the depositional Québec, G1V 7P4 processes that led to the storage of carbon in these lower horizons. Soils are rarely wholly vertically exposed, because Ouranos, a research consortium on regional of the progressive nature of thaw processes, except in climatology and adaptation to climate change, develops thermokarst, river shores and coastlines, where large vertical and collaborates in research projects and activities covering sections of ice-rich permafrost can be in contact with both a range of issues judged priorities by its membership the sea and the atmosphere. As arctic permafrost coasts composed mainly of provincial government representatives, make up 34 % of the world’s coastline (ca. 400,000 km) and Hydro-Québec and universities. Among these priority issues, are often made of ice-rich unconsolidated sediments highly the organization’s Northern Environment program has susceptible to coastal erosion as shown by the large rates attempted to develop projects that respond to community of erosion recently reported in the literature, it is likely that needs and that are complementary to ArcticNet’s research large quantities of carbon are released from coastal erosion. program and the projects it funds. Current estimates of carbon release by coastal erosion This presentation will provide a state of affairs focus solely on particulate organic carbon, emphasizing concerning the research program and current projects. the overwhelming role of the soil POC in the overall Building on previous research, a recent grant from Natural release of total organic carbon from erosion. Dissolved Resources Canada’s latest adaptation to climate change Organic Carbon (DOC) is generally not included in these funding program has made it possible to develop various estimates, as it is considered to be negligible in the equation. activities to promote adaptation through better awareness, Estimations of DOC contents in ground ice, which is more effective transfer of knowledge between research overwhelmingly present along arctic coasts do not exist and community end-users as well as tools to help guide though and this study aimed at investigating DOC contents decision-makers in choices that infl uence development in in massive ice. the communities. These projects are mainly targeted towards Along the Yukon Coastal Plain, in the Western adapting buildings and infrastructure to environmental and Canadian Arctic, massive ground ice bodies such as ice climate changes in Nunavik given that thawing permafrost is wedges, buried glacier ice, and segregated massive ice form already causing impacts. an overwhelming component of the coastal sections. In A brief description will also be given more some cases, virtually pure ground ice occupies as much generally on how the organization works with the various as 90% of 40 m coastal exposures and erodes at rates adaptation actors and stakeholders to keep them involved in approaching 10 m/yr. Here we present the fi rst results of the research and make sure the projects remain relevant to dissolved organic carbon from massive ground ice from promote adaptation to climate change. Herschel Island (69.583 °N; 139.083 °W) in the Southern Beaufort Sea. First data suggest that Holocene ice wedges possess the highest DOC content of all massive ice types. IRIS 4 ASSESSMENT : VEGETATION CHANGES Buried glacier ice, basal regelation ice or segregation IN NUNAVIK AND NUNATSIAVUT ice show strong internal variation due to their complex interaction with host sediments and their parent organic Lévesque, Esther 1 ([email protected]), Luise carbon content. We draw from these results some numbers Hermanutz 2, ([email protected]) and J. Gérin-Lajoie1
64 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
1 Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Dép. Chimie- 2 Mainz Academy of Sciences, the Humanities and Biologie and Centre d’études nordiques Université Laval, Literature, c/o Institute for Polar Ecology of the University Québec of Kiel, Kiel, D-24148, Germany 2 Memorial University of Newfoundland, Dep. Biology, St. John’s Pelagic-benthic coupling tightly links water-column and sea-ice primary production and benthic processes in Both Elders/local experts and scientists have Arctic seas. The downward fl ux of organic matter provides observed vegetation changes in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut food to the seafl oor, and its remineralisation by benthic over the last decades. Conditions predicted by climate communities presents an upward replenishment of nutrients models, especially increased growing season length in the water column. Climate change and sea-ice decline are and degree-days, should promote erect shrub species expected to modify these signifi cant pathways in the ocean establishment and growth. Their cover and height will carbon and nutrient budget. Temporal and spatial variability continue to increase throughout the area except on bedrock in benthic processes are a challenge when evaluating how outcrops. Currently the herb tundra zone has not been changes in pelagic-benthic coupling will infl uence benthic encroached by shrubs; however dwarf birch and some remineralisation in local and short-term studies. In summer willow species are expected to expand into these zones. and fall 2008 and 2009, we investigated the relationship With the improved conditions favouring increased viable between benthic carbon turnover, nutrient regeneration and seed production, and recruitment, conifers are expected sediment pigment concentration, as a proxy of food supply to gradually expand beyond current treelines. Warmer and to the benthos, along a West to East geographic gradient longer growing seasons may not benefi t berry producing (Mackenzie Shelf in the Beaufort Sea to the central Baffi n plants which will face increasing competition from erect Bay) in the Canadian Arctic. The spatio-temporal pattern shrubs for space, nutrients and light, and potentially lack varied among the different variables. For example, benthic of moisture if summers are dryer. Berry species, (especially carbon turnover was generally higher in 2008 than in 2009, partridgeberry/redberry and bog bilberry/blueberry) will with strong differences at biological ‘hot spots’ in the central most likely decline under shrub cover, yet the patchy nature North Water Polynya (NOW, Baffi n Bay), at pockmarks of arctic vegetation should enable other species more in Barrow Strait (Lancaster Sound) and off the Mackenzie tolerant to partial shade such as black crowberry/blackberry Delta. Sediment pigment concentration, however, was and cloudberry/bakeapple to take advantage of the considerably lower only in Barrow Strait and off the changing conditions. Migration and/or expansion of boreal Mackenzie Delta in 2009. The missing link to relate these species (e.g. raspberries) are to be expected in the southern patterns may be benthic community composition, which portion of the studied area. Major uncertainties still integrates environmental changes on longer timescales, but remain as to the impact of environmental change on biotic availability of such data is rare. Compared to earlier studies interactions among vegetation, herbivores (both insects and (CASES, NOW), benthic processes have decreased in the vertebrates) and pollinators. Warmer and longer growing Amundsen Gulf, but showed high annual variability in the seasons will affect food abundance, diversity and quality North Water Polynya. We conclude that it is important as well as change the distribution and emergence patterns to carefully consider the interplay of temporal (seasonal of insects. Taller shrub species (e.g. willow and birch) may and interannual) dynamics and spatial (local and regional) affect the traveling routes as well as traditional activities patterns in both fast-changing factors, such as food supply, such as berry picking. Northerners have observed changes and slow-changing variables, such as benthic community in their environment both in the past and present, and have composition, when assessing regime shifts in ecosystem adjusted their activities to the high spatial and inter-annual processes in relation to the rapid decline of sea ice in the variability in berry productivity or animal abundance. Arctic.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION IN BENTHIC A COMMUNITY-BASED STORY OF BOUNDARY FLUXES IN THE CANADIAN CONTAMINANTS IN THE ARCTIC – THE QUEST ARCTIC FOR KNOWLEDGE THROUGH ELEARNING TOOLS Link, Heike1 ([email protected]), D. Piepenburg2 and P. Archambault1 Loring, Eric1 ([email protected]), C. Grable2 and S. Nickels2
1 Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du 1 Department of Environment and Wildlife, Inuit Tapiriit Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada Kanatami, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P537
65 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
2 Inuit Qaujisarvingat: The Inuit Knowledge Centre, Inuit to sea ice dynamics. We deployed Platform Transmitter Tapiriit Kanatami, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P537 Terminals (PTT) on 26 seals in the Belcher Islands, EHB, from 2006 to the present. PTTs remained on seals for A new education and training opportunity for periods from one to eight months, and during this period, a variety of audiences is being explored by Inuit Tapiriit we found three major patterns in the movement of seals Kanatami’s Inuit Qaujisarvingat: The Inuit Knowledge deployed in this region. Most seals stayed within 80 km Centre (IKC). ELearning is one such tool that the IKC of the deployment site, although 3 seals travelled more is promoting to support its goal of knowledge exchange than 500 km away from it. There were no differences and capacity building intended to reach both Inuit and between sexes in movement characteristics, but large-scale non-Inuit front-line workers, such as representatives for movements were almost exclusively observed among young community health and hunters and trappers organizations. of year seals. Rates of movement decreased, and seals Niqiit (country foods): The Story of Contaminants in the remained closer to the islands, as sea ice formed around Arctic is an interactive, online course that explores the issue the islands during winter. Despite the large extent of ice of contaminants and their impacts on the environment, cover and high sea ice concentrations around the islands in wildlife, and people of the Arctic. Focused on two Inuit winter, seals occasionally moved north of the islands during youth – called The Seekers – this course follows their quest this time, presumably to small areas of open water. The to learn about contaminants within the context of a virtual implications of these results for the management of this Inuit community. ringed seal stock in terms of climate change are discussed. This presentation will highlight the components and characters of the course as they relate to communication of complex, scientifi c information, emphasizing the INVESTIGATION OF THAW SLUMP importance of having plain language material for non- DISTURBANCES ON WATER QUALITY NEAR technical audiences. FORT MCPHERSON, NWT, CANADA
Malone, Laura1 ([email protected]), I. Clark1 and D. SEASONAL FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF RINGED Lacelle1 SEALS IN HUDSON BAY REVEALS 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Luque, Sebastian1 ([email protected]) and S. Ferguson2 Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5
1 Department of Geography, University of Manitoba, The previously glaciated region of the western Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 NWT hosts a number of spectacular thaw slumps which 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T deliver considerable sediment load to surface drainage 2N6 networks. On the Peel Plateau near Fort McPherson (NWT), large retrogressive thaw slumps have been observed The Hudson Bay marine environment is already on historical Landsat TM imageries and some of the slumps showing effects of climate warming through reduced sea were visited in summer 2010 as part of a program to assess ice period. Ice-breeding ringed seals (Phoca hispida) are their impact on surface water quality in the Stoney Creek expected to respond to the warming climate with reduced drainage basin and the Peel River. Considering that the distribution and lower survival. Concerns have arisen over hamlet of Fort McPherson is located only 30 km north-east possible declines in ringed seal numbers in western Hudson of the area undergoing extensive permafrost degradation, Bay as indicated by reduced pregnancy rate, pup survival an investigation of the cause of thermokarst and its and abundance, and older age structure. Similar data for environmental effects (including water quality of nearby eastern Hudson Bay (EHB) are currently unavailable. The streams) is needed to assess its impact on the fi sh habitats condition of polar bears, the main predator of ringed seals, and water supply of the local community. The development has also declined. Using satellite telemetry technology and of thaw slumps on the Peel Plateau has led to the formation state-space modelling techniques, our objectives were to: 1) of large mudlobes extending a few hundred meters delineate movement trajectories that may bring juveniles and downstream from the headwall. In some instances, these possibly adults into areas hunted by other communities, 3) mudlobes dam river fl ow to form lakes whereas others spill assess sex- and age-specifi c site fi delity of individual seals into streams, thus directly increasing their sediment load. during the breeding season, 4) identify nominal foraging and In this study, we investigate the impacts of solutes travelling areas, and 5) defi ne spatio-temporal variation in released from thaw slumps and associated mudfl ows on the ringed seal critical foraging habitat and behaviour in relation water quality of nearby streams and lakes. This objective
66 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts is achieved through fi eld measurements (pH, electrical This model incorporates trade-offs between development, conductivity) and sampling for inorganic and organic growth, and size-structured mortality and includes realistic geochemistry and isotopes (d18O, dD, 3H) composition of dormancy strategies and vertical migrations. We discuss how slump runoff and non-affected surface waters (unaffected an implementation of this model can provide insights into streams, affected streams, and direct slump runoff at 3 the different particularities and adaptation among the well- locations along the mudlobe). Field sensors were deployed known boreal/arctic Calanus complex (C. fi nmarchicus, C. during the summer of 2010 to continuously measure glacialis and C. hyperboreus). the conductivity and water-level variations at key sites. Preliminary results show that the contribution of the exposed massive ground ice body in the headwall of thaw USING INFRARED EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY slumps is signifi cant. The sediment load of the runoff TO STUDY ARCTIC ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY from one particular slump was 850 g/L, with a pH of AND RADIATION 6.82 and electrical conductivity of 1326 μS/cm. Based on hydrograph separation using the isotope geochemistry data, Mariani, Zen1 ([email protected]), K. the contribution of melting relict ground ice is enough Strong1, M. Wolff1, M. Palm2, P. Rowe3, V. Walden3 and P. to sustain slump runoff. Conductivity measurements Fogal4 are highest halfway down the slump mudfl ow, and then progressively decrease as the slump runoff receives 1 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, contributions from unaffected streams further down the Canada mudfl ow. Geochemically, the samples exhibit particularly 2 Department of Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, 2- high values of SO4 (max. 1800ppm). Germany 3 Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Idaho, USA 4 Environment Canada, Air Quality Research Division, UNDERSTANDING COPEPOD LIFE-HISTORY Toronto, Canada AND DIVERSITY USING A NEXT-GENERATION ZOOPLANKTON MODEL The Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (E-AERI) is a moderate resolution Maps, Frédéric1,2, A. J. Pershing1,2 and N. R. Record1,2 (1 cm-1) Fourier transform infrared interferometer for measuring the infrared spectral radiance emitted by the 1 University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences, Orono, atmosphere. Spectra from the E-AERI are being used to ME 04469, United States. study the radiative balance and budgets of trace gases in 2 Gulf of Maine Research Institute, Portland, ME 04101, the Canadian high Arctic. The instrument was installed at United States. the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) at Eureka, Nunavut, in October 2008 and has Global climate models now provide realistic acquired one full year of data. Total column amounts of depictions of the impacts of climate variability and atmospheric constituents above Eureka including O3, CO, anthropogenic climate change on physical conditions CH4, and N2O have been retrieved. Errors on retrieved in the oceans. Understanding the complex interactions total column amounts for these gases are below 15%, which between the ocean’s dynamic physical environment and is typical of Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTSs). A the distribution, abundance and productivity of the pelagic similar instrument, the Polar Atmospheric Emitted Radiance species is a precondition for using climate models to predict Interferometer (P-AERI), was installed at the Zero-altitude the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. From PEARL Auxiliary Laboratory (0PAL) at Eureka from 2006- this perspective, copepods represent a critical link in pelagic 2009. Total columns measured by these two instruments ecosystems that connect environmental variability and have been compared, using both the same retrieval code and changes in primary production with higher trophic levels. two independent methods: differences are less than 6% for Predicting ecological changes under climate change most trace gases measured, comparable to the measurement requires mechanistic descriptions of the impact of the errors, indicating good agreement between the two environment on physiology, life history, and population instruments and the two algorithms. An overview of the dynamics. We have developed a model of copepod E-AERI’s science objectives, capabilities, and performance abundance as a function of size (mass) and developmental relative to the P-AERI will be presented. stage. The goal was to develop a model framework that can be applied to a wide range of calanoid copepods, and that will mechanistically model their abundance and phenology.
67 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
THE INTERACTIONS OF MARINE SEABIRDS UNDERICE FRESHWATER CIRCULATION IN FEEDING ON ARCTIC COD (BOREAGADUS THE NELSON RIVER ESTUARY, HUDSON BAY SAIDA) McCullough, Greg1 ([email protected]), K. Matley, Jordan1 ([email protected]), R. Crawford2, Hochheim1, S. Lorrain2, K. Sydor3 and D. Barber1 A.T. Fisk3 and T.A. Dick1 1 Centre for Earth Observations Science, Dept. of 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 2 3822 Habberline St., Wilmington, North Carolina, 28412 2 Environnement Illimité inc., 1453 Saint-Timothée, 3 Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, Montréal, Québec, H2L 3N7 University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4 3 Manitoba Hydro, 360 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 0G8 Arctic cod (Boreagadus saida) is ubiquitous and the primary diet item of whales, seals, and seabirds in many Winter ice cover makes the Nelson River estuary a areas of the Canadian high Arctic. Despite its importance physically complex environment for transport of freshwater in the Arctic food web, little is known of the factors that into Hudson Bay. Transport of freshwater, suspended infl uence its behaviour and movement and that of its solids and major nutrients through this environment was predators. The objective was to describe the relationship the subject of a Manitoba Hydro and ArcticNet-funded between Arctic cod and marine seabirds in Allen Bay near survey in March 2009. We recorded under-ice profi les along Resolute, Nunavut. Allen Bay supports a diverse marine transects, and used under-ice moorings to survey salinity, community and is an important hunting area for local temperature, turbidity, coloured dissolved organic matter Inuit. The presence and importance of Arctic cod schools and chlorophyll; electromagnetic inductance surveys to in relation to predators were examined. School size was document ice thickness and roughness, and ice-bottom estimated qualitatively by observers and quantitatively topography; beacons to track ice motion and satellite remote with hydroacoustic technology. Parallel and zigzag transect sensing to supplement these in situ map ice roughness and surveys were completed to determine the density of motion observations. Satellite data was also used to delineate seabirds and this density was compared with quantitative turbid plumes when wind and tidal actions opened wide estimates of Arctic cod density. Additionally, hydroacoustic leads between shore-fast and pack ice. Initial freshwater- equipment was used to examine Arctic cod distribution marine mixing is driven by fl uvial-tidal interaction, under and movement in relation to habitat conditions. Land- a sensible heat polynya in the river mouth, to form a based observations were also conducted to determine brackish layer, 5 – 10 m deep with salinity > 10 immediately foraging behaviour associated with environmental variables. seaward of the initial mixing zone. This layer is carried Results suggest that seabirds are more likely to be found predominantly eastward along shore under the infl uence in close proximity (<150m) to schools of Arctic cod. The of general Hudson Bay circulation (dominantly cyclonic). schools of Arctic cod were dynamic varying in size, shape, Up to 100 km east of the river mouth, salinity is still as low depth, and habitat. Arctic cod distribution along transects as 16 – 20 through a layer 10 – 15 m deep. An additional was often heterogeneous ranging between 0.5-9 fi sh/m3. freshwater transport mechanism is postulated, whereby On several occasions small schools moved inshore into ice fl oes surrounded by deep ice keels trap large pools of shallow waters (<1m) which initiated large feeding events. brackish water which are then carried long distances with One such occurrence involved 200 seabirds feeding on dilution, partly under combined forcing of surface winds approximately 164 fi sh in fi fteen minutes. Of the seabirds, and under-ice circulation. This under-ice transport may black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and northern explain anomalously fresh water (salinity < 10) that we fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) caught the majority of Arctic cod, observed under fl oes as far as 100 km from the river mouth. meanwhile glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and parasitic We also observed that the fl uvial suspended solids load jaegers (Stercorarius parasiticus) successfully kleptoparasitized of the plume is supplemented by sediment generated by approximately half these captures. Preliminary analysis turbulent pumping action under shore-fast ice as it shifts suggests seabird foraging activity is infl uenced by the tidal vertically with tides. Finally, we compare these processes cycle and perhaps other environmental variables (i.e. wind, with preliminary results from a study of the Nelson River sea state, visibility, ice, time of day, and air temperature), plume in the summer of 2010. Our winter survey work but appears to be primarily dependent on the presence indicates that fl uvial water and its load are carried further and behaviour of fi sh in the bay. This study provides new eastward in Hudson Bay, with less dilution, by transport information concerning the interactions between schooling processes occurring under-ice than they are during the and resident Arctic cod, and predatory seabirds. open-water season.
68 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
IPEM - A COST EFFECTIVE PREDICTIVE Methods: During the International Polar Year MODELLING APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING research activities, a cross-sectional Inuit Health Survey PROCESS-BASED ECOLOGICAL INVENTORIES was conducted in the late Summer and Fall of 2007 and FOR ARCTIC NATIONAL PARKS 2008 in 33 coastal and 3 inland communities representing all communities in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR) Fraser, Robert1, Donald McLennan2 (donald.mclennan@ of Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut of pc.gc.ca), S. Ponomarenko2, R. Sharma2 and I. Olthof1 northern Labrador. Variable descriptive statistics were weighted and presented by region and by whether children 1 Natural Resources Canada, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, were present or not in the household. K1A0E4 Results: A total of 2,796 Inuit households were 2 Parks Canada Agency, 25 rue Eddy, Hull, QC, K1A 0M5 approached of which 864 refused to participate and 54 cancelled or failed to attend their scheduled appointment, Canada’s ten Arctic national parks average 16,000 leaving a total of 1901 participating households and km2 in area and have been located to represent the range of resulting in a participation rate of 68%. In ISR and environmental variability across the Canadian Arctic. Their Nunavut, approximately 20% of homes provided shelter large size and remote locations make intensive ground-based to the homelsess compared to 11.6% in Nunatsiavut. The sampling to support map interpretations both expensive prevalence of public housing and household crowding and diffi cult. Through the IPY-funded CiCAT program, also varied by region, with Nunavut having statistically and in partnership with the Canadian Centre for Remote signifi cantly higher prevalence of overcrowding than Sensing (CCRS), we have developed Integrated Predictive Nunatsiavut and ISR. Household crowding was more Ecosystem Mapping (IPEM) – an approach that marries the prevalent among homes with children. In all three regions, cost effectiveness and broad coverage of ‘top-down’ satellite overcrowding rates were with approximately 20% in ISR; data, with the ‘bottom up’ detail of process-based air and Nunatsiavut and 38% and in Nunavut compared to less photo interpretations, to produce accurate representations than 2.3% crowding in homes without children . Overall, of park ecotypes and bioclimatic zones. Variables such as 26.3% of homes were in need of major repairs which did slope, aspect, elevation and soil moisture derived from the not vary signifi cantly by region. Mold problems, however, digital elevation models were the strongest predictors of were more prevalent in households in Nunatsiavut (11.9%) park ecotypes, while data from optical sensors were less than in ISR (3.1%) and Nunavut (5.9 %). important. Models, accuracy assessments, map products, and Conclusion: Adequate shelter is a basic human need potential applications are shown for 3 contrasting national and an essential foundation for thriving population health. parks – Wapusk, Ivvavik, and Torngat Mountains. The results indicate that improvements in housing indicators are needed. Of utmost concern is the high prevalence of overcrowding in Inuit homes with children with potential INUIT HOUSING AND HOMELESSNESS: consequences for children’s health and well-being. Further, RESULTS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR the high percent of homes providing shelter to the homeless YEAR INUIT HEALTH SURVEY 2007-2008 suggests that hidden homelessness needs to be addressed by further research and program implementation. Minich, Katherine1 ([email protected]), C. Lennie2, M. Wood3, L. Williamson4 and G. M. Egeland 1 CARBON SOURCES AND FLUX IN THE COASTAL 1 Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and BEAUFORT SEA: RESULTS OF THE MALINA 2009 Environment, McGill University, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, QC SURVEY H9X 3V9 2 Inuvialuit Regional Corporation, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0 Miquel, Juan-Carlos ([email protected]), I. Tolosa, S. 3 Nunatsiavut Government, Department of Health and Fiorini, B. Gasser and J. Martín Social Development, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL A0P 1E0 Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic 4 Nunavut Tunngavik, Incorporated, Iqaluit, Nunavut, XOA Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000 Monaco, OHO Principality of Monaco
Objectives: To evaluate housing characteristics Climate change is expected to deeply affect the across Inuit regions in Canada participating in the 2007- Arctic pelagic ecosystems via ice cover reduction and 2008 International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey. increase of freshwater discharge. Important but mostly
69 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts unknown consequences are to follow for the downward were only detected at the very surface water (3m) on the export of particulate matter and the carbon cycling in Amundsen Gulf edge. general. This situation has caused a growing need of fi eld observations to monitor the complex and rapidly changing Arctic environment and to enlarge the dataset available to THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF modelers. FRESHWATER INPUTS BY THE MACKENZIE In the framework of the project MALINA (www. RIVER AND SEA-ICE MELT TO THE SEAWATER obs-vlfr.fr/Malina), a multidisciplinary study lead by France CARBONATE SYSTEM and Canada, an intensive survey of the continental shelf off the Mackenzie River delta in the Beaufort Sea was Lansard, B. and Alfonso Mucci ([email protected]) done during August 2009. IAEA-MEL contributes to this international effort studying the vertical fl ux of particulate Departement of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill material and characterizing the sources of the organic University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7 carbon pool. The analysis of lipid biomarkers and their δ13C in both suspended particles of the water column and The Arctic Ocean and adjacent continental shelf surface sediments is carried out to identify the terrestrial, seas are one of the most intense sinks of atmospheric marine and bacterial sources of carbon and the processes of CO2, but they are particularly sensitive to long-term change transport and degradation in the water column. in ocean, sea-ice, and river runoff forcing. The seawater Results obtained during the 2009 MALINA survey carbonate system is strongly infl uenced by freshwater are presented, including direct measurements of mass and inputs, from river runoff and sea-ice melt, as well as primary organic carbon downward fl ux, and estimates of particulate production and vertical mixing. Both freshwater sources organic carbon export through radionuclide disequilibria. are likely to increase with global warming. In this study, we The results of the analysis of molecular and isotopic lipid investigated the effect of the Mackenzie River plume and biomarkers in suspended particles of the water column and sea-ice melt on the carbonate system in the summer of sediment samples are also presented. 2009. Downward particle fl ux was measured directly During the MALINA cruise, an extensive dataset by means of sediment traps (Technicap PPS3) attached including pH, total alkalinity (TA) and oxygen isotope (δ18O) to a drifting line. Traps were deployed at 40, 85, 145 and composition of seawater was collected on the Mackenzie 200 m along with current-meters at the same depths. Shelf and the south-eastern Beaufort Sea. The surface The drifting array was deployed at selected sites of the mixed layer (SML <50m depth) is composed of a mixture Canadian Beaufort Sea between 14 and 25 August 2009. of freshwater from the Mackenzie River (MW), sea-ice Mooring deployments lasted for 28-50 hours and targeted melt (SIM), the Polar Mixed Layer (PML), and the Upper the shelf-break and the slope along the Beaufort-Mackenzie halocline water (UHL). The combined use of TA and δ18O continental margin, as well as the edge between the as tracers of freshwater inputs to the Arctic Ocean provides Mackenzie Shelf and the Amundsen Gulf. The measured a distinct fi ngerprint of MW and SIM on the Mackenzie fl uxes were relatively low (in the range of 9-56 mg m-2 d-1 Shelf. Water originating from the Mackenzie River is for the total mass and 1-15 mgC m-2 d-1 for carbon). Overall, characterized by very low salinity (<10) and δ18O (-20‰) the magnitude and composition of the particulate fl ux and relatively high TA (1800 μmol kg-1) values whereas sea- suggests post-bloom conditions during the survey. ice melting generates higher salinity (>20) and δ18O (-2.0‰) Also, total 234Th profi les were carried out in the and relatively low TA (<400 μmol kg-1) concentrations water column using a Niskin-CTD-Rosette and particulate in the SML. The identifi cation of water masses and their 234Th was measured at selected depths using large volume distribution on the Mackenzie Shelf were accomplished Challenger in-situ pumps. This data is used to assess the using an optimum multi-parameter analysis (OMP) based on 234 disequilibrium between the natural radionuclide Th and its temperature, salinity, dissolved O2 concentrations, TA and parent radionuclide 238U, which can be used as a proxy for δ18O. particulate carbon fl ux. Seawater CO2 fugacity (fCO2) was computed using Characterization of the sediments revealed a sink the CO2SYS software with pH and TA measurements. of relatively fresh and marine organic material mixed with The highest fCO2 values (>550 μatm) were measured at a fossil hydrocarbon background and a small input of the Mackenzie River mouth. The spread of the Mackenzie terrestrial sources. In contrast, the suspended particulate River plume was limited to the inner continental shelf, as matter in the water column from the Mackenzie Shelf to revealed by low salinity and δ18O. Offshore, sea-ice melt the edge of the Amundsen Gulf showed a predominant contributes signifi cantly (>15%) to the SML. The cold, biogenic and fossil composition, while terrestrial biomarkers relatively low salinity surface waters of the Beaufort Sea are
70 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
undersaturated (300 μatm) with respect to atmospheric CO2 mental, emotional, and spiritual), with an emphasis on
(380 μatm). The lowest fCO2 (250 μatm) were recorded at adaptation strategies. Working within an EcoHealth Cape Bathurst in association with a sub-surface (50m depth) framework, the community of Rigolet partnered with peak of chlorophyll a. social science researchers, epidemiologists, and a not-for- The Mackenzie River plume and the inner shelf profi t organization to use digital media—particularly digital are, therefore, a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere (380 storytelling—to gather stories and data about climate μatm). Conversely, due to an increased contribution of SIM, change in the region, the climate-health relationship, and the Beaufort Sea may take up more atmospheric CO2. current and possible adaptation strategies. These ‘digital dialogues’ created an innovative and powerful platform for health media campaigns and also for analyzing the impacts «MY WORD»: USING DIGITAL STORYTELLING of climate change on health in Inuit communities. Rigolet FOR CLIMATE-HEALTH RESEARCH IN residents also expanded research capacities and increased RIGOLET, NUNATSIAVUT confi dence to independently examine and study climate- related issues. My Word Team1 ([email protected]), Ashlee This presentation will discuss the process of Cunsolo Willox2, Sherilee Harper3, Victoria Edge4 and the utilizing digital media to document and share stories about Rigolet Inuit Community Government5 the effects of climate change on human health, as well as the research results emergent from this project. Examples 1 My Word: Storytelling and Digital Media Lab, Rigolet, of the digital health media created through this project will Nunatsiavut, NL, A0P 1P0 be screened, followed by a discussion of how to utilize 2 PhD Candidate, School of Environmental Design & Rural digital stories not only to conduct research about climate- Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G health relationships and adaptation strategies in Aboriginal 2W1 communities, but also to create culturally-relevant health 3 PhD Student, Department of Population Medicine, media. Finally, the importance of community-led and University of Guelph, Guelph, ON , N1G 2W1 community-based participatory projects to promote on- 4 Adjunct Professor, Department of Population Medicine, going, climate-based public health research, development, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 and programming will be considered. 5 Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, NL, A0P 1P0
“Everyone got a story to tell. Everyone. Some of them real MODELLING OCEAN AND SEA-ICE good stories.” Rigolet Resident CONDITIONS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO USING A HIGH-RESOLUTION For Canada’s Northern regions, climate change NESTED MODEL WITHIN A PAN-ARCTIC poses challenges to the health and well-being of residents. MODEL In particular, Inuit communities are vulnerable to environmental changes, as many Inuit continue to live Nudds, Shannon1 ([email protected]), Y. a lifestyle that is closely tied to, and reliant upon, the Lu1, C. Hannah1, F. Dupont2, J. Lei1, M. Dunphy3 and S. natural environment. Communities have reported climate Prinsenberg1 change impacts on access to safe fresh drinking water and traditional foods, increased UV exposure, decreased 1 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of physical activity, unstable travel conditions, ice changes, Oceanography, Darthmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2 and unpredictable weather patterns, all of which impact 2 Environment Canada, Atmospheric Science and health and well-being in these regions. While past research Technology Directorate, Dorval, Quebec, H9P 1J3 has indicated that health communication and education 3 Department of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, can positively infl uence behaviour concerning actions, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1 management, and adaptation, many public health initiatives in Inuit communities have often been unable to provide A new ice-ocean model for the Arctic Ocean this information in culturally-relevant or locally-appropriate has been developed based on the Nucleus for European formats. Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) for purposes of In 2009, the Rigolet Inuit Community Government operational and climate research studies. A novel feature of in Nunatsiavut began a multi-year, community-driven, this model is the use of the “two-way nesting” technique participatory, storytelling project which examined the using AGRIF (Adaptive Grid Refi nement in Fortran) which impacts of climate change on human health (physical, allows for the embedding of a high-resolution sub-model
71 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts within a pan-Arctic model to better simulate circulation ameliorated in terms of access to healthy foods, exercise and through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). The abstaining from tobacco use; that safe travel behaviours be horizontal resolution is ~18 km for the pan-Arctic domain widely adopted; that they continue to have access to country and ~6 km for the nested region. Initial tests are carried out foods which provide them with high quality fats which may using climatologies of surface forcing. Results show seasonal be the remaining stronghold in preventing an epidemic of variations of sea-ice cover and hydrography consistent cardiovascular disease and other important benefi ts; that with observations throughout both the pan-Arctic and global efforts to reduce environmental contamination that high-resolution domains, and the high-resolution domain are transported into the Arctic food web continue; and that provides detailed spatial structure of sea-ice and circulation monitoring of climate related changes continue in order to in the CAA. Simulations are compared to available mooring support adaptation on many levels such as for hunting and data in Barrow Strait and Davis Strait, and ice concentration fi shing. data from the Canadian Ice Service. Results show the Much work remains if we are to support northern model’s ability to simulate realistic inter-annual variability of managers and communities in catching up with the rest of transport and ice formation throughout the CAA. However, Canada, the least of which is a focus towards understanding improvements need to be made to control the magnitude of the social determinants of health and their role in improving the transport in the CAA. health status.
IRIS 4 ASSESSMENT - HEALTH SURVEY AND TRANSMISSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE: NUNAVIK AND KNOWLEDGE AND LAND SKILLS IN NUNATSIAVUT ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ARCTIC Owens, Sandra1 ([email protected]) and É. Dewailly2 Pearce, Tristan1 ([email protected]). R. Notaina2, A. Kudlak2, H. Wright2, J. Ford3, C. Furgal4 and B. Smit1 1 Axe Santé des Populations et Environnement, Centre de Recherche du CHUQ, Québec, G1V 2M2 1 Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, 2 Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Faculté de Ontario, N1G 2W1 Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 2M2 2 Community of Ulukhaktok, Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, X0E 0S0 Evidence is clear that the overall health status of 3 Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Inuit populations in Canada is lagging behind that of the Quebec general population. In the face of ongoing modernization 4 Department of Geography, Trent University, and environmental change there are specifi c areas of Peterborough, Ontario investigation that reveal a precarious situation, others which signal positive change and yet others which remain This paper investigates the relationship between poorly understood. In order to support health equality the transmission of environmental knowledge and land for Northern peoples and thereby support sustainable skills, and human adaptation to climate change. This development in Canada’s Arctic, investigation and relationship is empirically tested in an arctic community intervention on several fronts is warranted. As results from to document how environmental knowledge and land the health survey conducted in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut skills are transmitted among Inuit and what role, if any, do become available, various analyses reveal new knowledge. environmental knowledge and land skills play in adaptation The health chapter prepared for the IRIS 4 Assessment to climate change. focuses on the physical environment as one determinant of It is well documented that climate change is already health with many infl uences on health outcomes. Key results being experienced in the Arctic with implications for Inuit for nutrition and cardiovascular disease, environmental subsistence harvesting. The ability of Inuit to adapt to contaminants, infectious disease from animals or drinking changing conditions is associated with knowledge of the water, and transportation injuries and safety will be arctic ecosphere and land skills, which afford Inuit dynamic presented. and fl exible use of the environment and its resources. There Certain critical elements, or determinants, to is concern, however, that as a result of societal changes, maintaining or improving the health of Inuit whether in some knowledge and skills are not being transmitted to the sub-Eastern Arctic or elsewhere in the remote North younger generations. Consequently, many younger and can be identifi ed. That their diet and lifestyle in general be inexperienced hunters are not as well equipped to cope
72 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts with the risks of hunting, especially under changing climatic Northwest Territories of Canada. The adjacent upland conditions. tundra areas north of Inuvik contain thousands of small Based on a review of current scholarship, a lakes with poorly defi ned ephemeral drainage that are conceptual model for interpreting the relationship between underlain by thick permafrost and ice-rich sediments knowledge transmission and adaptation is developed. for which the basic water balance controls are not fully The model suggests that environmental knowledge and understood. Naturally occurring shoreline retrogressive thaw land skills are a key source of human adaptive capacity slumps (SRTS) are common along these lakes and the rapid to deal with climatic changes by providing harvesters drainage of ice-rich permafrost-dammed lakes has been with the fl exibility and ingenuity necessary to respond to occurring. The frequency of SRTS in the north-western changing conditions. It is hypothesized that supporting the Arctic has increased in the last 50 years and has recently transmission of environmental knowledge and land skills been linked to changes in DOC, colour, and nutrient will enhance Inuit adaptive capacity to deal with current and concentrations, all of which have signifi cant implications expected future climate change. for the aquatic ecology. Ongoing oil/gas exploration Using a case study of Ulukhaktok, Northwest activities and infrastructure construction may result in Territories, the transmission of environmental knowledge terrain disturbance and localized degradation of permafrost, and land skills was analysed with a sample of Inuit men. while climate change may increase the magnitude and Just over half of all skills were being transmitted through frequency of SRTS processes. These disturbed lakes are ‘hands-on’ learning among younger respondents. Despite believed to act as historical analogues for the future effects similar learning ages, there has been an incomplete of climate change on the hydrology, geochemistry, and transmission of several skills among younger respondents. aquatic ecology of small tundra lake catchments in the In the context of adaptation to climate change, incomplete continuous permafrost zone of northwestern Canada. In skill transmission is of particular concern. For example, collaboration with Indian and Northern Affairs Canada – most young respondents had not learned the detailed Water Resources Division and the University of Victoria, knowledge needed to navigate in poor visibility, how to Environment Canada initiated an integrated research anticipate and cope with changes in weather, or how to program in 2005 with the overall goal of improving our travel on the sea ice in different seasonal conditions. This understanding of hydro-ecological processes in freshwater is cause for concern because weather patterns, land and aquatic ecosystems affected by shoreline slumping vs. sea ice conditions are changing rapidly requiring travelers pristine lakes. to be fl exible. The erosion of knowledge and skills among Limited catchment studies have examined water- younger respondents is attributable to factors including balance parameters (e.g., precipitation, evaporation, and access to teachers, requirements of formal schooling, loss surface fl ows) for tundra lakes in the development area. of native language, and declining levels of involvement Enrichment of oxygen-18 (18O) and deuterium (2H) stable in some subsistence activities. Based on these fi ndings, a isotopes in surface waters have been shown to be useful number of insights are provided for supporting knowledge indicators of water balance variations in remote permafrost and skill transmission in the context of adaptation planning regions of Canada where hydroclimatic information is very for climate change. limited. In particular, information on evaporation: infl ow (E/I) ratios and residence times would provide useful ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY OF ARCTIC TUNDRA information for estimating appropriate water withdrawals LAKES ALONG THE PROPOSED MACKENZIE from lakes within the proposed development area. A GAS PIPELINE IN NORTHWESTERN CANADA key question is “does permafrost slumping impact the hydrology of tundra lakes via catchment area enlargement Peters, Daniel L.1,2 ([email protected]), F. J. Wrona1,2, E. and/or enhanced snow accumulation?” The objective of Hille1,2 and S. V. Kokelj3 this paper is to present stable isotope hydrology fi ndings from i) seasonal surveys in a pair of representative lake 1 Environment Canada & Water and Climate Impacts; catchments and ii) annual synoptic surveys in >60 lakes Research Centre, University of Victoria, BC, V8W 3R4 (shoreline slumping vs. pristine lake catchments) located 2 Department of Geography, University of Victoria, along the proposed Mackenzie Valley Gas Pipeline. The Victoria, BC, V8W 3R4 science from this study component will contribute to 3 Water Resources Division, Indian and Northern Affairs the integrated ArcticNet/IPY research programme on Canada, Yellowknife, NT, X1A 2R3 improving improving our understanding of hydro-ecological processes in freshwater aquatic ecosystems of this region. A projected “hot spot” of climate warming and development is the Mackenzie River Delta region in the
73 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG NARWHAL Monthly surface wind anomalies from the NCEP/ SAMPLED FROM A 2008 ICE-ENTRAPMENT NCAR Reanalysis dataset are compared with anomalies of EVENT volume transport estimated from current measurements at moorings across Barrow Strait along the Northwest Petersen, Stephen D. ([email protected]), D. Passage, air temperature at meteorological stations across Tenkula and S. H. Ferguson the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), and sea-ice area in Parry Channel. Southwesterly wind anomalies west of Parry Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Channel in the Arctic Ocean, have generally been low since Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6 2007 because of high atmospheric pressure anomalies over the Beaufort Sea associated with the Arctic dipole anomaly. Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) are medium-sized This resulted in extremely low volume transport through toothed whales that are endemic to the Arctic and a key Barrow Strait in the Northwest Passage in 2007-2008. element of the eastern Canadian Arctic ecosystem. Narwhal Summer sea-ice area shows a similar pattern to the SW wind have been evaluated as a species of special concern in anomalies, with low values in 1998-1999 and 2007-2010, and Canada and researchers have suggested that they are high values in 2002-2003. especially at risk due to habitat changes associated with Like volume transport, air temperature across most global warming. This pressure could come in the form of of the CAA is most highly correlated with winds off the an increase in frequency of ice-entrapments. Entrapments west coast of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, but in an easterly are unpredictable but regular occurrences where animals direction. This response is probably due a reduction in ice become trapped when ice formation occurs too rapidly for concentration caused by offshore winds. The eastward wind them to reach safe areas. These stochastic events have the component shows a 4-6 year cycle similar to CAA landfast potential to seriously impact the population, especially if ice thickness and Beaufort Sea ice area. It also shows an certain segments of the population are more vulnerable increasing trend between 1950 and the early 1990’s. than others. In December 2008, over 600 narwhal from the In contrast to most of the CAA, air temperatures Eclipse Sound stock became entrapped near the community along a relatively narrow margin on the eastern side of of Pond Inlet. Community members reported that the the CAA are most highly correlated with westward winds entrapped whales were primarily females and younger off southwestern Greenland, which would reduce ice animals. From this entrapment, 635 whales were harvested concentrations in Baffi n Bay and the Labrador Sea. and of those, 250 samples were obtained. This provided an opportunity to examine the age, sex, and genetic composition of a narwhal ice-entrapment. Our results are SPACE-BORNE EARTH OBSERVATION consistent with community reports of sex composition; OPPORTUNITIES FOR ARCTIC SCIENCE AND 79% of the samples were determined to be females based OPERATIONS: OVERVIEW OF EO AT THE CSA on molecular sex determination. Furthermore, a number of parent-offspring groups were identifi ed using 16 Piekutowski, Thomas ([email protected]) microsatellite loci genetic profi les. Although impossible to extrapolate to all entrapments, the population impact of Canadian Space Agency, Saint-Hubert, Quebec, J3Y 8Y9 an increased frequency of entrapments in which females with dependent offspring are more susceptible could be This presentation will provide an overview of signifi cant. Canadian Space Agency projects and programs in Earth Observation with emphasis on utility for high-latitude research. Instruments on Canadian and partner space WIND EFFECTS ON OCEAN VOLUME missions measuring ocean, land, atmosphere and cryosphere TRANSPORT, AIR TEMPERATURE, AND variables will be discussed as well as the policies and SEA-ICE AREA IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC programs for accessing data. There is current Canadian ARCHIPELAGO involvement in instrument and satellite development, modeling, algorithm development, validation, science Peterson, Ingrid ([email protected]) S. assessments and applications of space-borne EO data. Prinsenberg, J. Hamilton and R. Pettipas Future Canadian investments will be discussed with the Arctic resarch community with a view to obtaining input Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans and prioritization. Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2
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AND…ACTION! THE SUCCESS OF SHOOTING distribution corresponds to resource patterns on Akimiski POLAR SCIENCE Island, Nunavut. Ten-minute shorebird point counts were conducted at eighteen locations in a 1.25 km2 study Pit, Mare1 ([email protected]), K. Ulstein2 and M. Salganek3 area during spring and fall migration of 2008 and 2009. Resource availability and distribution were assessed through 1 International Arctic Science Committee, Potsdam, core, emergent, aquatic and aerial invertebrate sampling. Germany Habitat composition and sediment particle size analyses 2 Research Council of Norway, Oslo were also conducted. Little variation was found in resource 3 Theatre Department, University of Alaska Fairbanks, distribution or habitat composition across the study area. Alaska, US The canonical correspondence analysis of shorebird distribution refl ected this homogeneity, with habitat During the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007- characteristics and resources failing to predict foraging 2008 fi lm proved a strong instrument to explore new habitats for 14 shorebird species. The lack of shorebird frontiers of polar science and mesmerized and informed the assembly structure suggests that migrant shorebirds public. Fiction fi lms, documentaries, TV-series and Internet are opportunistically feeding while at this stopover site. broadcasts; they all helped translate polar science to the Opportunism increases the rate of mass gain as every prey screen, portrayed a rich history of exploration, culture and item encountered can be consumed. With stopover sites contemporary life and investigated peoples’ and natures’ allowing for shorebirds to rest and refuel, opportunism is response and adaptation to a changing climate. likely a key component of successful migration. The PolarCINEMA held during the IPY Science Conference in Oslo, Norway, showcased and celebrated media productions that were inspired by, and increased TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ON BELUGA the awareness of the Polar Regions. The PolarCINEMA HEALTH IN THE INUVIALUIT SETTLEMENT was a successful mixture of screenings, lectures and open REGION discussions with makers, educators, scientists and the public. I would like to share some of the outcomes of this Pokiak, Rebecca, M. Pokiak, E. Loring, S. Nickels, M. experience and take a closer look at how audiovisual media Andrachuk and L. Loseto helped raise the public’s awareness of current developments in the Arctic and played an important role in communicating A beluga health research program has been science. sustained by a community based monitoring program on Hendrickson Island near Tuktoyaktuk in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR). The partnership between science NON-STRUCTURED SHOREBIRD and communities has resulted in one of the largest available DISTRIBUTION AT A SUB-ARCTIC STOPOVER long term data sets for an arctic marine mammal in Canada. SITE Until recently the data collection by community and science was structured to fi t a western science framework Pollock, Lisa1 ([email protected]) (i.e. measuring size, taking tissue samples for contaminant analysis etc). Little focus was given to proper collection Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent of local and traditional knowledge on observations of University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 beluga and their health. In 2010, as an extension to a communications program on Beluga Health was initiated The Canadian Arctic provides essential breeding to collect local knowledge on the whales. The intention grounds for millions of shorebirds, with the majority of of the program is to gather knowledge on beluga whale species traveling thousands of kilometers to reach these health from local and traditional perspectives that can be highly productive areas. These long distance migrations presented back to scientists to sustain a holistic approach to would not be feasible without the presence of adequate understanding beluga health. The local knowledge collected stopover sites along their migration routes where individuals on beluga health goes beyond sample collections generated regain depleted fat reserves. Due to the energetic cost for science, for example observations made during the hunt, of migration, resource availability and habitat quality preparing and processing the whale and/or surrounding are thought to be key characteristics of stopover sites. environmental conditions. The knowledge generated by However, these environmental factors have not been both science and traditional knowledge on beluga health extensively explored. Therefore, I determined factors will solidify a better base understanding while fuel new infl uencing shorebird distribution and whether their directions for research and monitoring in the newly created
75 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Tarium Niryutait Marine Protected Area. Here we present OBSERVING THE SNOW AND ICE a summary of fi ndings on beluga health generated from PROPERTIES IN THE ARCTIC COASTAL interviews that will be presented back to science to begin to WATERS OF THE CANADIAN BEAUFORT evaluate synergies with recent science research. SEA WITH HELICOPTER-BORNE GROUND- PENETRATING RADAR, LASER AND ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSORS THE IRIS 4 ASSESSMENT OF CHARR IN A CHANGING CLIMATE: HOW WILL CHARR LIKE Prinsenberg, Simon1 ([email protected]), THE TROPICS? I. Peterson1, S. Holladay2 and L. Lalumiere3
Power, Michael 1, J. B. Dempson 2, B. Doidge 3, W. Michaud1, 1 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of L. Chavarie 1, J. D. Reist 4, F. Martin 3, and A. E. Lewis 3 Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, N.S., B2Y 4A2 2 Geosensors Inc., 66 Mann Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M4S 1 Department of Biology University of Waterloo, Waterloo, 2Y3 Ontario, N2L 3G1 3 Sensors by Design Ltd., 100 Peevers Crescent, Newmarket, 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, P.O. Box Ontario, L3Y 7T1 5667, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1C 5X1 3 Nunavik Research Centre, Makivik Corporation, C. P. 179 A unique data set that was collected with helicopter- Kuujjuaq, Quebec, J0M 1C0 borne sensors during April 2010 over the Mackenzie 4 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, Delta land-fast and mobile ice cover areas. For the fi rst 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6 time a Ground-Penetrating-Radar provided in real-time snow depths and ice thicknesses of low saline ice and Arctic charr are a species of special concern in complemented the Electromagnetic-Laser and Video-Laser Nunavik because of their importance as a food resource data sets to explain the ice and snow properties found in and their ubiquity. Spread across some 43 degrees of the Mackenzie Delta. In the shallow inshore delta areas latitude in North America, charr live in, and experience, a where river runoff dilutes the oceanic water such as the wide range of climate determined environments. Thus we Mackenzie Delta, the GPR and EM together can determine may use information from southern populations to make the fl oating, grounded ice conditions from the ice frozen general predictions about the possible fate of northern to the bottom where the EM on its own only indicates populations as climates warm. To better understand possible areas where the ice is attached to the frozen mud layer. In climate impacts, however, one must also use knowledge of these low saline areas the GPR can measure both the snow the physiology, life-history and adaptations factors of Arctic depth and ice thickness. The laser brightness when height charr that will ultimately determine the fate of any given corrected appears to be an additional observation tool to population as environments change. Unfortunately, a lack pin point small young leads and darker ice features (gravel of detailed studies of Canadian population has hampered bars). The snow and ice data represents a large spatial the implementation of such an approach. Nevertheless, we distribution to derive ice and snow statistics and to validate may correlate biological information from the few long- ice signatures seen in ASAR imagery in support of Oil&Gas term studies of Arctic charr populations to knowledge offshore structure designs and navigation. In addition the of past environmental variation to understand possible data supports marine habitat and coast erosion studies future population fates. Here we use information from the and is used to validate ice-ocean forecast models. All data Labrador area (Nain) to describe how charr have responded and reports are available http://www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ to environmental variation and to make suggestions about science/ocean/seaice/public.html and associated FTP site. how Arctic charr populations may respond in the future. We further discuss local initiatives to catalogue data on Nunavik charr populations that have aimed to enhance future abilities RIVER AND LAKE ICE: RESPONSES TO to better study and manage the species in the face of CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE changing environments. Prowse, Terry1 ([email protected]), R. Brooks1, T. Callaghan2, L. de Rham1, Y. Dibike1, S. Harder1, T. Saloranta3, S. von de Wall1 and F. Wrona1
1 Water and Climate Impacts Research Centre, Environment Canada/Department of Geography, University of Victoria,
76 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Victoria, BC, Canada Work has also begun on an extension of the above 2 Abisko Scientifi c Research Station, Abisko, Sweden program components to begin assessing how changes in 3 Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, ice regimes affect key aquatic conditions in lakes, such as Norway heat budgets, dissolved oxygen and productivity. During the current phase of Arctic-Net, a satellite-controlled multi- River and lake ice play fundamental roles in sensor buoy system for monitoring changes in ice and water- physical, chemical and biological processes that control quality conditions on northern lakes has been designed and freshwater regimes of the cold regions, and in numerous constructed. Deployments of two such buoys has been related socio-economic systems. This presentation reviews undertaken at Inuvik, NWT and the Experimental Lakes in results of a research program that is being advanced under Manitoba – two sites currently being used in the validation Arctic-Net to quantify how such process and regimes will be of the MyLake model. Plans are to deploy additional buoys altered by future climate change. The program is comprised in other high-latitude hydro-climatic regimes to monitor the of a number of fi eld and laboratory components, with fi eld effects of climate change/variability sites located in different parts of the Arctic. The 1st program component focuses on obtaining the fi rst quantifi cation of the area and volume of lake and THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE- river ice in the Northern Hemisphere. Quantifi cation of SNOW-ICE-OCEAN INTERACTIONS ON THE these dimensions under current climate conditions forms LEVELS OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANES the fi rst phase of this work, while a subsequent phase will (HCHS) IN THE ARCTIC CRYOSPHERE assess spatial and temporal changes under future climatic conditions. Validation data for a simplifi ed degree-day Pucko, Monika1,2 ([email protected]), G. A. based ice-growth model has involved compiling lake and Stern1,2, D. G. Barber1, R. W. Macdonald1,3 and B. Rosenberg2 river ice information from around the circumpolar North. Results indicate the need for a variable model coeffi cient to 1 Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of correctly represent differences in hydro-climatic regions. Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 The 2nd program component involves the validation 2 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, of a more detailed, physically-based lake-ice model (My- Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6 Lake) suitable for application across a wide range of hydro- 3 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean climatic conditions. A suite of fi eld sites encompassing a Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2 broad spectrum of winter temperature and precipitation regimes has been established in North America that cover α- and γ-HCHs are being scavenged from a latitudinal range from ~40ºN to 80ºN. Unfortunately, the atmosphere by falling snow, with the average total records from most North American sites are relatively scavenging ratios (WT) of 3.8 104 and 9.6 103, respectively. short-term, extending to a few decades at the most. To After deposition, HCH snow concentrations can decrease permit validation over a longer term range of climatic by 40 % due to snow pack ventilation and increase by 50 conditions, My-Lake has also been validated at a high- % due to upward migration of brine from the ice. HCH latitude lake in northern Sweden that has almost a hundred vertical distribution in suffi ciently cold winter sea ice, year record. which maintains brine volume fractions < 5 %, refl ects Modelling how climate affects lake-ice thickness, the ice growth history. Initially, the entrapment of brine cover composition and water column temperatures under (and HCHs) in ice depends on the rates of ice growth current and future climatic conditions forms the 3rd program and desalination. However, after approximately the fi rst component. Results point to the importance of synergistic week of ice formation, ice growth rate becomes dominant. changes in winter air temperature and precipitation form/ Deviations of HCH concentrations from the values amounts, with signifi cant regional differences projected for predicted by the ice salinity (rate of brine entrapment) can the future. be explained by spatial variability of HCHs in surface water. The 4th program component is evaluating HCH burden in the majority of the ice column remains hydrologic fl ood extremes produced by river-ice breakup locked throughout most of the season until the early spring and related ice jamming. Historical analyses of these events when snow melt water percolates into the ice, delivering have been conducted across northern Canada and results HCHs to the upper ocean via desalination by fl ushing. identify the role of varying hydro-climatic conditions Percolation can lead to an increase in α- and γ-HCH by up and physical controls (e.g., elevation, slope and latitude) to 2 % - 18 % and 4 % - 32 %, respectively. in determining whether regions have open-water or ice- dominated fl ood regimes.
77 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
LIFE UNDER THE ICE: EXPLORING FOOD 2 Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, WEBS IN SUBARCTIC LAKES Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6
Rautio, Milla1,2 ([email protected]) and H. Mariash2 For over twenty years, Northerners have been receiving information about contaminants and their 1 Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du potential impacts on wildlife and human health. Although Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Québec G7H 2B1, messages regarding the safety of traditional foods have Canada improved over time to be more appropriate and sensitive 2 Department of Environmental Science, University of towards Northerners, more than a decade of considerable Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland effort put into disseminating this technically complex information has resulted in only general awareness of Nearly half of the world’s lakes are ice covered contaminants issues. for a part of the year but very little is known about the Differences between Inuit and Western scientifi c plankton ecology under the ice because most lakes are communities, such as language and terminology, worldviews diffi cult to access and expensive to sample in winter. and cultures, and ways of knowing and learning, infl uence The classic paradigm of winter ecology holds that most how we understand and react to contaminants and their biological processes slow down or cease under the ice. We perceived risk. Determining the best means to disseminate show that this is not true but the ice covered lakes contain this information is an ongoing challenge. There has been high zooplankton densities despite low phytoplankton little critical evaluation of past communication efforts, and biomass in winter. Somatic growth and reproduction of greater focus has been placed on the intended audience with zooplankton, both of which occur in winter, require high less consideration of the communication process and nature quality food assimilation. In summer, phytoplankton, of the message. protists and bacteria are the main source of zooplankton’s To varying degrees, residents of Sachs Harbour, energy. The question is: What do zooplankton feed on in NT, have been exposed to, and involved in, past and winter? Harnessing the use of stable isotopes and fatty acids current contaminants research and communication we answer to this question, and present some novel data on initiatives. Contaminants research generated through the food web ecology in subarctic lakes in winter. We show that Circumpolar Flaw Lead System Study and ArcticNet water column primary production does not solely support is discussed with participants, using semi-directive the biomass of zooplankton but that allochthonous carbon interviews, focus groups and an emphasis on participatory also plays an important nutritional role. Lakes receive high video. These methods enable participants to engage in water discharge and its associated terrestrial dissolved and lead the investigative inquiry, facilitating a two-way organic matter (DOM) inputs during fall, winter and spring, dialogue that explores their knowledge and perceptions compared to the low inputs in summer. Zooplankton of contaminants research and how this research is showed d13C values that were consistent with allochthonous communicated to Northern communities; critically examines inputs of DOM but also signifi cant differences in the the modes of communication used; and discusses, from a zooplankton utilization of non-phytoplankton carbon in community perspective, how contaminants research can be different seasons and among species. Although fatty acid communicated in ways that are accessible, understandable, composition of zooplankton indicated that autochthonous and relevant to their community and daily lives. carbon absorbed before the winter was responsible for the growth of zooplankton, the ability to switch to using allochthonous carbon-fueled microorganisms most likely LINKING SCIENCE AND TRADITIONAL explains the survival of zooplankton through polar winter. KNOWLEDGE IN UNDERSTANDING IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GEESE IN THE HUDSON BAY LOWLAND BOTTOM’S UP! A COMMUNITY-PERSPECTIVE APPROACH ON COMMUNICATING MERCURY Robus, Jennifer1 ([email protected]), K. Abraham2 CONTAMINANT INFORMATION IN THE ISR and C. Furgal3
Reinfort, Breanne1,2 ([email protected]), G. Stern1,2 and 1 Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent F. Wang1 University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 2 Wildlife Research and Development Section, Ontario 1 Department of Environment and Geography, University Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 7B8
78 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
3 Departments of Environmental and Resource Studies POSTGLACIAL PALEOCLIMATES OF THE and Indigenous Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, FOXE PENINSULA (NUNAVUT, CANADA): A Ontario, K9J 7B8 MULTIPROXY LAKE SEDIMENT ARCHIVE STUDY Climate is changing at an accelerated pace in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, including the Hudson Bay Lowland Rolland, Nicolas ([email protected]), C. of Canada. Timing and routes of migration of geese to and Zimmermann, N. Lesage and R. Pienitz from breeding grounds in these regions are shifting. Few studies have documented the impacts of these changes on Laboratoire de Paléoécologie Aquatique (LPA), northern communities. The role that climate change plays Département de Géographie, Centre d’Études Nordiques in these changes, directly or indirectly through effects on (CEN), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. habitat in James and Hudson Bay, is not well understood and yet is critical to the lives of Indigenous (Cree) Pronounced environmental changes recently communities in this region. observed in the Canadian High-Arctic reveal the high This study is being conducted as part of the sensitivity and fragility of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems circumpolar IPY project ArcticWOLVES. The main of these high latitude regions. However, areas surrounding objectives are to examine how climate change and its the Foxe Basin region in the Canadian Mid-Arctic, which impacts on habitat may be impacting lesser snow goose until recently have shown more subtle responses to recent (Anser caerulenscens caerulenscens) and Canada goose Arctic warming, are still poorly documented. In this context, (Branta canadensis interior) populations in terms of an integrated paleolimnological study of the Foxe Basin and spatial distribution, and how this, in turn, impacts Cree surrounding regions has been initiated as part of ArcticNet communities in terms of access and harvest. The study aims project « Freshwater Resources of the Eastern Canadian to determine, among other things, whether hunting patterns Arctic » that aims at describing regional climatic and are changing, if so how, and what impacts these changes environmental variability since the last deglaciation. may have on Cree communities in the area. Our research presents the results of a multiproxy This study brings together science and traditional paleoclimate reconstruction of the Foxe Peninsula, ecological knowledge (TEK) of Cree hunters and Nunavut, Canada. Long sediment cores were retrieved from experts using a mixed methods design drawing on both the deepest part of two lakes (Blue Lake: 64°25’28.76”N; qualitative and quantitative data. It is based on interviews 77°4’39.37”W, and Mallik Lake: 64°14’6.32”N; with northern residents who have acquired an intimate 76°37’47.09”W) that are located in central and southern knowledge of the land through years of direct experience part of the peninsula, respectively. Combined with high- and observation, as well as quantitative historical harvest, resolution sedimentological analyses (X-ray profi les, habitat and goose population analyses. Interviews have XRF, grain size, organic matter content), changes in the been conducted in Moose Factory and Peawanuck, Ontario. composition of both subfossil chironomid and diatom Preliminary results indicate that change is occurring in assemblages provide detailed paleoenvironmental records hunting patterns as well as in goose distribution and habitat. for this region, which contrasted with results already By using an approach that combines TEK with obtained northward. science, this study has been able to provide a better Both cores cover the past 8000 years, and provide understanding of community-environment-goose not only a new time frame for the Holocene Thermal interactions occurring in the Hudson Bay Lowland. This Maximum in this region, but also reveal that regional climate study is signifi cant in terms of increasing understanding remained relatively stable during most of the mid- to late- of the harvest for the purposes of resource management, Holocene, especially in its central part, with only minor and for giving insight into trends of population abundance, fl uctuations in the sediment characteristics and biological distribution and habitat change. The climate is changing composition. The core from Mallik Lake yields an abrupt in the Hudson Bay Lowland, and it is crucial to both and pronounced cold period that occurred about 8200 years northern communities and resource managers to more ago (the so-called 8.2ka event) and that can be associated fully understand these changes in order to plan meaningful with the fi nal glacial meltwater outburst of proglacial Lake adaptation strategies. Agassiz-Ojibway. Assuming that the Foxe Basin region has a higher resiliency to climate changes, the impact of such a short-term climate shift suggests that the Foxe Peninsula may not display such resiliency. Therefore, the long-term climate stability inferred so far for this region appears to be climate-driven, with sea ice-ocean seasonal cycles, water
79 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts currents and atmospheric circulation being the determining SNOW PROPERTIES RETRIEVAL IN SUBARCTIC factors. REGIONS USING PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING
PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF Royer, Alain1 ([email protected]), A. Langlois1, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES FROM PIM A. Roy1, B. Montpetit1, K. Goita1, C. Derksen2, F. Dupont3, ISLAND, NUNAVUT, HIGH ARCTIC CANADA N. Champolion3, G. Picard3 and M. Fily3
1 2 Rouillard, Alexandra , Marianne S. V. Douglas and John P. 1 Centre d’Applications et Recherches en Télédétection, 1 Smol Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec. 2 Environment Canada, Atmospheric Science and 1 Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Technology Directorate, Climate Research Division, Laboratory, Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Downsview, Ontario Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6 3 Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de 2 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, l’Environnement, Grenoble, France. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1 Snow geophysical and thermophysical properties
are known to be sensitive to climate variability and change Despite the documented sensitivity of polar and are of primary importance for hydrological and environments, long-term monitoring data are especially climatological processes in northern regions. Specifi cally, sparse in these regions. In addition, mechanisms driving spatial and temporal variations of snow extent and thickness regional and local climatic fl uctuations of the Holocene are known to be good indicators of a warming climate, and at high latitudes are also relatively poorly understood. better tools are required to assess those changes from space. Diatom-based paleolimnology has contributed sinifi cantly Previous studies looking at the linkages between passive to environmental change science in Arctic lakes, but most microwave brightness temperatures and snow thickness and studies have been conducted in regions with relatively high water equivalent (SWE) had reasonable success retrieving pH waters. In this study, modern diatom assemblages and SWE over fl at and vegetation-free surfaces. But lingering limnological properties of the ponds and lakes surveyed uncertainties remain with regards to the contribution of the from 1979 to 2009 on Pim Island (Nunavut, Canada) were various surface features within one satellite pixel (such as determined, and their variation in space and time assessed. lake fraction and forest biomass), as well as snow pack state Pim Island is a region of interest because of relatively and structure (such as snow grain metamorphism, ice layers lower pH and alkalinity compared to most previous and wetness). paleolimnological studies in the high Arctic, and especially This presentation reviews some recent the very near-by, well-studied ponds on Cape Herschel, developments in the capability of passive microwave Ellesmere Island. Habitat-specifi c relationships of diatom satellite measurements to retrieve information on snow assemblages were also explored. The ponds and lakes properties, including methods based on the coupling of displayed typical characteristics observed in high Arctic snow thermodynamic and microwave emission models. We lacustrine environments (i.e. oligotrophic, very dilute) but will discuss the main uncertainties for estimating the snow with overall low alkalinity. Further, a multi-proxy (diatoms, cover extent, snow depth and SWE. Among others, the diatom-inferred pH, spectroscopically-inferred DOC, sedimentary Chla) approach was utilized on Holocene snow crystal size, evolving along the winter by metamorphic sedimentary records to assess long-term environmental processes, remains one of the most challenging snow pack changes. Benthic and epiphitic diatom taxa (Fragilaria variables to characterize in a meaningful way. We present spp., Achanthes spp., Navicula spp.) dominated the pre- a new approach to derive the snow grain size linked to its 19th century assemblages, and marked shifts in dominant specifi c surface area (SSA) derived from snow near infrared species were recorded in the mid-Holocene. The post-19th refl ectivity. century was characterized by an increase in the planktonic A large dataset was collected as part of the species (Cyclotella radiosa) from our well-dated site, indicating Canadian International Polar Year project ‘Variability marked lake ice reductions. Our fi ndings contribute to an and Change in the Canadian Cryosphere’ where snow improved understanding of the interactions between local and vegetation properties were collected along a 2000 environments and aquatic fl ora, and also provide insight on km transect in Northern Québec in 2008. Measurements the biological responses of lakes to Holocene environmental included airborne passive microwave measurements and change, and allow us to compare responses to those in more snow microstructure characterization required by the alkaline sites. models. This database was also complemented by ground-
80 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts based radiometric and snow measurements collected near QUANTIFYING THE WATERSHED-SCALE Churchill, MB, during the complete 2009/10 winter season. CARBON BALANCE OF INTACT AND We show how reliable new methodologies for fi eld-based DISTURBED HIGH-ARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS AT observations of snow pack physical properties are useful CAPE BOUNTY, MELVILLE ISLAND, NUNAVUT for evaluating, constraining, and improving snow models and microwave inversion algorithms. Some results have Scott, Neal1 ([email protected]), I. Wagner1, F. been published in several papers highlighting the complexity Gregory1, E. Humphries2, P. Lafl eur3, M. Lafreniere1, S. of SWE retrieval in mixed pixel environments. Improved Lamoureux1, P. Treitz1 and T. Lewis1 vegetation transmissivity estimations were applied at the satellite scale providing more accurate snow brightness 1 Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, temperatures used in SWE retrievals. ON K7L 3N6 Keywords: Passive microwave brightness 2 Department of Geography, Carlton University, Ottawa, temperature, snow, SWE, SSA, snow model, snow emission ON K1S 5B6 model. 3 Department of Geography, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8
MODELING ESTUARINE CIRCULATION Seasonal eddy covariance measurements of the INDUCED BY SUBGLACIAL FRESHWATER carbon balance of mid-moisture, High Arctic tundra DISCHARGES IN GLACIAL FJORDS ecosystems suggest that these systems are a small carbon sink. At Cape Bounty, Melville Island, Nunavut, eddy Salcedo-Castro, Julio1 ([email protected]) and D. Bourgault2 covariance measurements during the growing season in 2008 suggest that these high-Arctic ecosystem are 1 Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, accumulating about -7g C/m2 over the approximately three Memorial University of Newfoundland month growing season. While these results indicate that 2 Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du these High Arctic ecosystems are carbon sinks, they do not Québec à Rimouski include other processes that could alter the annual carbon balance at the watershed scale. These processes include Unlike the classical description of estuarine losses of both dissolved and particulate organic carbon and circulation, in glacial fjords freshwater comes mostly dissolved inorganic carbon in stream water and losses of from subsurface freshwater discharges located at mid- other gases (e.g. methane) from the soil to the atmosphere. depth (englacial) or underneath the glacier (subglacial). We used measurements of catchment-scale sediment and The freshwater forcing in glacial fjord is essentially a dissolved carbon fl uxes in stream water, and static chamber nonhydrostatic process since the typical width of the measurements of soil carbon dioxide fl uxes and methane freshwater plume rising against the glacier face is narrow fl uxes in a variety of plant community types, to constrain relative to the total depth. The estuarine circulation induced the carbon balance of a small (18 ha) watershed at Cape by this type of forcing is examined with idealized non- Bounty. River-based dissolved carbon losses (DIC and hydrostatic two-dimensional model simulations. A number DOC) were about 1 g C/m2, and particulate losses were of experiments covering a range of buoyancy and jet about three orders of magnitude lower. Carbon losses dominated conditions were run. The results show a jet through methane emissions were about 0.03 g C/m2. When issuing from the tunnel which rises as a vertical wall plume added together, for 2008 an undisturbed watershed was and then, after impinging the surface, it spreads horizontally accumulating roughly 6 g C/m2 over the growing season. In to give place to an estuarine circulation, with a thin upper catchments experiencing signifi cant amounts of permafrost layer moving seaward and a deep lower layer moving toward disruption and active-layer detachments, dissolved carbon the glacier. Velocity of the surface layer is related to the losses doubled to roughly 2 g C/m2 , while particulate Froude number Fr according to a negative power function, carbon losses increase by one order of magnitude. Over an implying that the estuarine circulation is mostly driven by entire growing season, terrestrial carbon dioxide losses were the buoyancy fl ux from the source (subglacial jet issuing highest in the most heavily disturbed areas, while moderately at the bottom). Similarly, plume dilution is also higher at disturbed areas continued to store small amounts of carbon. lower Fr number, showing a higher entrainment caused by Future work will further explore the role of permafrost faster velocities at the surface layer. All experiments exhibit disruption on the net carbon balance of whole watersheds a Richardson number Ri < 1/4 at the interface, suggesting in the high Arctic. that the estuarine circulation is dynamically unstable independently of the forcing.
81 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
ASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL AND MARKET data in both surveys thus far indicate the top two energy FOODS CONSUMPTION OVER TIME IN INUIT contributors from the market foods are sugar sweetened POPULATION beverages, sweets and sugars. Further analyses will be carried out on past day amounts of energy from traditional Sheikh, Nelofar ([email protected]), L. Johnson- and market foods by gender and age (40 and below, and Down, H. Kuhnlein and G. M. Egeland above 40). Caribou, berries and arctic char were the top three Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment most commonly consumed traditional foods in 1998 – 2000 (CINE), McGill University survey. Similarly, in 2007 and 2008 survey, caribou, arctic char and ringed seal are top three commonly consumed An increasing amount and variety of market foods foods. Further, FFQ data for both surveys will be used to have replaced traditional foods due to a variety of local and establish the top ten traditional foods consumption in view external pressures on Indigenous Peoples (Kuhnlein, 1995; of gender and age differences. Kuhnlein, 1992, 1933, 1994; Schaefer and Steckle 1980). The data will shed light on the extent of nutrition For Inuit, societal and environmental changes are “affecting transition in the Canadian Arctic. all dimensions of life in the Arctic” (Egeland 2010). With the recent collection of dietary data among the Inuit in the International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey, we have TUKISINNIK (‘TO UNDERSTAND’): A a unique opportunity to compare current-day diet with a COMMUNITY RESEARCH FORUM IN previous assessment of diet among Inuit. NUNATSIAVUT TO DISCUSS THE NATURE AND The fi rst survey was carried out in 1998 – 2000 on VALUE OF RESEARCH IN THE REGION randomly selected 1,929 participants age 15+ from 18 Inuit communities from the same geographic regions as Sheldon, Tom1 ([email protected]), M. the IPY Inuit Health survey carried out in 2007 and 2008 Denniston1, J. Lampe1 and M. Arnold2 on 2596 randomly selected participants in 36 communities of Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Nunavut Territory, and 1 Environment Division, Department of Lands and Natural Nunatsiavut (N. Labrador). Resources, Nunatsiavut Government, Nain, NL In the 1998 – 2000 CINE survey, a qualitative 2 kANGIDLUASUk Student Program Inc., Nain, NL food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 24-hr dietary recall were administrated during two interview periods: In June 2010, more than 90 community members, one between October and December and then a natural, social and health science researchers, youth as well second assessment January to early April. The FFQ was as government and industry representatives gathered in administered to capture information on 120 traditional Nain, Nunatsiavut for the Tukisinnik Community Research foods consumption in three months prior to the interview. Forum. The forum, the fi rst of its kind in Arctic Canada, To facilitate serving size estimation in 24-hr recall, bowls, was held to get beyond discussing research topics and cups and spoons as well as a 2 – dimensional representation explore the relationship between natural, health and social of bannock serving size were used. science research and the communities in Nunatsiavut and In 2007 – 2008 survey, a quantitative FFQ the future potential for the research sector in the region. investigated the intake of 57 traditional foods by region. Tukisinnik translates from Inuktitut as ‘to understand’. Questions were formulated to ask frequency for both in- The forum was hosted by the Nunatsiavut Government season and off-season intake for the past year. Amounts and organized by the Department of Lands and Natural of intake were also estimated using three-dimensional Resources. graduated food model kits (Santé Quebec, Montreal, Activities included a special Nunatsiavut Youth Canada). A 4-stage multiple pass probing technique was Delegation Day, presentations, a ‘personal postcards’ used in the administration of the 24-hour dietary recall session from researchers, a cultural evening, research which was conducted by trained bilingual (Inuit and English ‘speed dating’ with over 25 table-top exhibits, regional language) interviewers. expert panels, ‘research bingo’, a barbecue, unique break- For comparisons to be valid, data analyses were out sessions and an evening boil-up. Points of discussion restricted to participants’ age 21 years and above from the ranged from community health to climate change to future same 17 communities from both surveys. The FFQ data development scenarios in Nunatsiavut. The wide variety of of only 57 traditional food items from 1998 – 2000 survey “outside the box” activities was intended to bridge the gap were matched with the 2007 – 2008 Inuit Health Survey. between research and community. It also created a format The analyses is ongoing, however, the 24 hr recall that meaningfully engaged partners, who were in turn,
82 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts enthusiastic to provide their support for developing research “greening” due to accelerated growth and expansion of in Nunatsiavut. upright deciduous shrubs (i.e. arctic dwarf birch (Betula There were several lessons learned and key glandulosa), alder (Alnus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.)). The outcomes of the forum. Networking and a meaningful potential impacts of shrub expansion are vast, ranging atmosphere of collaboration and understanding was from regional shifts in snow cover and tundra surface achieved. In addition, a vision for research in Nunatsiavut albedo to local changes in litter quality, decomposition rates has now begun. It was determined that there is a need to and nutrient availability. We anticipate local feedbacks on create and organize a lasting, adequately-resourced structure prostrate vegetation such as berry producing plants (i.e. for research in Nunatsiavut that will: encourage a balanced bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), redberry (Vaccinium vitis- satellite network in the region’s various communities and idaea) crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and cloudberry (Rubus areas; encourage community ownership and management; chamaemorus), which are in most cases intolerant to shading ensure effective communication concerning research by upright shrubs. This is relevant to northerners and possibilities, research projects and outcomes, and; build scientists because of the importance of berry producing research capacity amongst Inuit. These hallmarks for future plants to wildlife, human health and aboriginal culture. research development will be pursued by the Nunatsiavut In Nunatsiavut, communities are observing signifi cant Government. environmental and vegetation change across their landscape, William Barbour, former Minister of Lands and have identifi ed changes in berry quality, quantity and and Natural Resources and ordinary member for Nain size. To better understand the relationship between upright concluded the forum by saying “these past two days deciduous shrubs and prostrate berry plants, we measured have cut a new path for research in Nunatsiavut”. It was their performance (growth and productivity) across an important, said Mr. Barbour, that stakeholders encourage altitudinal gradient surrounding the community of Nain, the development of a research industry in Nunatsiavut that Nunatsiavut (summer 2010). Vegetation transects (50 m is sustainable, “a research industry whose legacy enhances x 1 m) were established at opposing aspects (NW vs. SE) the wellness and resilience of our communities and honors within 4 vegetation zones that characterize the altitudinal our knowledge, our values and our way of knowing”. gradient. Vegetation zones include closed canopy forest Minister Barbour concluded his remarks by saying that the (n=6), lower and upper forest-tundra transition (n=12) Nunatsiavut Government will “take the necessary steps to and low-shrub tundra (n=3). Vegetation was sampled at 5 manage research and operate our new research facilities so m intervals within 1m2 quadrats along each transect. We that we can attract, support and facilitate research in all of estimated percent cover of all vegetation and measured our communities in Nunatsiavut to help us build a better the density and height of both upright deciduous shrubs future for our people”. and berry producing shrubs. Berry shrub productivity was Funding partners for Tukisinnik were the estimated by recording the number of fruits and fl owers Nunatsiavut Government, ArcticNet, International on each berry plant within a 0.25m2 subset of each quadrat. Polar Year, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada – We also measured ground and shrub-level photosynthetic Northern Contaminants Program, Indian and Northern active radiation, soil moisture and soil temperature. Plant Affairs Canada – Climate Change Adaptation branch, community structure was characterized in each vegetation Health Canada, Parks Canada, and the Government of zone by estimating the height, density, breast height Newfoundland and Labrador. diameter and patch size of trees and shrubs at each 5 m sampling interval (25m2 quadrats). Analyses are underway to examine the effects of shrub interactions and microclimate BERRY SHRUB PERFORMANCE ALONG conditions on berry shrub growth and productivity. AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN NAIN, NUNATSIAVUT TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF OTOLITH-INFERRED Siegwart Collier, Laura ([email protected]) and L. TEMPERATURES EXPERIENCED BY YOUNG- Hermanutz OF-THE-YEAR ARCTIC CHARR, SALVELINUS ALPINUS, IN LABRADOR, CANADA Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, A1B-3X9 Sinnatamby, R. Nilo1, M. Shears2, J. B. Dempson2 and M. Power1 Increasing evidence from satellite imagery, repeat aerial photography and long-term passive warming 1 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo experiments suggests that tundra ecosystems are rapidly ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
83 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, St. John’s of the Arctic and Arctic issues. In order to effectively NL, Canada, A1C 5X1 communicate Arctic research and related issues to public audiences, we must fi rst understand our audiences’ existing Climate variability and change is having a profound preconceptions. The public’s current conceptualization of impact on Arctic ecosystems. Of particular concern are the Arctic as a barren, frozen inhospitable wasteland is likely the potentially negative effects of temperature increases limiting both interest in, and ability to understand, relevant on Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.), one of the most Arctic science and issues. cold water adapted freshwater fi sh in the world. In North The second challenge stems from the tremendous America, Arctic charr presently exist from northern New number of stakeholders in Arctic issues, which itself is England (~43˚N) to the northern coast of Ellesmere indicative of how much is at stake—politically, culturally, Island (~82˚N). In Labrador, Canada (56-58˚N) climate economically, socially and environmentally. As a result, fl uctuations have been found to have both direct and few areas of academic study are under as much intense indirect effects on growth of adult Arctic charr (Michaud et scrutiny as Arctic research. Yet much of our scientifi c al., 2010). understanding is at an early stage and the answers to most Here we use otolith-inferred temperatures from questions posed by the media inevitably begin with, “Well, young-of-the-year (YOY) Arctic charr to assess the impact it depends,” an answer which while scientifi cally accurate, is of variation in experienced temperature on growth. YOY wholly unsatisfying for a sound-bite hungry public media. Arctic charr were obtained from several sites in Labrador, This disconnect between the scientifi c way of understanding Canada between 2004 and 2009. Otolith-derived d18O the world and the media’s way of communicating about signatures were used to estimate temperatures experienced it is a signifi cant challenge to overcome and requires by individual fi sh using an Arctic charr-specifi c fractionation rethinking how we use both traditional and non-traditional equation developed by Godiksen et al., (2010). Annual communication channels to reach our audiences. variability in otolith-inferred temperatures was assessed A third challenge results from a signifi cant lack for YOY Arctic charr and compared with associated fi sh of understanding of the nature and process of scientifi c lengths. Where samples were obtained multiple times research. The overwhelming public conception is that during the summer, interannual variability in experienced science conclusively determines fact; and fact, by its very temperatures was also examined. nature, is not open to debate. Important aspects of the scientifi c process that are inconsistent with this concept— differing interpretations of data, critiques, challenges, RETHINKING OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE reinterpretations and professional debate moving toward PUBLIC: WHY THE PUBLIC CAN’T RELATE consensus (rather than declaration of “fact”)—usually occur TO ARCTIC SCIENCE, WHY IT MATTERS, AND in conferences and journals to which the public is rarely WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT exposed. The intense public scrutiny of Arctic research, however, results in exposure of all aspects of the scientifi c Solomon, Eric ([email protected]) process to the general public. The incongruity between the public’s understanding of science and the scientifi c process Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, Vancouver, they are witnessing is a signifi cant source of confusion British Columbia, V6B 3X8 leading ultimately to disillusionment and distrust of Arctic science. Canada’s Arctic is intensely political, culturally, This presentation will discuss some of the ways economically and socially complex, and ecologically that the research community can begin to address these threatened. Those living, working or conducting research in challenges, and the role that public engagement institutions the north are familiar with many of the logistical challenges such as aquariums, zoos, museums and science centres this presents. These complexities present another, less can and should play. Solutions will require greater public obvious set of challenges that threaten to undermine the understanding of the nature and process of science, public’s trust in Arctic science: the accurate, contextually increasing our ability to place research fi ndings within that appropriate communication of knowledge gained to public context, reconsidering the role of traditional and non- audiences. This presentation will examine 3 such challenges traditional media, and greater collaboration between the and explore ways that we in the Arctic research community academic and public engagement communities. can increase our chances of successful communication to our many stakeholder audiences. The fi rst of these challenges concerns the public’s limited, if not inaccurate current understanding
84 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
CONTRASTING BODY CONDITION OF SURVIVING THE ARCTIC WINTER ON BYLOT MIGRATORY CARIBOU FEMALE-CALF PAIRS AT ISLAND: INSIGHTS INTO THE FORAGING CALVING AND WEANING TACTICS OF A TERRESTRIAL PREDATOR
Taillon, Joëlle1 ([email protected]), V. Brodeur2, P. Tarroux, Arnaud ([email protected]), D. Berteaux Barboza3, M. Festa-Bianchet4 and S. D. Côté1 and J. Bêty
1 1 Département de Biologie and Centre d’études nordiques, Département de Biologie, Université du Québec à Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6 Rimouski, Rimouski, Qc G5L3A1 et Centre d’études 2 Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Nord- nordiques du-Québec, Chibougamau, Québec, Canada, G8P 2Z3 For predators dwelling on the arctic tundra, fi nding 3 Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic food in winter is a real struggle for life. This is particularly Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, true for species that do not hibernate, such as arctic foxes USA, 99775 (Vulpes lagopus), which must forage effi ciently throughout the 4 Département de biologie and Centre d’études nordiques, winter season in order to meet their energetic requirements. Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, In winter, prey is sparsely distributed on land and sea ice, J1K 2R1 and predators often rely on both types of habitats to fi nd
their food. We recently showed that arctic foxes were Migratory caribou are a key component of capable of rapid and sustained large-scale movements northern ecosystems and are intimately linked to the culture (several hundreds of km) on the sea ice in winter. However, and economy of the North. Caribou herds are known to extreme movements may not be the rule: indeed, most fl uctuate widely in abundance, but mechanisms behind these individuals seem to remain close to their summer dens in changes are poorly understood. Recent studies underline winter, therefore behaving as central place foragers. Little the importance of summer habitats, which are used during is known about the winter foraging movements of these a period of high energetic requirements for females and individuals, which seem to occur at fi ne spatial and temporal high vulnerability to predation for calves. Inadequate forage scales. Arctic foxes hoard food during periods of surplus: if during late gestation, parturition and lactation, either due they can secure enough food for the winter, then foraging to density-dependence or environmental stochasticity, may trips on the ice should be very limited. On the other hand, reduce body condition, growth and survival of calves. individuals whose food reserves are limited should show Two migratory caribou herds inhabit Northern Québec/ higher mobility and use of sea ice in winter. Labrador (Rivière-George herd (RG) and Rivière-aux- Our main objective was to investigate winter Feuilles herd (RF)) and have shown large but asynchronous foraging patterns in a population of arctic foxes. More fl uctuations in abundance during the last decades. Our study specifi cally, we aimed at testing the hypothesis that aimed to quantify the infl uence of population abundance individuals situated close to areas of high resource density and maternal traits during two critical periods for offspring’s (e.g., a goose nesting colony) in summer should limit growth and survival: calving and weaning. We assessed body foraging trips on the sea-ice in winter. To achieve this condition of female-calf pairs from 2007 to 2009 in both goal we outfi tted 18 adult arctic foxes with Argos satellite herds using morphometric measurements (body mass, body transmitters in order to track them intensively (once per day size and fat reserves) and isotope analyses. Females and or per 2-days) from July 2007 to July 2009. calves of the RG herd were much larger than those of the Our results show that individuals situated far from RF herd. Differences between herds, however, were much areas of high resource density in summer travel further away stronger at weaning than at calving, suggesting an effect on the sea-ice in winter. They also make longer foraging of herd size and summer range condition on the growth trips, lasting up to several days. However, all individuals of calves. Female body mass was positively related to the seem make use of the sea ice in winter, even though at body mass of their calves during both periods. The positive various degrees. infl uence of maternal mass on calf mass was stronger for RF calves at birth, but similar for both herds at weaning. We suggest that monitoring offspring body condition in relation 4D VISIONING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE with their mothers’ traits can help to better understand DECISION-MAKING IN CLYDE RIVER, the relationships between range condition and population NUNAVUT dynamics. Tatebe, Kristine1 ([email protected]), D. Flanders1, E. Pond1, and G. Kautuk2
85 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
1 Collaborative for Advanced Landscape Planning, BARIUM AND CARBON FLUXES IN THE Department of Forest Resources Management, University CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO of British Columbia. 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4. Thomas, Helmuth1 ([email protected]), E. Shadwick1, 2 Ittaq Heritage and Research Centre, Clyde River, Nunavut. F. Dehairs2, B. Lansard3, J. Navez2, Y. Gratton4, F. Prowe5, A. P.O. Box 150, Clyde River, NU X0A 0E0. Mucci3, M. Chierici6, A. Fransson7, T. N. Papakyriakou8, E. Sternberg1 and L. A. Miller9 Climate change is having a disproportionate impact on Canada’s northern communities, and Inuit communities 1 Dalhousie University, Department of Oceanography, face additional biophysical, social and cultural challenges in Halifax, NS, Canada planning for climate change. New tools such as local climate 2 Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Earth System Sciences & change visioning (LCCV) (which includes local knowledge Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Brussel, Belgium and participation, science, and 3D digital landscape 3 McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada visualizations over time) may help address some of these 4 INRS, Québec, QC, Canada challenges. The Collaborative for Advanced Landscape 5 IFM-GEOMAR, Leibniz-Institut für Planning (CALP) has partnered with the Ittaq Heritage and Meereswissenschaften, D-24105 Kiel Germany Research Centre in the hamlet of Clyde River, Nunavut, 6 Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, to undertake a 4-D visioning case study to develop, model, Göteborg, Sweden measure and visualize scenarios for a resilient Clyde River, in 7 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, the face of escalating climate change. Göteborg, Sweden In November of 2009, CALP visited Clyde River 8 Center for Earth Observation Science, University of to initiate the project. In this visit, Clyde River residents Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada identifi ed housing and energy as key future issues for the 9 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC, Canada community. With these issues in mind, the Collaborative for Advanced Landscape planning has integrated data from The seasonal and spatial variability of dissolved a variety of sources including Natural Resources Canada Barium (Ba) in the Amundsen Gulf, southeastern Beaufort geoscientists, land use and zoning bylaws, CMHC housing Sea, was monitored over a full year from September 2007 to information, the community economic development plan, September 2008. Barium displays a nutrient-type behavior community energy profi le, and local knowledge. These data with the highest concentrations observed at river mouths. sources have informed the creation of four future scenarios The water column maximum is located at the base of the for the community. These scenarios vary in their land surface layer with lower concentrations above and below. use allocations, housing types, vulnerability to landscape The lowest concentrations are found in water masses of hazards, energy use, and walkability, but all address current Atlantic origin, and Ba concentrations decrease eastward and future housing shortages. through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. A three end- The proposed oral presentation will present an member mixing model comprising fresh water from sea-ice overview of the four scenarios, 3D models of each, and melt and rivers, as well as upper halocline water, was used to the preliminary results of modeling and measurement of establish their relative contributions to the surface waters of community-identifi ed indicators. Gordon Kautuk of the the Amundsen Gulf. Based on water column and riverine Ba Ittaq Heritage and Research Centre in Clyde River will contributions, we assess the Ba depletion by particle sinking also provide a community perspective on the project, and and subsequently estimate the carbon export production. In commentary on the potential of academic/community the upper 50 m of the water column of Amundsen Gulf, partnerships in the north. riverine Ba accounts for up to 15% of the dissolved Ba It is hoped that this project will inform and better inventory, whereas up to 20% of the dissolved Ba inventory enable northern decision-makers at all levels of community is depleted by barite (BaSO4) formation and export. Since and government in their climate change planning activities. riverine inputs and Ba export occur concurrently, the This research is generously funded by the GEOIDE seasonal variability of dissolved Ba is moderate. Assuming Networks of Centres of Excellence, and by Natural a fi xed organic carbon to barite fl ux ratio, carbon export Resources Canada. out of the surface layer is estimated at 2 mol C m2 yr1. Finally, we propose a climatological carbon budget for the Amundsen Gulf based on recent literature data and our fi ndings, the latter bridging the surface and subsurface water carbon cycles.
86 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
MICROBIAL PROCESSES IN THE BEAUFORT (CEN), Université Laval SEA 4 Institut national de la recherche scientifi que (INRS-ETE) et Centre d’études nordiques (CEN) Tucker, Jane M. ([email protected]) and R. Rivkin 5 Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of NL, St. 6 Department of Geography, York University John’s, NL, AIC 5S7 Lakes, rivers and wetlands are major ecosystem The Canadian Arctic is among the most climate- features of the circumpolar Arctic. These vital resources sensitive regions and characterizing and quantifying its provide many essential services including drinking water biogeochemical processes is crucial for understanding supplies for northern residents, habitats for Arctic char and and predicting the climate mediated change on ocean other aquatic wildlife, transport routes by boat in summer and ecosystem processes. Oceans account for over 50% and surface vehicles in winter, and water for industries of global primary production and 50 to 80% of ocean including hydroelectricity, recreational fi shing, eco-tourism production passes through heterotrophic microbes, and mining. Subarctic freshwater ecosystems are intrinsically thus heterotrophic microbes play a signifi cant role in important as rich sites of biodiversity, and they also biogeochemical cycling. Microbial ecology is well studied provide records of change in the past and present that will in low latitudes, however less is known about high latitude help guide environmental monitoring and management. ocean systems. As part of the Canadian IPY-GEOTRACES These diverse aquatic resources are vulnerable to ongoing expedition to the Beaufort Sea in August-September 2009, climate change, and changes in water supply and quality are we measured bacterial abundances, community structure increasingly observed with concern by Inuit communities. and growth down to 3000 m depth along a transect This chapter of the IRIS assessment fi rst describes the from the Mackenzie River to the Canada Basin. Bacterial range of aquatic resources of Nunavik and Nunatsiavut, abundance ranged from a minimum of 8.9x106 cells l-1 and their potential ecological responses to climate change. at 2250 m in the Canada Basin to a maximum of 5.3x108 The work to date on contaminants in snowpack and cells l-1 at 5 m, near the Mackenzie River in open water at freshwaters of this region is briefl y described, and specifi c low salinity. Bacterial production show a different pattern: issues concerning protected aquatic environments in parks, rates at all stations were highest between 0-50 m (0.045 drinking water supplies, mining needs, and hydroelectric to 0.24 μg C l-1d-1 ), decreased exponentially to 500 m and resources are examined. The chapter ends in providing remained constant to 3000 m. Bacterial production ranged general conclusions and recommendations for the future. from undetectable at 200 m in the Canada Basin to 0.93 μg C l-1d-1 at 125 m near the Mackenzie River. These fi ndings are within the range of those reported for other polar and THE REPRODUCTION, ESTABLISHMENT, deep oceans where bacterial abundance and production AND GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE AT ITS have been shown to vary independently of one other with NORTHERN RANGE LIMIT IN CANADA latitude. Our results suggest that microbial activity in deep waters signifi cantly contribute to the transformation and Walker, Xanthe ([email protected]) and G. Henry biogeochemical cycling of organic matter in the Arctic and should be considered in climate models. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z2
FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN A CHANGING Climate is considered one of the most important SUBARCTIC ENVIRONMENT factors controlling tree reproduction, establishment, and growth at the treeline. As climate change continues the Vincent, Warwick F.1([email protected]), D. treeline is expected to shift northwards. The main objective Martin2, R. Pienitz3, I. Laurion4, D. C. G. Muir5, K. Young6, of this research was to characterize the ecological patterns and Y. Bégin4 and processes of Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss. (white spruce) in the Tuktoyaktuk region of the Northwest Territories, 1 Département de biologie et Centre d’études nordiques Canada. In particular, this study aims to determine (CEN), Université Laval how climate infl uences white spruce tree reproduction, 2 Unité de recherche en santé publique, Centre de recherche establishment, and growth throughout the forest-tundra du CHUL-CHUQ transition zone. 3 Département de Géographie et Centre d’études nordiques A total of four forest stand sites and eight tree
87 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts island sites, examined in the early 1990s, were located and the metacommunity approach in studying environmental re-examined in the summer of 2009. Cone production change in this sentinel system by experimental manipulation has increased since the early 1990s and cone production of salinity. We hypothesized that a salinity treatment decreases northward across the forest-tundra. Germination would cause changes in community composition under rates signifi cantly decrease with increasing latitude but have conditions of moderate or low dispersal (a species sorting not signifi cantly changed since they were last examined 15 framework). The effect of a salinity treatment would be years ago. mitigated under high dispersal (a mass effects framework). In June 1994 seedlings were transplanted at three We sampled zooplankton communities and recorded several tree island sites, survivorship of these seedlings ranged from environmental and size related variables for a subset of 3 to 20%. A search for true seedlings was also completed, pools on a Churchill rock bluff from June-August 2009. however, none were found. Basal cores were obtained Randomly selected freshwater pools were then placed in from numerous individuals within each of the sites and an spatial categories and subjected to salt addition for a 2 age structure was developed. Establishment of individuals month, 1 month and 10 day period. Through redundancy coincided with decades classifi ed as cool and wet. analyses and repeated measures of dissimilarity we found The yearly diameter growth of each tree was that these sub arctic zooplankton show resiliency to salinity determined via ring width measurements and using principal fl uctuations and that neither species abundance nor species component analysis two chronologies were built, one for richness were signifi cantly affected by experimentally forest stands and one for tree islands. The chronologies increased salinity. Additionally, several species of were correlated to climate data of temperature and zooplankton generally thought of as freshwater specialists precipitation from the Inuvik airport. In general, growth are able to withstand high salinity conditions under these was negatively correlated to previous growing season fi eld conditions. This study demonstrates the use of recent temperature and positively correlated to current season ideas in community ecology to study biotic responses to temperature. environmental change and also highlights potential impact Results from this study indicate that tree islands of aquatic salinization in northern systems. are not likely to be important in supplying viable seed for the infi lling of trees in the forest tundra, rather infi lling will more likely occur from increased seed production in trees “STUCK IN SLUSH”: VALUES AND CULTURAL at or just south of treeline. Under proposed climate change IDENTITY IN ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE scenarios the establishment of new seedlings will likely be CHANGE IN TWO LABRADOR COMMUNITIES negatively affected by the warmer and drier conditions, whereas the radial growth of individuals will likely increase Wolf, Johanna1, T. Bell2 and I. Allice1 with warming temperatures. 1 Labrador Institute of Memorial University, Happy Valley- Goose Bay, NL, A0P 1E0 ZOOPLANKTON METACOMMUNITY 2 Department of Geography, Memorial University of RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7 THE SUB ARCTIC Communities in the Canadian Arctic are adjusting Winegardner, Amanda ([email protected]) and K. to the effects of climate variability and change. While the Cottenie high Arctic including Nunavut are well researched from a vulnerability perspective, almost no research has examined Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, the communities on Labrador’s coast. Climate change Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 research taking a vulnerability approach has highlighted the differential vulnerability of people and households Climate change will drastically alter natural and underscored the importance of underlying and ecosystems in the foreseeable future. Longer ice free pre-existing socio-economic and health issues. Less is periods on Hudson Bay and frequent storm events are known about how adaptation is actually taking shape in causing coastal rock pools near Churchill, Manitoba to communities. Most importantly, the goals of adaptation become more saline. This environmental change will affect and what drives specifi c adaptation strategies is still poorly both environmental conditions for zooplankton and their understood. It has recently been argued that values play a reactions to these changes through dispersal. A novel way crucial role in shaping adaptation (O’Brien and Wolf, Wiley to study and predict these changes is the metacommunity Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change 2010). What is concept. The goal of this study is to illustrate the power of perceived as legitimate and effective adaptation depends
88 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts on what people feel worth preserving. Here, values extend beyond economic measures of worth to intangible values 1 EI Branch, Parks Canada Agency, Hull, QC that are of critical importance to people’s sense of place, 2 Natural Resources Canada, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, cultural identity and ultimately well-being. This study K1A0E4 examines what roles values and cultural identity play in shaping adaptation. Canada’s arctic national parks have been established This research takes a case study approach in two to ‘maintain or restore the ecological integrity’ of 10 communities in coastal Labrador; Rigolet, a community protected areas over about 160,000 km2 of the Canadian of 259 people without road access in the Inuit land claim arctic, and park managers are challenged to report on area of Nunatsiavut, and St. Lewis, a community on the changes in ecological integrity to Parliament and all southern Labrador coast with road access and less than Canadians. Satellite-based remote sensing approaches 200 people, the majority of whom identify as Inuit-Métis. provide a cost-effective and information-rich monitoring Fifty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted in the solution for measuring and reporting ecological change communities in summer 2010, exploring perceived changes across these large and inaccessible protected areas. This in climate, weather and on the land, including during winter presentation reports on the PCA ParkSPACE program, 2009/10, and responses to these changes. a project funded by the Canadian Space Agency, and Preliminary results suggest that in both carried out by Parks Canada, in collaboration with the communities, transportation in winter, as the basis for Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing. ParkSPACE has 2 many land-based activities, is affected by unsafe ice. In key objectives: 1) to develop new satellite based monitoring winter 2009/10, travel by skidoo beyond January was largely approaches specifi cally for Arctic national parks, and: 2) impossible. In Rigolet, travelling by skidoo is of prime to develop an operational plan to mainstream these new importance as it provides the only winter transportation methods into developing park monitoring programs. next to expensive air travel. Skidooing facilitates hunting Protocols to monitor change in tundra communities, and trapping in winter, and provides access to cabins habitats, biomass, NDVI, permafrost, lake ice, coastal and fi rewood. The activities it facilitates are crucial to sea ice, and glaciers are being developed using a range people’s sense of identity and well-being. Beyond the of optical- and radar-based sensors. A fi nal challenge is immediate effects of disrupted winter travel, being ‘stuck’ developing relevant monitoring questions and ecological in the community of Rigolet meant a loss of what people integrity thresholds that will mark the boundaries of identifi ed as ‘freedom’. In St. Lewis, road access to the meaningful ecological change. Once developed, the methods community meant less isolation easier access to fi rewood developed can be shared by other Arctic land managers to but still a loss of ‘freedom’ to ‘get out on the land’. In both provide a common set of remote sensing protocols that communities, participants responded to perceived changes would permit comparisons of ecological change across in weather and seasons with acceptance, saying that people Arctic landscapes. will have to adapt, and that from one winter to the next they always adapt. There is explicit recognition, however, that such adaptation may mean changes to their way of life, suggesting that activities with intangible cultural values may be at risk. Therefore, adaptation in this context may not be about preserving the current way of life, as that may prove impossible. Rather, its goal is to preserve resilience and inherent adaptability, and to protect those culturally important activities that are threatened by other non- climatic issues.
PARKSPACE – DEVELOPING SATELLITE- BASED PROTOCOLS TO MONITOR CHANGE IN THE ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF CANADA’S ARCTIC NATIONAL PARKS
Zorn, Paul1 ([email protected]), R. Fraser2, W. Chen2 J. Quirouette1, I. Olthof2, J. Poitevin1 ([email protected]), D. McLennan1,Y. Zhang2 and D. Zell1
89 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
POSTER ABSTRACTS
SOFT-BOTTOM MACROFAUNA COMMUNITIES 1 Centre d’études nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, OF BAFFIN ISLAND FJORDS Québec, Québec 2 Earth Science Sector (ESS), Natural Ressources Canada, Aitken, Alec ([email protected]) and S. Pieper Ottawa, Ontario 3 Canada Nunavut Geoscience Offi ce (CNGO), Iqualuit, Department of Geography & Planning, University of Nunavut Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Under a joint CNGO, ESS and Laval (Centre Our current knowledge of Arctic marine d’études Nordiques), Landscape Hazard Mapping Initiative, biodiversity is patchy with geographic, taxonomic and fi eld work was conducted in August 2010 to map surfi cial seasonal gaps. Many areas of the Canadian Arctic geology and permafrost properties in Iqaluit. The aim of Archipelago remain terra incognita. We examine the the study are to provide geoscientifi c, geotechnical and community structure of soft-sediment benthic macrofauna permafrost thermal regime information necessary for inhabiting several eastern Baffi n Island fjords (Cambridge, land use planning, construction and to the identifi cation Coronation, Itirbilung, Maktak, McBeth) as revealed in of potential hazards that may have impacts on urban bottom photographs. The photographs were acquired and transportation infrastructure. Iqaluit is a city that during the Sedimentology of Arctic Fjords Experiment is growing rapidly and contains much of the territories (SAFE) conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada strategic infrastructure. For example, its airport occupies a from 1982-1985. Bivalve mollusks, tubiculous polychaetes, strategic position as the gateway for the eastern Canadian ophiuroids (brittlestars), holothurians (sea cucumbers), Arctic. A new surfi cial geology map of the city has been pycnogonids (sea spiders) and sea anemones are the produced. This was done using several techniques. First, air most common taxa recorded in the photographs. Non- photographs dating back to 1948, when both the airport and metric multidimensional scaling revealed that water the city were at an early stage of development, were used depth, the salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration of to view original terrain conditions. Second, fi eld surveys bottom waters, and the proportion of sand in seafl oor were conducted to verify air photo interpretation and sediments were the environmental variables most strongly characterize permafrost conditions. This involved drilling infl uencing benthic community species composition. There and recovering shallow permafrost cores, description of are strong contrasts in community structure in fjord- stratigraphic sections in Quaternary sediments and ground head environments: onuphid polychaetes dominate this penetrating radar and electrical resistivity (Ohm-Mapper environment in Cambridge Fjord while ophiuroids dominate and galvanic) surveys at sites representative of widespread this environment in Coronation, Itirbilung and McBeth geological units. Particular attention was paid to new areas fjords. In deeper water benthic communities in Maktak planned for municipal expansion and the airport where and Coronation fjords are characterized by the presence major improvements are expected in order to meet the ophiuroids, holothurians and sea anemones, while those in needs of increased air traffi c. Three thermistor cables Cambridge, Itirbilung and McBeth fjords are characterized equipped with dataloggers were installed at key sites: in the by the presence of bivalve mollusks, sea anemones and urban area, close to the airport runway and in polygonal pycnogonids. wetlands in Sylvia Grinnel Park. All the geoscientifi c data is incorporated in a GIS database and the end product is shown on a high precision DEM and a recent high SURFICIAL GEOLOGY MAPPING AND resolution satellite image. The provisional map shows that PERMAFROST CHARACTERIZATION IN the airport is built on a dense network of tundra polygons IQALUIT, NUNAVUT on a glacio-fl uvial outwash. The older part of the city is built on raised marine beaches and the newer sectors are on Allard, Michel1 ([email protected]), D. Mate2,3, J. bedrock and till. Doyon-Robitaille1, E. L’Hérault1, G. Ogdenberger2, A.-M. Leblanc2 and W. Sladen2.
90 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
TOWARDS A PAN-ARCTIC INVENTORY OF THE study area, we arrive at the conservative estimate that 3900 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF THE MACRO- AND to 4700 macro- and megabenthic species can be expected MEGABENTHIC FAUNA OF THE ARCTIC SHELF to occur on the Arctic shelves. These numbers are smaller SEAS than analogous estimates for the Antarctic shelf but the difference is on the order of about two and thus less Archambault, Philippe1 ([email protected]), pronounced than previously assumed. On a global scale, D. Piepenburg2, W. G. Ambrose3,5, the Arctic shelves are characterized by intermediate macro- A. L. Blanchard4, B. Bluhm4, M. L. Carroll5, K. and megabenthic species numbers. Our preliminary pan- E.Conlan6, M. Cusson7, H. M. Feder4, J. M.Grebmeier8, S. Arctic inventory provides an urgently needed assessment C. Jewett4, M. Lévesque1, V. V. Petryashev9, M. K. Sejr10, B. I. of current diversity patterns that can be used by future Sirenko9 and M. Włodarska-Kowalczuk11 investigations for evaluating the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities in the Arctic. 1 Insitut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec G5L 3A1, Canada 2 Mainz Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Literature, ANALYSIS OF IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS ON c/o, Institute for Polar Ecology, University of Kiel, D-8 THE DYNAMIC AND THERMODYNAMIC 24148 Kiel, Germany PROPERTIES OF ARCTIC SEA ICE, THROUGH 3 Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME THE USE OF ICE MASS BALANCE BUOYS 04240, USA 4 Insitute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Babb, David ([email protected]), R. Galley and D. Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA Barber 5 Akvaplan-niva, Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway Department of Geography, University of Manitoba, 6 Canadian Museum of Nature, P. O. Box 3443, Station D, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada 7 Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université Decreasing Arctic sea ice cover is generally only du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H examined as sea ice extent, when in fact to gain a full 2B1, Canada appreciation for the loss of Arctic sea ice you must also 8 Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, consider the ice mass balance or ice thickness. While sea Solomons, MD 20688, USA ice extent has been on the decline for several decades so to 9 Laboratory of Marine Researches, Zoological Institute has ice thickness, affecting the total volume of Arctic sea RAS, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia ice. Decreasing ice thickness brings change to the dynamic 10 National Environmental Research Institute, University of and thermodynamic properties of sea ice. This affects the Aarhus, Aarhus, DK-8600, Denmark movement of sea ice and its ability to survive the summer 11 Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology melt and mature to multiyear ice which itself has been PAS, Sopot, 81-712, Poland decreasing at a faster pace than total sea ice. Analysis of the temporal evolution of these sea ice properties can be Although knowledge of Arctic seas has increased achieved through labor intensive fi eld studies or through tremendously in the past decade, benthic diversity was autonomous ice mass balance buoys, of which we have investigated at regional scales only, and no attempt had been developed and deployed three in the Beaufort Sea region. made to examine it across the entire Arctic. We present These buoys record and transmit in-situ measurements of a fi rst pan-Arctic account of the species diversity of the ice thickness, vertical ice temperature profi le, snow ablation macro- and megabenthic fauna of the Arctic marginal and deposition, sea surface atmospheric variables and shelf seas. It is based on an analysis of 25 published and positional and motion data on the buoys trajectory with the unpublished species-level data sets, together encompassing ice drift. While our results are preliminary we have been 14 of the 19 marine Arctic shelf ecoregions and comprising able to monitor changes within the vertical temperature a total of 2636 species, including 847 Arthropoda, 668 profi le of the ice fl ow and its response to the changes in the Annelida, 392 Mollusca, 228 Echinodermata, and 501 sea surface temperature, the growth of ice between the fall species of other phyla. For the four major phyla, we also freeze up and the spring melt, and the drift pattern of the analyze the differences in faunal composition and diversity ice pack. We feel that ice mass balance buoys are an effi cient among the ecoregions. Furthermore, we compute gross and accurate way to monitor the evolution of the dynamic estimates of the expected species numbers of these phyla and thermodynamic properties of Arctic sea ice. on a regional scale. Extrapolated to the entire fauna and
91 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
MODELLING MARINE ORGANIC MATTER One of the most recent geopolitical issues to FLUXES IN BAFFIN BAY register on the international political agenda - the Arctic - is almost exclusively concerned with the governance of the Bailey, Joscelyn N.-L.1,2,3 (Joscelyn.BAiley@NRCan. ocean. Indeed, the presence of hydrocarbon resources in gc.ca), P. M. Outridge1,3, H. Sanei4, G. A. Stern1,2 and R. W. the Arctic Ocean as well as seas further afi eld, in addition Macdonald5 to the pressures on fi sh stocks worldwide, has meant that the Arctic region and the oceans more generally have been 1 Department of Environment and Geography, University viewed as potential sites of instability and confl ict now more of Manitoba, Wpg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada than ever. The resources of the seas were once thought to 2 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, be inexhaustible, but the changing nature of global resource 501 University Crescent, Wpg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada. extraction made society aware of their limits, leading to 3 Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth St, Ott, ON, moves to bring the seas under national and international K1A 0E8, Canada. control. Understanding the forces that may lead to stability 4 Geological Survey of Canada, 3303-33rd Street, N.W. Calg, or instability in this ocean property rights regime is, AB, Canada T2L 2A7 therefore, a critical task and one that has been given little 5 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean attention in existing scholarship in Political Science. Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2 Indeed, territorial confl ict and boundaries on land have been studied comprehensively, but the oceans have Ten sediment cores were collected and analyzed for been neglected in this endeavour. The few studies that various parameters relating to organic matter classifi cation, have examined the trend towards national control of the total-removed primary production and contaminant oceans have tended to make simplistic assumptions that distribution in Baffi n Bay and the North Water (NOW) the ocean will be treated more and more like territory. Yet, Polynya. Organic matter classifi cation and distribution is although territory on land has been a perpetual source of done through multi-proxy comparative analysis of various confl ict throughout history, ocean boundaries have been sediment components. Sediment cores from this area remarkably stable. Additionally, the legal and political represent an unprecedented opportunity to examine the regime at sea - as well as our intuitive understanding of infl uence of climate change on a productive arctic marine the ocean - would appear to be markedly different to land. ecosystem; if we are better able to understand the infl uence This poster will seek to present theoretical perspectives of organic matter production, distribution and sequestration and preliminary fi ndings that will help to fi ll the gap in our we can then better predict the potential trophic-level understanding about the politics of the oceans by assessing transfers of contaminant through the aquatic food web. potential competing explanations for the contemporary High sediment velocities are observed in the stability of national and international jurisdiction over North-NOW (x > 76.5°N: 0.13 to 0.16 cm.yr-1), low in the resources at sea. This research will, therefore, contribute central polynya (76.2°N < x <76.4°N: 0.04 to 0.07 cm.yr-1), to our understanding of what kind of political space the and intermediate in the abyssal plain (x ≈ 74.8°N: 0.065 ocean is and the forces that shape confl ict and stability there cm.yr-1). The TOC (wt. %) distribution shows a distinct generally, and in the Arctic in particular. relationship between “productive” and “non-productive” sites with the central and eastern Ellesmere Island cores showing high TOC (1.5-2.3 %) relative to southern (~0.5%) MECHANISTIC LINKS BETWEEN SONG and northern cores (~1.16%). Although these data represent QUALITY AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN a “snapshot” into the accumulation in Baffi n Bay they do SNOW BUNTINGS suggest a predictable distribution of production related to ice-off season. Baldo, Sarah1 ([email protected]), H.G. Gilchrist2, D.J. Mennill1 and O.P. Love1
INTERNATIONAL ORDER IN THE OCEANS: 1 Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, TERRITORIALITY AND SECURITY IN THE Ontario, N9B 3P4 ARCTIC 2 National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 Baker, James ([email protected]) Although variation in individual quality should drive Department of Political Science, University of British variability in fi tness, we currently lack information on the Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1 mechanisms that keep signals of quality honest. Bird song is
92 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts primarily used to attract mates and defend territories from be easier to differentiate between the ice types. This is rivals and many studies have demonstrated that song can important to have a better understanding of how the ice is relay information regarding individual quality to a potential responding to the changes in the north, as well as for the mate; however, few studies have looked at how song navigation that occurs through the North-West Passage and quality and reproductive success are proximately linked. through the Canadian Archipelago. Snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis) are small passerines Late Summer / Early Fall in-situ observations which winter in southern Canada and northern United of sea ice in the Arctic are extremely important. These States but migrate to the Arctic to breed in the summer. observations would help in the discrimination between A previous study examining snow bunting song quality open water and sea ice, as well as help ice analysts in sea and individual male quality found some support for the ice classifi cation. Using in-situ data collected such as the good-parent hypothesis but fails to explain the mechanism geo-physical properties of the sea ice and comparing it with responsible for linking song quality and good parenting. Our the data obtained from the C-Band Scatterometer, one may study aims to uncover the mechanisms responsible for the be able to differentiate the backscatter signatures between relationship between male song quality and reproductive the major ice types. RADARSAT using a similar C-Band success, investigating the potential role of circulating steroid instrument, meaning the C-Band Scatterometer allows in- hormones and sperm quality in a free-living population of situ observations of a fl oe with a similar results at a smaller snow buntings. Before examining potential mechanisms scale. responsible for linking song quality and reproductive success, we must fi rst establish that individual male snow buntings sing distinctive songs from one another that vary in CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS OVER THE quality. To assess quality we recorded songs using a shotgun CANADIAN EASTERN SUBARCTIC REGION FOR microphone and digital recorder and, using spectrographic THE ARCTICNET INTEGRATED REGIONAL analysis, we measured numerous song characteristics such IMPACT ASSESSMENT (IRIS4) PROCESS as song length, number of total syllables and number of different syllables. Analysis of recordings demonstrates that Barrette, Carl1 ([email protected]), R. Brown2,3 and snow buntings sing individually distinct songs and that these D. Chaumont3 songs are highly stereotyped. Additionally, individuals’ songs vary from one another in terms of quality. By investigating 1 Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, song quality, fi tness and physiological parameters, this Québec, G1V 0A6 study will increase our knowledge on how selection drives 2 Environment Canada @ Ouranos, Montréal, Québec, H3A phenotypic qualities and will investigate the costs which 1B9 ensure signals remain honest. 3 Ouranos, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B9
Climate change projections for the Eastern USING C-BAND SCATTEROMETER DATA TO Subarctic region (Nunavik and Nunatsiavut) were AID IN SEA ICE CLASSIFICATION compiled for the Integrated Regional Impact Assessment activity (IRIS4) of ArcticNet to provide information Barber, David ([email protected]), Ryan Galley, on the potential climatic changes that may affect this ([email protected]) and Kerri Warner (warner.kerri@ region. Climate projections for the 2050 time period were gmail.com) constructed using output from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) run at the Ouranos Consortium University of Manitoba and analysed in collaboration with the Ouranos Scenarios Group. A total of six different sets of current (1971-2000) Climate change is physically altering the poles of and future (2041-2070) CRCM runs were used assuming the the planet. Numerous studies have shown an increase in A2 scenario for future greenhouse gas emissions; 5 driven the average temperature is causing signifi cant changes in by the third generation Canadian Global Climate Model the formation of the ice as well as the existing ice cover in (CGCM3) and one driven by the ECHAM5 global climate these regions. The active microwave satellites that are used model from the Max Plank Institute. An evaluation of the to monitor these regions (i.e. RADARSAT) have diffi culty model simulations with observational data was carried out as differentiating between late-summer multi-year ice and later part of the scenario construction process. summer fi rst year ice, mostly due to surface fl ooding. By Maps were constructed of the projected change in collecting in-situ data using an active microwave instrument annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation as well on site and collecting physical samples of the ice, it will as for a number of key climate indicators linked to various
93 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts climate and ecological processes. Overall the IRIS4 region during the event. We propose that the event observed at is projected to be ~3°C warmer and ~10-25% wetter but moorings CA16MMP-07 and CA16-07 corresponds to an with important seasonal and regional differences in the anticyclonic eddy. magnitude of projected changes as well as in the variability These structures have already been observed with between the various runs. Some of the largest relative the rosette, once during the Canadian Arctic Exchange changes are projected to occur along the Hudson Bay coast, Study (CASES) and twice during CFL. Their origin is the Ungava Peninsula and the Torngat Mountains, but these still unknown in the region. Since the mid-1970, similar are also areas characterized by large climate variability as structures were observed into the Beaufort Sea and the seen in the differences between model runs. The duration Alaskan Shelf. Recent developments indicated that some of of the period with freezing temperatures and snow on the these eddies may originate from the Pacifi c winter water jet ground is projected to decrease over the entire region with along the Alaskan Shelf break via baroclinic instability. decreases exceeding 25 days in some areas, while the north- The eddies observed in the Amundsen Gulf could western sector of Nunavik is projected to have an increases have the same origin, but they may also be formed by in winter snow depths. convection of the dense water created in the Circumpolar Flaw Lead or the Amundsen Gulf polynya
EDDIES IN THE AMUNDSEN GULF QUANTIFYING ARCTIC LAKE UNDERFLOWS Barrette, Jessy1 ([email protected]), Y. Gratton1 and USING A NOVEL UNDERFLOW SEDIMENT L. Prieur2 TRAP
1 Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, Institut National de Bassutti, Anthony ([email protected]), S. F. Lamoureux la Recherche Scienctifi que, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9 and T. Lewis 2 Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, VilleFranche-sur-mer, France, Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 For the fi rst time, two McLane Moored Profi lers (MMP) have been successfully deployed in the Amundsen Underfl ows in lakes are important events that Gulf during the Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) by the greatly affect sediment deposition patterns and bottom ArcticNet technical staff. These instruments were able water chemistry. Currently, no feasible, cost-effective to profi le between 40 and 190 dbars every two hours for device or method has been regularly utilized to quantify almost eight months. For each profi le, the instruments sediment deposition fl uxes and patterns associated with logged a complete record of conductivity, temperature, underfl ows, which are typically caused by high sediment fl uorescence and pressure. The two MMPs have completed loads in infl owing rivers and streams. This study utilizes a 3058 and 2840 profi les, respectively. novel underfl ow trap design that was developed and tested The data show the occasionnal presence of for use in Arctic lakes. We report results of a study where coherent structures throughout the water column. Those underfl ow traps were deployed at a depth of 0.2m and 1m structures are characterized by the divergence of the from bottom at two locations in a High Arctic lake subject isohalines, a cold temperature core and a near zero Brunt- to seasonal turbid river infl ow. Väisälä frequency. We concentrate our effort on one During the fi ve year study, traps were collected particular event, a lens shape structure centered at 115 in 3 to 6 day intervals from locations proximal and distal dbar, which is visible in the MMP data at mooring station to the input river. The amount of sediment retained in CA16MMP-07 and the instruments from the nearest the traps suggests underfl ow deposition decreases with mooring CA16-07. These two moorings were spaced 4 distance traveled. The in situ study found that the timing kilometers apart, which is less than the Rossby internal of the peak underfl ow sediment deposition correlated with radius of deformation in that region. It is possible to the beginning of lake bottom temperature departures, an conclude that the water found at each mooring is part of increase in lake bottom turbidity, and a period of high river the same structure by comparing their temperature-salinity suspended sediment concentration. Underfl ow velocity data signatures during that event. Furthermore, an Acoustic indicate that periods of increased velocities correspond Doppler Current Profi ler (ADCP) was moored on CA16- with increases in trapped underfl ow sediment. In addition, 07 and did record the current velocity between 84 dbar and the timing of underfl ow deposition amounts correlate well the surface with a resolution of 4 meters. According to the with maximum vertical sediment deposition periods at ADCP data, strong currents of 30 cm/s were recorded both stations in the lake. Preliminary laboratory testing of
94 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts hydraulic properties has found that the trap orients itself Gas Chromatographic (GC) separation and isotopic into the underfl ow at medium to high water velocities, specifi c detection by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass although quantitative trapping rates remain untested. Spectrometry (ICPMS). Results show that use of underfl ow traps will The fi ndings of this study confi rming the presence help determine underfl ow conditions in lakes, determine as well as quantifying DMHg in the troposphere are sediment deposition patterns, and monitor the changes valuable to fi ll some of the knowledge gaps for a better in the lake bottom waters. We anticipate that further understanding of the cycle of organic Hg in the Arctic refi nement of this technique will provide new insights into Ocean. the physical processes operating in Arctic lake bottoms. DISTURBANCE-INDUCED CARBON FLUXES IN HIGH ARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC MERCURY (HG) IN THE ARCTIC LOWER ATMOSPHERE OVER Beamish, Alison ([email protected]), A. Neal and S. Scott. OPEN WATERS Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, Baya, Anabelle Pascale1 ([email protected]) and Ontario, K7L 2H6 Holger Hintelmann1 High Arctic ecosystems are likely to experience 1 Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, some of the earliest and most extreme changes in climate ON K9J 7B8 as a result of future global climate change. These changes will likely include both increases in temperature and Mercury (Hg) contamination of Arctic ecosystems precipitation. High-Arctic ecosystems are very sensitive to is a good example of the transport and deposition of this climatic disruption, and the response of these ecosystems to toxic metal in areas away from its emission sources. changes in climate could have a strong infl uence on future Mercury bio-accumulates mainly in the aquatic climate. In particular, changes in temperature and moisture ecosystem in the form of monomethylmercury (MMHg), will cause the active layer to deepen as a result of enhanced the toxic form of mercury. However great uncertainties permafrost melting. This deepening will decrease stability remain regarding the sources and fate of MMHg in the in shallow slopes leading to soil disturbances known as ecosystem. active layer detachments. These detachments further alter MMHg is formed either by methylation of reactive soil temperature and moisture regimes, and potentially mercury (Hg2+) or demethylation of dimethylmercury release carbon previously unavailable to soil microbes. We (DMHg) in the water column and at the sediment interface. are exploring the impact of active layer detachments on Even if the atmosphere is known as the major pathway net ecosystem carbon exchange at the Cape Bounty Arctic of Hg contamination in the Arctic, the direct and indirect Watershed Observatory on Melville Island. Eight plots contribution of the atmosphere as a source of MMHg to were established in four different detachments, covering the aquatic ecosystem is not clearly defi ned. a range of disturbance intensities (control, disturbed and Various studies suggest that DMHg can be highly disturbed). Based on static chamber carbon fl ux volatilized from surface water and converted into MMHg or measurements spanning the growing season, we found that Hg 2+ in the atmosphere. the disturbed sites are fertile islands and are net sinks of However, there is no known reliable method to CO (0.22umol/m s). The highly disturbed sites however are measure the organic Hg species in the atmosphere. 2 2 small net sources of CO (0.06umol/m s). While active layer In this study, an analytical method was developed and 2 2 detachments greatly alter soil physical properties, changes successfully used during the ArcticNet 2010 expedition in net CO fl uxes are small, suggesting that for whole (July/August) on board the CCGS Amundsen in the 2 watersheds these disturbances may have little impact on Canadian Arctic to measure MMHg and DMHg in the whole-ecosystem carbon storage. Arctic lower atmosphere. The method is based on species specifi c Hg isotopic dilution (MM200Hg and DM198Hg) and online PALEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION OF ethylation of MMHg from air samples and trapping of THE CENTRAL BAFFIN ISLAND REGION, derivatised MMHg and DMHg on Tenax traps. NETTILLING LAKE, NUNAVUT The Tenax traps with the organic Hg species were analyzed at the Worsfold Water Quality Centre Beaudoin, Anne ([email protected]), N. Rolland (Trent University) by thermal desorption followed by and R. Pienitz.
95 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Laboratoire de Paléoécologie Aquatique (LPA), Départment Bio-optical relationships between chlorophyll a de Géographie, Centre d’Études concentration and inherent optical properties (IOPs) of Nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6. seawater obtained in the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas are reviewed to investigate the impact of their The Canadian Arctic has been affected by rapid variability on ocean color variability. Following a theoretical fl uctuations of its natural environmental state. However, approach, in which remote sensing refl ectance (Rrs) is the paleoclimate history of some regions, including modeled as a function of IOPs predicted from chlorophyll the Nettilling Lake area, remains poorly known and a concentration, we investigate the performance of some documented. Nettilling Lake is located in what is believed to empirical algorithms in routine used to process satellite be a « hinge » zone between northern Quebec and Labrador, ocean color data. The results show the striking variability which has shown a high resilience to recent climate changes, in bio-optical relationships across the north polar waters. and the Canadian High Arctic, which has already shown We show that poor chlorophyll a retrieval is expected when extremely marked and amplifi ed responses to recent climate a single empirical algorithm is applied to the whole Arctic changes. In order to fi ll a very important knowledge void Ocean. The exercise allows us to calculate error bars for the in the Arctic, this research uses physical and chemical current empirical algorithms. properties preserved in lake sediments to reconstruct past environmental conditions of aquatic ecosystems and their watersheds. The overall goal is to reconstruct past climatic A FIRST COMPLETE INVENTORY, AREAL variability to help predict regional scenarios of climate MEASUREMENT AND CHANGE DETECTION warming impacts on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. OF NORTHERN LABRADOR GLACIERS For this purpose, a one-meter long, laminated sedimentary sequence has been retrieved from a small Bell, Trevor1 ([email protected]), N. E. Barrand2, and M. J. bay in the northeastern part of Nettilling Lake during the Sharp3 summer 2010. This sampling area was chosen based on the hypothesis that variations in glacial meltwater inputs 1 Department of Geography, Memorial University, St. John’s, from the nearby Penny Ice Cap will leave a strong climate Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X9 signal in the bay’s sediment archive. The sediment core 2 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB3 was scanned for a series of non-destructive (X-ray, XRF, 0ET magnetic susceptibility) and destructive (LOI, grain size, 3 Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University water content) analyses. Radiometric AMS dating was used of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,T6G 2E3 to establish the core chronology. Preliminary results yield excellent correlation between the variations in LOI, grain A total of 59 active glaciers have been mapped size and water content, and allow the Medieval Warm from 2005 colour aerial photographs between latitude Period, the Little Ice Age and the recent warming episode 58° 40’ and 59° 50’ North in the Torngat Mountains of to be identifi ed. Furthermore, the decrease of LOI and the northern Labrador. The glaciers ranged in size from 0.06 high density of mineral particles in recent sediments suggest to 1.88 km2 for a total glacier area of 21.2 km2. Most of substantial increases in glacial meltwater inputs from the the glaciers (64%) are smaller than 0.25 km2 and only 2 are Penny Ice Cap which are associated with the rapid warming larger than 1 km2. Glaciers typically occupy cirque basins of the Arctic. with high backwalls and many are heavily debris-covered at lower elevations. Glacier mapping from 2007 SPOT5 HRS A REVIEW OF BIO-OPTICAL RELATIONSHIPS satellite imagery revealed a total of 59 glaciers covering an 2 2 IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN AND ITS area of 16.66 km and ranging in size from 0.05 to 1.24 km . 2 SURROUNDING SEAS: IMPLICATIONS FOR This represents a decline of 4.54 km or 21.4% of the 2005 OCEAN COLOR ALGORITHMS USING A area. Forty-nine or 83% of the glaciers experienced an areal 2 THEORETICAL APPROACH decrease, with an average decline of 0.1 km . The other 17% grew in area by an average of 0.02 km2. Six glaciers Bélanger, Simon1 and M. Babin2 recorded a change in area of less than 0.01 km2, which given the spatial resolution of the imagery likely means an 1 Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, UQAR, undetectable change. Of the glaciers that recorded growth, Rimouski, Qc. G5L 3A1 6 were among the ten smallest glaciers in the Torngat 2 Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Mountains having an area less than 0.35 km2. Meanwhile, Québec, G1V 0A6 and Laboratoire d’Océanographie de three of the six largest glaciers experienced the greatest Villefranche, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France, 06238 decline in area, with the largest glacier – Superguksoak
96 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Glacier (1.88 km2) – suffering the greatest loss (0.64 km2). major challenges in terms of high education training, given The 21% reduction in the areal extent of Torngat the geographic gap between most university centers and Mountain glaciers between 2005 and 2007 is dramatic, but northern environments, the global and transdisciplinary needs to be viewed in the context of long-term trends in nature of many scientifi c issues, the challenges of areal extent and climate. A study of 1950-60s glacier extent communication between scientists and northern is in progress and preliminary analysis of a subset of 27 communities, and the urgent and recognized need of Highly glaciers (0.06-1.28 km2) suggests that between 1950 and Qualifi ed Personnel in industry, government and NGOs. 2005 four glaciers melted completed or became too small EnviroNorth is a pan-Canadian, cross-disciplinary, and to be actively fl owing and the total areal extent of the 27 multi-institutional undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral glaciers had declined by one-third. Of the 23 glaciers that training program through which trainees will benefi t from had persisted to 2007, the total areal decrease over the 10 research and training approaches including undergraduate 57-year period is 40%, more than one-quarter of which and graduate fi eld schools, funding for interdisciplinary/ occurred in the two years prior to 2007. NCEP/NCAR collaborative research fellowships, workshops to enhance Reanalysis data (at the 700 kPa level to approximate glacier writing and oral communication skills, facilitation of local elevations) for the period 1998-2007 for the Nachvak Fiord communities outreach, national and international mobility region indicates an anomalously warm decade compared fellowships, online course development on northern issues, to the average summer temperature conditions for the past thematic workshops on international reports such as AICA 60 years. In fact, 2007 was the second warmest summer on or IPCC, and internship fellowships to promote links record, surpassed only by 2008, which was 2.57°C warmer between Highly Qualifi ed Personnel and future employers. than the 60-year average. The 1960s was an anomalously EnviroNorth is supported by the Groupe de recherche sur cold period with persistent below-normal temperatures. les environnements nordiques BORÉAS, the Centre for Winter precipitation (NMC Reanalysis data from the 700 Northern Studies, and the Canadian Circumpolar Institute. kPa level) for 2005-2007 was above average for the past EnviroNorth will run from 2010 to 2016 with a $1.6 million 60 years or so; but perhaps of greater relevance was the budget. See http://environord-environorth.ca/. extended period of below-average precipitation since 1983 (16 of 22 years) and for 5 of the 7 years prior to 2005. In contrast, 60% of the winters between 1949 and 1982 WHAT WE KNOW, DON’T KNOW, AND NEED had above-normal winter precipitation. In the absence of TO KNOW ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE IN annual mass balance data, only very general correlations can NUNAVUT, NUNAVIK, AND NUNATSIAVUT be made between past climate and changes in glacier area. The long term decline in areal extent may be a glaciological Bolton, Kenyon1([email protected]), J. Ford1 response to general warming since the Little Ice Age; the and J. Shirley2 dramatic recent decline in areal extent, however, may be primarily a response to a multi-decadal trend towards lower 1 Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, winter precipitation, coupled with anomalously warm Quebec, H3A 2K6 summers. 2 Nunavut Research Institute, Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit, Nunavut, X0A 0H0
THE ENVIRONORTH NSERC CREATE There is a growing need to synthesize the rapidly TRAINING PROGRAM IN NORTHERN expanding body of research conducted on climate change in ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Arctic Canada. This need is especially important in the study of human vulnerabilities and adaptations to climate change. Berteaux, Dominique ([email protected]) Much has been done at the community level, yet there have been few attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis at Chaire de recherce du Canada en conservation des the regional scale. Additionally, such a synthesis requires a écosystèmes nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, comprehensive approach that spans the social and physical Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 sciences, as well as academic and non-academic sources. In this study we analyze the peer-reviewed and Environmental research, one of the cornerstones grey literature published since 2000 to identify what we for a sustainable development of the North, is by its very know, don’t know, and need to know about climate change nature collaborative and integrative, containing elements vulnerability in the Eastern Arctic. We use a systematic of geology, chemistry, sociology, microbiology, geography, review methodology to search multiple databases including genetics, and ecology. However this science raises some ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and GEOBASE. Our
97 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts preliminary results are based on analysis of 220 relevant EFFECTS OF A NIVEOEOLIAN REGIME documents retained from search results of over 2,000. CHANGE ON AN ISLAND FOREST, ROBERT- This project identifi es priorities for both future BOURASSA RESERVOIR, NORTHERN QUEBEC research and the implementation of adaptation actions. Its regional approach is designed to synthesize community- Boulanger, Philippe ([email protected]) and Y. scale vulnerabilities and adaptation actions to give a Bégin comprehensive picture of the human dimensions of climate change in Nunavut, Nunavik, and Nunatsiavut. Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifi que, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9
SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND MIGRATIONS IN Vast man-made water bodies were created in the POLAR COD (BOREOGADUS SAIDA): FIRST late 1970s in northern Québec for hydropower generation. RESULTS FROM A CIRCUMPOLAR STUDY Impacts of such newly created lakes are postulated to USING OTOLITH MICROCHEMISTRY modify forest island ecology through processes similar to those of large natural subarctic lakes. The Robert-Bourassa Bouchard, Caroline1 ([email protected]), S. Reservoir, the second largest of the LaGrande River Thorrold2 and L. Fortier1 complex has caused dramatic changes in island forests, those lying on former hilltops that became shore ecosystems 1 Québec-Océan, Département de Biologie, Université after the reservoir was fi lled. Among the climate effects of Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 the reservoir, snowpack damages to established trees are 2 Biology Department MS 50, Woods Hole Oceanographic the most evident. The uneven distribution of snow creating Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 thick snowpack at forest edge is due to wind drift of snow crystals over the vast lake-ice surface until an obstacle Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) plays a central role in such as shore forests is reached. In order to determine the the Arctic marine ecosystem, transferring up to 75% of impacts of snow accumulation and to assess its ecological the energy from secondary producers to apex predators. consequences, we studied a forest composed of highly Despite the importance of the species, many crucial issues disturbed trees on one of the island of the Robert-Bourassa remain to be answered, especially regarding population Reservoir (Île aux Neiges). A stand of black spruce (Picea structure and migrations. Some spawning sites have been mariana Mill. BSP) was studied along a 10 X 75 m transect, localized nearshore in the Beaufort and Barents seas, but perpendicular to the shore. Cross-sections were taken the reports of newly-hatched larvae and post-spawning at the base of all 415 living and 103 dead black spruces adults in many regions of the Arctic Ocean strongly having a height ≥1 m.. Establishment years were dated and suggest that reproduction sites are numerous and expand diagnostic tree ring occurrences were noted. Mechanical offshore. The calcium carbonate matrix of fi sh otoliths damage on 83 spruces was also sampled and dated. Sixty- incorporates elements as it grows, in proportion to what six trees covering the entire transect length were selected to is found in the environment. Otolith microchemistry thus measure tree-ring width (TRW). A reference series was built constitutes a powerful tool for documenting processes such using 30 mature black spruces located outside the transect. as migrations, natal homing and connectivity within fi sh Data were compared to those of other islands of the same population. In this study, we used laser ablation-inductively reservoir. coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on The forest history appears to be divided into juvenile polar cod otoliths from six regions across the Arctic three periods. Between 1850 and 1920, following a forest Ocean to compare otolith elemental signatures among fi re, the hilltop was repopulated by black spruce. On the regions and derive information about spatial structure and southwest slope of this hill, tree growth was restrained by migrations patterns. For most regions and years considered, thin soil and bedrock cavities preventing water evacuation. values of Li/Ca, Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca During the 1920-1979 period, TRW on the entire hill signifi cantly differed between the core and the edge of the dropped below the regional mean because of gradual peat otoliths, suggesting environmental changes from hatching formation. Following the reservoir creation in 1979, TRW to the onset of the juvenile stage. A multi-element analysis dropped during 2-3 years simultaneously on every island will be performed on the core of otoliths to assess patterns of the reservoir for which TRW series were available. On and scales of spatial segregation. This should provide key the Île aux Neiges, 14.5% of the spruces died in 30 years, information on the early life ecology of polar cod, leading causing canopy opening. More sunlight reached the ground, to a better understanding of population dynamics for the stimulating evaporation and tree growth. All diagnostic ring species. occurrences increased during this period, as mechanical
98 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts damage, causing original tree growth forms. Similar impacts changes which occurred within the community as a whole. of climate on vegetation has been observed on other islands In particular, our research team is asking how NRNM’s of subarctic and high boreal lakes. closure in 1962 encouraged Inuit to redefi ne their role within their family unit, community and the environment. Through close examination of how community members THE RANKIN INLET NICKEL MINE: SOCIAL, reacted to this change at such a pivotal time in the town’s ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGACIES history, our work will also ask how and why Rankin Inlet OF A ARCTIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECT survived the closure of NRNM and came to be one of the most prominent communities in the Eastern Arctic. Boulter, Patricia 1 ([email protected]), S. Midgley2, A. Keeling2 Such a historical analysis will provide insight for both and J. Sandlos1 contemporary and future development in the Arctic, particularly the cultural, economic and environmental 1 Department of History, Memorial University of implications of mining and its effect on northern Newfoundland, St, John’s, A1C 5S7 indigenous communities. 2 Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, A1B 3X9 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND CRITIQUE OF The development of mineral extractive industries THE REPRESENTATION OF TRADITIONAL in Canada’s Arctic after the Second World War exposed ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF BELUGA northern communities to the rapid infl ux of industrial WHALE (DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS) IN capital. This process has redefi ned Arctic communities MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LITERATURE through the transformation of traditional ideologies, cultures and landscapes. Established in the 1950s, the North Breton-Honeyman, Kaitlin1 ([email protected]), C. Rankin Nickel Mine (NRNM) in Nunavut provides one Furgal1, M. Hammill2, V. Lesage2, W. Doidge3 and B. Hickie1 of the earliest and most prominent illustrations of this process and its impact on Arctic people and environment. 1 Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent As the forerunner in mineral extraction in the Arctic, University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 NRNM pioneered logistical and infrastructure solutions to 2 Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, Department of Fisheries mining in extreme Arctic environments. Under the direction and Oceans, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 of J. Andrew Easton, the NRNM was the fi rst mine in 3 Nunavik Research Centre, Makivik Corporation, Kuujjuaq, Canada to employ Inuit labour, thus providing a cheaper Québec, J0M 1C0 work force already climatized to the harsh conditions of the Eastern Arctic. During this time a purpose-built town Marine mammals are challenging animals to was constructed with segregated housing for the white study and monitor. In the Arctic, the dynamic nature of and indigenous workers. Yet, despite the mine’s success the environment makes this even more diffi cult. Several operations ceased after only fi ve years (1957-1962), leaving populations of Arctic cetaceans are considered endangered, an array of cultural, economic and environmental legacies threatened or of ‘special concern’. This increases the in the isolated community. The full extent of these impacts urgency to enhance and improve understanding of the is still not fully understood to this day. Many members species to formulate management and conservation plans; of the community were relocated to Rankin Inlet by the however the data required to prepare these plans is often Department of Northern Affairs from the central Keewatin lacking. A source of information that has been infrequently region where they had practised traditional hunting and considered or included in marine mammal science and gathering activities. Moving to a permanent/structured town academic literature until recently is traditional ecological required Inuit to adapt quickly to Western concepts of time, knowledge (TEK). Given the challenges in understanding wage labour and industry, thus redefi ning their sense of marine mammal ecology there are several arguments for the place in relation to their community and to the non-human importance and relevance of TEK for monitoring, research world. The short-lived mining operation forced community and management. However, there have been few studies members to deal with additional cultural, economic and that have critically examined how TEK has been treated in environmental changes as the newly adopted systems of the scientifi c literature to date. In this study we use TEK of the mineral extractive industry they had come to depend beluga to explore this issue. on had suddenly collapsed. Through archival documents, The purpose of this study was to systematically community workshops, oral interviews and landscape review and critique the literature of TEK on beluga to gain analysis, our work is currently piecing together the various a better understanding of what the representation of TEK
99 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts on this topic has been in the marine mammal literature over fl ows or the impacts on fauna due to ice cover duration, the past three decades. Multiple online searchable databases and the destruction of communities due to extreme river were reviewed using multiple keyword combinations. Full breakup events or fl ooding. With respect to climate change, articles from both the peer-review and grey literature were changes to the freshwater budget are anticipated to require collected and categorized by disciplinary and geographic further research. Although the distribution of freshwater focus as well as by the representation of TEK in the ice has been examined at a small scale, a comprehensive source. A total of ninety-six papers were retained for quantifi cation including the geographic scope and volume analysis. In terms of the representation of TEK in the of freshwater ice in the Northern Hemisphere has not been source, the majority of papers were in the ‘TEK content’ conducted. This shortcoming is being addressed using a category, followed by “TEK study” and then “TEK GIS-based approach as an effective way to examine large- reference”. Papers in ecology and biology represented the scale spatial and temporal variability inherent in freshwater largest disciplinary focus followed by papers focused on ice, as it allows the simultaneous analysis of multiple management or co-management. The results also showed datasets covering different time periods and spatial areas. that there is a difference in the number of times TEK A degree-day based ice-growth model incorporating sources were cited depending on whether they existed as surface temperature as the prime climatic variable was used peer-reviewed or grey literature. TEK sources presented as to estimate freshwater ice thickness. Specifi cally, the degree- peer-reviewed articles were subsequently cited twice as often day ice-growth model by Michel (1971) was used to calculate in both the peer reviewed and grey literature than those ice thickness based on accumulated freezing degree days originally presented as grey literature sources. (AFDD) and a coeffi cient. AFDD’s were determined using This review showed a lack of explicit collection, the ERA-40 dataset, a 44-year reanalysis temperature dataset documentation and use of TEK in the literature on beluga covering the period 1958-2002, produced by the European and particularly in the literature on the management of the Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). species. Canadian and international policy is shifting toward Michel (1971) defi ned coeffi cients for ‘average lake with participatory management processes with the explicit snow’ and ‘average river with snow’. These were the consideration and inclusion of TEK in management, coeffi cients used in the initial modeling. The Global Lakes species and risk assessments. In order to facilitate the and Wetland Database (GLWD), produced by the World inclusion of TEK, it will be essential that there is greater Wildlife Fund United States, was used to calculate the spatial participation of stakeholders in the management process as extent and surface area covered by freshwater bodies. well as signifi cantly more TEK research and documentation To calibrate and validate the model, ice thickness employing credible methods and approaches which are measurements of rivers and lakes across the Northern respectful of communities and traditional knowledge Hemisphere were compiled. These included datasets from holders. Canada, Alaska, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Data was split into two groups, one for model calibration and one for model validation. Large lakes were excluded from this MODELLING FRESHWATER ICE USING GIS analysis at present. The volume of water stored in large AND A DEGREE-DAY ICE GROWTH MODEL lakes allows for more heat storage over the winter months, therefore requiring a different approach to modelling and Brooks, Rheannon N.1 ([email protected]), T. D. Prowse1 quantifying ice. Peak ice thickness measurements and and I. J. O’Connell2 associated dates were selected from the calibration sites and the ice thickness model was used to generate modelled 1 Water and Climate Impacts Research Center, Environment ice thickness values for the same dates and locations. The Canada/Department of Geography, University of Victoria, model coeffi cient was adjusted on a site-by-site basis to fi t Victoria, B.C., Canada, V8W 3R4 the measured data, and an optimal coeffi cient was derived 2 Department of Geography, University of Victoria, for each site that allowed the model to best fi t the measured Victoria, B.C., Canada, V8W 3R4 ice thickness values. The optimal coeffi cient will be used to re-defi ne The quantity and distribution of freshwater Michel’s coeffi cients based on hydro-climatic regions, and ice in the Northern Hemisphere, as well as its seasonal these new coeffi cients will be used to validate the model duration and extent, are important to the global climate and subsequently quantify freshwater ice in the Northern system and to numerous physical, ecological and socio- Hemisphere. economic systems. Examples include the scouring of river channels and banks due to rapid changes in water levels, the elimination of downstream aquatic habitat due to low
100 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
RINGED SEALS (PHOCA HISPIDA) ALONG THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A BARGE-BASED LABRADOR COAST: HEALTH IN THE FACE OF MULTIBEAM MAPPING SYSTEM: ENHANCING GLOBAL AND LOCAL PCBS THE CCGS AMUNDSEN’S SAFETY OF OPERATION AND ARCTICNET SCIENCE Brown, Tanya ([email protected])1,2,3, K. J. PROGRAM Reimer1, N. Dangerfi eld2, N. Veldhoen3, C. C. Helbing3, P. S. Ross2 and A. T. Fisk4 Brucker, Steven ([email protected]), J. Muggah, D. Cartwright , I. Church and T. Hamilton 1 Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario Ocean Mapping Group, Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics 2 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Engineering, University of New Sidney, British Columbia Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. E3B 5A3 3 Department of Biochemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia In order to deliver on the ArcticNet science 4 Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, program, the CCGS Amundsen routinely operates University of Windsor, Ontario in poorly charted waters. Doing so potentially places the vessel and personnel at risk. In the absence of Signifi cant amounts of soil contaminated with proper seafl oor surveys, the bridge personnel have to make polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were discovered at Saglek operational decisions based on incomplete information. Bay, Labrador, Canada in 1996, along with evidence that Real time use of the ship’s hull mounted EM302 PCBs had entered the marine ecosystem. In the early 2000s, multibeam provides an indication of seafl oor morphology a total of about 22,500 cubic metres of contaminated soil behind and on either side of the vessel. While no was excavated and removed from the site. During this time, forward looking component is present, in depths over an ecological risk assessment (ERA) was completed for the ~ 100m interpretation of trends can be used as a guide site. PCBs and health effects were measured in two indicator to upcoming relief. As long as there is signifi cant water, species, the shorthorn sculpin and the black guillemot. PCB the vessel can be stopped or diverted in time. Once a fi rst levels were so high that adverse health effects, including transit has been obtained, by following and building on effects on the immune system, reproductive system and pre-existing transit corridors, the area of safe operations can endocrine system were measured in both indicator species. be expanded. PCBs were also measured in ringed seals, Arctic char, and Ultimately, however, there are regions in which the marine invertebrates. PCB concentrations in Arctic char sparse charted information suggests shoaler regions and were relatively low and comparable to Arctic background thus the vessel cannot safely advance using just its levels however, concentrations in ringed seals of the same own survey systems. In order to mitigate this risk, an age and sex ranged from Arctic background (~1,000 ppb) independent multibeam survey capability has been added to 15,000 ppb. This high PCB level exceeds all previously to the Amundsen’s barge. This utilizes the Kongsberg reported PCB concentrations in ringed seals in northern EM3002 (300 kHz) multibeam previously deployed on Canada and exceeds established health effects thresholds in the CSL Heron. By moving the sonar from the Heron to the another pinniped species, the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). barge, the clash between the science/logistical needs of the Recent results show that sediment, sculpin and black barge and the coastal mapping requirement can be met guillemot PCB levels have dropped signifi cantly over the simultaneously. past 8 years, however elevated PCB levels in ringed seals The barge-mounted system is modular and can be still persist. Samples were obtained from live-captured and rapidly removed to allow more freedom for the other tasks harvested ringed seals along the Labrador coast, in order the barge undertakes. It can be deployed in open water to assess health effects associated with PCBs. We assessed (sea state limited), to go ahead of the Amundsen to the relationship between PCBs and specifi c TH receptor establish safe transit corridors across shoal areas in choke (TR) gene expression in blubber samples, as well as serum point regions. In addition, it can also meet the coastal THs, from ringed seals. The combination of long range science mapping needs, previously only addressable “background” and a local PCB “hotspot” on the Labrador using the CSL Heron. It is most effective when used in coast affords us an invaluable opportunity to examine the parallel with the mother ship whereby the barge addresses effects of a nearly pure PCB mixture on the health of a restricted and shoal waters, while the lower frequency marine mammal population. Amundsen system addresses the deeper and more open areas. Compromises were necessary in the transfer of the system to the new platform. The barge survey speed is lower
101 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
(6 v. 12 knots, although transit speeds are actually much algae containing Chl b (microphytoplankton > 2 μm). In higher) and ancillary instrumentation that was installed arctic regions however, the yellow-brown algae of nano with the CSL Heron (subbottom profi ler, keel-mounted and micrometer sizes containing Chl c was associated sidescans, MVP oceanographic profi ler and ADCP) is no with lower blue-to-red ratios. In the eastern side (northern longer available. Baffi n Bay), microphytoplankton was dominant whereas In 2010, the barge system was developed nanophytoplankton (< 2 μm) was predominant in the and deployed for the fi rst time. It has been used to western Canadian Arctic (Amundsen Gulf). Measurements provide critical navigation corridors (Lac Guillaume-Delisle of the others absorption coeffi cients (i.e. non algal matter entrance, Iqaluit harbour shoal, Paterson Inlet) as well ana(443) and colored dissolved organic matter aCDOM(443)) as carry out specifi c science mapping programs (mouth showed that phytoplankton light absorption aφ(443) values of Great Whale River, pingoes in the Beaufort Sea). Most can be relatively high during spring and early summer but notably, it provided the only safe means for the Amundsen not during fall. to approach the stranded MV Clipper Adventurer (discussed in another presentation). PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS IN THE BEAUFORT SEA, EN ROUTE TO A DIAGNOSTIC VARIABILITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON LIGHT PRIMARY PRODUCTION MODEL IN THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA IN CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCTIC OCEAN (MALINA CRUISE SUMMER SEAS 2009)
1 Brunelle, Corinne ([email protected]), P. Bruyant, Flavienne1 (fl [email protected]), Y. 2 1 Larouche and M. Gosselin Huot2, M. Ardina1, M. Babin1 and many other collaborators.
1 ISMER, University of Quebec in Rimouski, Quebec, 1 “Takuvik” Joint CNRS-ULaval laboratory, Canada Canada, G5L 3A1 Excellence Research Chair, Québec-Océan, Département de 2 Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Biologie, Université Laval, Pavillon A. Vachon, Sainte Foy Canada, Mont-Joli, Canada, G5H 3Z4 QC, G1V 0A6, Canada 2 Centre d’Application des Recherches en Télédétection, The Arctic Ocean is currently experiencing Département de Géomatique Appliquée, Université de signifi cant changes caused by the acceleration of sea ice Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke QC, J1G 2R1, Canada. cover decline. The opening of vast open water areas in the summer leads to potential changes in the trophic structure Arctic Ocean pelagic phytoplankton assembly beginning with the phytoplankton biomass. Considering are very well adapted to the very peculiar environmental the vast areas involved, remote sensing appears as a conditions found in the Canadian Polar regions. Because promising method to monitor marine ecosystem changes. phytoplankton communities in the Arctic Ocean are so Algorithms already exist to discriminate diatoms and different from those found at lower latitudes, primary fl agellates from ocean color data. These algorithms however production models (that have been developed for more need to be validated for arctic waters as they were based temperate zones) are poorly adapted to the Arctic regions. on phytoplankton light absorption properties measured in In order to improve diagnostic primary production models temperate waters. Phytoplankton light absorption spectra for these regions, there is a need to increase the amount of (a (λ)) of different Canadian arctic seas (Hudson Bay, φ polar specifi c data on photosynthetic parameters. During northern Baffi n Bay, Canadian Archipelago and Amundsen the MALINA cruise (August 2009) we have been extensively Gulf) were thus measured to evaluate these algorithms. documenting the variability of photosynthetic parameters. Results showed that the maxima of chlorophyll a specifi c This poster presents the fi rst attempt to interpret our results light absorption coeffi cients a *(443) in arctic seas (a (443)/ φ φ of photosynthetic parameters determination in relation to TChl a) were lower than those of temperate oceans during the changes in environmental parameters and particularly the fall period but were similar during spring/summer. The the infl uence of the Mackenzie River plume and its packaging effect generally associated with this phenomenon 2 associated turbidity and nutrients input. was present (
(
102 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
THE ROLE OF INUIT KNOWLEDGE IN democracy. In this case, environmental policy is being ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN developed within a semi-autonomous Inuit government NUNATSIAVUT structure, with a strong commitment to developing policies that refl ect Inuit Knowledge and principles. As a result, Buckham, Meghan1 ([email protected]), C. it is expected that some signifi cant attempts are being Furgal2 and T. Sheldon3 made to involve Inuit Knowledge in the development of environmental policy, thus providing an invaluable 1 Frost Centre for Canadian and Indigenous Studies, Trent opportunity to enhance our understanding of the processes University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 and procedures that contribute to and/or challenge the 2 Indigenous Environmental Studies Program, Trent effective incorporation of TK/IK. University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 3 Department of Lands and Natural Resources, Nunatsiavut Government, Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador, A0P 1L0 ARE ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY DEPLETION EVENTS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF MERCURY The rising need and pressure for a response to TO SEA ICE ALGAE IN THE AMUNDSEN GULF? complex environmental problems has spawned an interest in understanding environmental issues from various Burt, Alexis1 ([email protected]), F. Wang1,2 and G. perspectives beyond conventional science. Of particular Stern3 interest, literature surrounding Aboriginal peoples, their knowledge, and their role in the environmental policy 1 Department of Environment and Geography, University process has become extensive. Although the consultation of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 and documentation of Traditional Knowledge/Indigenous 2 Knowledge (TK/IK) has been generally recognized Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, by policy makers as useful in the development of Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 environmental policies and programs, there is still a lack of 3 Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, understanding and very few examples of how TK/IK can Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6 be effectively incorporated into, or how it may infl uence, environmental policy. Therefore, a need exists to study Atmospheric mercury (Hg) depletion events the interaction between TK/IK and policy communities (AMDEs) have been observed to occur in the Arctic to further our understanding of how best to engage and during polar sunrise. While some of the mercury (Hg (II)) involve TK/IK in the development of environmental deposited onto the snow and ice surface has been shown policies and programs. to photo-reduce back to the atmosphere as Hg(0), it is This project, funded as part of a larger science- unknown to which extent the remaining AMDE-deposited policy interface project under ArcticNet, is being conducted Hg enters the Arctic marine food web. As part of the in cooperation with the Nunatsiavut Government and International Polar Year (IPY) - Circumpolar Flaw Lead is exploring the infl uence of TK/IK on environmental (CFL) System Study, the purpose of this research is to policy development in Canada. This research project identify and quantify whether or not atmospheric deposition is using a qualitative single-instrumental case study of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) or particulate bound approach to investigate the role of Inuit Knowledge in mercury (HgP) is leading to an increase of Hg in the biotic environmental policy development in the Nunatsiavut food web. Ice algae were sampled in Amundsen Gulf region of Newfoundland and Labrador. The Nunatsiavut throughout the growing season of 2008, simultaneously Government’s Department of Lands and Natural Resources with real time measurements of atmospheric GEM and are currently developing environmental protection HgP. Total Hg (THg), methyl Hg (MeHg), and dissolved legislation and associated policies that are to refl ect Inuit GEM in ice, brine, and surface water were analyzed on Knowledge principles. The development of these policies board the CCGS Amundsen under cleanroom conditions are the focus of this research project. Multiple methods (PILMS; Portable In-situ cleanroom Laboratory for Mercury including semi-directive interviews and focus groups, Speciation). participant observation, and document review and analysis Throughout the entire sampling season, the THg are being employed. concentration in sea ice algae ranged from 0.004 μg/g Literature in the fi eld has indicated that current dry weight (dw; n=15) to 0.022 μg/g dw for THg, while approaches to incorporating TK/IK into policy are failing MeHg values were below the detection limit of 0.15 ng/g because the policies, structures, and institutions that have (n=2). GEM and HgP were found not to be a signifi cant been created to facilitate this process are based entirely source of Hg to the bottom ice algae over the sampling on Euro-Canadian concepts of progress, governance, and season (GEM r2= 0.056, P > 0.39; HgP r2= 0.158, P >
103 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
0.14). Surface waters also appeared not to be a signifi cant role and relative infl uence of many of these factors remains source of Hg to the bottom ice algae community (r2= poorly understood. In this study, we have adapted a 1D 0.229, P value: 0.086). A signifi cantly negative correlation carbon-balance particle-fl ux model for a column of water was however found between THg in sea ice algae and THg in the Beaufort Sea to serve as a mercury fate model. The in the bottom layer (10 cm) of sea ice (r2=0.55, P < 0.05), carbon fl ux model is seasonal, typically running for one suggesting that ice algae takes Hg primarily from sea ice year using a 15 minute time-step, and calculates nitrate, brine and that the rapid growth of ice algae could deplete phytoplankton, zooplankton, and particulate concentrations Hg from the bottom ice. This was further confi rmed by for 22 water layers with a combined depth of 120m. The a mass balance calculation for the deeper layer of sea ice, model relies on atmospheric forcing to calculate sea ice brine, and algae system. With this study, we hope to add cover. Total Hg(II) and MMHg are divided into particulate, to the understanding of the processes by which toxic phytoplankton, zooplankton, and Cl associated pools contaminants such as Hg are transferred to lower trophic and the transformation and transfer of mercury between levels in the Arctic Ocean, especially under rapid climate pools is based on speciation rate constants and partition warming conditions. It is our goal that this research will coeffi cients previously measured in the Arctic Ocean and lead to an increased knowledge base with which to advise other systems. We are assuming that all Hg(0) in the water remediation and adaptation strategies so as to minimize the column is dissolved gaseous mercury. Mercury speciation adverse impact of contaminants on the health of marine and transfer in the model considers photolytic, chemical, ecosystems and the Indigenous People who depend on physical and organic transformations, as well as uptake by them for subsistence. zooplankton via phytoplankton grazing. This early form of the model considers the evasion of Hg(0) as the only exchange of mercury with the atmosphere. Here we present MODELLING THE MERCURY CYCLE IN THE predicted seasonal mercury concentrations of all mercury BEAUFORT SEA USING A CARBON FLUX species included in the model and compare them to mercury APPROACH concentrations measured in the Beaufort Sea for the same time period when available Cadieux, Marc1 ([email protected]), G.A. Stern2, B.E. Hickie3, R. Macdonald4, D. Lavoie5 and F. Wang6
1 Department of Environment and Geography, University INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba PROCESSES IN FIRST YEAR SEA ICE USING 2 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, TRANSMITTED SPECTRAL IRRADIANCES Winnipeg, Manitoba 3 Environmental Resource Studies, Trent University, Campbell, Karley 1([email protected]), C. J. Peterborough, Ontario Mundy 2, D. Barber1 and M. Gosselin3 4 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia 1 Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University 5 Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans of Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec 2 Institut des sciences de la mer (ISMER), Universite du 6 Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Quebec a Rimouski G5L 3A1 Winnipeg, Manitoba 3 Départment de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4 High mono-methylmercury (MMHg) concentrations have been reported in Arctic Marine Environmental constraints in the polar marine mammals causing concern in northern communities ecosystem result in bottom ice algae representing the that rely on these animals as a food source. Studies have fi rst and often sole primary producers in spring. Previous indicated that the vast pool of mercury in the Arctic Ocean research has shown that information regarding these bottom is slow to respond to changes in anthropogenic mercury ice communities can be extracted from transmitted spectral emissions and that observed mercury concentrations in irradiance data. However, efforts to construct time series food webs cannot be explained by atmospheric mercury analyses have been limited because of destructive sampling dynamics. It has thus been hypothesized that physical, techniques. During the ARCTIC-ICE 2010 (Arctic-Ice- biogeochemical and ecological factors are infl uencing Covered-Ecosystem in a Rapidly Changing Environment) mercury cycling within the Arctic Ocean, likely changing initiative, time series data of transmitted spectral irradiance the bioavailability of mercury to food webs. However, the was collected between 5 May and 18 June on the snow
104 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts covered land fast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Nunavut. were observed in this sector. Furthermore, a coincident spatial dataset of transmitted Laboratory analysis using CT-Scan imagery, a irradiance, bottom ice chlorophyll a concentrations and non destructive method, and destructive methods (e.g. algal absorption spectra were collected during the study water contents determinations and grain-size analyses) will period. In this poster we investigate relationships between allow a detailed characterization of permafrost in terms transmitted spectral irradiance with ice algal chlorophyll of cryostructure and ice contents. Moreover, the thermal a concentration and absorption spectra in an effort to regime of permafrost in different surfi cial deposits will be calibrate the time series data. analysed using ground temperature data from automated thermistor cables installed in August 2009. Ultimately, the new geotechnical information will be used to produce a HOLOCENE GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION AND map of permafrost conditions in the community and its CHARACTERIZATION OF PERMAFROST IN surroundings to support the community expansion program PANGNIRTUNG, BAFFIN ISLAND that is needed due to demographic growth.
Carbonneau, Andrée-Sylvie (andree-sylvie.carbonneau.1@ ulaval.ca) and M. Allard LOCAL PCB SOURCES ON SVALBARD – LEVELS OF PCBS IN AIR FROM SVALBARD Department of Geography and Centre d’études nordiques, SETTLEMENTS Université Laval, Québec Carlsson, Pernilla1, K. Schütze3, M. Hermanson2 and R. Climate change has an impact on urban Kallenborn2,4 development and infrastructures in the Arctic as permafrost temperature and active layer depth increase. Such changes 1 Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, NO- can impact the stability upon thaw of the frozen ground 9037 Tromsø, Norway and the infrastructures that are built on it. Therefore, it 2 Department of Technology, University Centre in Svalbard is important to enhance our knowledge on permafrost (UNIS), PB 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway conditions as well as on surfi cial geology in order to assess 3 Umweltsmineralogie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, the impact of climate change on permafrost, to evaluate Schnittspahnstrasse 9, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany risk to man- made infrastructures and to facilitate land 4 Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food use planning decision-making. This concern is particularly Science (IKBM), University of Life Sciences, NO-1432-Ås, important for Pangnirtung as the Hamlet is located on Norway a limited territory with ice-rich soils. Furthermore, the Hamlet has been affected in June 2008 by an extreme peak Monitoring activities of polychlorinated biphenyls discharge of the Duval River, which fl ows across the center (PCBs) in the marine sediment conducted by Akvaplan- of the community, leading to permafrost degradation and niva in 2005 revealed increasing levels in the sediment instability of the terrain along the banks of the river. outside the former Russian settlement Pyramiden, Svalbard. Methods used for this project were based on As a result of this fi rst survey, the Governor of Svalbard geophysical and geomorphological approaches, including initiated a project aiming at the development of appropriate permafrost cores drilled in superfi cial deposits and ground remediation action for the removal of PCBS in Svalbard penetrating radar surveys. A preliminary surfi cial map (Norwegian Arctic). The project has been established as a demonstrates that four major terrain units make up the collaboration between UNIS, The Norwegian Geological landscape in Pangnirtung: 1- The sloping terrace covered Survey (NGU), Akvaplan-niva (Tromsø), Typhoon by colluvial material to the east of the Duval River, 2- The (Obninsk, Russia) and the Norwegian Directorate for alluvial terrace with boulders and eroded channels along Climate and Environmental pollution (KLiF). During the the banks of the Duval river, 3- The Holocene debris fan fi rst phase of the project, PCB pollution sources were of the Duval river, and 4-A rocky promontory covered identifi ed and emission inventories were established. with marine silts and sands. Also, interpretations of four As a part of fi eld work, high volume air samples ground penetrating radar profi les correlate the preliminary (glass fi bre fi lters and polyuretane foams) and passive air interpretation of the surfi cial deposits of the community. samples (polyuretane foam disks) collected from the Russian Furthermore, one of the profi les reveals many hyperbolic settlement Barentsburg and the Norwegian settlement refl ectors interpreted as multiple ice wedges across terrain Longyearbyen have been analysed for PCB contamination unit 1. Field observations also suggest the presence of ice during autumn 2009. The results showed clear local wedges as numerous possible thermal contraction cracks differences. PCB levels in Barentsburg air were up to ten
105 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts times higher than those measured at the Longyearbyen The DIC10 (DIC normalized at a salinity of 10), station. The latter air concentration were similar to the levels computed from pH and TA, shows a strong decrease in reported for the Zeppelin (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard) and Alert the upper layer of the ice column and in the FF. This loss (Canada) while some of the Longyearbyen samples had total of DIC is estimated to 2069.1 μmol kg-1 and is shown to
PCB concentration of up to 30 pg/m3. Low chlorinated (tri mainly correspond to a release of CO2 to the atmosphere. - tetra) PCB congeners dominated the samples from both Considering the age of the sea ice at the sampling location, locations. this loss is equivalent to an average CO2 fl ux of 17.9mmol Both Longyearbyen and Barentsburg are situated m² d-1 which is higher than the range of fl uxes measured close to an Arctic fjord and within 50 km of each other. using a chamber technique during the relatively short Deposition levels of PCBs via long range atmospheric sampling period (4.2mmol m² d-1 to 9.9mmol m² d-1). transport would therefore be expected to be similar at both During the fi rst stage of sea ice formation, brine locations. The much higher PCB levels in Barentsburg is mainly expelled “upward” from the ice leading to the can almost certainly be attributed to signifi cant local formation of a brine skim (BS) at the surface of the ice. As contamination. Indeed, earlier investigations of PCBs at the the temperature decreases, elemental concentration increases research station Kinnvika (Northeastern parts of Svalbard) in the BS. Along this gradual concentration process, some confi rm that legacy POPs such as PCB were frequently at salts reach their solubility threshold and start precipitating. these locations in the past. The precipitation of ikaite has been confi rmed in the FF and throughout the sea ice underneath by Raman and X-ray analysis. We estimate this precipitation to be about PRECIPITATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE 25μmol kg-1 in the FF, and decreasing from 19.4μmol kg-1 AND RELEASE OF CO2 TO THE ATMOSPHERE in the upper part of the ice to 7μmol kg-1 at the bottom DURING SEA ICE GROWTH of the ice. CO2 release due to precipitation of calcium -1 Carnat, Gauthier1 ([email protected]), carbonate is estimated to 54 μmol kg . This suggests that 2,3 4 4 the precipitation of CaCO is only a small contributor to the N.-X. Geilfus , G. Nehrke , G. S. Dieckmann , 3 1 1 3 2 overall release of CO to the atmosphere during young sea T. Papakyriakou , N. Halden , J.-L. Tison and B. Delille 2 ice growth. 1 Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 2 Unité d’Océanographie Chimique, Université de Liège, ADAPTATION PLANNING FOR CLIMATE Liège, Belgium, B-4000 CHANGE AND SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES IN 3 Glaciology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, TWO INUVIALUIT COMMUNITIES Belgium, B-1050 4 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Caron, Amanda1 ([email protected]), J. Ford1 and Bremerhaven, Germany, 27570 T. Pearce2
For decades, sea ice was assumed to be an 1 Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, impermeable and inert barrier for air - sea exchanges Quebec, H3A 2K6 2 Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, of CO2 so that, global climate models do not include Ontario, N1G 2W1 CO2 exchanges in the polar regions. However, uptake of atmospheric CO2 by sea ice was recently reported in spring and summer in Arctic and Antarctica. Tank experiments This project works with community members, and current level of knowledge suggest that spring/summer local stakeholders, scientists, and policy makers in a collaborative effort that draws on past vulnerability and uptake of CO2 is partly compensated by a release of CO2 to the atmosphere during early ice growth. We report here adaptation research to initiate adaptation planning to fi eld evidence of such a release and discuss the relative climate change in two Inuvialuit communities. The project contribution of various abiotic processes to these fl uxes. focusses on adaptation in fi ve sectors identifi ed as high We carried out measurements of pH, TA and DIC priority in a previously undertaken literature review and gap of bulk ice and frost fl owers (FF) over thin (20cm, less than analysis prepared for Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 1 week old) shore-fast sea ice near Barrow, Alaska. We also These sectors include: subsistence harvesting, health and well-being, culture and learning, transportation and measured associated air-ice CO2 fl uxes (chamber method) and investigated the precipitation of calcium carbonate, a infrastructure, and economy and business and cover issues such as food security, harvester safety, knowledge and skill process producing CO2. transmission, household economies, ability to harvest (e.g.
106 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts equipment and resources) and nutrition. and are broadly homogenous across these zones. Highest The adaptation planning process is guided by biodiversity is found on the sills and at freshwater inputs. vulnerabilities already identifi ed in previous research. This presentation describes the benthic habitats of Okak Considerations for community engagement described by Bay, a typical fi ard inlet of central Labrador, and contrasts Pearce et al. (2009) and Wolfe et al. (2007) are used to the benthic environment with northern Labrador fi ords. develop collaborative working relationships with the two The bathymetry of Okak Bay reveals 5 geomorphic communities of Paulatuk and Ulukhaktok in the Inuvialuit zones. The inner zone at the head of the bay is fl at and Settlement Region. Participatory methodologies described shallow (mean depth <40 m). The central region of the bay by Berkes and Jolly (2002) and others are refi ned and consists of several basins of medium depth (<60-70 m) used to involve community stakeholders in confi rming with intervening shallow sills. The outer bay has deep basins key vulnerabilities in the subsistence economy already (deepest is >200 m) separated by sills and rocky sidewalls. The fourth zone constitutes one arm of the bay that documented in previous research and these serve as the stretches from the head along narrow channels and across starting points for identifying a suite of adaptation options several low sills to the outer bay. For the most part it is very available in each community. In small workshops conducted shallow (<15 m) and has fl at to low-sloping seabed. The in situ, new and existing adaptation options are iteratively fi fth zone is strictly associated with a trench feature located introduced and assessed for their potential effectiveness within a shallow channel of Zone 4. The trench contains in reducing climate change vulnerability, implications and abrupt depth changes, up to 65 m, and steep slopes. costs, feasibility, and broader non-climatic benefi ts. This Benthic habitat mapping of Okak Bay combined project aims to create preliminary, practical, community- multibeam acoustic data with ground-truth samples into a driven adaptation plans to address the effects of climate supervised classifi cation method. Box cores were sampled change on subsistence economies in two arctic communities for sediment and biota, whereas video transects captured and develop a transferable model for community-based information on biota or sediment too large to be sampled adaptation planning. with grab methods. An ROV was used to complete transects across steep slopes. Preliminary results suggest that habitats differ between geomorphic zones. Zone 1 is sandy and the FIORDS AND FIARDS: CONTRASTING COASTAL biota is dominated by polychaete and cerianthid species. BENTHIC HABITATS ALONG THE LABRADOR Zone 2 displays the highest levels of biodiversity on the COAST shallow sills with encrusting species and soft coral common. Zone 3 is low in biodiversity; basins contain few polychaete Carpenter, Mallory1 ([email protected]), T. Brown2,3, T. species and the boulder sidewalls are covered in encrusting Bell1 and E. Edinger1,4 coralline algae. Zone 4 is sandy and diffi cult to sample due to large amounts of agarum kelp and rhodoliths. In Zone 5 1Department of Geography, Memorial University, St. John’s, where the bottom is muddy and the biota is consistent along Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X9 slopes, sponges and brittle star species dominate. In contrast 2Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of to northern Labrador fi ords, the habitats of Okak Bay differ Canada, PO Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston, Ontario, K7K between regions and rarely recur elsewhere in the fi ard. 7B4 Biodiversity is high over larger areas and soft corals and kelp 3Institute of Ocean Sciences (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), are more common. 9860 West Saanich Rd, P.O. Box 6000 Sidney, British Future research steps include the use of biodiversity Columbia, V8L 4B2 indices to better illustrate habitat characteristics and 4Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John’s, distribution, as well as the development of a habitat model Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X9 for Okak Bay, which may be broadly applicable to the central Labrador coast, and have applications to fi sheries Marine embayments of the central Labrador management and conservation in the region. coast differ from the classic fi ord landscapes of northern Labrador, where deep muddy basins are separated by rocky sills and fl anked by tall, steep sidewalls. In contrast, the MULTIBEAM 3D WATER COLUMN IMAGING: fi ards of central Labrador are shallow, irregularly shaped THE USE OF ACOUSTIC WATER COLUMN inlets with gently sloping sidewalls and large intertidal IMAGING IN SUPPORT OF ARCTICNET zones. To date, research has focused on mapping the SCIENCE OPERATIONS nature, distribution and biodiversity of benthic habitats of northern Labrador fi ords, where habitats are associated with Cartwright, Doug ([email protected]), I. Church and J. several recurring geomorphic zones, such as basin and sills, Hughes Clarke
107 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Ocean Mapping Group, University of New Brunswick THE IMPACT OF HISTORICAL PERMAFROST DISRUPTION ON TUNDRA VEGETATION The CCGS Amundsen is fi tted with a Kongsberg EM302 multibeam echosounder. The sounder was upgraded Cassidy, Alison ([email protected]), S. Lamoureux in 2008 from the EM300 model, enabling signifi cant new and P. Treitz features. One of the most signifi cant new features is the ability to acoustically image the entire water column within Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, the sounding swath. This feature has previously been shown Ontario, K7L 3N6 to be useful in identifying underwater gas venting features and most recently in locating mooring installations. There The effect of a changing climate is especially is also potential for the system to be used in support of evident in the Arctic, where permafrost disturbances are physical oceanography and marine biology. Since the start predicted to increase with climate warming. In the Canadian of the 2009 ArcticNet season, water column data has been High Arctic, these disturbances commonly take the form of continuously logged during all surveys and ship transits. active layer detachments (ALD) that occur when the thawed The EM302 transmits an acoustic “fan” 120°across- (or active) layer of ground breaks away from the underlying track and 1°along-track. It utilizes either 4 or 8 sectors with permafrost, creating a mass movement of soil. This research centre frequencies ranging from 26.5 to 33.6 kHz. The examines the establishment of vegetation across a history sectors are actively yaw, pitch and roll stabilised. As the of permafrost disturbances in order to characterize the fan moves along track a triangular volume is imaged long-term effects of permafrost disruption on vegetation acoustically. Within that triangle, a cylindrical subsection community composition at Cape Bounty, Melville Island, of radius equivalent to the minimum slant range provides Nunavut. Aerial photograph analysis was used to identify the most useful volume scattering measurements historic ALD, which were later identifi ed in the fi eld, wherein is possible to identify and locate features . In suggesting the occurrence of such disturbances over the the 2009 and 2010 fi eld seasons the system was used past 50 years. In addition, above-average temperatures in the extensively to locate and image underwater gas plumes summer of 2007, resulted in the formation of widespread on the edge of the Beaufort shelf. In the 2010 season the ALD which were recorded with high resolution satellite system was also used to locate mooring installations, both data. for moorings from previous years, as well as confi rmation Seven study sites of varying age and degree of of new installations. The locating of moorings was very disturbance were located in different soil moisture areas and effi cient due to the system’s 120° swath, as the ship was not characterized based on their vegetation composition, soil required to transit directly over the mooring locations. The and topographic properties. Disturbances were classifi ed ability to identify the vertical and horizontal position of based on their location in polar desert and mesic heath areas individual mooring components is particularly useful for and dated relative to one another based on the headwall confi rmation of a successful deployment. The tilt of slope angle. In addition, ground-based NDVI images were the mooring chain can be directly quantifi ed, giving an acquired for the disturbed and control vegetation plots for indication of the regional currents and their shear. comparison to coarser scale IKONOS NDVI values to While the use of water column imaging has proven further classify vegetation. very useful for locating gas vents and moorings, it may also Preliminary analyses suggest historical disturbances be an untapped source of information for oceanography differ from the surrounding undisturbed terrain primarily and marine biology. The system has the capability to on the basis of environmental measures, but not with identify horizontal layering (and associated biomass) in the respect to vegetation composition measures such as species water column both along and across track. By combining richness. Ongoing analysis will help determine the frequency water column imaging with vertical profi le MVP data and scale of past disturbance and results will also provide taken at point locations, it is possible to extrapolate a constraint over post-disturbance vegetation stabilization more detailed picture of the oceanography along a transit rates in order to estimate landscape response to projected line. Since 2003, the Amundsen has operated multi- climate change and permafrost disturbance. frequency EK calibrated single beam sounders for fi sheries research. Their broad frequency range has the particular advantage of potential species discrimination. They provide, however, only a vertical section underneath the vessel and thus cannot defi ne the 3D geometry of any scatterers seen. Combined with the EM302, the full 3D defi nition of those scattering targets can now be viewed.
108 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
TOPOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES ON RECENT average half the glacier surface covered by debris. Most CHANGES OF SMALL CIRQUE GLACIERS IN (63%) have a northerly aspect (315-45° azimuth), which THE TORNGAT MOUNTAINS OF NORTHERN would maximize the shading effect from high backwalls, LABRADOR but 15% face south (135-235° azimuth). The elevations of the glacier termini vary from 245 m to 1080 m above sea Chadbourn, Jodie1 ([email protected]), T. Bell1, N.E. Barrand2, level (asl), with 9 (15%) having a terminus above 1000 m asl. and M.J. Sharp3 Approximately 70% of the glaciers are located within 30 km of the Labrador coast. 1 Department of Geography, Memorial University, St. John’s, Correlation of topographic variables with changes Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X9 in areal extent suggest that shading of the glacier surface 2 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United by high backwalls and large upslope catchment areas, Kingdom, CB3 0ET which increase accumulation through snow drifting and 3 Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University avalanching, are signifi cant factors infl uencing local glacier of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3 response in the Torngat Mountains. Surface debris cover, which reduces ablation, was another important factor related Small alpine glaciers (<1.5 km2) in the Torngat to changes in glacier extent. Mountains, northern Labrador, have experienced marked decline in areal extent between 2005 and 2007 with an average change of -21%. Not all glaciers have responded MOLT MIGRATION OF GREATER SNOW GEESE the same, however, with a third either growing in area by (CHEN CAERULESCENS ATLANTICA) an average of 0.02 km2 (n=10) or shrinking in area by less than 0.02 km2 (n=9), which given the spatial resolution of Chalifour, Émilie1,2 ([email protected]), J. the aerial and satellite imagery used for change detection Bêty1,2, M. Bélisle3, J. Lefebvre4 and J.-F. Giroux5 likely means an undetectable change. The dramatic overall recent decline in areal extent of Torngat glaciers is 1 Département de Biologie, Université du Québec à interpreted as a glaciological response to a regional, multi- Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 decadal trend towards lower winter precipitation, coupled 2 Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, G1V with anomalously warm summers in the past decade. 0A6 Small mountain glaciers in western Canada and Alaska 3 Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, have also exhibited varied responses to recent climate Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1 warming, which was in part attributed to local topographic 4 Service Canadien de la faune, Environnement Canada, Ste- factors (DeBeer & Sharp, 2009; Manley, 2009). On the Foy, Québec, G1V 4H5 basis of a short interval of glacier monitoring in the early 5 Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du 1980s, Rogerson (1986) hypothesized that topography is Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8 an important controlling factor for glacier survival in the Torngat Mountains. This presentation describes the current Greater Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica) topographic setting of glaciers in the Torngat Mountains may have strong impacts on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems, and reports preliminary results of analysis of recent glacier especially wetland habitats. Their growing population has change in the context of local topographic controls. been monitored for over 25 years on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Glacier mapping from 2007 SPOT5 HRS satellite their primary breeding colony. However, most of the non- imagery revealed a total of 59 glaciers covering an area of or failed breeders also undergo molt migration, wherein 16.7 km2 and ranging in size from 0.05 to 1.24 km2. The they migrate to different regions of the Arctic during their glaciers occur within a coastal region defi ned by latitude summer molt. During years of low goose nesting success, 58° 40’ and 59° 50’ North. Most of the glaciers (56%) are molt migrant geese could represent a large part of the smaller than 0.25 km2 and only one is larger than 1 km2. population. Molting geese simultaneously lose their fl ying Glaciers in the Torngat Mountains typically occupy cirque feathers, rending them fl ightless for several days and more basins with high backwalls, averaging 272 m above the ice subject to predation. Molt migrants may move to high surface, with a mean upslope contributing area of 0.41 km2. quality sites (i.e., high feeding potential or low predation Relative upslope area, a ratio of the upslope contributing risk), but Greater Snow Goose molt migration patterns and area to the glacier surface area, has a mean value of 1.5, molting sites remain poorly known. It is of growing interest indicating a high potential for snow accumulation and to document the year-round distribution of this species. The avalanching from the upslope catchment. Many glaciers main goals of this project are to delineate and characterize are heavily debris-covered at lower elevations, with on molting sites, to describe molt migration patterns and to
109 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts evaluate fi delity to molting sites. Goose movement patterns or without nitrogen addition because browsing is removing have been recorded since 2006 using solar-powered GPS photosynthetic tissues using carbon while the resource Argos transmitters (Microwave Telemetry, PTT-100 45gram limiting growth in arctic tundra is nitrogen. Both hypotheses Argos/GPS, ±10m) fi tted to females captured on their predict undercompensation under heavy browsing pressure. breeding grounds in Canadian Arctic or on spring staging In spring 2009, we implemented a simulated browsing grounds in southern Quebec. Following the population size experiment in the summer range of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles increase of these geese, there should be a growing number caribou herd by allocating two levels of nitrogen input (0 of molting sites or increased use of a limited number of and 10g/m2 of urea) and three levels of browsing pressure sites. Geese are known to strongly affect the vegetation in (0%, 25% and 75% of available shoots) in fi ve replicated their breeding habitats, and a higher density of geese on blocks. We estimated the above-ground primary productivity their molting grounds could have a similarly large ecological with the point intercept method and monitored individual infl uence. Global climate change and growing economic branches after 2 years of treatment. Preliminary results development within the Arctic already exert pressures on indicate that birches with 25% of their shoots browsed Arctic ecosystems. Increased pressure on molting grounds had an above-ground primary productivity similar to used by Greater Snow Geese could destabilize the local unbrowsed birches. At high browsing pressure, the above- equilibrium of these ecosystems. ground primary productivity was lower than for unbrowsed shrubs. Compensation at low browsing pressure occurred independently of the nitrogen treatment, a scenario CAN CARIBOU CONTROL THEIR RESOURCES? corresponding to the prediction of the limiting resource SIMULATING HERBIVORY ON A KEY SUMMER model. Our results indicate that a low browsing pressure has FOOD RESOURCE, THE AMERICAN DWARF a neutral effect on birch biomass, which could be positive BIRCH for a rising or declining caribou population. On the other hand, a large caribou population could deplete one of their Champagne, Emilie1,2, Jean-Pierre Tremblay1,2 and Steeve D. key summer resources in a short time. Our results could Côté1,2 also be affected by the structure of birches, as the number of leaves or their size could be modifi ed by browsing. 1 Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Structural data will be examined in the near future. Québec, G1V 0A6 2 Centre d’Études Nordiques, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6 MERCURY DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT In the last few decades, large populations of IN FIRST- AND MULTI-YEAR SEA ICE IN THE migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) occurred in Nunavik WESTERN ARCTIC OCEAN and Nunatsiavut. At high abundance and in arctic ecosystems with low productivity, large herbivores can Chaulk, Amanda1 ([email protected]), Gary Stern1, infl uence the availability and quality of plants. This can 2, D. Armstrong1, D. Barber1 and F. Wang1,3 in turn exert retroactive feedbacks on the life history of caribou. Our objective was to evaluate the effects 1 Center for Earth Observation Science, Department of of herbivory levels on a key resource for caribou: the Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, American dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa Michx). Because Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 the abundance of this resource has been hypothesized 2 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, to partly buffer the decrease of caribou herds following Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6 overuse of lichens, we were interested in understanding 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, how it responds to variation in browsing pressure. The Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 compensatory continuum hypothesis stipulates that plant response to browsing, and potential compensatory growth To date, our knowledge of mercury cycling, to replace lost tissues, is a function of nutrient availability. transformations, and distribution is fairly extensive. Major Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that dwarf birch research initiatives are on-going to understand mercury could compensate for moderate tissue removal only when chemistry in the atmosphere, water column, snow, and biota. supplied with nitrogen. Alternatively, the limiting resource However, the current dataset on Arctic mercury chemistry is model suggests that plant response to browsing is a function lacking information about the distribution and behaviour of of the resource limiting plant growth vs. the resource mercury in a key component of the cryosphere: sea ice and affected by browsing. According to this hypothesis, we brine. Evidence is mounting that the dramatically changing predicted compensation to occur at moderate browsing with sea ice environment in the Arctic Ocean may have played
110 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts a signifi cant role in mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation in the between copepod methylmercury concentration and Arctic marine ecosystems. Here we present measurements isotopic ratios of delta 13C (following lipid correction) of Hg distribution in fi rst- and multi-year sea ice cores and delta 15N suggest the effect of a dietary shift, perhaps and brine at various sites in the Western Arctic Ocean and due to consumption of larger-size plankton by late- Beaufort Sea. Newly formed ice and snowpack overlying stage copepodites and adults. Changes in biochemical fi rst-year sea ice were also sampled on several occasions. composition were also observed between developmental Hg concentrations in the fi rst-year ice cores are found to be stages. Percent phosphorus and nitrogen contents were relatively low (0.5 – 4 ng L-1), with the highest concentration higher in immature populations composed primarily of always at the surface. The Hg enrichment in the surface early-stage copepodites refl ecting the importance of protein sea ice is primarily due to the high brine number densities synthesis during early growth. The C:N ratio increased in in the surface frazil ice, with snowpack as an additional populations of late-stage copepodites and adults, refl ecting Hg source during melting season; direct scavenging of Hg a shift to greater lipid accumulation in mature individuals. from the atmosphere seemed not a major source of Hg in Copepod methylmercury concentration showed a strong sea ice. The Hg profi le in the multi-year ice core showed positive correlation with biomass phosphorus content a cyclic feature, with each peak potentially corresponding and a weak negative correlation with biomass C:N. These to one ice growing season. The highest Hg concentrations trends suggest that protein synthesis during early growth, were however found in brine which varied signifi cantly with which utilizes phosphorus-rich RNA, may be a key period season along with salinity and temperature. As sea ice brine for methylmercury uptake in L. macrurus. Our fi ndings is the primary habitat for microbial communities responsible highlight the importance of growth-related effects on for sustaining the food web in the Arctic Ocean, the high methylmercury concentrations, stable isotope ratios and and seasonally changing Hg concentrations of in brine elemental composition in zooplankton of High Arctic lakes. could potentially have a major impact on Hg uptake by the Arctic marine ecosystem SURFACE ROUGHNESS ESTIMATION FROM SAR DATA IN A HIGH ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT FIELD EVIDENCE FOR ONTOGENETIC EFFECTS ON METHYLMERCURY Collingwood, Adam1 ([email protected]), P. BIOACCUMULATION IN A HIGH ARCTIC Treitz1 and F. Charbonneau2 COPEPOD 1 Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, Chételat, John1,2 ([email protected]) and M. Amyot1 Ontario K7L 3N6 2 Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources 1 Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie, Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0Y7 Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7 Knowledge of biophysical variables such as soil 2 Current address: Environment Canada, National Wildlife moisture content and vegetation cover in the Arctic is an Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By important step towards understanding Arctic energy fl uxes Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3 and nutrient cycling. Information gathered from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is ideal for modeling these biophysical The calanoid copepod, Limnocalanus macrurus, properties. SAR backscatter contains information on soil is commonly the dominant crustacean zooplankter in moisture, vegetation, surface roughness, and topography. ultra-oligotrophic lakes of the Canadian High Arctic. While important in its own right for applications such as The infl uence of ontogenetic development on the erosion prediction and surface runoff mapping, surface bioaccumulation of methylmercury, a contaminant of roughness is also an important consideration when concern, was investigated in L. macrurus populations from attempting to model soil moisture from SAR data. SAR 9 lakes using stable isotopes, elemental composition, and measurements are very sensitive to soil surface roughness, microscope identifi cation of maturity stages. Methylmercury so if accurate surface roughness measurements are not concentration in L. macrurus varied nearly six-fold from available, soil moisture modeling from SAR backscatter will 10-58 ng/g and decreased in more mature populations be prone to error. with enriched ratios of delta 15N and a greater proportion For this research, surface roughness of sample of adult copepods. This unexpected trend in mercury sites at the Cape Bounty Arctic Watershed Observatory bioaccumulation may be related to a shift in diet or in (Melville Island, Nunavut; 74.91º N, 109.44º W) is biochemical composition during growth. Correlations quantifi ed as a necessary fi rst step to modeling soil moisture
111 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts with RADARSAT-2 data. Elements that will be examined dynamics. We have used twelve years of ADCP backscatter include the effects of spatial resolution on SAR-based data to estimate zooplankton populations in Barrow Strait surface roughness estimates, and the feasibility of using and explore inter-relationships with the ice and ocean fully polarized data as a substitute for multi-angular data parameters also measured. The result is a continuous picture in this context. It is anticipated that surface roughness of the physical environment and the ecosystem. Analysis will be related in a general way to land-cover type and of the time series shows how ocean density, currents, and topography in this environment, so the strength of these sea ice formation and break-up are related to zooplankton relationships will also be examined. Image-based roughness population peak magnitude and timing. Seasonal, annual, measurements will be compared to ground-based pin meter and inter-annual variability is evident in the data. measurements of surface roughness. A thorough fi eld campaign in the summer of 2010 produced surface roughness measurements for 121 sample TIMING OF HATCHING OF SEMIPALMATED locations. These roughness values were measured using a PLOVERS IN RELATION TO FOOD ABUNDANCE pin meter along 5.5 m transects in two orthogonal directions IN CHURCHILL, MANITOBA related to the SAR satellite look direction. High resolution fully polarimetric and single polarimetric SAR data from the Corkery, Catherine ([email protected]) RADARSAT-2 sensor were collected at various incidence Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, angles over the study area during the fi eld season. Sub- Ontario, K9J 7B8 surface volume scattering from rocks can be an issue when trying to compare surface-only fi eld measurements to SAR This project aims to examine the relationship data, which is affected by this sub-surface scattering. A between the stage of breeding of Semipalmated Plovers quantitative estimate of rock fraction in the sample areas in Churchill, Manitoba and the insect abundance in the was therefore included in the fi eld work process. These mudfl ats on which they forage. It was expected that the data will be examined to determine an effi cient method of majority of chicks would hatch shortly before insect estimating surface roughness values using only remotely- abundance reaches its peak, to provide the young with the sensed SAR data. It is anticipated that accurate maps of most food possible, so as to optimize their growth rate. surface roughness will result from this process. These are Weather variables including wind speed, soil temperature, necessary in order to model soil moisture across these and air temperature, were also measured and will be landscapes using SAR data. compared to insect abundance to determine if weather has This work will be essential for the creation of any effect on the food supply. Results will also be compared an operational method of soil moisture estimation (to be between coastal and inland breeding environments. Also, developed at a later stage of this research) that precludes the we will compare the timing of hatching among coastal and need for expensive fi eld data collection of parameters such inland breeding sites, in an attempt to determine if the as surface roughness in harsh or extreme environments such abiotic differences, and different invertebrate communities as the High Arctic. in these environments have any infl uence over when the plover eggs hatch. Insect samples were obtained throughout the RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ZOOPLANKTON breeding season using soil cores and emergence trap SEA ICE, AND OCEAN CONDITIONS IN sampling techniques. Insects were identifi ed to family BARROW STRAIT, 1998- 2009 and measured lengthwise to determine biomass. Insect abundance was also monitored by counting the number Collins, Kate ([email protected]), J. Hamilton of insects obtained in each sample. Insect abundance and and S. Prinsenberg biomass will be compared to the time of various stages of the plovers› breeding season, including pre-incubation, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, incubation, hatching, when the young were found on the Dartmouth NS, B2Y 4A2 foraging grounds, and fl edging. Weather data, including wind speed, and soil and air temperature at the time of sampling As climate change continues to pressure the were also collected to determine if there is a relationship ecosystem in the Canadian Arctic, a solid understanding of between insect abundance and biomass, and weather. the relationships between the physical and biological systems Results of this study could provide us with is essential. The discrete sampling methods traditionally important implications of what the future may hold for used in this challenging and remote environment can sub-arctic breeding shorebirds. If a signifi cant connection provide only patchy insight into annual zooplankton
112 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts is found between temperature and insect abundance or CURRENT PORTRAIT OF LEAD EXPOSURE IN biomass, then this could provide some vision as to how NUNAVIK : AN EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL shorebirds, mainly Semipalmated Plovers, will be affected by DETERMINANTS OF RESIDUAL BLOOD LEAD climate change in terms of breeding success. LEVELS
Couture, Ariane1 ([email protected]), E. Dewailly1,3, DENDROCHRONOLOGY AND RETROGRESSIVE B. Levesque2,3, D. Reinharz1, G. Muckle3, S. Dery4 and J-F. THAW SLUMPS ON MIDWAY LAKE PLATEAU Proulx4. FORT MCPHERSON 1 Maîtrise en santé communautaire, Département de Côté, Mélanie ([email protected]) médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de Médecine, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, bureau Département de géographie, Université d’Ottawa, Ottawa, 2428, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), Canada, G1V K1N 6N5 0A6 2 Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), In absence of ocular witness and in absence 945 avenue Wolfe, Québec (Québec), Canada G1V 5B3. of yearly satellite images or aerial photographs, 3 Axe de recherche en santé des populations et dendrochronology is the best method to get the year of the environnement, Centre de recherche du CHUQ , 2875 boul. catastrophic retrogressive thaw slumping in forested area on Laurier, Bureau 600, Québec (Québec), Midway Lake Plateau. In regions with distinct seasons, tree- Canada, G1V 2M2. ring analysis allows the datation of environmental hazards 4 Direction de la santé publique du Nunavik, Régie régionale with yearly precision. Our hypothesis is that the age of the de santé et des services sociaux du Nunavik, C. P. 900, death of the sampled trees, determined by cross-dating, is Kuujjuaq (Québec), Canada, J0M 1C0. the same as the thaw slump event which buried the sampled trees. This allows us to verify if slumps are related to heavy By using ammunition containing lead pellets for rains, or if some catastrophic slumps are the consequences hunting, the Inuit population of Nunavik is exposed to a of the 1944 and 1955 earthquakes in Richardson Mountains. small but signifi cant source of lead that could potentially be The best locations to sample the trees in a harmful to the population’s health. To study the behavioural slumped site are the channel banks developed in the determinants of lead exposure from hunting among the slumped material which fi ll the valleys. There, fl uvial Inuit, observational visits and semi-structured interviews erosion digs out tree trunks. Only broken tree trunks are were conducted during the spring of 2010. The results sampled, because only hazards events in this region can indicated that there is still an important demand for lead have transported and broken them. Each sampled dead shot in Nunavik, and it seems that this is primarily because tree are recorded by GPS and described (size, position and of their low cost and the fact that their use is of customary surrounding sediments). Pencil-sized increment cores and practice by the Inuit population. In order to completely sanded trunk cross sections are measured in laboratory eliminate this source of contamination, the possibility of with a stereomicroscope system supported by a computer introducing a national legislation prohibiting lead shot program. should be evaluated. Meanwhile, this study suggests that Acknowledgements: this work is supported by interventions should focus on motivating the hunters to funds received through the Northern Science Training change their customary practice while taking into account Program, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research the fi nancial and technical challenges engendered by Council of Canada, and the Department of Indian Affairs the removal of lead shot for the benefi t of non-toxic and Northern Development. alternatives. Field and lab assistance from: Kamylle A. Poirier, Lisa Tellier, and Ian D. Clark, Steven Kokelj, Denis Lacelle, Bernard Lauriol (supervisor) and Billy Wilson (from DISTURBANCE RESPONSES, RESILIENCY, AND Fot McPherson). CLIMATE CHANGE: A CHARACTERIZATION OF REVEGETATION PATTERNS RELATED TO RETROGRESSIVE THAW SLUMPS ON HERSCHEL ISLAND, YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA
Cray Sloan, Heather ([email protected]) and W. Pollard
113 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, 1 School of Environmental Design & Rural Development, Quebec, H3A 2K6 University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 2 Department of Population Medicine, University of Vegetation is an important factor in understanding Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 northern ecosystems, not only because it determines 3 Department of Population Medicine, University of terrestrial primary productivity, but also because locally Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 it can magnify or reduce the impact of prevailing 4 Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, NL, Canada, A0P 1P0 environmental conditions. Despite its ecological importance, Both scientifi c measurements and oral stories however, there is surprisingly little literature characterizing confi rm that there are signifi cant climatic changes in the revegetation patterns following natural disturbances Northern communities, which are impacting human health such as those caused by thermokarst in permafrost (physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual) and causing environments. Changes in arctic vegetation may have changes in the land and local livelihoods. Indeed, there already begun as a result of the recent warming in the Arctic have been numerous direct and indirect impacts of a (Chapin et al., 1995; Stow et al., 2004; Tape et al., 2006), but changing climate on human health reported in Northern without clear knowledge of the existing species, patterns communities, particularly concerning land-based activities, of revegetation, and the resiliency of tundra communities, such as access to adequate quantities of good quality large-scale management is impossible. Arctic landscapes drinking water, and to the location, abundance, and quality underlain by massive ground ice and ice-rich permafrost are of traditional foods. As well, communities are recognising inherently unstable and often display evidence of past and various forms of social and mental health stress due to present thaw subsidence, or thermokarst. Retrogressive thaw changing historical and/or cultural lifestyles resultant from slumps are a progressive form of backwasting thermokarst changing climatic cycles. that tend to go through cycles of activity, resulting in While there are numerous studies examining the dramatic changes to the landscape. The cyclic pattern of geo-physical changes in the North, research examining the disturbance and stabilization related to these thaw slumps potential impacts of climate change on public health issues results in a patchy tundra landscape where there are easily in the North is slower to emerge, and as such, more research identifi able geomorphic units refl ecting the stage of is needed in this area. Furthermore, an important part of stabilization and the time since disturbance. The established working with Northern communities in addressing various research sites of Herschel Island provide excellent examples aspects of public health-related concerns is recognising the of both stabilized and active thaw slumps for which the importance of connecting with their oral traditions and recent history of activity is known (Lantuit and Pollard, cultural stories as essential to the research process. Indeed, 2008). Preliminary fi ndings from Herschel Island show that narrative histories and place-based stories contain important there are vegetation and soil characteristics distinctive to local knowledge and history—information that simply sites disturbed by thaw slumps. Specifi cally, plant diversity, cannot be gleaned through purely quantitative measurement species composition, and percent cover in addition to pH, approaches. Thus, a much greater insight of climatic and soil temperature, active layer depth, and organic matter environmental change, and its impacts on Inuit health content change progressively with the time since disturbance and well-being, can be much enhanced by listening to and and therefore represent both the relative age of a thaw sharing stories about climatic and environmental change and slump and the degree of stabilization. By describing the variation. vegetation characteristics of stabilized thaw slumps of Understanding the importance of narrative, in 2009 varying ages (10 to ~300 years old) and comparing them to the Rigolet Inuit Community Government, in Nunatsiavut, one another and to undisturbed sites, we can construct an began a multi-year community-driven, participatory, approximate timeline and pattern of recovery for vegetation storytelling project which examined the impacts of climate disturbed by thaw slumps. This will provide insights into the change on human health. Funded by Health Canada’s resiliency of the tundra ecosystem and its probable response First Nations and Inuit Health Branch and the Nasivvik to future instability related to climate change. Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments, the community of Rigolet worked with social science researchers, epidemiologists, and a not-for-profi t CHANGING CLIMATE, CHANGING HEALTH, organization to gather data about climate change in the CHANGING STORIES: CLIMATE-HEALTH region, in order to investigate the climate-health relationship, RESEARCH IN RIGOLET, NUNATSIAVUT and current and possible adaptation strategies. Data were gathered collaboratively with the community through in- Cunsolo Willox, Ashlee1 ([email protected]), S. Harper2, depth interviews, focus groups, population surveys, and V. Edge3 and the Rigolet Inuit Community Government4 digital storytelling. Through this process, Rigolet residents
114 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts expanded their research capacity and benefi ted from the spatial arrangement of trees across Canada’s forest- increased confi dence to independently examine and study tundra ecotone is likely infl uenced by various processes and climate-related issues. physical site attributes, resulting in site-specifi c patterns and This poster will present results from the observed responses to climate warming. changes in climate and environment by Rigolet residents, and the impact of these changes on human health and well- being. Specifi c focus will be placed on food security, water POTENTIAL OF MULTI FREQUENCY SAR quality and access, changes in fl ora and fauna, and changes DATA FOR SNOW CHARACTERIZATION IN in ice and snow conditions, as well as the mental and SUBARCTIC REGIONS emotional impacts of climatic variation. Particular emphasis will be placed on describing and analyzing the digital Duguay, Yannick1 ([email protected]), M. Bernier1, storytelling process, and explaining how this methodology I. May2 and R. Ludwig2 can be utilized by communities, researchers, policy makers, and organizations for community-based research and 1 Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la capacity building projects throughout the North. recherche scientifi que, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9 2 Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany, 80333 Munich THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF TREES ACROSS THE CANADIAN FOREST-TUNDRA ECOTONE It has been shown that snow cover acts as an insulator that keeps permafrost temperatures relatively warm De Fields, Danielle1,2 (dldefi [email protected]), K. Harper1 during the winter (Goodrich, 1982, Canadian Geotechnical and J. Pelton1 Journal, vol. 19). This can have a noticeable impact on permafrost thawing process by increasing summer thaw 1 School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie depths. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of snow University, Suite 5010, 6100 University Ave., Halifax, NS, characteristics can therefore help the understanding of B3H 3J5, Canada. permafrost melting patterns in a context of changing arctic 2 North Slave Metis Alliance, 32 Melville Drive, Box 2301, and subarctic climate. Yellowknife, NT, X1A 2P7, Canada The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing Canada’s forest-tundra ecotone is predicted to data to map out snowcover characteristics (depth, density, respond to climate warming through a northern migration Snow water equivalent) in a subarctic environment. The of trees into tundra habitat and an increase in tree density area of interest is a 60 km2 region situated around the within the ecotone. Understanding the spatial confi guration Umiujaq community (56.55° N, 76.55° W) in northern of trees could provide insight into how the forest structure Quebec, Canada. The area can be divided into two distinct and pattern may change. We used point pattern analysis environments: the coastal region to the east and the Lac to characterize the spatial patterns of mapped trees of Guillaume-Delisle graben to the west. The vegetation in the different sizes in eleven 30x30 m grids in forest-tundra coastal region is very sporadic and dominated by shrubs, ecotone sites in the Mealy Mountains, Labrador, Churchill, while in the graben region it is mainly scrublands with Manitoba and Kluane, Yukon. Processes infl uencing the patches of conifers. A series of polarimetric RADARSAT-2 recruitment of juvenile trees into the adult population and data as well as multipolarized TerraSAR-X images have been how they may facilitate or hinder infi lling and advance at acquired over the area of interest during the 2010 winter. each site were inferred. In the Mealy Mountains, trees were The two sensors operate at different frequencies (5 Ghz and generally aggregated; recruitment into the adult population 10 Ghz respectively), therefore providing complementary could be regulated by facilitation, but a lack of seedlings information on the snowcover. Two fi eld campaigns will likely hinder regeneration in the future. Conversely, in were carried out in coordination with the satellite data Kluane, trees were generally regularly distributed, possibly acquisitions in March and May 2010, which correspond to infl uenced by competition. This site will likely experience the end of the accumulation period and the melting period both infi lling and advance as climate warms. Initial results respectively. Due to exceptionally warm weather during the show that in Churchill, trees were generally aggregated, 2010 winter, most of the snowcover was melted the fi rst and may be infl uenced by facilitation. A high abundance of week of May. Snow depth and snow water equivalent, as seedlings throughout the ecotone in Churchill indicates that well as ground temperatures were measured over various there may be a high potential for both infi lling and advance terrain types. Snowpits were dug at selected sites to gather at this site. Differences among and within sites indicate that information on particle size and shape in addition to snow
115 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts densities from the different layers of the snowpack. health in relation to ice and Inuit. Focus groups, document The advantage of SAR remote sensing is its ability review, semi-directed interviews and participant observation to image an area regardless of solar illumination and are being employed. cloud cover. It is then possible to acquire data in a timely Two gendered focus groups with Inuit and manner, which is important in order to monitor a target Kablunângajuit expert users of sea ice in Nain were as dynamic as snow. The wavelength of the radar signal conducted in July, 2010 to explore the context of how also enables it to penetrate the snowcover, allowing the residents view their use of the sea ice environment for retrieval of information on its vertical structure in addition travel and hunting in relation to their health. Nain Ground to its spatial distribution. The different frequencies of Search and Rescue (NGSAR) records spanning eleven years the two satellites, as well as the polarimetric data acquired were collected for document review and will be cross- with RADARSAT-2, have the potential to offer detailed referenced with Military/Coast Guard SAR statistics to shed information on this vertical structure which should light on the characteristics infl uencing searches over time. provide a better estimation of the snow characteristics. The results from this fi rst phase of fi eld work informed This approach is compared with a monopolarized and the second phase in November, 2010, which included monofrequency approach implemented in the EQeau model conducting a meeting with NGSAR members to fi ll data developed at INRS-ETE (Bernier et al., 1999, Hydrological gaps in SAR case fi les, and 22 semi-structured interviews Processes, vol. 13) to evaluate the added benefi ts of using with residents of Nain that use sea ice for travelling or this new type of dataset. hunting. These interviews were conducted to gain an in- depth understanding of individual perspectives on how people perceive and manage risks on sea ice, and the ways UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP in which traveling on sea ice affects people’s health. Key BETWEEN INUIT COMMUNITY HEALTH AND participant interviews with NGSAR members and the Nain SEA ICE TRAVEL RCMP staff were conducted during both fi eld work phases to explore the role of local institutions and social supports in mitigating potential negative health impacts from sea ice Durkalec, Agata1, ([email protected]), C. Furgal2, S. 3 3 travel. Karpik and T. Sheldon The results from this study are expected to improve
1 the understanding of key ways in which sea ice use affects Canadian Studies and Indigenous Studies, Frost Centre, individual and community health in Nain, Nunatsiavut. Trent University, Peterborough, Ont., K9H 7P4 2 Further, investigating the ways that communities act to Indigenous Environmental Studies Program, Trent mitigate negative health impacts stemming from sea ice use, University, Peterborough, Ont., K9J 7B8 3 such as through volunteer-based local search and rescue Division of Environment, Nunatsiavut Government, committees, is valuable in creating a more comprehensive Nain, Nunatsiavut, N.L., A0P 1L0 understanding of how community agency and resilience are shaping the human health-and-ice relationship. These results Sea ice is an important component of the can inform local search and rescue and health promotion environment for Inuit health and well-being. It is practices and policies in Nain and other Nunatsiavut or important for accessing food and as a central component Inuit communities. of livelihoods, for travel between communities, and as a key part of Inuit knowledge, culture, and identity. Social, economic, environmental and cultural factors are changing SPECIES COMPOSITION, VERTICAL how Inuit interact with sea ice in the Canadian Arctic DISTRIBUTION AND BIOMASS OF and therefore have potential implications for community MESOZOOPLANKTON IN FOUR LABRADOR health. This study, being conducted in cooperation with FJORDS, EASTERN CANADA the Nunatsiavut Government, is exploring the relationship 1 1, between travel on sea ice and community health and safety Estrada, Esteban ([email protected]), T. M. Brown 2 3 1 in the community of Nain, Nunatsiavut. It is employing , G. Darnis and K. Reimer a sequential exploratory transformative strategy of mixed 1 Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of methods that draws on a variety of data sources and Canada, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4 forms, and is being conducted as an instrumental case 2 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, study. A critical population health approach is being used Victoria, BC, V8L 4B2 to understand the social determinants of health and their 3 Québec-Océan, Dépertement de Biologie, Université Laval, drivers, and health and healthcare geography approaches are Québec,QC, G1K 7P4 being drawn upon to explore the nexus between place and
116 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
This study is part of the Nunatsiavut Nuluak Specifi c Surface area) measures refl ectance at 1310 nm along multidisciplinary project: “Understanding and responding the face of a drilled hole with a high vertical resolution (~ to the effects of climate change and modernization in 1cm) down to 20 m depth. A laser diode illuminates the a northern environment”. The main objective of this snow at nadir incidence angle and the refl ected radiance multi year study (2006-2009) is to investigate zooplankton is measured at 3 zenithal angles (20°, 40° and 60°) for 2 communities in four arctic fjords from the Labrador azimuthal angles (0 and 180°). After calibration and distance Peninsula: Nachvak, Saglek, Okak and Anaktalak. correction, we obtain the bidirectional refl ectance at 6 Zooplankton is a key component of pelagic environments different angles that we convert to hemispherical refl ectance and acts as a trophic link between primary producers and i.e. albedo. The SSA is calculated from the latter using a secondary consumers. The zooplankton community data theoretical relationship between SSA and albedo. obtained in the fjords will provide a baseline for future ASSSAP (Alpine Snow SSA Profi ler) is based studies on the food web dynamics of these areas. on the same principles as POSSSUM but is dedicated to Preliminary results show that dominant taxa shallow snowpits found in the Alps and in the Arctic. It is in the four arctic fjords include the calanoid copepod lighter and easier to use than POSSSUM. Pseudocalanus sp. and the cyclopoid copepod The DUFISSS (DUal Frequency Integrating Sphere Oithona similis accounting for up to 70% of the total for Snow SSA measurements) system measures the NIR mesozooplankton in the water column. Other important refl ectance in an integrating sphere at 1310 and 1550 nm. species in the fjords were the larger, lipid rich calanoid The integration sphere has an 15 cm inner diameter. The copepods such as Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, Metridia snow sample is placed in a black sample holder and the longa, Acartia longiremis and the chaetognath Parasagitta elegans. opening in the sphere toward the snow sample is 38 mm Mesozooplankton integrated biomass varied wide. The snow is illuminated directly by the collimated considerably between sites, being the northern fjords beam of the laser diode. Snow samples are obtained from generally the most productive and copepods the highest shallow pits and then the sampling rate depends only on contributors to the total biomass. This variation was the experimental plan. This system is particularly adapted to reinforced by multidimensional scaling analysis that revealed surface snow layers. seasonal and latitudinal differences between the fjords. The IRIS (Infrared Refl ectance Integrating Sphere) system also uses an integrating sphere and snow samples. It operates at 1300 nm with an inner diameter of 8 cm. A SET OF DEVICES TO ACQUIRE VERTICAL The snow samples are placed in a box under the integrating PROFILES OF SNOW SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA sphere and refl ectance is measured using a 1 cm beam expander. The system is well correlated with DUFISSS and Fily, Michel1 (fi [email protected]), L. Arnaud1, allows the retrieval of accurate SSA measurements. C. Carmagnola1,2, N. Champollion1, P. Cliche3, F. Domine1, All those systems have already been used in-situ for F. Dupont1, J. C. Gallet1, A. Langlois3 , B. Montpetit3, S. different types of snow cover. POSSSUM has been tested Morin2, G. Picard1, A. Roy3 and A. Royer3 in the Alps and used in Antarctica at Dome C. DUFISS has been used in the Alps, in the Arctic (grounded snow and 1 LGGE, UJF Grenoble – CNRS, 54 rue Molière, 38400 St snow over sea ice) as well as in Antarctica between Dumont Martin d’Hères, France d’Urville and Dome C. ASSSAP is under development and 2 CEN, CNRM/GAME, Météo-France – CNRS, 1441 rue will be used next seasons in Antarctica as well as in Arctic. de la Piscine, 38400 St Martin d’Hères, France IRIS has been used in the Arctic and Subarctic regions in 3 CARTEL, Univeristé de Sherbrooke – Sherbrooke boreal, taiga and tundra environments. (Québec) J1K 2R1, Canada The objective of the poster is to briefl y describe the different devices and show some results on very different The Specifi c Surface Area (SSA) is an important snow types. variable characterizing the complex micro-structure of snow. Its application range is wide and covers the physical evolution of snow (metamorphism), photochemistry MODELING BENTHIC MACROFAUNA and optical and microwave remote sensing radiative BIODIVERSITY ALONG THE LATITUDINAL transfer. Many new devices based on NIR (Near InfraRed) GRADIENT OF EASTERN CANADA USING refl ectance were recently developed at Grenoble, France ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS (LGGE and CEN) and at Sherbrooke, Québec (CARTEL) to provide SSA profi les in different snow cover conditions. Fontaine, Anne ([email protected]), P. Archambault The instrument called POSSSUM (Profi le Of Snow and M. Lévesque
117 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Institut des Sciences de la Mer/ Université du Québec à either in Canada generally or the Arctic in particular. In this Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 paper we systematically quantify and characterize federal funding of research to understand, avoid, prepare for, and Many studies demonstrated the close relationships respond to the health effects of climate change. Specifi cally, between the distribution and abundance of benthic we compare trends in Canada with research support directed macrofauna and the environmental conditions. Thus, in towards Arctic populations. Across Canada we document the estuary and northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, an recent an increase in research funding over the last decade but it study used geostatistics and mapping tools to understand is inadequate given the risks posed. While Arctic research and predict benthic macrofauna biodiversity in relation – specifi cally focusing on Inuit populations – has been well- with salinity, depth, oxygen, temperature and chlorophyll funded, particularly when compared to other regions, there a concentration, many drivers that are affected by climate has been negligible focus on vulnerable sub-populations change. (e.g. elderly, children) and volatility in funding allocated. This The knowledge of benthic macrofauna biodiversity is consistent with funding trends in general. The focus on in the Arctic ocean has improved a lot with the recent adaptation is a unique aspect of Arctic supported health ArcticNet expeditions and historical data. With those data, research, with funding primarily from Health Canada, it is now interesting to test the applicability and validity of INAC, and ArcticNet, and a signifi cant increase in funding the previous model on a large latitudinal gradient, from the and number of projects supported in recent years. The Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lancaster sound in the Arctic. total investment in climate change and health research in Our objectives are (1) to update the previous model in the Canada between 1999 and 2009 is only a fraction of other estuary and the Gulf of St Lawrence with recent data (2007- federal expenditures, however. Overall we give the federal 2008-2009); (2) to verify if the same type of model could response a ‘report card’ grade of C+: improving but much explain the distribution patterns of benthic macrofauna in yet to be done. A federal strategy to guide research support the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along the Labrador coast and is overdue, with Arctic specifi c initiatives offering important in the eastern Arctic; (3) to provide a predictive map of insights herein. benthic biodiversity across the study area and; (4) to evaluate the infl uence of the strong climate change in the Arctic on the southern marine ecosystem. GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF PEREGRINE The applications of such work are numerous, FALCONS NESTLINGS (FALCO PEREGRINUS) IN particularly in the context of ecosystem management (e.g. to NUNAVUT minimize the impacts of fi sheries on benthic biodiversity, to design marine protected areas ...) and for the evaluation of Anctil, Alexandre1, A. Franke2, P. Alogut3 and J. Bêty1 the impacts of climate change. 1 Département de biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec G5L 3A1 IS FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR CLIMATE CHANGE 2 Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, AND HEALTH RESEARCH CONSISTENT Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H8 WITH THE RISKS POSED? HOW THE ARCTIC 3 P.O. Box 817, Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, X0C 0G0 COMPARES TO CANADA GENERALLY One of the many challenges that climate change Ford, James D. ([email protected]), T. R. Smith and L. researchers are facing is predicting how animal populations Berrang-Ford may respond to changes in environmental conditions. Changes in climatic patterns may affect populations directly Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 (e.g., infl uencing thermoregulation of individuals) or Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6 indirectly (e.g., infl uencing food availability). We investigated how those two types of effects affected the growth and The Canadian federal government has a survival of young peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) nesting constitutional responsibility to provide information and in the Arctic. resources on prevention, preparedness and management We monitored a long-term studied population nesting of health risks. Climate change is already affecting health around Rankin Inlet, Nunavut (62°N, 92°W) and used a systems across Canada and federal programs have funded combination of nest boxes, automatic scouting cameras a number of initiatives to examine the risks. It remains and portable weather stations to perform our experiment. unclear, however, the extent to which the federal response is During summer 2009-2010, we systematically followed consistent with the threat posed by climate change to health 34 nests and we deployed nest box on 12 of them, hence
118 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts protecting the chicks from the rain and the wind. understanding impacts and adaptations at the community We followed chick survival and growing rate by and household scales. Preliminary results indicate that sea weighting them on a weekly basis and compared data ice was substantially thinner, there was a large amount collected on rain-proof sites with unprotected ones. of rain in the winter and that fog was present most days. Cameras were also set close to the nests, allowing us to Residents took greater risks to use the sea ice and many determine changes in food delivery from the parents during were unable to conduct usual activities in specifi c periods storms. of time during the winter including hunting, fi shing and Our results shows that the chicks growing in a traveling on the sea ice. Freezing rain caused the collapse nest covered with a nest box survived better and tend of a key communication tower and created dangerous to grow faster than the chicks not covered by a nest conditions for travel in town. box. The cameras showed that food delivery diminishes With projected increases in climate and weather (sometimes by half) during extended periods of rain. These variability in many climate models gaining a better results indicate that both the direct and indirect effects of understanding of the key conditions and effects of these meteorological conditions can strongly affect the conditions anomalous years are important as they will help decision of the young peregrine falcons. makers and populations prepare for and adapt to similar Considering that precipitations in the summer tend to conditions in the future if and when they appear. increase in the Arctic, the understanding of how these changes will affect the animal populations living there becomes more and more important. UNDERSTANDING THE SCIENCE-POLICY INTERFACE FOR ENHANCED ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION CHARACTERIZATION, IMPACT AND DECISION-MAKING ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT OF AN ANOMALOUS ICE YEAR IN NAIN, Furgal, Chris1 ([email protected]), D. Hik2, S. Meakin3, S. NUNATSIAVUT Nickels4, M. Buckham1, H. Horn2 and C. Bott1
Furgal, Chris1 ([email protected]), T. Sheldon2 (tom_ 1 Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada; [email protected]), R. Laing1, D. Kouril1, M. 2 University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Robinson1, S. Karpik2 and S. Webb2 3 Inuit Circumpolar Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada; 4 Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Ottawa, ON, Canada 1 Indigenous Environmental Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario Ecological change, economic strain, cultural 2 Environment Division, Department of Lands and Natural transformation and socio-political factors are currently Resources, Nunatsiavut Government, Nain, NL key sources of stress on Arctic Indigenous peoples. It is argued that the best available information, including both Climate change is causing widespread changes in science and Traditional Knowledge (TK), must be used Inuit communities throughout the Arctic. Reduction in sea in generating policies and making decisions about such ice thickness and changes in weather patterns is having a critical issues as climate change impacts and adaptation in direct effect on the way people use the sea ice for travel the circumpolar north to ensure that these decisions are and hunting. This project, funded by Indian and Northern best suited for these regions and residents. This project, Affairs Canada, investigates the impacts of an unusually funded under an integrated network research program in warm winter on the community of Nain, Nunatsiavut. Key Canada, ArcticNet, aims to investigate the Arctic policy and conditions that impacted the community and how people decision making landscape to determine how Arctic science responded have been identifi ed through seven focus groups currently contributes, or may best contribute in the future that spanned business owners to frequent land users. These to informing policies and actions on climate change impacts focus groups are being used to develop a population-based and adaptation. The project is taking a case study approach survey for the community of Nain to better understand using: 1. literature and document review to identify key the conditions, impacts and how people have adapted to policy and science information linkages and gaps; 2. key the past winter. This data is being used concurrently with informant interviews to identify and understand the critical weather data (Environment Canada), large-scale sea ice data steps in the knowledge translation process; 3. qualitative and (Canadian Ice Service) and data from a local community quantitative discourse analysis to understand the relationship based sea ice monitoring program (Sikumiut Environmental between existing science and TK products and decisions Management Inc.) in a mixed methods approach to / policies; and 4. expert panels and roundtables to explore
119 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts and make recommendations on methods for enhanced can be empowering and create useful tools to illustrate and science and TK uptake in policy processes of relevance to communicate Indigenous Knowledge (IK) and concepts the ArcticNet research program and Arctic science to policy of the environments which local people understand initiatives in general. This research will contribute to our exceptionally well. Efforts of this nature have the potential present knowledge on how to improve the use, translation to create tools with which to make local decisions about and transfer of scientifi c research results and TK into the environment and its resources which better refl ect sound policy. The conclusions from this project will support local understandings and cultures. Using literature review, decision makers in addressing the most effective ways to expert interviews, and participatory mapping, this project use and translate research results on urgent issues such is conducting a geospatial ontology exercise with expert as climate change into “action” or decisions at the local, knowledge holders in the Nunatsiavut Settlement Area. region, national and international levels. The long term goal is the development of a geospatial ontology application and interface (newly conceptualized land classifi cation system with GIS representation) that INUIT KNOWLEDGE AND GEOSPATIAL complements existing GIS for use in land use planning, ONTOLOGY: INUIT CLASSIFICATIONS OF environment and development decision making as well LANDS AND RESOURCES IN NUNATSIAVUT as Nunatsiavut Inuit Knowledge representation and transmission to a variety of different audiences. This project Furgal, Chris1 ([email protected]), T. Sheldon2, P. is a partnership between University based researchers Pulsifer3,4, R. Devillers5, J. Wilkes1, M. Denniston2 and S. and the Nunatsiavut Government (NG). The results are Nickels3 expected to provide evidence for a different and potentially more culturally specifi c way of viewing and making 1 Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8 decisions about land and landscape in Inuit regions. 2 Environment Division, Department of Lands and Resources, Nunatsiavut Government, Nain Nunatsiavut SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN HUDSON BAY A0P 1L0 AND HUDSON STRAIT IN RELATION TO AIR 3 Inuit Inuit Qaujisarvingat/ Inuit Knowledge Centre, TEMPERATURE AND ICE COVER BREAKUP, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 1985-2009 4 National Snow and Ice Data Centre, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Galbraith, Peter S. and P. Larouche Colorado at Boulder, CO 5 Department of Geography, Memorial University, St. John’s Ocean and Environmental Science Branch, Maurice Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9 Lamontagne Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada In a context of changing Arctic natural, social, political and economic environments, there is an urgent Sea-surface weekly average temperatures derived need to document and share the extensive and valuable from NOAA remote sensing are analysed for the period knowledge held by Elders and other experts with local 1985-2009 for Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, and decision makers (making decisions to protect and dictate compared to weekly ice cover data obtained from the wise use of land and sea resources today), younger Canadian Ice Service for the period 1971-2009 as well as generations (those having to make such decisions and monthly average air temperature at four stations around live in relationship with this environment into the future) Hudson Bay. Results show a decreasing trend in the breakup as well as with members of the scientifi c community date of the sea-ice in Hudson Strait season of 5.6 days per trying better to understand pressures on these systems. decade since 1971 as well as an interannual variability of 5 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other spatial C in the Hudson Bay average SST for the warmest week of data organization and representation technologies have the year. There is good correlation (e.g. R2 = 0.78--0.79) been used for a variety of applications for, with, and by between average SST in August, average air temperature at Indigenous groups in recent decades (e.g. land use planning, four meteorological weather stations from June to August, natural resource management, land claims negotiations, and percentage of open water in Hudson Bay from June documentation and transmission of Traditional Knowledge to August. A climatology for SST of the warmest week of to younger generations). Through processes such as the year is presented, and the variability of different regions Participatory GIS (PGIS) and geospatial ontology research within Hudson bay is discussed. One area in southwestern methods of capturing and representing Indigenous Hudson Bay is shown to exhibited the highest interannual conceptualizations of spatial phenomenon, such initiatives variability, having nearly the warmest surface waters in
120 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts some waters and nearly the coldest in others. The historical vernal ice bloom and the beginning of the phytoplankton observed variability of SST and ice cover is compared to growth season. Preliminary results from the incubation expected changes in the literature that are associated with experiments show a drastic decrease in chlorophyll a climate change. concentrations after 2 hours in the high-light treatments, suggesting a bleaching of ice algae and/or phytoplankton. The stimulation of DMSP and DMSO production due to INFLUENCE OF A RAPID SHIFT IN UV AND the abrupt increased irradiance experienced by ice algae PAR RADIATION ON THE PRODUCTION OF and phytoplankton cells during the ice melt period will be DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE (DMSP) discussed. AND DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE (DMSO) BY ICE ALGAE AND PHYTOPLANKTON DURING THE SPRING ICE MELT PERIOD IN THE ARCTIC CHILD GROWTH AND ASSOCIATED DIETARY PATTERNS IN CANADIAN INUIT: RESULTS Galindo, Virginie1 ([email protected]), M. FROM THE NUNAVUT INUIT CHILD HEALTH Levasseur1, M. Scarratt2, C. J. Mundy3, M. Gosselin3, T. SURVEY Papakyriakou4, Y. Gratton5, M. Lizotte1, G. Carnat4 and S. Michaud2 Galloway, T.¹, T. K. Young¹, G. M. Egeland² and Nunavut Inuit Health Survey Steering Committee 1 Département de biologie & Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6 ¹ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of 2 Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Ministère des Pêches et des Toronto, Toronto ON Canada Océans, C.P. 1000, Mont Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 ² Centre for Indigenous People’s Nutrition and 3 Institut des Sciences de la Mer (ISMER), Université du Environment, McGill University, Montreal QC Canada Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 4 Department of Environment and Geography, University Introduction: There is little recent anthropometric of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 data on the growth of preschool-age Inuit children. As part 5 Institut National de Recherche Scientifi que, Centre Eau, of the International Polar Year’s efforts to gather data on Terre et Environnement, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9 the health of circumpolar populations, the 2007-8 Inuit Health Survey undertook health assessment in preschool Dimethylsulfi de (DMS) is particularly important children living across a broad region of the Canadian in climate regulation owing to its role in cloud formation. Arctic. The present study reports fi ndings from the dietary This climate-active gas represents 95% of biogenic marine assessment portion of the Inuit Child Health Survey, sulphur emissions to the atmosphere. In polar regions, DMS conducted in Nunavut Territory, Canada. and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are Methods: Height and weight measures for 376 produced by both planktonic and ice microalgae. In this children ages 3-5 years were compared with the 2000 environment, maximum levels of DMS are consistently CDC growth reference. A subset of 269 of these children, measured in the marginal ice zone. DMS peaks could result and their caregivers, participated in a food frequency from the direct release of DMSP and DMS following interview and 24-hour recall. The data set was analyzed for physiological adjustments of the phytoplankton and ice associations between BMI and dietary patterns known to algae to changes in light regime ensuing from ice breakup, contribute to childhood obesity such as intake of sweetened however this remains to be determined. In support of beverages, soft drinks, and high-calorie processed foods. this hypothesis, it has been recently suggested that DMSP, Consumption of traditional foods such as fi sh, seal, caribou, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and DMS participate in an anti- birds and berries was also measured against overweight oxidant cascade which reduces photo-damage in stressed status. microalgae. In this study, the variations in DMSP and Results: For all age groups, stature tracks the CDC DMSO were monitored along with the composition of the reference, confi rming that the previously reported secular autotrophic assemblages at the bottom of the ice and in trend in height has continued in this population. Overweight the water at Resolute Bay (74° 708 N; 95° 250 W) between (BMIC>95) prevalence (50.8%) is higher than previously May 1st and June 21st, 2010. In addition, a series of in situ reported in Canadian children and may be occurring at incubations were performed during which water, collected an earlier age. No clear associations emerged between under the ice, was exposed to the incident light for a period dietary patterns and child growth outcomes, excepting the of 6 h and the changes in chlorophyll a, DMSP and DMSO pervasiveness of food insecurity in this population. were quantifi ed. The survey period captured the end of the Discussion: The pattern of emerging obesity in
121 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts preschool-age Inuit children poses a signifi cant public health this project: Bylot Island in Nunavut, Daring Lake in NWT, concern in Nunavut Territory, Canada. Qualitative follow- as well as Saglek Fjord in Nunatsiavut for a total of 12 study up with Nunavut Elders suggests the impact of changing sites, with latitudes ranging from 56° N to 73,1° N, and lifestyles on child growth stems as much from altered longitudes from 117,3° W to 61,4° W. physical activity patterns as in the quality of diet consumed Three species were most frequently collected: by Nunavut children. We recommend that future public blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), redberry (Vaccinium health interventions target food security as an immediate vitis-idaea) and blackberry (Empetrum nigrum). Permanent priority and include families with very young children in plots (approx. 20m X 20m) were established in areas easily their nutrition and physical activity programs. accessible for community members. Berries were collected inside these plots, using a simple protocol developed through IPY project CiCAT and ArcticNet initiatives. THREE YEARS OF COMMUNITY-BASED Climate infl uences greatly the inter-annual MONITORING OF BERRY PRODUCTIVITY variability of fruit production. Consequently, data from the ACROSS THE CANADIAN ARCTIC: RESULTS, local meteorological stations were compiled and used for CONSTRAINTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS the calculation of GDD (Growing degree-days) and TDD (Thawing degree-days >0°C) as well as annual precipitations. Gérin-Lajoie, José1 ([email protected]), E. Lévesque1, Plant cover (%) was visually estimated for each berry L. Siegwart Collier2, L. Hermanutz2, J. Jacobs3, C. Spiech1, C. species, and also for other plant species as well as for lichens Lavallée1, G. Henry4 and A. Cuerrier5 and mosses. Results show important intra and inter site 1 Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec variations as well as inter-annual variation. To better à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7 and understand this variability and the major factors infl uencing Centre d’études nordiques Université Laval, Québec, it, long-term data will be highly valuable. In addition to Québec, G1V 0A6 this unique dataset, the collaboration with community 2 Memorial University of Newfoundland, Department of partners enriches our understanding of these ecosystems Biology, St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7 and contributes to capacity building. However, maintaining 3 Memorial University of Newfoundland, Department of this widely distributed web of collaborators is not a simple Geography, St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C task. We have collected data over 3 consecutive years in only 5S7 one site (Pond Inlet), but for most of them, we have only 4 University of British Columbia, Department of partial datasets (2 years) due to several constraints including: Geography, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z2 late enrolment, bad weather conditions limiting access to 5 Jardin botanique de Montréal, Institut de recherche en some sites, high travel costs limiting direct interactions with biologie végétale, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2 our partners; high turnover of teachers, teacher’s workload and school agenda vs. timing of species maturation. This Rapid changes are being observed in the Arctic emphasizes the diffi culties of maintaining a long-term due to climate warming. The study and monitoring of these program that minimizes missing data. Among others, changes are essential to better predict impacts of change. we recommend the integration of monitoring protocols Vegetation is a good integrator of the multiple stress factors in structured scientifi c activities that would be part of a and can relatively easily be monitored to improve our Science curriculum. Without the involvement of northern understanding of the fragile arctic environments. To study authorities, it will be rather diffi cult, if not impossible, to trends in vegetation change, long-term data are needed sustain such a monitoring program. across a range of study sites to provide a broad picture of the Canadian Arctic. Considering the costs, logistics and time needed to follow many sites, we have been working in QUANTIFYING THE IMPACTS OF ARCTIC collaboration with High School teachers, research stations WARMING AND PERMAFROST DEGRADATION personal and community members. We focused on: 1) berry ON THE ORGANIC CARBON (OC) BUDGET OF productivity due to their importance in Inuit culture and THE HUDSON BAY USING RIVER AND OCEAN health; 2) impacts of ecological factors such as snow depth SEDIMENT DOC AND LIGNIN BIOMARKERS and plant phenology. The nine communities involved are: 1 in Nunatsiavut (Nain), 3 in Nunavik (Kangiqsualujjuaq, Godin, Pamela1,2 ([email protected]), G. Kangiqsujuaq and Umiujaq) and 5 in Nunavut (Iqaluit, Stern1,2, R. Macdonald1,3, J. DeLaronde2, J. Bailey1,2 and A. Pangnirtung, Pond Inlet, Baker Lake and Kugluktuk). In MacHutchon2 ([email protected]) addition, three fi eld research sites have also participated in
122 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
1 Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of SEVERE PERMAFROST DEGRADATION DUE TO Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, MAJOR FLUVIAL THERMOEROSION EVENT Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 2 Freshwater Institute, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 501 Gosselin, Pascale ([email protected]) and M. University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6 Allard 3 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Department of Geography and Centre d’Études Nordiques, Columbia, Canada V8L 4B2 Université Laval, Québec, Canada
With increased warming in the Arctic, there is the In June 2008, the community of Pangnirtung was potential for vast amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) seriously impacted by an extreme peak discharge of the to enter the system and ultimately change the input of Duval River following an intense rainy storm event. In a terrigenous and petrogenic carbon entering coastal seas. By matter of several hours, the bouldery main channel was understanding changes occurring within the carbon cycle overdeepened by nearly 10 m while thermal and mechanical we can begin to assess the potential feedbacks that may arise erosion acted simultaneously for undercutting permafrost as global temperatures increase. The Hudson Bay region, river banks, expanding thermo-erosional niches up to 30 m. located mostly below the Arctic Circle, is important to Eventually, the weight of the undercutted banks exceeded monitor due to its temperature gradients which infl uence the resistive strength of the permafrost and major collapses vegetation, freeze/thaw cycles and ultimately the hydrology occurred. The two bridges were permanently impaired and inputs of carbon into the Hudson Bay carbon cycle. which resulted in a limited access to some vital services such Permafrost degradation is therefore an important process as drinkable water distribution and sewage transport. The that will affect terrigenous sources to the Bay. Thus, we are Hamlet had to declare a state of local emergency. collecting samples and data to quantify the effect of arctic This event shows how climate change and more warming on riverine inputs, hydrology and the organic specifi cally, extreme climatic events can trigger landscapes carbon (OC) budget of Hudson Bay. hazards, raising safety concerns and infrastructures issues Samples were collected during the CCGS in northern communities. In pursuance of developing a Amundsen Expedition, which departed from Quebec more resilient community, this study in three steps will City on July 2nd of this year. During a four-week period, focus on understanding the process of thermal erosion freshwater samples were collected from 15 major rivers of and on assessing the potential risk of reoccurrence of the Hudson Bay and a permafrost core and soil samples were extracted at a nearby location by helicopter. Water high magnitude fl uvial events in Pangnirtung. First of samples were collected for salinity, O18 and trace metals all, in order to understand the past long-term hydrologic and a submersible pump with attached fi lter plate was variability, radiocarbon dating of organic material found used to fi lter 20 litres through a GF/F fi lter to collect in fossil alluvial sequences will allow determining if a the particulates and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). fl ood frequency trends exists. Then, with the objective of Permafrost coring sites were located from the helicopter by understanding the role of the main parameters involved identifying thermokarst features such as pingos, frost heaves during thermal erosion, mathematical equations develop and specifi c vegetation to optimize success rate for locating by Randriamazoaro et al (2007) and Fortier et al (2007) permafrost prior to landing. A permafrost corer was used will be used. The main parameters, i.e. discharge, water to extract a core and soil samples were also collected along temperature, ice content and ground temperature, were with a profi le and site assessment at each site. measured during fi eld work done in 2009 and 2010. SOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) stored Moreover, a simple numerical simulation made with TempW in permafrost have the potential of being very old and their should enhance the representativeness of the mathematical contribution to Hudson Bay organic matter is therefore approach. Finally, a potentiel frequency of reoccurrence of traceable through radiocarbon measurements. These extreme peak discharge likely to cause destructive thermo- samples were collected to characterize potential sources erosion events in the future will be determined using climate of carbon according to their δ13C and 14C signatures simulations at high resolution extracted from the Canadian in biomarkers such as kerogen and lignin phenols. The Regional Climate Model (CRCM). data will not only identify the apparent 14C ages of OC entering the Hudson Bay carbon cycle but will also create baseline signatures which will be helpful in determining future permafrost inputs into the OC budget. Presently, the analytical process has just begun and samples have been sent away for isotopic analysis.
123 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL BENTHIC DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF MAPPING OF PERMAFROST CONDITIONS THE POKAK EXPLORATION LICENSE AREA, FOR NUNAVIK COMMUNITIES; A PRO-ACTIVE BEAUFORT SEA, CANADA INITIATIVE TO SUPPORT VILLAGE EXPANSION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE Lévesque, Mélanie ([email protected]), Grant, Cindy ([email protected]) and P. Archambault Fortier, D.1,3, M. Allard2,3, C. Lemieux1,3, E. L’Hérault2,3, Grandmont, Katerine1,3([email protected]), K. Institut des Sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Larrivée1,3, J. Cardille1, M. Paquette1, M. Sliger1 et J. Doyon2,3 Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1
1 Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, In August 2010, 18 stations were sampled during Québec, Québec, H2V 2B8 an ArcticNet expedition of the CCGS Amundsen in 2 Département de géographie, Université Laval, Québec, the Beaufort Sea, Canada. One of the objectives was Québec, G1V 0A6 to integrate available information to provide a current 3 Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, description of the regional structure, composition, and Québec, G1V 0A6 distribution of the benthic organisms in the marine environment of the Pokak concession. Two different Permafrost warming and thawing is already a reality methods were used to sample a wide range of organisms. A in Nunavik (Allard et al., 2006; 2007; 2009; Calmels et al., box core sampled infauna while an Agassiz trawl was used 2008; Smith et al., 2010) and elsewhere in the circumpolar to collect epibenthic organisms. Subsequent taxonomic north. Climate models suggest that this warming trend analyses were performed at the laboratory. Samples collected will prevail in the future and that the rate of change in the Ajurak concession in 2009 (18 stations), were used will be faster in the Arctic (Sushama et al., 2007; IPCC, for comparison with this year’s adjacent Pokak concession. 2007). Consequently, northern communities must adopt Clustering analysis and univariate methods were used to specifi c adaptation techniques and strategies to deal with explore the structure and diversity of the benthic fauna a warming permafrost to expand their current residential, assemblages. Results of this study will help to develop the municipal, and transportation infrastructures. Due to the overall portrait of the benthic communities, and will be rapid demographic growth in Nunavik and because of the a benchmark against which to evaluate species richness, current housing crisis, needs for constructions are high and community assemblage and abundance in the Pokak the governments will have to invest hundreds of millions concession. of dollars in construction projects in the near future. This project will allow updating the existing permafrost/ surfi cial geology maps of four Nunavik communities MALE QUALITY IN AN ARCTIC PASSERINE: (Akulivik, Puvirnituq, Kangirsuk and Tasiujaq) built on DOES INDIVIDUAL QUALITY DRIVE FITNESS thaw-susceptible permafrost. Natural hazards and potential IN SNOW BUNTINGS (PLECTROPHENAX permafrost degradation related to climate change will be NIVALIS)? evaluated for projected land-use (e.g. housing, sewage) and foundation types (e.g. concrete slabs, piles). This will Guindre-Parker, Sarah1 ([email protected]), H.G. be achieved using regional climate scenarios from the Gilchrist2, S.M. Doucet1, T.E. Pitcher1 and O.P. Love1 Ouranos Consortium together with a geodatabase of terrain conditions (surfi cial geology, permafrost landforms, 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, geotechnical properties of permafrost, geomorphological Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4 processes). The suitability of the projected land-use will 2 National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, be evaluated in light of the potential response of the Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 terrain to climate warming until 2050. The end-product of this research project will consist in risk-assessment maps Theory predicts that an individual’s quality and that will serve as guidelines to village development. The fi tness are closely linked; high-quality individuals are methodology and results of this research project will fi nd expected to have high fi tness. However, considerable immediate applications for northern development planning, intra-specifi c variation in quality-related traits indicates will contribute to capacity building of local communities the presence of signifi cant quality-mediated trade-offs. and regional decision-makers, and will promote sound Maintaining a high-quality phenotype therefore appears to expansion of Nunavik villages with respect to the local be costly. While examining trade-offs in quality-mediated specifi cities of the permafrost environment. traits is diffi cult - particularly in free-living systems – we
124 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts are taking an integrative approach across ecological, Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of physiological, molecular and evolutionary biology to study Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 selection on quality-mediated phenotypes in an Arctic passerine, the Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis). The study of ocean colour enables synoptic We are examining how individual quality drives characterization of water attributes and constituents on a fi tness in a free-living avian system, specifi cally focusing large scale, yet there are still many issues with corroborating on the underlying physiological traits linking male plumage and calibrating the multiple approaches to quantify ocean quality and variation in organismal fi tness. Our study colour. The case 2 (non-chlorophyll dominant) waters population breeds at the East Bay Island Migratory Bird of Hudson Bay further complicate this approach. Many Sanctuary, Nunavut, where Snow Buntings are found in high systems seek to produce the water-leaving radiance (Lw)— density. Little is known about this passerine’s ecology but the fl ux of upwelling light at the water’s surface. Although by combining ecological (timing of arrival, territory size), this cannot be easily measured directly, there are multiple physiological (arrival condition, testosterone and sperm approaches—both in situ and satellite—to deriving or quality) and molecular traits (extra-pair paternity) within the measuring it. This poster displays initial results from evolutionary framework of reproductive trade-offs, we hope hyperspectral data collected on ArcticNET 2010 Leg 1a to elucidate the mechanisms by which quality drives fi tness. using above- and in water methods. Both used non-imaging Specifi cally, we are undertaking the following: hyperspectral radiometers: the former mounted on the 1) Assessing male plumage quality using feather bow of the Amundsen while at station and underway, the refl ectance as an indicator of fi tness given that brightness of latter deployed from a zodiac semi-rigid boat away from the white feathers and UV-chroma of black feathers have been mixing action of the ship. An analysis of data and sampling linked to fi tness in similar achromatic specie. methods from the 2010 campaign is presented alongside 2) Measuring plasma testosterone levels as a direct preliminary comparisons to corresponding multispectral driver of reproductive success and stress-mediated traits satellite data. (immunoglobulin and oxidative stress levels) as costs to high reproductive effort. 3) Assessing the true reproductive success of DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM each male (within-pair as well as extra-pair offspring) by FOR CONTINUOUSY MONITORING THE YEAR- determining paternity using blood DNA samples and micro- ROUND HYDRO-ECOLOGY OF ARCTIC LAKES satellite analyses. 4) Measuring sperm quality by analyzing sperm Hancyk, Jeremy1 ([email protected]), F.J. Wrona2,3, T.D. motility, density and morphology. Prowse2,3, P.D. di Cenzo2, L. de Rham2 This project is one of the fi rst attempts to examine quality-mediated phenotypic hypotheses in a free-living 1 AXYS Technologies Inc. (AXYS), Sidney, British Columbia system using a highly integrative approach. Selected results 2 Environment Canada (EC), Water & Climate Impacts will be presented, which will provide information on (1) the Research Centre (W-CIRC), University of Victoria, Victoria, physiological trade-offs that drive honesty in signals of male British Columbia quality, (2) the mechanisms linking male quality and fi tness 3 Department of Geography, University of Victoria (UVic), and (3) how variation in male quality affects population Victoria, British Columbia persistence in this important Arctic passerine. These goals are particularly important since our knowledge of the In 2008, the Water & Climate Impacts Research mechanisms linking individual variation in quality and fi tness Centre (W-CIRC), a collaborative Environment Canada is limited for most Arctic-breeding species. and University of Victoria research centre, initiated an innovative project to design an autonomous system to be used for continuous year-round monitoring of hydro- OCEAN COLOUR REMOTE SENSING IN ecology in Arctic lakes. Harsh environmental conditions HUDSON BAY: A COMPARISON BETWEEN and remote deployment locations forced a creative and IN SITU AND SATELLITE METHODS FOR customized approach to this challenge. W-CIRC looked DERIVING CHLOROPHYLL SIGNATURES IN to AXYS Technologies and their experience as system CASE 2 WATERS integrators in both the marine and water quality fi elds to assist in the development of a unique monitoring solution. Gunn, Geoffrey G. ([email protected]), D. Barber, The proposed deployment location would have G. McCullough and K. Hocheim seasonal ice cover with ice forming and break-up transition periods. Cooperatively, AXYS and W-CIRC agreed on
125 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts a system which would include two components; a large will affect biological productivity and the diversity of Arctic spar style buoy and a smart subsurface mooring package. aquatic ecosystems and have important physical, ecological These components together were then called the Arctic and socioeconomic implications. The presence of lake ice Lake Monitoring System (ALMS) and would be used to and timing of break-up and freeze-up shape Arctic aquatic perform continuous unattended year-round monitoring of ecosystems through the infl uence they have on, for example, meteorological conditions, ice cover, solar radiation and solar radiation, stratifi cation and biogeochemical processes. water quality on and throughout the water column of Noell Ice also provides important hunting and fi shing grounds Lake in the Northwest Territories. and is used for winter transportation in the north. There Data from the ALMS system would have to be have been numerous studies and modelling attempts looking available in near real-time to be accessed from the W-CIRC at trends in lake ice and climate. Most of these studies are offi ce at the University of Victoria. In addition, the ALMS based on short-term records as there are few sites with was built with cellular and secondary LEO satellite telemetry detailed long-term records of climate and lake-ice data. that would allow 2-way communications to the system year- This data scarcity is especially true for high latitude lakes round. An acoustic modem integrated into the buoy and where very few long-term ice records exist. Sweden has subsurface package allowed the relay of 2-way information been observing ice cover and composition changes as well to and from the smart mooring under the water and/or ice. as related meteorological conditions at Lake Torneträsk for As system power was a concern, especially during winter in over a century. Such a database is extremely benefi cial to the the Arctic Circle, W-CIRC scientists wanted to be able to Canadian efforts to validate lake-ice models. The detailed draw back the sampling intervals once ice cover was set and climate and ice data from Lake Torneträsk is serving as a only wake up the system from sleep mode once to twice a test bed site where the MyLake (multi-year lake simulation) day. This would keep reserve battery power, allowing future model can be validated and used to evaluate future ice cover confi guration of the system for high resolution sampling changes in Canada under different future climate scenarios. during the transition periods in the spring. The ALMS completed its fi nal testing phase at the AXYS facility in Sidney, BC and was deployed at the COASTAL HAZARD MAPPING IN AN end of September, 2010 in Noell Lake, NT by AXYS EXPANDING IQALUIT fi eld technicians and W-CIRC personnel. The continuous year-round data from this system is expected to provide Hatcher, Scott V.1, D. L. Forbes1,2 and G. K. Manson2 a temporal understanding of Arctic lake ecosystems and assist in the development of hydro-ecological models for 1 Department of Geography, Memorial University, St.John’s, small tundra lakes in research disciplines including but not Newfoundland, A1B 3X9 limited to: landscape hydrology & geochemistry, lake-ice 2 Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, modeling and aquatic productivity & carbon dynamics. Such Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2 models will be used to assess the vulnerability of Arctic lake ecosystems to disturbance, such as climate variability/ This research explores a multi-faceted approach change and those related to Canada’s northern region. to mapping coastal hazards associated with a changing environment in Iqaluit, NU. These changes are two-fold: (1) climate-driven changes in coastal conditions, including HISTORICAL TRENDS IN ICE-COVER ON relative sea-level trends and possible changes in storm A HIGH-LATITUDE LAKE WITH CLIMATE climatology; (2) socio-economic changes affecting exposure, VARIABILITY including the population infl ux to the territorial capital and associated planning and infrastructure pressures. With Harder, Silvie1 ([email protected]), T. Prowse1,2, Y. a population of approximately 7000, Iqaluit lies near the Dibike1,2 and T. Callaghan3 head of Frobisher Bay in southeast Baffi n Island and serves as a major aviation hub, with important administrative, 1 Water and Climate Impacts Research Centre, University of educational, health, outfi tting and other services. Even in Victoria, Victoria BC this urban centre, the pursuit of country food remains an 2 Environment Canada, Victoria, BC important economic sector with particular exposure to the 3 Abisko Scientifi c Research Station, Abisko, Sweden natural environment. Coastal hazards are natural events that negatively Ice formation and decay on lakes are good impact human settlements or infrastructure along coasts. indicators of climate variation and change as ice phenology In Iqaluit these are thought to be primarily fl ood hazards is controlled by climate. Changes to freshwater ice cover caused by high tide and storm surge events, but there is
126 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts little information available on wave, current, or ice effects, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2 which also need to be considered. Frobisher Bay is a 4School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of macrotidal environment with spring tidal range up to 12 Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6 m. The shore is resistant rock with a pebbly sand beach in places, including the main urban waterfront, backing Reported focal changes in the physical system of boulder-strewn tidal fl ats extending hundreds of metres Hudson Bay, such as decreasing in river discharge, later ice seaward. The bay is ice-covered in winter and a wide freeze-up and earlier ice break-up dates, will undoubtedly icefoot is present along the shore, with mobile broken ice have an infl uence on the quantity, quality and seasonal over the tidal fl ats. With warming climate, we can expect pattern of primary productivity. Primary producers form earlier break-up and later freeze-up, as observed elsewhere the foundation of marine food web, transferring energy in the Arctic, resulting in a longer open-water season and to higher trophic levels, and serve as key players in carbon increased exposure to waves and storm surge fl ooding. We and nutrient cycling. Nevertheless, limited information on follow two approaches to the assessment of future coastal modern and past phytoplankton communities of Hudson hazards in the context of changes outlined above: (1) the Bay is currently available. use of remotely sensed data to map the physical setting and Here, we present our current study that aims at hazard exposure in the area, and (2) historical investigation providing a biological link to long-term oceanographic of past storm events using instrumental and anecdotal data changes in Hudson Bay using sediment dinofl agellate cysts as a basis for projecting fl ood probability in relation to - a salient group of fossilisable remains of marine primary various climate-change and sea-level scenarios. This work producers. Key data will be based on dinofl agellate cyst is undertaken in support of project objectives related to assemblages of sediment box-cores collected on ArcticNet climate-change adaptation and hazard mitigation under 0205 expedition in September-October 2005. Together ArcticNet and the C-Change ICURA project. with latest studies on organic matter and nutrient cycling, Work on this project was initiated during the cyst data can help constrain the key vulnerabilities of the second half of August 2010. Real-time kinematic (RTK) Hudson Bay biological system to projected future changes. GPS surveys were run across tidal fl ats directly fronting First, we will compile a dataset of dinofl agellate cyst the city. Nearshore tide and wave data were acquired over distribution in surface sediment and taxa relation to key approximately nine weeks from August to October, using sea-surface parameters. Second, we will produce records two pressure sensor loggers, one near the outer edge of of temporal changes in dinofl agellate cyst populations in the tidal fl ats and the other at mid-tide level between the different regions around the Bay. In addition, qualitative, outer sensor and the shore. These data will be used in semi-qualitative and/or quantitative proxy methods will be conjunction with archived tide-gauge records running developed in order to reconstruct recent trends in primary from 1963 to 1977, combined with concurrent research on productivity and sea-surface conditions. relative sea-level trends in the area. The data will also be used in developing an understanding of wave climate in the harbour, which is fairly protected, but open to a southeast PHYSIOLOGICAL LINKS BETWEEN fetch. Future work will include additional coastal surveys of REPRODUCTIVE DECISIONS AND FITNESS IN the nearshore bathymetry in the harbour and the integration COMMON EIDERS NESTING IN A CHANGING of these surveys with a satellite-derived digital elevation ARCTIC LANDSCAPE model of the city. Hennin, Holly L.1 ([email protected]), H.G. Gilchrist2, J. Bêty3 and O.P. Love1 MODERN AND PAST DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS IN HUDSON BAY – STUDY DIRECTIONS 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, N9B 3P4 Heikkilä, Maija1,2 ([email protected]), G. A. Stern1,2, 2 National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, R. W. Macdonald1,3 and V. Pospelova4 Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6 3 Département de Biologie and Centre d’études nordiques, 1 Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada, Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, G5L 3A1 Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 2 Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 Variation in individual quality should drive University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6 variability in reproductive success and survival. Lower 3 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, quality individuals are expected to arrive later on the
127 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts breeding grounds, obtain lower quality territories, Effectively addressing climate change threats and attract lower quality mates, and potentially have reduced opportunities in a timely and accountable manner requires reproductive success. Unfortunately, the internal and that decision-makers responsible for Arctic issues have external factors that drive variation in quality are largely access to the best available scientifi c information and understudied and poorly understood. While physiological knowledge. However, effective translation and uptake of mechanisms link individuals to their environment, research results on urgent issues such as climate change physiological pleiotropy constrains fl exibility and regulates appears to be constrained by several factors. Sometimes trade-offs among life-history traits. As such, underlying there is insuffi cient information available to adequately physiological mechanisms are prime candidates for linking inform policy, but quite often information is available but individual quality and fi tness. Moreover, since physiological not used. In order to better understand the factors and traits are sensitive to changes in the external environment circumstances that may impact the science–policy interface (climate, emergence of novel diseases), the interaction in either a positive or negative manner, we undertook a between individual state and the environmental change is matrix analysis of how this knowledge translation occurs expected to shape population demographics via selection on within the Canadian context. We adopted a case-study individual physiological phenotypes. approach to develop a better understanding of the policy We are examining the physiological links between and decision making landscape and associated pathways and reproductive decisions and fi tness in the largest colony of mechanisms through which to translate or connect science Arctic-nesting common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in and action. We propose that a number of common factors Canada (4000 – 6000 pairs annually) at East Bay, Nunavut. are at play in infl uencing Arctic science–policy interactions We began collecting detailed physiological data from pre- in the Arctic today. Further, our premise was that it is laying females in 2003 and our ongoing correlative database important for arctic research programs (such as ArcticNet currently includes multiple quality-mediated physiological and IPY) to have an a priori understanding of this process traits (corticosterone, leptin, immunoglobulins, oxidative in order to facilitate the best use of the knowledge stress, antioxidant capacity, energetic metabolites). In generated through scientifi c activities. Critical elements addition, since 2005 avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) included in our matrix analysis of cases were the scale of has spread through this colony creating strong selection the issue, the scope of the relevant scientifi c domain, the pressure on individual physiological phenotypes. thematic focus of the research within the science–policy Furthermore, an increasingly-variable climate in the interface, the accessibility of data, the relevance of the Eastern Arctic is potentially selecting for physiologically research for various “populations” or users within society, plastic responses. We are now combining our physiological among others. Our results suggest that a simple matrix measures with accurate data on arrival condition, laying date, analysis can be used to identify common factors infl uencing reproductive success and survival of over 1000 individual the interface environment and translation process and female eiders to understand how individual quality and the this analysis can help to develop innovative methods for external environment interact to shape variation in life- translating research results to inform policy and other history traits in this Arctic-breeding species of concern. decisions relevant to climate change and adaptation. We will present a component of this large-scale ongoing research project. SCIENTIST, RESIDENT, EXPERT, CITIZEN: EVOLVING ROLES AND RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MATRIX: GETTING INSIDE THE SCIENCE- CANADIAN ARCTIC RESEARCH POLICY INTERFACE Johnson, Noor ([email protected]) Hik, David1 ([email protected]), C. Furgal2, S. Meakin3, S. Nickels4, M. Buckham2 and J. Zgurski1 Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T7 1 Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9 The Canadian Arctic has been an important 2 Indigenous and Environmental Studies Program, Trent geographical space for investigating physical impacts University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 of climate change. Some scientists have worked in very 3 Inuit Circumpolar Council - Canada, 75 Albert St., Ottawa, isolated parts of the Arctic, while others work in or Ontario, K1P 5E7 near Inuit communities, drawing on local resources for 4 Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, 75 Albert St., Ottawa, Ontario, logistical support and different forms of local knowledge. K1P 5E7 At the same time, social scientists and Inuit investigators
128 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts have worked to document Inuit environmental change Bilingual and trained interviewers conducted 24-hour recalls knowledge and disseminate it through global scientifi c and food frequency questionnaires with the child’s caregiver and policy networks in order to promote awareness of the in order to quantify diet from both market and traditional rapid changes in the Arctic and their impacts on human foods. Anthropometric measures such as height and weight lives and livelihoods. This research examines the different were measured by a nurse. practices of environmental knowledge generation in Clyde Assessment of dietary adequacy was done using the River, Nunavut. It situates contemporary climate change Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut point method research projects within a historical genealogy of scientifi c as outlined in the Institute of Medicine’s Dietary Reference research in Clyde River. It then examines collaborations Intakes (DRIs). The method requires a statistical adjustment generated by contemporary projects, and diagrams the of the nutrient data in order to compare it to the EAR. knowledge networks that emerge from personal and Some nutrients such as calcium, vitamin D and fi ber do not institutional relationships. The research draws on in-depth, have an EAR and intakes of these nutrients were compared qualitative interviews with scientists, planners, and Inuit to Adequate Intakes (AI) as defi ned in the DRIs. The extent involved in knowledge production. Based on the different of traditional food use was evaluated using a food frequency kinds of research interactions and knowledge networks questionnaire. Dietary quality assessment included the observed, an initial framework for ‘relational research’ in an extent to which dietary habits followed the Eating Well with Arctic context is presented. Relational research takes into Canadian Food Guide recommendations and the degree consideration the different ethical frameworks and goals of consumption of high sugar and high fat food and sugar of the different actors involved, and develops evaluation beverage consumption. methods that incorporate non-scientifi c as well as scientifi c Ninety-nine percent of children reported eating goals and objectives. traditional food in the past month with 46.3% reporting it in the past day. Children who ate traditional food had higher intakes of cholesterol, vitamins A and D and magnesium. TRADITIONAL FOOD USE AND DIETARY Even though less than 30% of the children are not meeting ADEQUACY AMONG NUNAVUT PRESCHOOL the required servings from Eating Well with Canada’s Food CHILDREN Guide for vegetables and fruit and milk and alternatives, they are meeting many of the nutrient requirements because Johnson-Down, Louise1 (louise.johnson-down@mcgill. of their intake of traditional foods. Energy intake from high ca), G. Egeland1 and Nunavut Steering Committee (L. sugar (e.g. candy, high sugar cereals and drinks) and high fat Williamson2, K. Young3, L. Gunn4, G. Osborne5) foods (e.g. chips) amounted to 35% of the children’s total sugar intake. 1 Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Programs to promote traditional food intake and Environment(CINE) and School of Dietetics and Human guide food selection to reduce intake of nutrient poor high Nutrition, McGill University, Ste Anne de bellevue, Quebec energy foods would be benefi cial in this population. H9X 3V9 2 Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated, Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0 CLIMATE CHANGE AND CRUISE TOURISM: 3 Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of THE READINESS OF NUNAVUT FOR FUTURE Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7 CRUISES 4 Nunavut Association of Municipalities, Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 1H0 Johnston, Adrianne1 ([email protected]), M. E. 5 Department of Health and Social Services, Government Johnston1, J. Dawson2 and E. Stewart3 of Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0 1 School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism, Dietary change and nutrition transition are an Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7C 5E1 ongoing concern in Indigenous Peoples of the Canadian 2 Global Environmental Change Group, University of North. Nutrient inadequacy has also been observed among Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Indigenous children in US and Canadian communities and 3 Faculty of Environment, Society & Design, Lincoln traditional food use correlates with greater nutrient intake. University, Christchurch, New Zealand A cross-sectional survey of 388 Inuit children, aged 3-5 yrs, from 16 Nunavut communities between August The expedition cruise ship tourism industry in 2007 and September 2008 was conducted with funding from Nunavut is a growing industry that has challenges and the Canadian Federal Program for International Polar Year. opportunities that need to be recognized, met, and exploited
129 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts or ameliorated. An infl uential factor on the growth of the Some of the critical areas of interest and planning industry is climate change, which as observed over the past are; few cruise seasons, allows access to previously unreachable 1. Environmental, social, cultural and economic impacts Arctic areas. Access has increased because of changes within from resource developments the sea ice, including decreased thickness and abundance of 2. Sustainable community based economics ice overall, as well as an increase in weaker fi rst -year sea ice 3. Impacts of government policies on sustainable (Johnston & Timco, 2009). Weaker sea ice and an increase development and culture Arctic accessibility have supported an exponential growth 4. Specifi c health determinates to achieve sustainable of the industry with 11 cruises in 2005 (Stewart, Draper, & communities Dawson, in press) to 22 commercial cruises in 2010. This An example of Inuvialuit Research includes the poster addresses the urgent question: Is Nunavut prepared recently completed ISR Mental Health and Addictions for the growth of the expedition cruise ship tourism Survey (ISR_MHA Survey). The study set out to defi ne a industry and the challenges and opportunities presented by culturally appropriate mental health and addictions system climate change? The research question was examined from for the ISR. the perspective of decision makers and regulators. Decision Monitoring efforts include the Inuvialuit Indicators makers and regulators view of climate change and its impact Website which was developed over the last four years and on the industry were examined through 31 semi-structured is based on data spanning over 20 years. The Inuvialuit interviews and the application of Smit and Wandel’s (2006) Indicators Project set out to: Conceptual Framework for Vulnerability Assessment that 1. Measure the achievement of IFA goals; includes community and stakeholders. Thematic analysis was 2. To determine social, cultural and economic impacts from used to identify the views of this cross- section of decision resource development; makers and regulators on the challenges and opportunities 3. To monitor Inuvialuit and government efforts to improve faced by the Government of Nunavut and the Government conditions. of Canada. Preliminary fi ndings indicate a wide range of The Implementation of research results includes views on adaptations to changes including the possibility the Tuktoyaktuk Pilot Project. The Pilot Project will inform of the development of a community-government industry the design of community based aftercare addictions and liaison position within an organization such as Nunavut mental health programs and services. The ISR-MHA Report Tourism, the stream lining of the required permitting and the Pilot Project will continue to further defi ne the gaps process, and the increase of communication between in services and will continue to develop practical methods to governmental agencies to minimize the disconnect between address those gaps. institutions. These suggested adaptations refl ect response to IRC will continue to work towards solutions with both positive and negative outcomes of change. regards to the community identifi ed problems areas: Elders Role and Well-Being, Housing Concerns / Shelter Needs, Mental Health and Addictions Issues, Access INUVIALUIT RESEARCH, PLANNING, to Activities/ Workshops, Employment and Training MONITORING AND IMPLEMENTATION Opportunities, Need for Drop-in /Community Centres, Poverty Issues, etc. Johnston, Jennifer ([email protected]) The Inuit Research Advisor is in a unique position to help inform, guide and connect researchers to community Inuit Research Advisor, Inuvialuit Regional Corporation driven research agenda and policy in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. Social science research is the most underfunded research in the Arctic yet Inuvialuit keep struggling with THE USE OF ΜXRF GEOCHEMICAL social, cultural and economic issues (food security, poverty, STRATIGRAPHY IN INTERPRETING housing, employment). SEDIMENTARY SOURCES AND PROCESSES FOR In order to address these issues the Inuvialuit PALEOHYDROLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION Institutions are currently developing a Research Agenda and WITHIN THE ARCTIC FLUVIAL-TO-MARINE Policy to: TRANSITION ZONE 1. Coordinate and direct research in the ISR 2. Encourage and prioritize research Kathan, Kasey1 ([email protected]) and S.F. Lamoureux1 3. Provide research results to Inuvialuit communities and 1 institutions so they can make informed planning, policy and Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, program decisions. Ontario, K7L 3N6
130 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
In order to enhance the probability of observing DIETARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EASTERN a linkage between sediment structure and hydrologic AND WESTERN HUDSON BAY BELUGA processes, many studies have focused on increasing our POPULATIONS understanding of simple, relatively small fl uvial systems. However, these systems often have a limited sediment Kelley, Trish1 ([email protected]) and S. Ferguson2 supply thereby reducing the possibility of preserving a highly resolved sedimentary record. Arctic coastal 1 Department of Environment and Geography, University systems have the potential to be an important sedimentary of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 environment for high resolution paleohydrological 2 Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, reconstruction, yet they remain a relatively understudied Manitoba, R3T 2N6 area. Belugas are an integral part of the eastern Canadian The goal of this study has been to document the Arctic; they are an important species in the diet of local potential use of the sediments in Pelly Bay for hydroclimatic Inuit communities as well as an important economic reconstruction. Pelly Bay (68°21’N, 90°10’W) is a marine resource for the community of Churchill. Beluga summer basin constrained by a series of bedrock islands and has a in river estuaries in the Hudson Bay region, however little complex localized bathymetry. The bay contains moderately is known about their diet and its impacts on choice of isolated sedimentary basins and receives sediment from seasonal habitat and migration patterns. Decreases in fi sh the Arrowsmith (7400 km2) and Kellet (10200 km2) and stock numbers in the Hudson Bay estuaries may negatively numerous smaller rivers. There is an abundance of surfacial impact the survival of beluga young of the year, and reduce silt and clay rich marine deposits with the regional Holocene beluga population density overall. Changes in the abundance marine limit ca. 200 m. This setting allows for high potential of preferred prey items may lead to changes in migration sediment loading of the regional rivers and a strong patterns and summering grounds. In order to understand probable linkage between hydroclimatic conditions (i.e. beluga feeding ecology, we will collect muscle, liver, and discharge) and fl uvial sediment transportation. blubber samples from beluga harvested in Hudson Bay. Work to date has demonstrated the presence of Samples will be analysed for fatty acid and stable isotope visually discernable sedimentary structures (centimeters chemical signatures. Here we propose to examine beluga in thickness) and the micro x-ray fl uorescence (μXRF) dietary preferences in the Hudson Bay region, to determine: geochemical stratigraphy indicates that structural (i) dietary differences between eastern and western Hudson preservation is maintained in cores recovered from a Bay stocks; (ii) beluga critical feeding habitat – areas where shallow proximal site in Pelly Bay. The high annual sediment beluga obtain the bulk of their energy; and (iii) how feeding accumulation from the local rivers is the likely cause for preferences affect other density dependant behaviours such the minimal bioturbation. By treating each sedimentary as mating. unit as a unique event, it has been possible to evaluate the geochemical data through superposed epoch analysis. This analysis has indicated that there are two primary IPY NORTHERN COORDINATION OFFICES: depositional types present in the sediment cores, one with KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF IPY AND ITS LEGACY a dominant early season signal and another with a bi- IN CANADA modal (early and late season) signal. This is consistent with the regional discharge regimes having a dominant spring Kilabuk, Amanda1 ([email protected]) B. melt season and occasionally a strong period of fall storm Ford2, A. Mero3, B. Van Dijken4 and S. Kalhok Bourque5 precipitation. The fl uvial-to-marine transition zone is one of 1 Nunavut Research Institute, Iqaluit, Nunavut, X0A 0H0 the most complicated depositional environments due to 2 Nunavik Ressearch Centre, Kuujjuaq, Quebec, J0M 1C0 the interplay of terrestrial and marine processes. However, 3 Aurora Research Institute, Inuvik, NWT, X0E 0T0 this should not exclude such sites from consideration in 4 Council of Yukon First Nations, Whitehorse, Yukon, Y1A reconstruction studies as the behavior of such systems 4P1 is much more similar to the frequently studied lacustrine 5 International Polar Year Federal Program Offi ce, Gatineau, basins as opposed to deep water oceanographic studies. Quebec, K1A 0H4
Given the immensity of Canada’s North, its geographic and cultural diversity, and its political complexity, it has been essential to have key contacts in Northern Canada play an active role in the overall coordination
131 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts of the Canadian IPY Program. In February 2006, the Climate change is considered to be a signifi cant Canadian IPY Program Offi ce established “IPY Northern challenge for northern communities where the effects of Coordination Offi ces” (NCOs), hosted within established increased temperature and climate variability are beginning research-oriented organizations in Canada’s three territories to affect infrastructure and livelihoods (2005 Arctic Climate (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut) and in northern Impact Assessment). Planning for and adapting to ongoing Québec (Nunavik). This presentation will assess the and future changes in climate will require the identifi cation strengths and challenges of the NCOs and examine their and characterization of social, economic, cultural, political structure and role as a model for future research and science and biophysical vulnerabilities. This pilot project addresses outreach programs and initiatives. physical landscape vulnerabilities in two communities in With their existing contacts, networks and the Yukon Territory through community-scale landscape experience working with both the communities in their hazard mapping and focused investigations of community region and the broader research community, the NCOs permafrost conditions. are trusted local sources of information about IPY, and Early results combining geophysical techniques northern science matters in general. Working in partnership (ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity), shallow with the Canadian IPY Program Offi ce, the NCOs have drilling, new surfi cial geology mapping, and pre-existing served as regional points of contact for IPY, coordinated data from public utilities and private-sector consultants have IPY activities on a regional and community level, provided produced detailed maps and landscape characterizations for guidance and support to scientists carrying out IPY both communities. Communicating results in practical and research, facilitated the involvement of Northerners and simple terms will allow for informed development, planning northern communities in IPY activities, and informed and and mitigation of potentially threatening hazards in and educated the public about IPY, creating enthusiasm across around the communities. the North about the overall IPY initiative. At least 1,000 Northerners have actively participated in IPY projects, and many more are reached EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE HETEROGENEITY through a variety of IPY communications and outreach ON INTRAPOPULATION NICHE VARIATION initiatives. AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN AN The NCOs have been a valued resource to ARCTIC AVIAN GENERALIST PREDATOR researchers, many of whom are based out of institutions that are distant from their study destinations in the North. L’Hérault, Vincent1, A. Franke2 and J. Bêty1 Nearly two-thirds of the 52 Canadian IPY research projects report that they have benefi tted from the assistance of the 1 Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, NCOs in various aspects of their research programs. Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 The NCOs are a model for ensuring meaningful 2 Canadian Circumpolar Institute,University of Alberta, involvement of Aboriginal and northern peoples in future Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H8 Arctic science programs in Canada and internationally, and an effective “tool” for broad dissemination of information Although intrapopulation variability in resource and awareness-raising of scientifi c news and issues across use is known to be common in wild animals, the proximate northern Canada. causes of such variation are diffi cult to identify and the fi tness consequences of such differences in foraging strategies are still poorly known. LANDSCAPE HAZARDS IN YUKON We investigated intrapopulation niche variation in COMMUNITIES: GEOLOGICAL MAPPING FOR a top predator of the arctic food web, the peregrine falcon CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLANNING (Falco peregrinus tundrius), inhabiting a coastal environment around Ranin Inlet, Nunavut. We evaluated if landscape Kinnear, Lacia1 ([email protected]), K. Kennedy2, heterogeneity generates intrapopulation niche variation and F. Camels3, P. Bonnevanture4, B. Benkert1 and S. Laxton2 differences in breeding success in falcons nesting along a terrestrial-marine landscape continuum and we tested 1 Northern Climate ExChange, Yukon Research Center, two hypotheses: i) - the “restricted generalist hypothesis” Yukon College. assumes that falcons are limited in their ability to exploit 2 Yukon Geological Survey, Yukon Government. marine resource. Terrestrial resources should thus represent 3 University of Alberta the bulk of falcon’s diet wherever they nest in the landscape 4 University of Ottawa and individuals nesting in marine-dominated environment should experience lower delivery rate and hence fl edged
132 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts fewer offspring. ii) - The “fl exible generalist hypothesis” generate intense localized impacts, but the broader impacts, presumes that falcons are not limited in their ability to particularly through hydrological connections, are poorly exploit marine resource. Individuals nesting in marine- understood. In order to predict these downstream impacts, dominated would thus mostly use marine subsidies without understanding the geomorphic and hydrological processes undergoing lower delivery rate and should fl edge similar that occur in association with disturbances represents a key number of offspring than birds nesting in terrestrial- knowledge need. dominated environment. We have investigated the dynamics of shallow Using stable isotopes analysis, we found high permafrost slope disturbances commonly referred to as intrapopulation variation in resource use by falcons during active layer detachments (ALD) at the Cape Bounty Arctic the chick rearing period. Isotopic niche variation was Watershed Observatory (CBAWO), located on south- driven by differences in the nesting landscape attributes central Melville Island, Nunavut. Watershed research was (proportion of terrestrial and marine habitat surrounding initiated at CBAWO in 2003 and ALD research began after the nest). However, terrestrial-derived prey species widespread disturbances occurred following exceptionally (herbivores and insectivores) were the main food sources warm temperatures during the summer of 2007. used by virtually all falcons. We also found a signifi cant Over 100 new ALD have been mapped since relationship between nesting landscape attributes and the 2007. The majority of the disturbances occurred during number of young fl edged (individuals nesting in marine- a period of several hours to days and appear to stabilize dominated areas fl edged fewer offspring on average). after initial movement. In several cases where the depth Moreover, the niche width was maximal for birds breeding of the disturbance exposes massive ground ice, the head in marine-dominated areas where we also detected the scarp continues to retreat upslope at rates of c. 10 m/ largest among-individual variation in diet. year. Downslope movement of soil material varies from Our data support the “Restricted Generalist < 1m to >400 m in one case. Most contain a zone of Hypothesis”. According to the strong dependance of failure, characterized by fractured vegetated soil blocks and arctic-nesting peregrine falcons for terrestrial resources, exposed parent material and a lower zone where displaced we suggest that the nesting position of individual in the soil material has accumulated, often in folded ridges. In heterogeneous landscape likely infl uence the relative value larger ALD, an intermediate transportation zone may of preferred terrestrial resource and alternative marine occur, where soil material has been largely removed and resource which in turn, following different foraging bare parent material remains. Lateral boundaries of ALD decisions took by individuals, generate intrapopulation niche are characterized by fracture and shear plane failures, and variation. Extrinsic factor such as landscape heterogeneity extensional fracturing may extend substantially beyond the may have proximal and ultimate implications on a predator zone of primary disturbance. Most of the ALD are located population by affecting resource use and niche width, as between 30-90 m asl, within the range of the Holocene well as reproductive performance of individuals. submergence of the area, and the underlying parent material is dominated by marine clay, mixed with glacial sediment and surface soil materials. In most cases, ALD are associated THE GEOMORPHICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL with slope water tracks, particularly below persistent snow CHARACTERISTICS OF PERMAFROST SLOPE banks, where elevated soil moisture is frequently observed. DISTURBANCES IN THE WESTERN CANADIAN Stream fl ow has substantially altered the initial HIGH ARCTIC surface of the ALDs. In general, sediment erosion rates are high in ALD with well developed hydrological pathways Lamoureux, Scott F. ([email protected]) and and exposed surfaces have undergone rapid fl uvial Melissa J. Lafreniere reorganization and channel formation. High snow capture in the depressions caused by the disturbances enhances stream Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, fl ow during the melt season, and differential snow melt may Ontario, K7L 3N6 result in short term diversion of fl ow pathways beyond the emerging channels. Hence, sediment erosion remains Projected climate change in the Arctic is expected high with the potential for ongoing enhanced erosion. In to result in alterations to permafrost and active layer smaller ALD where hydrological routing is poorly developed processes with potential impacts on a wide range of or delayed by pooling and convoluted drainage, erosion is terrestrial, hydrological, aquatic and human systems. Land typically low and geomorphic changes minimal. disturbance caused by ground ice melt and the failure Our results indicate that identifying the of overlying soil materials is one likely outcome from downstream impact of ALD requires consideration of projected permafrost degradation. These disturbances both the geomorphic and hydrologic context, which varies
133 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts substantially between individual disturbances. Additionally, 1 College of Management & Economics, University of while ALD appear to stabilize rapidly and develop channel Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 systems, downstream effects are strongly affected by 2 Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary snowcover, internal drainage patterns and hydrological College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 connectivity. 3 School of Environmental Design & Rural Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1
CONDUCTING RESEARCH WITHIN THE This poster examines the potential local socio- NUNATSIAVUT REGION economic impacts of climate change on the Canadian Inuit community of Rigolet. As an investigative case-study, Lampe, John ([email protected]) the research focused on the community of Rigolet in the Nunatsiavut region of Labrador from November 2009 to Nunatsiavut Government, Nain, NL, Canada, A0P 1L0 March 2010. This research was conducted as part of the Changing Climate, Changing Health, Changing Stories The Nunatsiavut Inuit Research Advisor (IRA) is a project, which was funded by Health Canada’s First Nations position administered by the Nunatsiavut Government and and Inuit Health Branch. Surveys and in-depth interviews made possible by the support of the Nasivvik Centre for were conducted with Rigolet residents and through these Changing Environments, ArcticNet (Network of Centres of qualitative data collection methods, perceptions on the Excellence for arctic research), the Northern Contaminants impact of climate change emerged with respect to Inuit Program and the Nunatsiavut Government. food systems. Providing observations of changes in The Nunatsiavut IRA oversees the management temperature, snow cover and sea ice duration and thickness, of the Nunatsiavut Government Research Offi ce in study participants related experiences of food insecurity Nain, Labrador, serving as the fi rst point of contact under a changing climate. Furthermore, reductions in for all researchers conducting work in Nunatsiavut and the availability and accessibility of traditional foods were requiring contact with or assistance from the Nunatsiavut analyzed through the lens of economics. The results indicate Government. that Rigolet community members have observed some The Nunatsiavut IRA serves as administrator negative economic impacts in response to climate change of the Nunatsiavut Government Research Advisory among other independent factors such as commodity price Committee and oversee the research review and approval increases. Despite the existence of other stresses on the process, ensuring that research conducted in Nunatsiavut local economy, study participants felt that climate change addresses Inuit concerns and contributes to the goals of the had contributed to increases in harvesting expenditures Nunatsiavut Government and the Inuit Communities. and caused consumers to shift from traditional, wild The Nunatsiavut IRA, like the other three Inuit foods to store-bought foods. Finally, food sharing, a social regions, is witnessing a major increase in all fi elds of human practice integral to Inuit culture and economy, was believed and environmental research. This in turn places increased to have decreased under climate change. Overall, the demands on the capacity of the region’s environmental results highlight that climate change appears to have some review, regulatory, and project support structures. This noticeable, negative consequences on the Rigolet economy. increased level of activity also impacts the ability of our Given that climate change is projected to worsen over the communities to be aware of, comment on, and be fully coming decades, climate change may place further stress on involved in the conduct of research. These challenges the Rigolet community and has the potential to bring about reinforce the need for early contact with the Nunatsiavut similar negative socio-economic impacts in other Inuit IRA on all research projects within the region. communities across the Canadian North.
LONG-RANGE MOVEMENTS OF MIGRATORY LIVELIHOODS IN TRANSITION: THE SOCIO- CARIBOU IN NORTHERN QUEBEC AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE LABRADOR : TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ON THE INUIT FOOD SYSTEM IN RIGOLET, PATTERNS OF MIGRATIONS NUNATSIAVUT, CANADA Le Corre, Mael1 ([email protected]), S. D. Côté1 Langstaff, Liane1 ([email protected]), S. Harper 2, A. and C. Dussault2 Cunsolo Willox3 , V. L. Edge2 and the Rigolet Community 1 Government Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6
134 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
2 Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Service freshwater discharge and fl ux of dissolved inorganic de la faune terrestre et de l’avifaune, Québec, Québec G1S nutrients (DIN) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), must 4X4 be accounted for in 3-D physical-biological coupled models to forecast primary production and plankton ecosystem size In environments with high seasonal variability structure. In this study, we present a monthly climatology such as northern environments, migration is an important of DIN (nitrate, silicate, and phosphate) and DOC process of habitat selection at a large scale, allowing animals concentrations and fl uxes for 11 major rivers of North to follow seasonal changes in resource availability and America and Eurasia. The calculated DIN and DOC annual predation pressure. Migratory caribou, Rangifer tarandus, fl uxes are generally in the range of previous estimates, but perform a long spring migration to reach highly productive positive or negative biases are reported for some rivers. calving grounds and summer ranges, and then return to The spring freshet dilutes DIN and promotes higher boreal forest during fall to reach winter ranges. In Northern DOC concentrations in May-June, although some rivers Quebec and Labrador, two herds of migratory caribou, the depart from this general pattern. The highest DIN and Rivière-George herd (RGH) and the Rivière-aux-Feuilles DOC fl uxes generally coincide with the peak of discharge. herd (RFH), range over one million squared kilometres. Overall, the 11 rivers show differential seasonal patterns in Movements throughout the year vary as caribou concentrate concentration and fl ux. Similarly, the mean silicate to nitrate their activity in particular areas on seasonal ranges or and nitrate to phosphate fl ux ratios (molar) show large perform rapid and directional movements during migration. differences between the North-American and Eurasian sides Our objective was to discriminate summer and winter ranges and in between rivers. Such differences in concentration, and migration using the structure of caribou’s movements in fl ux and fl ux ratio might translate into differential response order to assess timing and spatial patterns of the migration. between the Arctic regions in coupled models that must be We used the First-Passage Time analysis to characterize assessed. Finally, a monthly climatology of nitrate, silicate, long-range movements of caribou and to obtain values that phosphate and DOC for the 11 rivers is proposed to the summarize animal speed and path tortuosity throughout modelling community, along with a simple regression model the year. Then, we discriminated between different to derive DIN-DOC conditions in rivers suffering a lack of kinds of movements using a model selection procedure data. locating breakpoints by dividing the paths in bouts of homogeneous means. We used data from more than 300 females collared with Argos transmitters between 1990 and SELENIUM IN TOENAILS AND BLOOD AND ITS 2010, representing more than 450 annual paths for RGH RELATIONSHIP WITH TRADITIONAL FOOD and 250 annual paths for RFH. Preliminary results revealed INTAKE IN INUIT ADULTS different patterns of migration between herds and between years but similar patterns between individuals of the same Leggee, Donna1 ([email protected]), H. M. Chan2 and herd in a given year. Migration corridors we defi ned will G. M. Egeland1 be used in habitat selection analyses to assess the effect of environmental changes due to climate change and human 1 Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and development on patterns of migration. Environment, McGill University, Saint Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9 2 Community Health Sciences Program, University of RIVERINE NUTRIENTS AND DOC INPUTS Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9 INTO THE ARCTIC OCEAN: A MODELLING PERSPECTIVE Selenium (Se), an essential trace mineral, plays an important role in metabolic processes such as redox Le Fouest, Vincent1 ([email protected]) and M. Babin1,2 regulation, and antioxidant and thyroid function. High intake of this micronutrient is associated with reduced risks 1 Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS & of cardiovascular disease and several cancers. Suboptimal Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Villefranche-sur-Mer, levels of Se appear to have a negative effect on viral France infection, immune function, infl ammatory conditions, 2 Québec-Océan, Département de Biologie, Université reproduction and mood. The concentration of Se in blood Laval, Québec, Québec or toenails is a well recognized biomarker of Se status. The IPY Inuit Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey of 2,595 The Arctic Ocean is the basin the most infl uenced Inuit adults living in 33 coastal and 3 inland communities by surrounding continents. Riverine inputs, in terms of in Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Nunavut Territory and
135 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Nunatsiavut, presented a unique opportunity to assess Se speciation, here we report, for the fi rst time, the distribution status in a large population with a traditional diet rich in of various MeHg species, as well as selenium (Se), in seafood, an excellent source of dietary Se. We obtained different tissues (e.g., muscle, liver, kidneys and brain) of both blood samples and toenail clippings from a total of beluga from the Beaufort Sea region. Our results show that 1,702 individuals for whom we also had dietary data. Each the dominant species of MeHg in all the tissues analyzed participant had provided detailed dietary information by is MeHg-cysteine complex, a specifi c form of MeHg that completing a Food Frequency Questionnaire and a 24-hour is believed to be able to transport across the blood-brain dietary recall. Whole blood, which refl ects short-term (<3 barrier. Another MeHg-thiol complex, MeHg-glutathione mo) Se exposure, and toenail clippings, which refl ect longer- complex, was also detected in the muscle and liver tissues, term (3-12 mo) exposure, were analyzed for Se content. supporting the involvement of glutathione in the in vivo Concentrations of Se varied widely; with those in whole detoxifi cation of MeHg. Furthermore, a profound inorganic blood ranging from 110-2800 μg/L, and in toenails from Hg peak was detected in the liver at the same retention 0.05-10.65 μg/g. Median Se values for blood and toenails time as a Se peak, suggesting the presence of a Hg-Se were 270 μg/L and 0.95 μg/g, respectively. There was also compound, most likely an inorganic Hg complex with a wide variation in the quantity of traditional food consumed seleno-amino acid. Our results provide the fi rst analytical (0.01 - 1186 g/day, median 216g). The association between support that the binding of MeHg with glutathione and Se dietary intake of traditional food, along with demographic may have protected beluga from the toxic effect of high and certain lifestyle factors which infl uence Se status, and Se concentrations of MeHg in their body. Further studies are concentration in each of the biomarkers are being analyzed undergoing to probe the identity of this Hg-Se compound, and will be presented. and to study the uptake and detoxifi cation mechanisms of MeHg at various trophic levels in the Arctic marine ecosystems. Such molecular level understanding will shed CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF METHYLMERCURY new light on how Arctic animals are coping with Hg AND SELENIUM IN DIFFERENT TISSUES OF contamination and on the development of remediation BELUGA WHALE FROM THE BEAUFORT SEA strategies. REGION
Lemes, Marcos1 ([email protected]), F. Wang1,2 SELENIUM – A KEY ELEMENT IN NUNAVIK and G. Stern1,3 TRADITIONAL DIET
1 Department of Environment and Geography, University Lemire, Mélanie1 ([email protected]), F. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Proust1, A. Ferland1, S. Déry2 and É. Dewailly1 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1 Axe santé des populations et environnementale, Centre de R3T 2N2 recherche du CHUQ, Université Laval, G1V 2M2 3 Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Winnipeg, 2 Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Kuujjuaq, Quebec, J0M 1C0
Concentrations of mercury (Hg) have risen Selenium (Se) is an essential element involved substantially in the past decades in apical predators (e.g., in several body functions, including protection against polar bears, beluga whales) in the Arctic region. The oxidative stress and redox status balance. In fi sh eating concentrations of total methylmercury (MeHg), the populations, there are increasing evidences showing that most bioavailable form of Hg for biomagnifi cation and high Se intake may play a role in offsetting some deleterious neurotoxicity; in beluga typically range from 0.35 to 3.16 effects of mercury (Hg), and this, without evidences of Se μg g-1 (wet wt.) in muscle and 0.11 to 6.13 μg g-1 (wet wt.) toxicity. The range of Se status in Inuit populations are very in liver, frequently well exceeding the Canadian guideline broad since the Inuit diet can be exceptionally rich in Se. of 0.5 μg g-1 (wet wt.) for MeHg in fi sh for human Marine mammal can contain very high concentrations of consumption. This raises concerns over the health of Se, varying from 0.5 to 6 μg/g, whereas fi sh, seabirds and marine mammals as well as the health of Northerners who land animals can also present high Se content, from 0.1 to consume these animals as part of their traditional diet. 0.8μg/g. The objective of the present study is to describe With the recent development of a new high performance the spatial variation in Se status in the different villages of liquid chromatography – inductively coupled plasma Nunavik and to evaluate the associations between Se status, mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) technique for MeHg socio-demographic data and food consumption patterns.
136 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
The Qanuippitaa? health survey was conducted 1 Department of Geography and Centre d’études nordiques, among Inuit adults (≥18 years, N=744) from 14 Nunavik Université Laval, Québec communities in the fall of 2004. Blood samples were 2 Department of History and Centre d’études nordiques, collected and analyzed for Se content by ICP-MS. Socio- Université Laval, Québec demographic and food frequencies (gram/day on annual basis) were collected using interview-administrated During the last centuries, inhabitants of northern Labrador questionnaires. The associations between the Se status and experienced important climate and cultural changes. the variables were evaluated by descriptive and multiple Thus, the cooling that occurred at the end of the 18th linear regressions. century may be associated with the cold climatic period of Blood Se (B-Se) status varied from 1.5 to the Little Ice Age (LIA). This cooling probably induced 45.0μmol/L, and was signifi cantly higher in the region environmental changes along the coast such as spruce (picea of the Hudson Strait (Ivujivik, Salluit and Kangirsujuaq), sp.) decay and shifts in the northern limit of the forest followed by the villages of the Ungava and the Hudson Bay edge. Those environmental changes are expected to have (mean B-Se (95%CI): 5.1 (4.8-5.5) μmol/L, 3.4 (3.2-3.5) cause differentiations among Inuit settlements patterns μmol/L and 3.0 (2.9-3.1) μmol/L respectively, p<0.0001). and wood resource use. At the same time, the Moravian B-Se concentrations increased with age (p<0.0001) but missionaries’ establishment and the Inuit settlement in were not signifi cantly different between men and women Nain might have increase wood consumption, affecting the (mean B-Se: 3.4 and 3.5 μmol/L, p=0.11). Preliminary forest cover in the surrounding valleys. The main objective analysis showed that, when taking age into account, B-Se of this project is to document the relationships between was signifi cantly correlated to annual beluga and seal climate changes, culture changes and forest cover in Nain consumption (P=0.41, p<0.0001 and P=0.12, p=0.001) but area. In order to achieve this objective, a multidisciplinary not to total fi sh, wildfowl and caribou consumption. Indeed, approach which includes aspects of both natural and the mean annual beluga consumption was signifi cantly human sciences is being used. Field and laboratory work higher in the Hudson Strait villages compared to the others include 1) paleoecology; 2) dendrochronology and 3) local (15.5g/day versus 4.8g/day, p<0.0001), while the mean knowledge and archives. The paleoenvironmental approach annual seal consumption was similar in Hudson Strait and aim to reconstruct local vegetation history using macrofossil Hudson Bay (4.0 and 5.0g/day), and higher than in Ungava analyses. Dendrochronological analyses will enhance Bay region (3.2g/day, p<0.0001). As marine mammals are knowledge of tree growth patterns and forest exploitation. also a source of Hg, we adjusted multiple regression analysis The third aspect, local knowledge and archives will provide for age, sex and Hg blood levels. In this model, B-Se was a better understanding of local history and wood use, but positively associated to beluga consumption (β=0.02, will also give insight concerning the local perception of the p<0.0001) but not to seal consumption (β=-0.002, p=0.33), forest and the environment in general. Preliminary research and the region of origin still had a signifi cant infl uence on results include information about dominant species in B-Se levels (p<0.0001). the main valleys surrounding the community, the amount Recent studies in the Nunavik suggest several and characteristics of stumps and recent changes in wood health benefi ts of high Se status in Inuit populations on resource use by inhabitants. cardiovascular outcomes and markers of oxidative stress. The Hudson Strait is an important region for beluga hunting and the present results suggest that beluga consumption THE RESPONSE OF ARCTIC STREAM BENTHIC is the most important dietary source of Se in Nunavik. MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES TO Other factors explaining the regional differences of B-Se ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS AT NESTED status will be explored in additional analysis. Further studies SPATIAL SCALES will explore the risk and benefi ts of high Se intake in the 1 1 2 circumpolar region. Lento, Jennifer ([email protected]), W. Monk , D. Cote , E. Luiker3, R. A. Curry1 and J. C. Culp3
CLIMATE AND CULTURE CHANGES IN 1 Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, NUNATSIAVUT (CANADA): IMPACTS ON THE Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 6E1 FOREST LANDSCAPE 2 Parks Canada, Terra Nova National Park, Glovertown, Newfoundland and Labrador, A0G 2L0 Lemus-Lauzon, Isabel1 ([email protected]), N. 3 Environment Canada (NWRI), Department of Biology, Bhiry1 and J. Woollett2 University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 6E1
137 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
This study explored the relationship between LATE QUATERNARY SEDIMENT RECORDS benthic macroinvertebrate communities and hierarchical FROM THE NORTHERNMOST LAKE ARCHIVE environmental variables in Arctic stream systems. Benthic OF THE YUKON (HERSCHEL ISLAND, macroinvertebrates were collected at 30 stream sites in WESTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC) northern Labrador, Canada. Macroinvertebrate assemblages 1 1 1 were described in terms of taxonomic structure (quantifi ed Lenz J. (josefi [email protected]), M. Fritz , H. Lantuit , W. 2 1 by the relative abundance of macroinvertebrates at the Pollard and S. Wetterich subfamily level) and by 24 biological metrics (including 1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, richness, diversity, and distinctness). We used redundancy Potsdam, Germany analysis (RDA) to examine the response of taxonomic 2 McGill University, Montréal, Canada structure and biological metrics to geospatial, chemical, and physical variables quantifi ed at four spatial scales: macro In spring 2009, a 730 cm sediment core was (catchment), macro-meso (1 km buffer), micro-meso (500 recovered from the largest lake on Herschel Island (Yukon m buffer), and micro (site scale). Micro scale variables Territory, Canada). This is one of the fi rst continuous were collected at the time of sampling and included water paleo-records in the Western Canadian Arctic and the chemistry, substrate composition, and chlorophyll a. Meso northernmost archive derived from lake sediments in the and macro scale variables were extracted from large scale Yukon. GIS layers, and included bedrock geology, landcover, Located 70 km east of the Yukon-Alaska border in hydrography, and DEM-derived descriptors. Taxonomic structure and biological metrics were most highly correlated the Southern Beaufort Sea and with a maximum elevation with macro-meso and micro scale variables. Macro-meso about 180 m, Herschel Island is presumably a terminal and micro scale variables accounted for 22% - 35% of moraine representing the westernmost extension of the the unconstrained variation in taxonomic structure and Wisconsin glaciation. Characterizing the paleoenvironment biological metrics. At the macro-meso scale, mean elevation, and determining the age of the maximum glacial extent are mean slope, and the proportion of landcover comprised important outcomes for Quaternary research and for the of bare soil were most highly correlated with taxonomic settlement history of Canada. structure, while biological metrics were highly correlated A multi-proxy approach was applied to analyse with mean slope, the proportion of landcover comprised the lake sediments and pore water. A combination of of bare soil, and the proportion of landcover comprised biogeochemical parameters (TOC, CNS), grain size analysis, of broadleaf trees and shrubs. At the micro scale, the magnetic susceptibility, x-ray fl uorescence and stable isotope proportion of sand, the proportion of boulder, and determination (δ13C) as well as the hydrochemistry of alkalinity were highly correlated with taxonomic structure, pore water (pH and electrical conductivity) were used to while biological metrics were most highly correlated with the yield information about the late Quaternary limnology of proportion of sand, the proportion of cobble, and alkalinity. “Lake Herschel”. Age determinations by radiocarbon dating When the variance was partitioned, the macro-meso and allowed to develop an age-depth model of the sediment micro scales were found to individually account for 15% - core. 21% of the unconstrained variance in taxonomic structure Our results from various analyses of the sediment and biological metrics, which indicated that variables core point towards four distinguished stratigraphic and at these scales describe unique gradients in community lithologic units. A sharp contact, probably related to composition and metric values. Because of the strength of mass movements in the vicinity of the lake, divides the their relationship with benthic macroinvertebrate taxonomic uppermost two units. The most prominent feature of the structure and biological metrics, both macro-meso and core, however, relates to a drastic change in sedimentology micro scale variables are important to consider in future indicating the transition from late Holocene to Pleistocene assessments of Arctic stream communities. The results between the lowermost two units at a depth of 700 cm. of this study will be used to structure further work in the Electrical conductivity was observed to increase steadily development of local reference condition bioassessment with depth, providing an indication about the water balance models. throughout the Holocene. The brackish water conditions in the lake seemed to have interestingly enabled liveable conditions for both marine and freshwater organisms at the same time (ostracodes, foraminifera, molluscs). The results from this core refl ect the catchment sedimentology but provide a highly detailed and unique record of the paleoenvironment of the coastal western
138 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Arctic to be compared with similar records from both the a strong capacity to adapt and adjust to the shifting ice, neighbouring Ocean and the more southern lake sediment mixing and underwater light conditions associated with records in the Yukon. climate change.
MICROBIAL LIFE IN HIGH ARCTIC LAKES: NEW INSIGHTS FROM HPLC PIGMENT ANALYSIS TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION IN WINTERING BEHAVIOUR OF SNOW BUNTINGS Lionard, Marie1, 2 ([email protected]), S. Bourget1, (PLECTROPHENAX NIVALIS) IN SOUTHERN 2, I. Laurion2, 3 and W. F. Vincent1, 2 ONTARIO
1 Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Macdonald, Christie ([email protected]) and O.P. Québec, G1V 0A6 Love 2 Centre d’études Nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 3 Institut national de la recherche scientifi que, Centre Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4 Eau, Terre & Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9 Snow Buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis) are an Arctic- breeding passerine that over-winters in southern Canada The most rapid climate warming is taking place and the northern United States. During winter they are at the highest northern latitudes and High Arctic lakes commonly seen in large fl ocks moving throughout fi elds have been identifi ed as sentinels of global change. The and along roadsides of agricultural areas. The species is aim of this study was to compare microbial community believed to be highly nomadic in the winter since they must structure across a range of High Arctic Lakes in order move large distances across the resource-limited landscape to better understand their sensitivity to climate. The to meet their daily energetic demands. Unfortunately, planktonic communities from fi ve Arctic lakes were studied little is known about wintering biology in general and in late summer, three located along the northern coast of we specifi cally know nothing about the how wintering Ellesmere Island (meromictic lakes A (83°00’N, 75°30’W) populations may partition in space and time. Given and C1 (82° 51’ N, 78° 12’ W), and the epishelf lake of pronounced sexual size-dimorphism, limited energetic Milne Fjord (82° 45’ N, 82° 00’ W)) and two situated in resources during winter and known within-fl ock dominance the Resolute Bay region, at the south of Cornwallis Island hierarchies, it is reasonable to suggest that populations may stratify across the landscape in relation to sex and age. Using (Char Lake (74° 42’ N, 94° 53’ W) and Resolute Lake long-term winter-banding data from multiple sites across (74° 41’ N; 94° 57’ W)). Conductivity and temperature Southern Ontario, our goals are to: 1) determine whether (CTD) profi les were taken and phytoplankton and fl ocks are geographically structured by age and sex, and 2) bacterial communities were sampled throughout the water whether potential stratifi cation changes geographically and column for HPLC pigments and fl ow cytometry analyses. temporally in response to factors such as variation in local Pronounced differences in community composition were climate. The research will improve our understanding of observed throughout the water column of the Ellesmere the degree of seasonal connectivity within wintering fl ocks Island lakes. In Lake A and Lake C1, fucoxanthin containing and what factors might drive nomadic behaviour in this phytoplankton occurred in the surface freshwater while a important Arctic species. Moreover, spatial and temporal deep maximum of bacteriochlorophyll occurred in lower stratifi cation during winter may have important sex- and waters that were anoxic and saline. Milne Fjord Lake showed age-specifi c consequences for the timing and costs of a different pattern, with almost no bacteriochlorophyll but migration, and consequently, for reproductive timing and a strong presence of violaxanthin and lutein containing success on Arctic breeding grounds. phytoplankton in the freshwater surface layer and halocline. Fucoxanthin containing phytoplankton were observed deeper in the water column and chlorophyll b peaked at A NECESSARY VOICE: CONSIDERING CLIMATE 22m. The phytoplankton community from Char Lake CHANGE THROUGH THE LIVED EXPERIENCE (the drinking water supply for Resolute Bay) and Resolute OF INUIT YOUTH IN RIGOLET, NUNATSIAVUT, Lake showed a different pattern with a strong presence of CANADA fucoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin throughout the MacDonald, Joanna1 ([email protected]), S. L. water column, and the absence of bacteriochlorophyll at all Harper2, A. Cunsolo Willox3, V. L. Edge2 and Rigolet Inuit depths. This pigment diversity provides to these ecosystems Community Government4
139 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
1 Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, 1 Fisheries Joint Management Committee, P.O. Box 2120, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Inuvik, Northwest Territories, X0E 0T0 2 Department of Population Medicine, University of 2 Oceans North, 1200 Harris Drive, Suite 302, Bellingham, Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Washington, United States, 98225 3 School of Environmental Design & Rural Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Effective management and conservation of 4 Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Labrador biodiversity in the Western Arctic has been greatly enhanced through a unique cooperative management structure Inuit youth are experiencing the impacts of created by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement (IFA). The IFA climate change on their culture, lifestyles, and well-being. established the Fisheries Joint Management Committee As future leaders of their communities, Inuit youth will be (FJMC) to assist the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, challenged by continued changes to their physical and social through co-management, in ensuring the long-term health environments, and must lead their communities in adapting of the anadromous and marine resources of the Western to these changes. Furthermore, educating and engaging Arctic. The adaptive co-management system that has youth in climate change research and dialogue is imperative developed since signing the IFA in 1984 has enabled the for the fi eld of climate change, as well as for the ability of Inuvialuit to successfully promote regional conservation Inuit to lead and conduct their own research. However, needs pertaining to fi sh and marine mammal stocks, as young people are frequently overlooked when it comes well as assume a meaningful role in management decision- to climate change research as well as policy development. making and planning exercises. This poster analyzes two Although an increasing amount of published research has examples of successful management and conservation documented local Inuit observations of climate change, of marine biodiversity in the Western Arctic – examples the involvement of youth is often absent. This poster that would not have occurred without co-management presents a research project that sought to address the lack and the stimulus of the FJMC. The fi rst example recently of youth voices in the academic literature, and explored reached a major milestone with the formal establishment the observations and perceptions of climate change held of the Tarium Niryutait Marine Protected Area (MPA) in by Inuit youth in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada. the Mackenzie River Delta – an MPA based primarily on The project was a part of the Changing Climate, Changing Inuvialuit traditional beluga hunting grounds. The second, in Health, Changing Stories project situated in Rigolet, and its early stages, is the establishment of a mechanism that will funded by Health Canada’s First Nations and Inuit Health lead to a Beaufort Sea Fisheries Management Framework. Branch. Through a qualitative case study, which included This is an ongoing process, which will ensure that any surveys, in-depth interviews, and digital storytelling, data commercial fi sheries in the Beaufort Sea are developed were gathered about the changes youth in Rigolet observed with sound science while adhering to the precautionary in their physical environment and climate. Perceptions principle. The Beaufort Sea Fisheries Framework will and understandings of these observed changes for the represent the overall objectives of the IFA, vision statement future were also investigated. Two major themes emerged: of the FJMC, and policies of the Department of Fisheries the recognition of the connection between the changes and Oceans. The health of marine fi sh stocks will protect in the physical environment and changes to traditional Inuvialuit subsistence harvests, which depend on a thriving Inuit activities; and the expression of negative feelings Beaufort Sea ecosystem. Both examples highlight how a such as fear, anger, and worry with regard to current and contemporary set of threats to Arctic marine biodiversity future implications of climate change on their community. like hydrocarbon exploration and development, industrial Researchers and leaders have an obligation to discover what fi shing, and climate change can be addressed through motivates youth and effectively include this group in future adaptive co-management. climate change work, research, dialogue, and policy.
PASSIVE ACOUSTIC MONITORING OF BELUGA CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES TO PRESENCE AND FEEDING IN CUMBERLAND CONSERVING ARCTIC MARINE BIO-DIVERSITY SOUND IN THE WESTERN ARCTIC THROUGH ADAPTIVE CO-MANAGEMENT Marcoux, Marianne1 ([email protected]), S. H. Ferguson1, Y. Simard2, B. Leblanc1, E. Primeau3 and A. Malone, James1 ([email protected]), D.V. Gillman1, B. T. Fisk3 Ayles1 and L. Porta2 1 Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
140 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6 Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the eastern 2 Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canadian Arctic migrate seasonally between Hudson and Canada, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 and ISMER-UQAR, Davis Straits in winter to northwestern Hudson Bay/ Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1 Foxe Basin and Gulf of Boothia in summer. Habitat use, 3 Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, including where and when bowhead whales feed across their University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4 annual range, is poorly understood. Chemical signatures in baleen, which grows continually and is biochemically With the accelerated exploration and development inert once formed, provide a means to study eastern Arctic in the Arctic, there is a need for increased monitoring bowhead whale foraging patterns because dietary changes of marine mammal populations. Cumberland Sound is over short time increments are recorded in its stable isotope a diverse Arctic ecosystem and is home to a threatened and trace element composition. We measured stable carbon population of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). Emerging and nitrogen isotope ratios (d13C and d15N) along baleen fi sheries for turbot and char, two potential prey species for plates from ten eastern Canada-West Greenland (EC-WG) belugas, are expanding in the sound. There is a need for bowhead whales, and found evidence for annual oscillations research examining the usage of Cumberland Sound by in both d13C and d15N. d13C oscillations typically measured belugas and their relationship with turbot and char. In a less than 1‰, but the magnitude varied from year to year preliminary study, we attempted to detect the presence of and was sometimes as great as 2-2.5‰. d15N oscillations belugas as well as their feeding events using passive acoustic were more consistent than d13C oscillations, and typically methods. We used a combination of a digital recorder measured 0.5-1‰ (maximum 2-2.5‰). Stable sulfur (AURAL) and a click detector (C-POD) over 21 days in isotope ratios (d34S) were measured along three of the Clearwater Fjord, within Cumberland Sound, August 2010. ten plates, and also showed oscillations of approximately Belugas emit echolocation trains of clicks to navigate and 0.5‰ (maximum 1-1.5‰). The magnitude and patterns locate their prey. They produce buzzes, a rapid train of of oscillations varied among individuals indicate seasonal clicks with inter-click intervals smaller than 20 ms, that are and interannual changes in diet, which could be due to believed to correspond to closing on a prey. We quantifi ed seasonal fasting (e.g., enrichment in 15N and 34S resulting the temporal pattern of click trains and buzzes as detected from protein catabolism) or feeding in locations across their by the C-POD throughout the study period. 24 811 click annual range with different isotopic signatures. trains were detected including 3028 buzzes. Almost all the click trains detected by the C-POD were associated with beluga calls on the audio fi les (98% of random sample of VULNERABILITY IN CANADA’S NORTH: 50 click trains). However, their frequency range as measured UNDERSTANDING A COMMUNITY’S ADAPTIVE by the C-POD differed from that of belugas from other NEEDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND TOURISM studies. From the click series, belugas preferably visited the DEVELOPMENT fjord during the day and at high tide. Future steps for this project include the validation of the C-POD as beluga click Mattina, Charles([email protected]) detector, assessment of false alarm rates, determination of the detection range of the instrument, and deployment of Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 3J3 a network of C-PODs year-round in Cumberland Sound to monitor beluga time-space frequentation pattern. Tourism is far from a new phenomena in the Arctic, however in the region of Nunatsiavut, is not only relatively new and unstudied, but changing with the establishment of VARIATION IN STABLE ISTOPE RATIOS IN Torngat Mountains National Park circa 2005. Furthermore, EASTERN CANADA-WEST GREENLAND there is an expectation that climate change may in one BOWHEAD WHALE (BALAENA MYSTICETUS) form or another, have an effect on tourism development BALEEN INDICATE SEASONAL CHANGES IN in Nunastiavut, as well as the entire Arctic. The purpose DIET of this study is to understand resident perceptions of tourism development in the community of Nain, NL, Matthews, Cory1 ([email protected]) and S. with a particular focus on Aboriginal (cultural) tourism Ferguson1,2 development as well as climate change. A community based approach was used in data collection where open-ended 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba interviews were conducted over the summer of 2010. At 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada present, such interviews are being analyzed in a qualitative manner, with initial results beginning to materialize. It is
141 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts hoped that this study will provide valuable information The outcomes of this study show a complex to community/tourism planners both in Nain and the interrelation between snow, vegetation and permafrost. region so that tourism development takes places in socially Especially the effect of vegetation on snow distribution can sustainable manner at present and in the near future. now be described in a more comprehensive way. This newly gained understanding shall be used further to model the transport and accumulation of snow. USING LAND - AND SNOW COVER Furthermore the results deliver necessary AS INDICATORS FOR PERMAFROST information to (i) estimate the spatially dynamic distribution DISTRIBUTION of permafrost and related landforms by means of multi- temporal land cover classifi cation and snow cover mapping May, Inga1 ([email protected]), R. Ludwig 1 and M. Bernier2 covering the last decades and (ii) to simulate the probable future development of permafrost distribution following the 1 Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians projections of regional climate models, which lead to expect University, Munich, Germany a considerable change in precipitation patterns, an increase 2 Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Institut national de la of growing degree days and a spatio-temporal decline in recherche scientifi que, Québec, G1K 9A9 snow cover. The poster highlights the fi ndings of the fi eld The spatial distribution of permafrost affected soils measurements and the analysis of the relation between the and its dynamics caused by changing climatic conditions vegetation, snow cover and soil conditions. is one of the most important questions in recent arctic research activities. Particularly for inhabited areas detailed knowledge about the development of frozen ground is of OVERCOMING BARRIERS FOR REDUCTION main importance e.g. for infrastructure management, but IN DIESEL DEPENDENCY WITH RENEWABLE also for the recent research of mobilization of greenhouse ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN NUNAVUT gases due to thawing permafrost. Image processing and analysis techniques, applied McDonald, N.C. 1 and J.M. Pearce1,2 ([email protected]. to new high-resolution sensor data, offer the possibility to ca) retrieve such spatially distributed information over large and remote areas. Time series of satellite images deliver 1 School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University the input for an accurate detection of landscape change. 2 Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Unfortunately optical sensors only allow the monitoring Queen’s University, 60 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, of the land surface and hence soil conditions have to be Canada K7L 3N6 estimated from appropriate indicators such as land cover or snow layer dynamics. Therefore it is essential to understand Currently, all twenty-fi ve communities in Nunavut the connection between such indicators and permafrost are dependent on the use of imported diesel fuel for their appearance and their possible co-occurrence. electricity needs creating numerous environmental, social This study is conducted in Northern Quebec, and economic problems. Diesel is both a greenhouse gas, Nunavik, close to the small Inuit village of Umiujaq (56°33’ emission-intensive and acutely polluting energy source N, 76°33’ W). The area lies in the discontinuous permafrost responsible for acute health problems. Greenhouse gas zone and typical tundra vegetation, which is characterized by emissions have been implicated in global climate change, scattered patterns of small bushes, moss and. This small- which is endangering the fragile ecosystems of the Arctic. scaled heterogeneity of the land cover and topography Finally, in a territory that suffers from low per capita combined with high and prevailing wind speeds leads to a earnings the use of diesel is wasteful and expensive. The snow cover depth that varies between 0 and more than 200 typical diesel generator only converts 35% of the fuel cm within one 1m². energy to electricity. Additionally, the cost of diesel in During several fi eld campaigns in 2009 and 2010, Nunavut are the most expensive in Canada due to high vegetation was mapped and snow as well as soil parameters transportation costs and are expected to continue to climb were measured. The recordings were analyzed to investigate in the foreseeable future. Thus, electricity rates in Nunavut the extent to which different land cover units refl ect the are about 39.39 ¢/kWh (~3 to 6 times higher than other underlying soil conditions and to estimate the impact of Canadian provinces). There is a clear need to reduce vegetation on snow (drift) accumulation. Consequently, the Nunavut’s reliance on diesel-generated electricity. relation between snow cover parameters and permafrost Fortunately, renewable energy technologies (RETs) including features was analyzed. wind, solar and micro-hydro represent technically viable and
142 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts scalable sources of power to reduce the use of diesel fuel Introduction in Nunavut. Pilot projects with a wind turbine in Rankin Inuit communities are reporting changes in individual Inlet and a solar photovoltaic array in Iqaluit are underway. attitudes towards traditional fats and contemporary Despite the recent successes of these pilot projects and the fats. This study is investigating the changing nature of systematic support of RETs in other regions of Canada perspectives on traditional and contemporary fats and (e.g. the Green Energy Act in Ontario), there has been no the impacts of these perspectives on diet and other substantial push by the federal or territorial governments to behaviours among Inuit in Nain, Nunatsiavut and other integrate RETs into many Nunavut communities. Inuit communities. This project is being conducted in This paper systematically reviews the reasons collaboration with the Nunatsiavut Government under for this oversight and explores potential solutions by: the IPY funded project on marine fats and Inuit health: i) performing numerical simulations for wind and solar URQSUK. technical and economic viability in a case study Nunavut community, ii) interviewing key government policy makers Methods in both Nunavut and the federal government to determine The project aims to develop and apply a survey tool to barriers to RET deployment in Nunavut, and iii) analyzing increase our understanding of fat choice behavior and to potential technical requirements and policy solutions to determine what Inuit residents believe is necessary and overcome these barriers. possible to ensure food security for future generations. First, numerical simulations for wind and solar To build this tool, 9 focus groups were conducted with were performed in a case study city of Iqaluit, and it was participants 14-70 years of age (23 women, 26 men) in July determined that diesel can be reduced by 41% and 38% 2008 in Nain Nunatsiavut. Focus groups are planned for using equivalent power plants matching 15MW base load early 2010 in one other Inuit community in the Canadian with wind and solar respectively. Based on the results of the Arctic. simulations and the current state of RET pilot projects in Results the North, it is evident that integrating RETs in Nunavut is a realistic solution to diesel dependency. The primary Preliminary results from Nunatsiavut indicate that challenges of integrating RETs in Nunavut were determined participants have noticed changes in fat thickness in country from interviews with federal government policy-makers food species over time. Observations were primarily over the last year; they were found to be i) lack of capacity associated with caribou and bird species. Contrary to in the communities, ii) initial capital costs, and iii) lack of our preliminary hypothesis, it is not only among younger adaptation of RETs to Northern climates. Solutions to these participants that behaviors to cut down or stay away challenges as identifi ed through the interviews are proposed from ‘fat’ in the diet were mentioned but more so among including: i) set up energy hubs to provide trained personnel participants within the middle age groups, 30 years and over. for a given RET, ii) begin using life cycle economic Based on these results a survey tool has been developed analysis for energy purchasing and build RETs into other and applied to investigate the representation of these infrastructure projects (i.e. solar photovoltaic rooftops for perspectives among the community population in Nain. new construction), and iii) use existing pilot project data to Results from the survey will be presented. The project is show technical reliability in the North. currently being replicated in Clyde River, Nunavut.
URQSUK: THE CHANGING NATURE OF ARCTIC Discussion FATS AND THE INUIT DIET A better understanding of perceptions of fats through this research project will help to address the needs of northern Furgal, Chris1,2,4 ([email protected]), K. Friendship3 health and wildlife/environment professionals in promoting ([email protected]), K. McTavish1,2, E.Dewailly1,4, S. healthy food choices and of capturing early observations of Bernier1,4, R. Laing1,2, in collaboration with Nunatsiavut Inuit experts (hunter and Elders) of possible shifts taking Government place in marine and terrestrial ecosystems associated with climate and other forms of environmental change. 1 Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments (Université Laval and Trent University) 2 Indigenous Environmental Studies Program, Trent NEW ARCTICNET OPPORTUNITIES FOR FULL University, Peterborough, Ontario DATA ARCHIVING 3 RavenQuest Consulting; Whitehorse, Yukon 4 Unité de recherche en santè publique, CHUL Research Michaud, Josée1 ([email protected]), J. Centre, Québec, Québec Friddell2, M-È. Garneau1, W. Vincent1 and E. LeDrew2
143 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
1 Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6 PHENOTYPIC ASSESSMENT OF A PUTATIVE 2 University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1 THIRD ECOLOGICAL FORM OF ARCTIC CHARR IN LAKE HAZEN, ELLESMERE ISLAND, The Polar Data Catalogue (PDC) was launched in NUNAVUT July 2007 by ArcticNet in partnership with the Canadian Cryospheric Information Network (CCIN). The number of Michaud, Wendy K.1 ([email protected]), T. metadata records entered into the PDC nearly doubled over Robinson1, J. D. Reist2, J. A. Babaluk2, and M. Power1 the last year and approximately 1000 approved records are now available online, of which a third belongs to ArcticNet. 1 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, This makes the PDC catalogue the largest archive of polar Ontario, N2L 3G1 metadata in Canada. Guided by the ArcticNet data policy, 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T our objective is now to archive and share full ArcticNet 2N6 datasets. Thus, all network investigators must now plan for the long-term storage of their scientifi c data and methods. Located within Quttinirpaaq National Park, on The data generated within ArcticNet will be archived using Ellesmere Island, Lake Hazen contains only one known fi sh relevant existing online databases, such as governmental species, the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Charr are quite Data Centers, or through the PDC at CCIN whenever variable in terms of morphology and habitat use, and two access to a traditional data center is unavailable. The ecologically distinct forms of Arctic charr have already been ArcticNet data policy specifi es that the access to ArcticNet described for the lake. This includes a larger, silver colored, data will be limited to ArcticNet participants for a period of piscivorous form and a smaller, more darkly colored three years after the end of an individual project. form that feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates. Recently, At that time, the ArcticNet data will be made samples Arctic charr sampled from Lake Hazen included available fully, freely and openly to the public and what appear to be a third form: a small, silvery-white charr researchers alike through the PDC geospatial search tool. with relatively large eyes for its size and a blunt snout. To To facilitate the data archiving process, the assess whether these fi sh represent an ecologically distinct ArcticNet Data Management Committee has prepared form of Arctic charr, diet, morphology, and life history guidelines to ensure the usability of datasets for present and traits of the new fi sh were compared to those described future end-users. Essential practices have been defi ned: (1) previously. Stable isotope analyses indicates an overlap in Creation of Metadata; (2) Assignment of descriptive fi le diet between the putative third form and the previously names; (3) Consistent and stable fi le formats for tabular described benthically feeding form, but stomach contents and image data;(4) Defi nition of the contents of data analysis indicated the potentially new form of Arctic charr fi les; (5) Consistent data organization; (6) Basic quality incorporated zooplankton more frequently in their diets. assurance tests; and (7) Comprehensive documentation Morphologically, these fi sh have smaller heads, thicker and (8) Rules to cite a dataset. These practices will be caudal peduncles, and longer dorsal and anal fi ns than the described so that researchers may implement them in order two previously described forms. Where they overlap in to easily share their datasets with other researchers. For age, the putative third from is smaller in overall size, and enhanced visibility and accessibility, the ArcticNet Data matures at a younger age than the other two forms. Based Management Committee intends, with the permission on this evidence, the new fi sh appear to be distinct from of the scientists who collected the data, to identify select the previously described forms in terms of their ecology data sets that may be part of the new Polar Information and life-history tactics. Further genetic tests are being Commons (PIC). The PIC proposes to serve as an open, conducted to determine if all forms represent genetically virtual repository for vital scientifi c data and information. distinct groups. Although trophic polymorphisms are not This new shared, community-based cyber-infrastructure uncommon among Arctic charr, Lake Hazen is particularly will foster innovation, improve scientifi c understanding, and interesting because it is one of the few reported cases where encourage participation in research, education, planning, and multiple lacustrine forms of Arctic charr coexist in a lake management in the Polar Regions. ArcticNet researchers where only one fi sh species is present. As such, it could who would like to contribute may label their contributions serve as a useful example in comparisons of inter- and digitally with the “PIC badge”, which specifi es rights of intraspecifi c patterns of sympatry in other parts of the access and links back to a statement of norms, and agree to species’ range. make these contributions accessible and searchable online.
144 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
REFINING THE GLOBAL CIRCULATION sea ice concentration data in Hudson Bay to train the model, MODEL (GCM) SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL downscaling techniques were used to build links between RESOLUTION OF ICE CONCENTRATION IN modelled atmospheric variables and ice concentration. HUDSON BAY USING EMPIRICAL STATISTICAL Early results indicate that this methodology has the DOWNSCALING potential to provide predictions at a scale relevant to polar bear researchers, and may be easily transferable to other Middel, Kevin R.1,2 ([email protected]), and M. E. geographic regions. Using varying GCM inputs and models Obbard2,1 we expand upon previous work predicting the long term survival of these and other polar bear populations. 1 Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 2 Wildlife Research and Development Section, Ontario THE ROLE OF INTER-BASIN LANDSCAPE Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J CONDITIONS AND VEGETATION IN RUNOFF 7B8 PROCESSES AT POLAR BEAR PASS, BATHURST ISLAND, NUNAVUT Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are dependent on sea ice as a platform for hunting and mating, and characteristics Miller, Elizabeth ([email protected]) and K.L. Young such as body condition, reproduction, and survival have been closely linked to both the extent and duration of sea Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, ice. The full cryogenic cycle of the Hudson Bay region Ontario, M3J 1P3 provides the necessary conditions for the most southern sub-populations of bears in the world to survive. However, Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut (75o40’, the Southern Hudson Bay and Western Hudson Bay 98o30’) is the site of a large, ecologically important High subpopulations are believed to be most at risk to climate Arctic wetland. Streams and rivers in the surrounding change due to reduced ice duration, which leads to reduced hillslopes are key water sources for this wetland. Two foraging time and a subsequent increase in the amount of of these stream basins were selected for study, one with time fasting on shore. abundant moss cover and another with sparse moss cover, The primary source for information on climate to determine how differences in landscape and vegetation change are the Global Circulation Models which model cover infl uence ground ice content, active layer development atmospheric and surface variables such as temperature, and runoff processes. Streamfl ow was maintained in both precipitation, and ice concentration on either a monthly streams due to low intensity yet prolonged rainfall and or daily basis at varying spatial resolutions. However, long lasting snowbeds in 2009, however warmer and drier climatologists have recognized that local physiographic conditions in 2010 resulted in both streams eventually and topographic variations in an area can have signifi cant ceasing to fl ow and regenerating near the end of the season affects on observed climatic conditions and these variations after intense rainfall. Preliminary results indicate that the are not evident or accounted for in large scale GCM data. frost table developed more quickly in 2010 at both sites yet Statistical downscaling is a method that has been developed the active layer remained shallower in the heavily vegetated which creates a link between the small scale variations and stream in both years. It is suspected that the insulating the large scale predictions, enabling researchers to better properties of thick moss layers promote formation of and model local climate changes into the future. In the case of sustainability of ground ice. This potentially represents sea ice concentration, GCMs predict a progressive decline an important storage component in the water balance for in the duration of seasonal ice in Hudson Bay, with melt heavily vegetated drainage basins and modifi es runoff by occurring earlier and freeze-up occurring later each decade. ensuring a shallow frost table. Early results suggest that One of the challenges of working with these data, especially there was less ground ice content in the vegetated stream in for consideration of polar bear habitat, is that the GCM 2010 compared to 2009. ice concentration data tend to be coarse both spatially and temporally, providing only monthly average values at a >1.0° spatial resolution. Our objective is to investigates the use of statistical downscaling tools to refi ne ice concentration data both spatially and temporally, attempting to predict ice concentration values at much fi ner scales then currently available in the GCMs. Using 30 years of derived satellite
145 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
DETERMINING THE IMPACTS OF SHORELINE questions: RETROGRESSIVE THERMOKARST SLUMPING 1) Does the relative importance of benthic- and pelagic- TO THE BASAL COMPONENTS OF THE based processes change as a result of shoreline slumping AQUATIC FOOD WEB OF TUNDRA LAKES OF events? THE MACKENZIE DELTA UPLAND LAKES 2) Does the relative importance of heterotrophic and autotrophic processes as entry points of new carbon/energy Moquin, Paul1 ([email protected]), F. Wrona1, P. into the food web change as a result of shoreline slumping Di Cenzo1, J. Gareis2, E. Hille1, A. Houben3, W. Hurst4, D. events? Ross4 and A. Trimble4 3) How does the relative importance of heterotrophic and autotrophic processes in the benthic and pelagic 1 Water & Climate Impacts Research Centre, University of environments change over time starting from the initial Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3R4 slumping event? 2 Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, 4) Does the magnitude of a slumping event affect the Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6 differences observed between slumped and undisturbed 3 Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, University of lakes? Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5 Here we present preliminary results from the mesocosm 4 Aurora Research Institute, Inuvik, North West Territories, experiment as well as describe novel methodology used to X0E 0T0 quantify rates of primary productivity using a non-invasive optical probe that measures oxygen concentration by Permafrost temperatures in the high Arctic reading inert sensor spots inside light and dark bottles. have been rising causing a deepening of the active layer and an increase in thermokarst activity. The degradation of permafrost occurring directly adjacent to lakes has DETECTING AND TRACKING ARCTIC ICE been associated with terrestrial inputs to the lacustrine ISLANDS USING RADARSAT-2 environment. Formally called shoreline retrogressive thermokarst slumping (SRTS), these inputs have been Mueller, Derek1 ([email protected]) and R. De associated with changes in chemical and biological Abreu2 parameters in permafrost-embedded lakes throughout the northern regions of the globe. A number of synoptic 1 Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, studies on lakes situated in the uplands of the Mackenzie Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 Delta have revealed that slumping in the lakes of this 2 Canadian Ice Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, region is associated with overall decreases in turbidity and Ontario, K1A 0H3 water color as well as water-column nutrient availability. Preliminary experimental work by Thompson et al. (2008) Ice islands are large (up to several km long) and suggests that the clear water observed in slumped lakes may thick (20 m, up to potentially 90 m) masses of ice that form be a result of exposure to permafrost-related sediments. when an Arctic ice shelf calves. In 2008, many ice islands In an effort to further our understanding of the and ice island fragments (< 1 km long) were produced when underlying mechanisms of the transformations observed 214 km2 of Canada’s remaining ice shelves calved at the in disturbed lakes, we carried out an insitu mesocosm northern coast of Ellesmere Island. These masses of ice are experiment in which treatments consisted of sediment considered to be hazards to navigation and structures such additions varying in volume. The experiment took place in as oil rigs. Therefore, their detection and surveillance falls an undisturbed Mackenzie Delta upland lake and consisted within the operational mandate of the Canadian Ice Service. of twelve 1.2 meters square mesocosms: three replicates In order to determine the optimal mode for ice island for each of three levels of sediment addition plus three detection using the advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR) replicates of a control in which no additions were made. capabilities of Radarsat-2, we analyzed ice island signatures Sediments for the additions were sourced from an SRTS- from 199 images. Four ice islands were located with satellite affected lake about a kilometer away. Mesocosms were tracking beacons deployed in spring/summer 2009 and dosed in the spring and monitored over the course of the fi ne beam mode imagery in four polarizations was acquired open-water growing season (early June to mid-September). regularly for these targets from September 2009 to April We sampled weekly for water chemistry, zooplankton and 2010. These were supplemented by 121 images in ScanSAR phytoplankton community structure as well as primary mode (most were cross-polarized) as well as imagery in and bacterial production in both the benthic and pelagic other modes. We focused the analysis on differences in tone environments. In particular, we endeavored to answer 4 (normalized backscatter or σ0) between ice islands and the
146 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts surrounding ice in order to calculate contrast ratios as an to water mass characteristics and distribution; (3) relative indicator of detectability. Results were considerably different contribution of ice algae and under-ice phytoplankton to for two broadly defi ned ice types: ‘Meteoric’ ice islands, with total primary production; (4) timing of ice algae release into surface ice formed from snowfall and rain and ‘marine’ ice the water column; (5) role of biological processes on air-sea islands, which have higher salinities and marine sediments at ice-ocean exchanges of climate active gases. We hypothesize the ice surface. Marine ice islands had a relatively constant that the timing of primary production will dictate the extent backscatter, whereas backscatter from meteoric ice islands of ice-pelagic-benthic coupling in the ice-covered ecosystem and the surrounding ice was greatly reduced during the and therefore will provide a sensitive indicator of directional summer melt season. Therefore, the contrast ratio for change for the system as a whole. The underlying objective marine ice islands was more seasonally variable. Contrast of Arctic-ICE is to determine the physical-biological ratio did not vary appreciably with incidence angles and a processes controlling the timing of primary production and comparison between the available polarizations indicated their infl uence on the drawdown/release of climatically that cross-polarized SAR had higher contrast ratios than active gases. In this poster, we summarize the Arctic-ICE co-polarized channels. Consequently, it is recommended dataset collected during spring 2010 in Resolute Passage, to use cross-polarized SAR to detect ice islands, although Nunavut, and discuss our future plans for the program. the spatial resolution of most beam modes is likely to be a limiting factor. SHORT-TERM INDIVIDUAL GROWTH PATTERNS OF ANADROMOUS ARCTIC CHARR ARCTIC MARINE ICE-ASSOCIATED ECOSYSTEM IN UNGAVA-LABRADOR, CANADA IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT (ARCTIC-ICE) Murdoch, Alyssa1 ([email protected]), J. B. Mundy, C. J.1 ([email protected]), M. Dempson2, F. Martin3 and M. Power1 Gosselin1, K. Brown2, K. Campbell3, V. Galindo4, C. Moszynski3, D. G. Barber3, R. Francois2, Y. Gratton5, M. 1 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Levasseur4, L. Miller6, T. N. Papakyriakou3, P. Tortell2 and M. Ontario, N2L 3G1 Scarratt7 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1C 5X1 1 Institut des sciences de la mer (ISMER), 310 Allée des 3 Nunavik Research Centre, Makivik Corporation, Kuujjuaq, Ursulines, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, JOM 1C0 Québec 2 Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, The Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) distribution 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia spans a wide latitudinal range and includes some of the 3 Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of harshest and most variable aquatic environments known. Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Growth pattern differences among Arctic charr within these 4 Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, environments have been attributed to varying life-history Québec strategies, environmental conditions, intra- and inter-specifi c 5 Institut National de la Recherche Scientifi que—Eau, Terre interactions, and resource availability. Population somatic et Environnement, Université du Québec, Québec, Québec growth rates are commonly inferred from age-at-length data 6 Centre for Ocean Climate Chemistry, Institute of Ocean and thus represent mean growth over a given number of Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, 9860 years averaged over the varied experiences of the fi sh used West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia to compute the mean. In contrast, growth data obtained 7 Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Peches et Oceans Canada, from fi sh tagging experiments allow a direct measure of 850 Rte. de la mer, Mont-Joli, Québec individual growth over short periods of time that facilitate estimating the importance of specifi c life-history events for The connection of the ice-covered marine system growth (e.g. summer marine migrations). Here, individual to the warming Arctic environment is readily apparent, growth patterns of sea-run Arctic charr from two locales but the extent of these changes and future changes on the in north-eastern Canada are used to investigate patterns of ecosystem and associated climate feedback processes are not annual and intra-seasonal growth as they vary by fi sh size, well understood. Points to consider include: (1) changes to location, and year. Sea surface temperatures are considered bottom-ice transmitted irradiance associated with changes as a potential determinant of growth differences and used to snow depth, ice thickness, and timing of melt onset; to test the hypothesis that warmer summer temperatures (2) changes in nutrient supply associated with changes increase individual growth. Where individuals were tagged
147 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts upon descent and recaptured within the same season To help address these issues, it is important to (“spring tagging”), changes in length are used to test the involve First Nations and Inuit communities in research hypothesis that growth rate declines over the growing and in adaptation planning. Health Canada, as a part of season, with most growth occurring at the beginning of the federal government’s overall climate change strategy, the summer. In addition, experienced individual summer implements a community-based program that aims to build temperatures will be calculated and correlated with within- capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change on their season growth rates. Annual growth data were obtained health and to develop relevant communication materials for from tagging studies carried out in the Nepihjee River, adaptation at the community, regional, and national levels. southern Ungava Bay (from 2009-2010; n=101 recaptures) Since the launch of the Climate Change and Health and the Ikarut River, northern Labrador (from 1981-1985; Adaptation Program in 2008, Health Canada has funded total of n=260 recaptures), where individuals were caught 37 community-based projects across the North. Research upon ascent during the fall migration, measured (cm), and topics that link climate change and health issues include recaptured one year later. Spring tagging data (from 1979- food security, water quality, climate change and health 1987; total of n=760 recaptures) were collected from Nain awareness/education, traditional medicine, land erosion and Bay, Tikkoatokak Bay, and Webb Bay, in northern Labrador. land use, and ice safety and monitoring. Overview of results Individuals were angled or gillnetted at river mouths in the from these projects will be presented in the poster. nearshore marine environment during ice break-up, and recaptured from the commercial fi shery later in the season. Studying individual short-term Arctic charr growth patterns PARTITIONING OF NEE INTO GEP AND ER facilitates improved understanding of growth variability in FOR THE CANADIAN ARCTIC Arctic charr that, in turn, allows investigation of specifi c mechanisms driving growth. Improved knowledge of Myklebust, May C.1, P. M. Lafl eur1 and E. R. Humphreys2 growth patterns in natural environments is critical for improving stock assessments and for sustaining population 1 Trent University, Geography Department, Peterborough, levels in the face of uncertainty over the affects of climate Ontario, K9J 7B8 change on Arctic charr. 2 Carleton University, Geography Department, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH ADAPTATION Measurements of the natural exchange of CO2 PROGRAM IN NORTHERN FIRST NATIONS between the atmosphere and the biosphere are used in AND INUIT COMMUNITIES models that predict climate change. At the landscape scale these measurements normally represent the net exchange 1 Myers, Erin ([email protected]) and D. McClymont of CO2 (NEE) and techniques are needed to partition Peace2 this fl ux into its basic ecosystem components of gross ecosystem production (GEP) and ecosystem respiration 1 Health Canada, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, (ER). In most studies this is accomplished by modelling Environmental Research Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A ER based on night time data and then subtracting modelled 0K9 ER values from NEE to get daytime GEP. Models of ER 2 Health Canada, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, have traditionally been temperature driven, even though Environmental Research Division, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A ER data is typically not well explained by temperature 0K9 alone. However recent research (in boreal and temperate ecosystems) indicates that GEP is likely a co-driver of ER Over the last decade, Northern communities as with temperature. In this study, we use a long term (6- well as climate change researchers have begun to understand year) NEE record from a low Arctic site at Daring Lake, the degree to which climate change is impacting the health Canada to investigate the importance of incorporating of Northern peoples in Canada. Climate change is not GEP into the current temperature-only driven ER model just an environmental issue but it is becoming very much a and then assess the impacts of this development on NEE human health issue. The health implications resulting from a partitioning. Preliminary results suggest that the GEP-ER warmer and more unpredictable climate are not distributed link may be important for arctic tundra ecosystems and evenly: current health status, age, gender, genetics, that this knowledge can improve our understanding and the geography, and economics, are some of the key variables predictability of variability in NEE in the Canadian Arctic. affecting the ability of individuals and communities to adapt to and reduce the effects of climate change.
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MICROBIAL COMMUNITY DYNAMICS AND POLAR BEAR (URSUS MARITIMUS) MATERNITY GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN ARCTIC DENNING HABITAT IN THE HUDSON BAY THAW PONDS LOWLANDS OF ONTARIO: PRESENT AND FUTURE Negandhi, Karita1,2 ([email protected]), I. Laurion1,2 and 1 C. Lovejoy2,3 Obbard, Martyn E. ([email protected]), K. R. Middel1 and L. R. Walton2 1 Institut national de la recherche scientifi que, Centre Eau, 1 Terre et Environnement, Quebec, Quebec, Canada Wildlife Research and Development Section, Ontario 2 Centre d’études nordiques, Universite´ Laval, Quebec, Ministry of Natural Resources, DNA Building, Trent Quebec, Canada University, 2140 East Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario 3 Departement de Biologie, Universite´ Laval, Quebec, K9J7B8 2 Quebec, Canada Northeast Science and Information, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, South Porcupine, Ontario P0N 1H0 Arctic climate change is leading to accelerated Due to the cycle of complete melting of sea ice in melting of permafrost and the mobilization of soil organic Hudson Bay in summer, all polar bears are forced ashore for carbon pools that have accumulated over thousands of up to 5 months, and pregnant females for up to 8 months. years. Permafrost melting and erosion produce numerous While ashore, the bears undergo an energetically expensive small basins that fi ll with water. Two types of ponds, prolonged fast. Since sea ice does not re-form in Hudson polygons and runnels, are formed on the continuous Bay before pregnant females give birth to litters of cubs permafrost of Bylot Island. CO and CH emissions vary 2 4 in December, all maternity denning in the Hudson Bay considerably among pond types, suggesting that carbon ecosystem occurs on land. In the Hudson Bay Lowlands cycling processes are infl uenced by different factors of Ontario, pregnant females construct dens in features including: physical factors such as wind speed, surfactants, characteristic of permafrost regions such as palsas and water temperature, thermal structure, pond morphology, frozen peat banks of small lakes. Other sites used are river light exposure; chemical factors including dissolved organic banks, eskers, and beds in the lee of clumps of spruce trees. matter quantity and quality; and biological factors such Most maternity dens are constructed in frozen peat in the as the activity of methanogens and methanotrophs, and sides of palsas > 1.5 m high, or in similar height peat banks photosynthetic activity. Bacterial 16s rRNA clone libraries of small lakes. The distribution of permafrost in the region revealed some difference in the bacterial communities is predicted to decline by 50% by 2100. How polar bears will between a polygon and a runnel pond. For instance, the adapt to loss of permafrost features is unknown, though runnel pond had 40% more sequences closely matching that some bears apparently den successfully in other sites. It may of Polynucleobacter necessaries. This organism produces be that denning in palsas and peat banks offers an energetic acetate that methanogens use to produce CH , suggesting a 4 advantage to the pregnant female; if so, then pregnant key role in the runnel ponds. females will have higher energetic demands during winter As the liability of the organic carbon pool can hibernation in the future. Body condition of pregnant be more important than its concentration for bacterial females has already declined in the Southern Hudson Bay consumption, microcosm experiments were performed to subpopulation since the mid-1980s, and survival rates of investigate the transformation rate of DOM in the presence all age and sex classes have declined, presumably related and absence of microbes and in the presence and absence to earlier sea ice melt and loss of hunting opportunities. of light. In addition, CO and CH production rates over 16 2 4 The additive effects of loss of hunting opportunities and days were measured at different temperatures. Preliminary increased energetic demands during hibernation will have results show that under increased temperatures (+4°C) both major effects on reproductive success and perhaps even CO and CH production increased. The CO production 2 4 2 adult female survival. eventually leveled off, while CH4 continued increasing over time. Samples were kept to test weather the changes in activity were a result of changes in the dominant microbial COMMUNITY FREEZERS AS A CATALYST assemblages. The results of these investigations will TOWARDS FOOD SECURITY: PERSPECTIVES provide evidence of whether predicted increases in climatic FROM INUIT RESIDENTS OF NAIN, temperatures could have consequences for the effl uxes NUNATSIAVUT of CO2 and CH4 and how such changes are refl ected in archaeal and bacterial community structure and activity. Organ, Jennifer1 ([email protected]), C. Furgal1,2 and H. Castleden1
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1 School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie 1 Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3J5 of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 2 Indigenous Environmental Studies Program, Trent 4C9 University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 2 Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6 Many Inuit of Canada rely heavily on sharing 3 Community Health, University of Northern British mechanisms among kin and other close-knit groups to Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4C9 access wild foods. Despite the increased availability of market foods, Inuit continue to consume wild foods for Methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury their nutritional, traditional, and cultural value. However, (iHg) have been shown to damage mammalian nervous participation in the wage economy, costs associated with systems; however, selenium (Se) may play a role in hunting, and changes in environmental factors have posed detoxifying Hg. Therefore, determining the form of Hg challenges for some to access these foods. Inuit residents of and its relationship to Se in the brains of mercury-exposed Nain, Nunatsiavut have recently reported challenges to wild wildlife is integral to assessing potential neurotoxicity. food access from such things as changing sea ice conditions Elevated levels of Hg have been detected in the central associated with climate change and variability. Nain currently nervous systems of cetaceans compared to other marine operates a community freezer, a response measure that mammals and top predators. Previous studies of belugas some Inuit communities throughout the Canadian Arctic (Delphinapterus leucas) in the western Canadian Arctic have adopted to increase support for wild food accessibility suggest that mercury levels in their brains surpass levels to residents throughout the year. In the face of increasing associated with neurotoxicity in other mammals. In 2008, pressures on wild food accessibility related to climate change beluga brains (N=23) from hunter-harvested whales were and variability, there is interest from the Government sampled on Hendrickson Island in the Beaufort Sea. Total of Nunatsiavut for research to focus on the role of the mercury (THg), Se, percent iHg and percent MeHg were community freezer and its support for food security in measured in freeze-dried brain tissue (cerebellum, temporal Nain. lobe, frontal lobe and spinal cord). MeHg species were This case study is taking place in Nain, Nunatsiavut extracted and analyzed from temporal lobe samples with to understand how the Nain community freezer limits the highest Hg concentrations (N = 10). The concentration and facilitates access to wild foods for current users, and of THg ranged from 0.02 to 111.4 mg/kg d.w., with the what key factors community freezer management should lowest concentration measured in a full-term male fetus. consider to address current and anticipated future impacts The percent MeHg was statistically signifi cantly (p < 0.05) of environmental change on wild food access. Preliminary associated with THg concentration in the cerebellum and interviews took place in Nain in July, 2010 to discuss frontal cortex, but not in the spinal cord or temporal lobe (p project interests with the community. Data collection was > 0.05). Maximum MeHg concentrations measured were 2.6 completed in November of 2010 through semi-structured mg/kg in cerebellum, 3.9 mg/kg in the frontal lobe, 5.2 mg/ interviews, focus groups, and document collection and kg in the temporal lobe and 1.3 mg/kg in the spinal cord. review. MeHg-cysteine was present in all samples (N=10, range This community-based project, conducted in 97-100% of total MeHg) with the remainder of MeHg in cooperation with the Nunatsiavut Government, will the form of MeHg-glutathione (N=7, range 0.2–2.7% of provide recommendations on factors to consider in future total MeHg). A statistically signifi cant relationship between community freezer management in this and other regions Se (mmol/kg) and Hg (mmol/kg) was determined in all experiencing similar environmental. brain regions (p < 0.05). Although THg frequently exceeded This project is being funded by the Network 5.0 mg/kg w.w. (approximately 6.7 mg/kg d.w.), which has Centres of Excellence, ArcticNet, Nasivvik Centre for Inuit been suggested as the criterion for MeHg toxicity in mink Health and Changing Environments, and is being conducted (Mustela vison), total MeHg was below this level in all in cooperation with the Nunatsiavut Government. brain regions analyzed. The relatively low concentration of MeHg compared to THg in beluga brains combined with ASSESSING POTENTIAL NEUROTOXICITY the strong relationship between Se and Hg suggests that ASSOCIATED WITH MERCURY EXPOSURE IN a mechanism exists in belugas to cope with high mercury BELUGA WHALES (DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS) exposure. FROM THE WESTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC
Ostertag, Sonja K.1 ([email protected]), M. Lemes2, G. Stern2 and L. Chan1,3
150 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
EFFECTS OF BODY CONDITION AND equipped to cope with the risks of hunting, and changing POPULATION SIZE ON GESTATION RATE IN A climatic conditions are making it even more hazardous MIGRATORY CARIBOU HERD for them. To plan for adaptation decision makers need to know what skills are important for safe and successful Pachkowski, Melanie1,2 ([email protected]), hunting under changing conditions, to what degree they M. Festa-Bianchet1,2 and S. D. Côté2,3 are being transmitted, and what factors facilitate or impede transmission. 1 Université de Sherbrooke This poster presents research that responds to this 2 Centre d’études nordiques knowledge gap. The transmission of 83 skills identifi ed 3 Université Laval as being important for safe and successful hunting and traveling was tested with a sample of Inuit men in In many ungulates, including caribou, female Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories. Just over half of all fecundity is affected by body condition. In turn, fecundity skills were being transmitted through ‘hands-on’ learning has important effects on population dynamics. In other among younger respondents. Some skills including general ungulates, females adopt a conservative reproductive hunting, traveling, fi shing and camp-related skills, and skills strategy at high population density. We investigated what related to caribou, musk ox, seal (summer) and duck hunting factors affect the probability of gestation in adult female were transmitted well. Others such as fur preparation skills, caribou from the Rivière-George herd. We used fi ve years dog team skills, winter seal hunting, traveling on the sea ice, of data (1980, 1984, 1986, 1987 and 2002) that spanned and some traditional navigation and weather forecasting various population sizes and trends. Similar to other skills, were not. Despite similar learning ages, there has populations of migratory caribou, the probability that a been an incomplete transmission of several skills among female was pregnant in spring increased with body mass younger respondents with implications for adaptation to and percentage of body fat. The probability of pregnancy climate change. This is attributable to factors including appeared to be reduced by high warble infestation. The access to teachers, requirements of formal schooling, loss proportion of females pregnancy varied between years and of native language, and declining levels of involvement population size had a negative effect on gestation rates. in some subsistence activities. Key fi ndings are outlined However, females of similar mass were pregnant regardless and recommendations are made for supporting skills of whether the population was increasing at low density, transmission in the community. had reached a peak, or was high and declining. Compared to other ungulate species that reduce maternal expenditure at high density, female caribou of the Rivière-George herd WHEN AND WHERE CONTEMPORARY may have a risk-prone reproductive strategy. (1944-2010) RETROGRESSIVE THAW SLUMPS OCCURED ON THE MIDWAY PLATEAU
TRANSMISSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL Poirier, Kamylle A. ([email protected]) KNOWLEDGE AND LAND SKILLS AMONG MEN IN ULUKHAKTOK Département de Géographie, Université d’Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Pearce, Tristan1 ([email protected]), R. Notaina2, A. Kudlak2, H. Wright2 and B. Smit1 The thaw slump activity on Midway Lake Plateau is reconstructed from aerial photographs from the National 1 Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, Air Photo Library (Ottawa). Aerial photographs from 1944 Ontario, N1G 2W1 (Trimat), 1952-1954, 1970-1972, and 1980-1982 are analyzed 2 Community of Ulukhaktok, Ulukhaktok, Northwest using a stereoscope to develop an inventory of active and Territories, X0E 0S0 semi-active thaw slumps and to map their distribution through time. Quckbird and Google Earth images are used Inuit environmental knowledge and land skills have to map the present situation. The type and size of slumps, been identifi ed as key determinants of adaptive capacity to location, slope exposition, geology and geomorphology climatic changes that affect subsistence harvesting. There is parameters, aerial photo number and topographic map evidence however that the traditional modes of knowledge number are recorded in a data bank. It seems from the transmission and learning are not functioning as they were results that as summer temperatures are higher and in the past, particularly for younger generations. As a result, permafrost is warming, the thaw slumps are developing on many younger and inexperienced hunters are not as well higher altitude on the Midway Lake Plateau. Areas which
151 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts were immune of retrogressive thaw slumps are recently (50-65%) are important foraging areas. Animals transit sensible to this slope phenomenon. rapidly through Fury & Hecla Strait, an area of heavy ice Acknowledgements: this work is supported by coverage (80-100%). Diving behaviour suggested that funds received through the Northern Science Training whales spend most of their time in the near surface layer Program, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research (8 to 16 m) while foraging. These results contribute to a Council of Canada and the Department of Indian Affairs better understanding of bowhead whale foraging ecology and Northern Development. and habitat requirements and will help forecast possible Field and lab assistance from: Mélanie Côté, Lisa Tellier and effects of climate change on this Arctic species as well as Ian D. Clark, Steven Kokelj, Denis Lacelle, Bernard Lauriol contribute to defi ning critical habitat. (supervisor) and Billy Wilson (from Fort McPherson).
PROMOTING NORTHERN CONSERVATION IN BOWHEAD WHALE (BALAENA MYSTICETUS) CANADIAN ARCTIC WATERS DIVING AND MOVEMENT PATTERNS IN THE EASTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC IN RELATION Highleyman, S.1, H. Huntington2 and Louie Porta TO SEA ICE: IMPLICATIONS FOR FORAGING 3 ([email protected]) ECOLOGY AND HABITAT USE 1 Oceans North Canada, Director, International Arctic Pomerleau, Corinne1,2 ([email protected]), Program, 30 Metcalfe Street, Suite 402, Ottawa, S. Luque3, T. A. Patterson4, S. H. Ferguson3, V. Lesage1 and Ontario, K1P 5L4 L. L. Dueck3 2 Oceans North Canada, Director, Arctic Science Program, 30 Metcalfe Street, Suite 402, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5L4 1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Institut Maurice Lamontagne, 3 Oceans North Canada, Science and Policy Analyst, 30 Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada Metcalfe Street, Suite 402, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5L4 2 Institut des Sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada For the ArcticNet 2009 Conference, Oceans North 3 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Canada provided an assessment of marine conservation Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada opportunities in the Canadian Arctic that were ecologically 4 CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, Hobart, signifi cant, pertinent to northern concerns, and achievable. Tasmania, Australia (1) Fish stocks in the Beaufort Sea are not well understood, particularly in light of ecosystem restructuring due to Inuit knowledge supported by scientifi c research climate change. A precautionary commercial fi sheries indicates that the Eastern Canada-West Greenland (EC- management framework would provide time to assess the WG) bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) population is slowly status of fi sh stocks and related ecosystem processes and recovering from the commercial whaling of the 19th and their likely trends. (2) Lancaster Sound is a world-class 20th centuries. However, bowhead whales are still at risk ecological area, abundant in marine mammals and seabirds, because of a combination of biological characteristics (e.g., rich in cultural and historical legacy, and already identifi ed low natural growth rate and long interbirth interval) and by Parks Canada as a potential [marine conservation area]. identifi ed threats (e.g., climate change, predation, human Creating a marine protected area would provide cultural and activities). In this context, it is crucial to better understand environmental protection in advance of anticipated human foraging ecology and habitat requirements of bowhead activities such as commercial fi shing, offshore oil and gas whales. Five individual whales from the northern Foxe activities, and marine shipping. (3) Limited commercial Basin (n=3 in July 2003) and Cumberland Sound (n=2 fi shing already takes place in Baffi n Bay, but without an in July 2006) were remotely equipped with SDR-T16 ecosystem-based fi shery management plan. Drawing on Argos satellite-linked time-depth recorders. Tags provided northern models, the development of such a plan could information on date, time, location, and signal quality, as protect culturally important activities and species, prevent well as dive characteristics. Here, we report on diving and destructive fi shing practices especially in sensitive areas, and movement patterns in relation to sea ice using satellite- realize sustainable economic benefi ts for Nunavut. This tracking location and dive data analyzed with Hidden poster, Promoting Northern Conservation in Canadian Markov models (HMM). We contrasted dive characteristics Arctic Waters, will provide an update of the status of during transit and non-transit (e.g., foraging) periods. all three conservation campaigns, which have relied on Results indicated that Prince Regent Inlet and the northern Northerners in designing conservation approaches and part of the Gulf of Boothia with moderate ice coverage creating the scientifi c and traditional knowledge necessary
152 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts to accomplish each conservation objective, as well as help dinofl agellates and prymnesiophytes), Excavata (euglenids) protect and safeguard Arctic marine biodiversity. and Opisthokonta (choanofl agellates). The bulk of this marine biodiversity of Arctic microorganisms consists of large cells (>20 μm) mainly due to examination at low THE PAN-ARCTIC BIODIVERSITY OF MARINE magnifi cation under light microscopy. Future efforts should PELAGIC AND SEA-ICE UNICELLULAR focus enhancing our knowledge of the biological diversity EUKARYOTES: A FIRST-ATTEMPT ASSESSMENT of small cells (<20 μm), which represent less than 20% of our actual biodiversity assessment of pan-Arctic regions. Poulin, Michel1 ([email protected]), N. Daugbjerg2, R. Gradinger3, L. Ilyash4, T. Ratkova5 and C. von Quillfeldt6 ASSOCIATIONS OF BLOOD SELENIUM LEVELS 1 Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box WITH CIRCULATING CONCENTRATIONS OF 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4, Canada INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS AMONG INUIT 2 Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster ADULTS FROM NUNAVIK Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark 3 School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Proust, Françoise ([email protected]), and Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775-7220, USA É. Dewailly 4 Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation Axe Santé des populations et Environnement, Centre de 5 Russian Academy of Sciences, P.P. Shirshov Institute recherche du CHUL-CHUQ / Université Laval, Québec, of Oceanology RAS, GSP 997, Nahimovski Prospect 36, Québec, G1V 2M2 Moscow 117997, Russian Federation 6 Norwegian Polar Institute, PO Box 505, N-9171 Context: Selenium is an essential cofactor of the Longyearbyen, Norway glutathione peroxidase enzyme complex and has been recognized to play a preventive role in oxidative damage. Arctic marine unicellular eukaryotes comprise It has also been demonstrated that populations with low a well-diversifi ed group of organisms that are either selenium intake have two to three times greater risk of adapted to live in the upper water column of coastal ischemic heart disease. Now, infl ammation is considered and oceanic regions, here defi ned as phytoplankton/ to play a key role in coronary artery disease and other pelagic communities, or in bottom horizons of sea ice manifestations of atherosclerosis. However, data on how and known as sympagic/sea-ice-associated communities. selenium is associated with concentrations of circulating There are approximately 5000 recognized legitimate infl ammatory biomarkers are still sparse and inconsistent. marine phytoplankton species and an unknown number Objective: To examine the association of circulating of sympagic eukaryotes. Although pelagic and sea-ice concentrations of infl ammatory biomarkers C-reactive eukaryotes have been described since the exploration protein and interleukine-6 with blood selenium levels among phase of the Arctic regions up to the early 20th century, no Inuit adults from Nunavik. synthesis regarding information from all Arctic seas have Methods: The study population consisted of been undertaken, and no exhaustive current information 861 Inuit from Nunavik aged ≥18y who participated provides the exact number and composition of species in a health survey in 2004. Data were collected through at a pan-Arctic scale. In a fi rst attempt to assess the pan- clinical questionnaires and examinations. Blood samples Arctic diversity of marine eukaryotes, a wealth of data from were analyzed for selenium, C-reactive protein and IL-6 various sources (e.g. scientifi c publications, unpublished concentrations. Logistic regressions were performed to reports, databases) were reviewed, while taxonomic assess the association between selenium concentrations data were confi rmed with current nomenclature and and elevated levels of CRP and IL-6, while controling for classifi cation. We report a total of 2106 marine single-celled potential confounders. Several possible sources of effect eukaryote taxa with 1874 phytoplankton and 1027 sympagic modifi cation were also tested. taxa from four grouped pan-Arctic regions, namely Alaska, Results: Overall, mean (±SD) blood selenium Canada, Scandinavia including Greenland and the Russian concentration was 4.42 (± 0.15) μmol.l-1. No signifi cant Federation. Both phytoplankton and sympagic taxa were associations were found between blood selenium levels present in four of the six super-groups of eukaryotes and the circulating concentrations of CRP and IL-6 among described by Adl et al. (2005), which are Archaeplastida our subjects, after adjustment for potential confounders. (chlorophytes and prasinophytes), Chromalveolata (e.g. Participants in the highest versus the lowest quartile of chrysophytes, cryptophytes, diatoms, dictyochophytes, blood selenium did not have signifi cantly different levels of
153 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
CRP [odds ratio (OR): 0.77; 95% confi dence interval (CI): Committee and their member organizations in the region, 0.44-1.35; p = 0.363] or IL-6 (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 0.93- the expected results will provide the organizations with a 2.40; p = 0.096). Age and body mass index were strongly comprehensive understanding of existing food support associated with both infl ammatory biomarker levels, but mechanisms in the region, gaps in the program landscape none of the covariables tested for interaction (age, gender, as well as identifi ed strengths and challenges in supporting smoking status, alcohol consumption and n-3 intake) household food security in Nunavik in the context of appreciably modifi ed the results. challenges posed by climate change and variability. Conclusion: Our results showed no relationships between blood selenium and infl ammation when measured by CRP and IL-6. The fact that the levels of selenium FISHERIES RESEARCH IN RESPONSE TO A measured at baseline were particularly high (partly due to HYDROCARBON DEVELOPMENT IN THE a high fi sh consumption) in our subjects may explain our BEAUFORT SEA null association fi ndings, because selenium intake above a certain level may not increase selenoprotein antioxidant Majewski, A.R. and Jim D. Reist ([email protected]) properties. This may confi rm the narrow safety range of selenium intake as recently suggested. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Cres., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6 IDENTIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND PROGRAM GAPS TO SUPPORT FOOD SECURITY The proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Project IN NUNAVIK has sparked renewed intensive oil and gas exploration in the Beaufort Sea. Governmental regulators and Rajdev, Vinay 1([email protected]), C. Furgal2 and J. Ford3 resource managers are tasked with assessing the impacts of multiple stressors, including anthropogenic activities, 1 School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie on the region’s natural environment, including fi sh and University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3J5 fi sh habitat. While proponents are tasked with collecting 2 Indigenous Environmental Studies Program, Trent data in support of Comprehensive Studies under the University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 6B8 Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA), the 3 Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, federal government is mandated to provide unbiased, Quebec credible science on behalf of Canadians in order to fulfi ll its regulatory role. The scope of government science is Food support programs and other mechanisms are to conduct regional ecosystem research, and baseline data receiving increasing attention in the Arctic as food insecurity collection, so Environmental Assessments (EAs) can be cast has been identifi ed as a critical issue affecting many Inuit in the context of the broader ecosystem and the cumulative communities, including those in Nunavik. Food insecurity impacts of multiple stressors. Despite considerable is defi ned as “the limited, inadequate, or insecure access of research focus on the biological and physical makeup of the individuals and households to suffi cient, safe, nutritious, Beaufort Sea during the last period of extensive oil and gas personally acceptable food both in quality and quantity to exploration in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the complex meet their dietary requirements for a healthy and productive dynamics of the Beaufort Sea and its biota are still poorly life.” With increasing pressures on physical access to understood. fresh and healthy country foods in Inuit communities Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s (DFO’s) Northern as a consequence of climate change and variability, our Coastal Marine Studies program (NCMS), 2003 – 2009, understanding of what the current gaps are in food support was a multidisciplinary study aimed at characterizing the programs at the regional and community level is increasingly physical and biological nature of the Canadian Beaufort important. In Nunavik, little is known about the current Shelf. Marine fi sh surveys were conducted from the network of food support programs and other mechanisms Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Nahidik to study the supporting availability and access to safe and healthy foods. composition and spatial distribution of fi sh relative to Using key-informant interviews and document review this physical and chemical habitat parameters, and to contribute project is characterizing that network of programs and to the general biological and ecological information on other support mechanisms and analyzing it for its’ strengths offshore fi sh populations. In 2010, DFO initiated a pilot and challenges in supporting household food security and monitoring study (ACES, Arctic Coastal Ecosystem Studies) the potential threats from climate change and variability. in the newly established Tarium Niryutait Marine Protected Working closely with the Nunavik Nutrition and Health Area (TNMPA) to update baseline information and
154 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts assess the feasibility of proposed indicators of ecosystem climate change with those from other regions of the change. Herein, we provide an overview of these studies Canadian North. as they relate to DFO’s role in conducting science to support its regulatory mandate. Future research is planned to continue these activities, integrate knowledge across PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE: A SOIL CO2 ecosystem components, and to extend fi sh research to the OBSERVATORY FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN Beaufort Sea at large. ARCTIC
Risk, David1, Nick Nickerson2,1, Jennifer Owens1, Chance “WHERE THE ARCTIC VERGE DRIVES SO FAR Creelman1, Gordon McArthur1, Claire Phillips1, Evelise SOUTH”: ILLUMINATING THE CHALLENGES Bourlon3, Christian Hart1, Alvaro Montenegro1 and Emily OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN Burns1 LABRADOR 1 Earth Sciences, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Riedlsperger, Rudy1 ([email protected]), B. Wood1, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5 Harry Borlase1, Ilana Allice1,2, J. Wolf1,2 and T. Bell1 2 Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2 1 Department of Geography, Memorial University, St. 3 SeisMap Consulting Inc., Havre Boucher, Nova John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X9 Scotia, B0H 1P0 2 Labrador Institute, Memorial University, Happy Valley- Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, A0P 1E0 Arctic regions hold vast reserves of carbon as soil organic matter in cool anaerobic soils, and/or permafrost. Climate change is about to reshape the Canadian These areas are warming rapidly, and while the ultimate North in environmental, economic and social terms. It has fate of this newly mobilized carbon is not certain, soil been argued that Arctic regions are especially vulnerable emissions are expected to accelerate. Since the feedback to climate change, due to their dependence on the on atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations is potentially predictability and characteristic stability of the cryosphere large and of international interest, soil gas fl uxes should be (snow, glaciers, freshwater/sea ice and permafrost). monitored in a systematic long-term manner. This poster According to Robert Bone, northern and coastal Labrador describes research moving towards an integrated North is considered arctic, whereas the rest of Labrador and American Arctic Soil CO2 observation system, comprised of northernmost Newfoundland are subarctic. In reference three main components: rugged soil fl ux instrumentation; to Newfoundland and Labrador, climatologist Ken Hare sampling network design; and ecoinformatics. Robust stated that “…nowhere else on earth does the arctic verge monitoring instrumentation is a precondition for an drive so far south into the middle latitudes.” The province automated Arctic soil gas fl ux sensing system. We have therefore straddles an important latitudinal climate gradient developed a new technique for measuring soil CO2 fl uxes, as well as a strong coastal climate gradient due to the effects called Continuous Timeseries-Forced Diffusion (CT-FD), of the cold Labrador Current offshore. It is not surprising which measures soil effl ux rate via continuous concentration then that the projected impacts of climate change are measurements in a membrane-forced diffusion housing. equally diverse and range in severity across these climate Unlike other methodologies and instruments, CT-FD can gradients. The challenge for Newfoundland and Labrador be used in harsh conditions, under snow, and also with is to develop climate change adaptation strategies that are sensors for other gases such as methane. Tests of the regionally responsive to a variety of impacts, yet locally instrumentation have been successful, and new work this relevant for a distributed population in predominantly year consists of demonstration projects in Atlantic Canada, coastal communities. Wyoming, and in Antarctica. Our presentation will focus explicitly on Labrador to Beyond the need for robust instrumentation, illustrate the challenges faced by one region of the province an observatory network should consist of sampling in responding to climate variability and change and to instrumentation confi gured in a scientifi cally sound fashion - explore potential approaches to adaptation in complex balancing the need to capture hotspots of emission with the social, economic, political and environmental settings. needs for representativity, site access, etc. To address these Specifi cally, the presentation will characterize Labrador’s needs, we have applied a Simulated Annealing-based process arctic climate and landscape, its communities, provide to optimize sampling densities and distributions according examples of its sensitivity to climate variability and change, to various factors. For North American sites, our network and compare Labrador strategies and action plans for optimization makes use of several different CO2 emission
155 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts estimates for the North American Region. Results highlight differences between groups and the processes through the need for soil fl ux observational nodes in several parts of which adaptive potential is maintained within and between the North American Arctic, but especially in northwestern populations. Canada, Alaska, and at points in the eastern Canadian Arctic Archipelago. To maximize the utility of measured IMAGING FLUID ESCAPE FEATURES data, we have been developing ecoinformatics tools to IN HUDSON BAY FROM MULTIBEAM automatically retrieve and process observatory data in real BATHYMETRY DATA time, including: carbon accounting, on-demand visualization and plotting, continuous real-time regression analysis, and Roger, Jonathan1,2 ([email protected]), P. real-time automated validation/parameterization of soil Lajeunesse1,2, M. J. Duchesne3 and G. St-Onge4 and Terrestrial Ecosystem models running in parallel. This presentation will link these research threads, and discuss 1 Department of Geography, Université Laval, Quebec, progress towards an Arctic Soil CO observation system. 2 Quebec, G1V 0A6 2 Centre d’études nordiques (CEN), Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6 GENETIC ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL 3 Geological Survey of Canada, Quebec, Quebec, G1K 9A9 FORMS OF ARCTIC CHARR (SALVELINUS 4 Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), ALPINUS) IN LAKE HAZEN, ELLESMERE Rimouski, Quebec, G5L 3A1 ISLAND, NUNAVUT, CANADA The Hudson Bay covers an area of ~637, 000 Robinson, Terin N.1 ([email protected]), W. Michaud1, km2 and extends ~900 km north to south and 1000 J. D. Reist2, R. Bajno2, M. Power1 and B. Dixon1 km at its widest point. Despite many seismic surveys undertaken since the 1960’s, seabed morphology of this 1 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, large shallow inland sea is still mostly unknown. Recent Ontario, N2L 3G1. multibeam bathymetry data collected in July 2010 by the 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T Ocean Mapping Group (OMG) during an ArcticNet cruise 2N6 on board the CCGS Amundsen shows a sector of the bay characterized by a dense assemblage of peculiar ring Two ecological forms of Arctic charr (Salvelinus structures and pockmarks. The observed ring structures are alpinus) have previously been described from lake Hazen found at 200m water depth and have never been reported on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. It is not well understood, before in Hudson Bay. They are <200 m in diameter and however, if the forms simply represent different life- 10 m deep and have a central peak. Their presence in history strategies or if they are representative of distinct Hudson Bay can be explained by salt doming that fractured populations or groups with some level of reproductive bedrock to allow fl uids to escape to the surface and to isolation. Recent morphological and isotopic analyses dilute carbonate rocks. The very good state of preservation suggest a third possible ecological form. The fi rst ecological and the fact that they attenuate iceberg scours suggest that form, collected from Lake Hazen is a larger piscivore that they have been active recently (after deglaciation, i.e., after feeds pelagically. The second form is smaller and tends to ~8000 years ago).The occurrence of the ring structures feed on benthic invertebrates. The third proposed form and the pockmarks within the same area suggests that they is smaller than the forms previously described and feeds might have a related origin. on zooplankton as well as benthic invertebrates. To better understand the differences between the three groups, fi sh of each morph were analyzed at twenty-one microsatellite ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND HUMAN loci (which are relatively neutral) to determine the level of OCCUPATION AT DOG ISLAND IN NORTHERN genetic differentiation among the three possible forms. LABRADOR, CANADA Samples were also genotyped at the MH Class IIB locus, Roy, Natasha1([email protected]), N. Bhiry1 and J. which is under selection to evaluate the relationship 2 between ecological forms, selection for immune function Woollett and local adaptation of each possible form. Our results 1 provide valuable insights into the relationship between Centre d’études nordiques and Department of geography of Laval University, Québec,G1V 1A0, Canada immunogenetic selection and local adaptation among 2 possible sympatric ecological forms. The results can help Centre d’études nordiques and Department of history of to better understand evolutionary processes, functional Laval University, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
156 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
To document the Human-environment on the Canadian Arctic shelf is governed by habitat relationship in northern Labrador, paleoenvironmental heterogeneity, physical and biogenic roughness elements and palaeoecological studies have been undertaken on and topographic features that contribute to structural and around of archaeological sites Oakes Bay 1, located at complexity of benthic habitats will be identifi ed with the Dog Island, and Koliktalik 6, at Koliktalik Island. Fourteen collaboration of seafl oor mapping specialists. The ability marine terraces were identifi ed. According the relative sea to use geophysical information as a surrogate to describe level curve of Clark and Fitzhugh (1990), the oldest terrace, marine benthic biodiversity may allow better understanding T1 was built around 9000 years BP, while the most recent of the potential effects of future climate changes on the one, T14 have emerged around 2000 years BP. Pollen data Canadian Arctic seafl oor realm. Both modern benthic data highlight four phases of canopy development since 5700 collected during the 2000s in the Canadian Arctic (e.g., years cal. BP: 1) a shrub tundra, 2) a transition from tundra ArcticNet-CHONe, IPY-CFL, CASES, MERICA cruises) to shrub tundra trees, 3) an opening of the canopy and 4) a and historical data that have been collected by several return to humid conditions. The macrofossils data sampled expeditions since the 1950s will be used. Outcomes of from paludifi ed terraces, T13 and 14 show that wood and this project will be used to construct a map of potential peat were intensively used by Thule and Inuit to build their macrobenthic habitat hotspots in the Canadian Arctic that habitations. could serve to support the creation and implementation of polar marine protected areas and be used at a global scale by the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Plan. There SCALE-DEPENDENCE RELATIONSHIPS is an urgent need for the establishment of baseline for BETWEEN BENTHIC BIODIVERSITY AND monitoring benthic biodiversity in this almost last pristine BIOGEOPHYSICAL VARIABLES ON THE area of Canada, against which to evaluate anticipated future CANADIAN ARCTIC SHELF changes resulting from anthropogenic exploitation (e.g., fi sheries, trawling, petrol exploitation, etc.) and climate- Roy, Virginie1 ([email protected]), P. Archambault1, K. driven impacts (e.g., reduction in sea ice cover, water Conlan2 and S. K. Juniper3 temperature warming).
1 Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 LANDSCAPE CONTROLS OVER PERMAFROST 2 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 SLOPE DISTURBANCES, SABINE PENINSULA, 3 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of MELVILLE ISLAND, NUNAVUT Victoria, Victoria, British-Columbia, V8W 2Y2 Rudy, Ashley ([email protected]) and S. F. Lamoureux According to a widely accepted conceptual model, sea-ice reduction and water temperature warming in the Department of Geography, Queen›s University, Kingston, Arctic may reduce the strength of pelagic-benthic coupling Ontario, K7L 3N6 and thus negatively impacted the seafl oor organisms. Although in the recent past sea surface hotspots of primary Permafrost disturbances, including active layer productivity have been monitored to follow the impact of detachments and retrogressive thaw slumps, have been climate change on the Arctic food webs, several studies identifi ed throughout the High Arctic. While many known failed in fi nding a link between benthic distribution patterns triggering mechanisms have been identifi ed, little research and presumably hotspots of food availability. Then, seabed has been done to understand how the landscape may govern attributes might be major control factors affecting seafl oor the spatial distribution of these disturbances. However, with biodiversity. The main objective of this project is to describe projected climate change and potential development of the and compare the benthic biodiversity in different locations Arctic, a diagnostic tool is needed to understand and predict of the Canadian Arctic (from west to east: Beaufort the sensitivity of the land to disturbance. Sea to Baffi n Bay, including Hudson Bay) in relation to This study seeks to evaluate the landscape controls major biogeophysical variables describing benthic habitat over permafrost slope disturbances on the Sabine Peninsula, (e.g., substrate type, seafl oor topographic heterogeneity, Melville Island, Nunavut (76°27’ N, 108°33 W), an area with temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration, sediment two large known natural gas reserves. Historic disturbances pigment concentration, current speed, depth, etc.). Because will be identifi ed and mapped with the use of orthorectifi ed the relationships are suspected to be scale-dependant, their and georeferenced aerial photographs from the 1950s and strength and form will be evaluated at multiple scales. In 1970s, and then compared to Worldview2 imagery acquired order to demonstrate particularly how benthic biodiversity in the summer of 2010. With these datasets, the spatial
157 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts distribution of the disturbances will be identifi ed for each ways of protecting its own northern border. temporal period. Each disturbance will then be categorized Knowing that an Antarctic treaty can’t be applied to the according to key landscape controls such as slope, aspect, Arctic and that shelf claims will take too long to be decided, drainage, surfi cial materials and bedrock type. Initial fi eld multinational collaboration in the Arctic region is the only work conducted in 2010 examined each of these controls way of resolving arising challenges and confl icts in this new across different formations of the Sverdrup Basin, which international political arena. The decisions and ultimately is host to many oil and natural gas reserves and widespread the leadership of the Canadian government will largely throughout the western Canadian High Arctic. impact collaboration between Arctic nations and determine The overall goal of this study will be to develop a the security for everyone involved in this region. model to identify and assess areas in the High Arctic that are susceptible to high degrees of permafrost disturbance. As this model will be based on landscape terrains and CENTRE D’ÉTUDES NORDIQUES, CEN features that are representative of much of the western Canadian High Arctic, it has the potential to be a widely Sarrazin, Denis ([email protected]) used predictive tool for assessing the impact that a changing climate, land use and development may have on this The CEN is an interuniversity centre of excellence sensitive region. for multidisciplinary research bringing together over forty researchers including biologists, geographers, geologists, engineers, archaeologists, and landscape management AN ANALYSIS OF CANADIAN FOREIGN POLICY specialists. The CEN community also counts two hundred IN THE ARCTIC graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and employees. In partnership with government, industry and northern Sachse, Marcel ([email protected]) communities, CEN plays a pivotal role in environmental stewardship and development of the circumpolar North. Department of Political Science, FernUniversitaet Hagen, The Centre for Northern Studies has established over the Germany past fi fty years eight fi eld stations and more than 75 climate stations. Climate change in the Arctic is causing multi year ice to retreat and thus impacting ecology and native communities. Political consequences can be derived from SELF-REPORTED HEALTH AND CORRELATES an ice free North-West-Passage, accessible offshore oil and FROM THE INUIT HEALTH SURVEY 2007-2008 gas fi elds and shipping routes across the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic has become a highly important political arena Saudny, Helga1 ([email protected]), K. in which national and international interests are confronted Young2, G. Egeland1 and Inuvialuit Settlement Region, with each other. Analysing Canada’s arctic policies, Nunavut and Nunatsiavut Steering Committees. addressing arising sovereignty issues, looking at how foreign infl uence and national arctic concerns have to be balanced, 1 Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and will put Canada’s Northern Strategy to a test. While the Environment, McGill University, Montreal, H9X 3V9 international energy market is getting ready to exploit 2 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of newly accessible offshore oil and gas fi elds in the Arctic Toronto, Toronto, M5T 3M7 Archipelago, Canada is also wanting to protect its pristine arctic environment. With multinational companies already The IPY Inuit Health Survey was designed to working offshore and requiring local educated workforce, provide a broad-based assessment of health among Inuit Canada has to face and ultimately resolve the poor state of residing in three jurisdictions within the Canadian Inuit health and education in its northern communities. With the Nunangat (homeland): Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Arctic Ocean, specifi cally the North-West-Passage (NWP), Nunavut Territory, and Nunatsiavut. A frequently used becoming easier to navigate, Canada’s northern shoreline measure of a person’s subjective assessment of their and thus, unprotected entry to Canada and eventually overall health is a single question asking individuals to further south to the US, is within easy reach for terrorists, rate their health on a 5-point scale from excellent to poor. smugglers and others bearing illegal activities in mind. For Self-reported health assessment has consistently shown to many reasons, the Canadian government will have to plan predict mortality and clinical outcomes and may also be strategically and carefully consider the state of the NWP. associated with biomarkers. and for the fi rst time in history, Canada will have to fi nd A cross-sectional study was carried out in 36
158 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts communities in 2007 and 2008 and 2595 individuals (998 associated with newly identifi ed glucose intolerance (GI) males and 1597 females) from randomized households among Inuit. participated. Methods: A cross-sectional study of a subsample We investigated the association of self-rated health of 813 adults with a 2-hr oral glucose tolerance test who (SRH) with frequently used biomarkers (fasting glucose, participated in the International Polar Year Inuit Health total cholesterol, HDL and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, Survey (2007-2008). Those with pre-existing diabetes C-reactive protein), clinical measurements (blood pressure), were excluded. Individual and dietary questionnaires and demographic characteristics (predominant language spoken anthropometric measurements were also collected. at home, marital status, and smoking), anthropometry Results: GI was associated with older age (BMI, waist circumference) and nutrition (traditional food and a higher body mass index, %body fat, and waist consumption). Self-reported health was dichotomized into circumference. Percent Energy protein and % Energy high- good health (excellent, very good and good) and poor health sugar drinks were positively associated with GI. Adjusting (fair and poor). for those two aforementioned nutrients, %E traditional The prevalence of poor self-reported health by food was signifi cantly protective (P<0.05). Fiber (g/d) was categories of demographic characteristics and chronic inversely and cholesterol (mg/d) was positively associated disease risk factors identifi ed no signifi cant relationships with risk for GI with a borderline signifi cance (P< 0.10). with marital status, gender, primary language spoken in the Conclusion: These fi ndings emphasize the need home or in traditional food use. Self-reported poor health for dietary and lifestyle changes to prevent high rates of GI was higher (32.5%) for a BMI≥ 30 than for a normal or an among Inuit. overweight BMI (22.8 and 25.8% respectively). Elevated fasting blood glucose levels (> 6.0 mmoL/L) resulted in higher self-reported poor health (50.6%) than normal THE USE OF STABLE ISOTOPE SIGNATURES levels (25.8%). Self-reported poor health was also higher (D13C, D15N, D34S) OF YOUNG-OF-THE-YEAR for gender specifi c low levels (males ≤ 1.0, females ≤ ARCTIC CHARR TO DETERMINE MATERNAL 1.3 mmoL/L) of HDL-cholesterol, 32.5% versus 26.3% MORPHOTYPE for normal levels and elevated triglyceride levels (≥ 1.7 mmoL/L) , 35.1% versus 25.4% for normal levels. Finally, Sinnatamby, R. Nilo1 ([email protected]), J. D. C-reactive protein levels considered high risk (> 3.0 - ≤ 10 Reist2 and M. Power 1 mg/L) were associated with a higher prevalence of self- reported poor health (40.4%) than average or low risk levels 1 Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo (28.0% and 19.1% respectively). ON, Canada, N2L 3G1 The data indicate that self-reported health is a 2 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, valid measurement tool among Inuit and add to the limited Winnipeg MB, Canada, R3T 2N6 literature relating self-reported health with objectively measured biomarkers and clinical measurements. Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, demonstrate a high degree of phenotypic variability and often a number of morphotypes can coexist within one lake. Arctic charr CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH are the only fi sh species within Lake Hazen (~83oN) on GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE IN THE IPY INUIT Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Lake Hazen contains HEALTH SURVEY two known forms, a large, pelagic piscivore and a small, littoral form that feeds largely on benthic invertebrates. Sefi dbakht, Saghar1, T. Kue Young2 and Grace M. Egeland1,3 Additionally, ongoing studies have brought to light a potential third form; a smaller form feeding on benthic 1 School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, and Centre for invertebrates and zooplankton. Although Lake Hazen Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment (CINE), does not contain anadromous charr, stable isotopes have McGill University, Montreal been previously used to differentiate between the large 2 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of and small forms (Guiguer et al., 2002). Owing to maternal Toronto, Toronto contributions to progeny development via the egg, young- 3 Corresponding author of-the-year (YOY) salmonids have been found to refl ect maternal stable isotope signatures to varying degrees Introduction: Among Inuit, rates of diabetes are depending on growth (Doucett et al., 1999). YOY signatures currently increasing. allow for the estimation of the proportion of anadromous Objectives: To investigate the lifestyle factors versus resident contribution to juvenile populations (Charles
159 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts et al., 2004). Here we use carbon, nitrogen and sulphur communities at four arctic fi eld sites were included in the stable isotopes to identify the presumptive morphotype of study (2 sites in Russia, 1 in Norway and 1 in Canada). We the maternal parent of Lake Hazen YOY obtained along apply two complementary methods: diet analysis using the nearshore and in streams of Lake Hazen. Piscivorous DNA barcoding, and stable isotope analysis. The DNA versus non-piscivorous maternal contribution to the YOY barcoding gives very detailed results, but is restricted to one population is estimated and spatial distribution of the two point in time. The stable isotope analysis covers a longer feeding types is discussed. time-span, but is less specifi c in separating food plants. We Charles, K, J-M Roussel and RA Cunjak. 2004. present here the ecological background of this study, the Estimating the contribution of sympatric anadromous and methods and how they are applied to our questions, the freshwater resident brown trout to juvenile production. results of our fi rst analysis and the contribution that our Marine and freshwater research 55: 185-191. study is expected to make. Doucett, RR, W Hooper, G Power. 1999. Identifi cation of anadromous and nonanadromous adult brook trout and their progeny in Tabusintac River, New MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF A GRAVEL- Brunswick, by means of multiple stable isotope analysis. DOMINATED COASTLINE IN THE CENTRAL Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128: 278- CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO 288. Guiguer, KRRA, JD Reist, M Power, JA Babaluk. St-Hilaire-Gravel, Dominique1 ([email protected]), D. L. 2002. Using stable isotopes to confi rm the trophic ecology Forbes1,2, R. B. Taylor2 and T. J. Bell1 of Arctic charr morphotypes from Lake Hazen, Nunavut, Canada. Journal of Fish Biology 60: 348-362. 1 Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada 2 Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, CIRCUMPOLAR PATTERNS IN RODENT Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, FEEDING ECOLOGY – IMPLICATIONS OF Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada COMPETITION? Using technological advances of the last few Soininen, Eeva M.1 ([email protected]), D. Echrich1, decades, this study assesses the stability of Arctic gravel N. Lecomte1, R. A. Ims1, N. G. Yoccoz1, K. A. Bråthen1, D. coasts at various timescales, investigates the sensitivity of Berteaux2 and G. Gauthier3 Arctic gravel coasts to external forcings by sea-ice and storms, and provides perspective on gravel beach response 1 Department of Arctic and Marine biology, University of to storm events by situating such events within a long-term Tromsø, Tromsø N-9037, Norway evolutionary context. Coastal evolution of the Resolute area 2 Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université between 1958 and 2006 is characterized by the development du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 of a less sinuous planform morphology resulting from 3 Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, the erosion of convex segments and the progradation of Québec, G1V 0A6 concave segments. Overall, progradation surpassed erosion in the Resolute area between 1958 and 2006. Although The range of food resources exploited by a similar patterns of erosion and progradation are identifi able population, i.e. its niche width, is expected to be shaped by from the 1958-2006 long-term evolution and the July 20-24 competition. As the population density increases, individuals 2007 short-term storm event, some dramatic impacts of should in an increasing degree feed on different food the latter are not recorded by the former, meaning that resources. Thus, the intra-population niche variation should the coastal impacts of storms can be short-lived and are increase, potentially leading to population niche width not necessarily indicative of longer-term trends. Between increase. For mammals, this hypothesis has mostly been 1979 and 2009, the Resolute area experienced a statistically studied using predator species as models, but its validity for signifi cant (a = 0.05) increase of 0.954 day/year in open- herbivores is known in a lesser degree. Arctic small rodent water duration resulting from an earlier onset of sea-ice populations, which undergo high amplitude changes of break-up and a later onset of sea-ice freeze-up. The increase density, are expected to be a good model to study such a in the duration of the open-water season has repercussion mechanism in herbivores. on the number and timing of storms, with the likelihood In this study we investigate whether similar patterns of more numerous storms impacting the coast later in the of population and individual niche width changes could season when the active layer is at its maximum thickness. be found circumpolarily in rodent populations. Rodent The stability of the coastline of the Resolute area could be
160 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts compromised if this trend in open-water duration was to Research is conducted in partnership with the Nunavut continue unabated. Department of Education and the DEA Coalition, with the Nunavut Research Institute (NRI) as a collaborative agency. Four M.Ed-holding Inuit educational researchers INUIT QAUJIMAJATUQANGIT AND THE from Nunavut along with members of community DEAs TRANSFORMATION OF HIGH SCHOOL work on the university-based research team, sustained by EDUCATION IN NUNAVUT successful school-community partnerships. Interview data is collected primarily in Inuktitut. Stewart, Bonnie1 ([email protected]), F. Walton,2 A. Key Research Questions: McAuley3, L. Metuq4, J. Hainnu5, S. Pitsiulak6, N. Qanatsiaq7, 1. What decisions, practices, strategies and actions and H. McGregor8 contribute to successful school-community collaborations and improved parental engagement in two Nunavut 1 Faculty of Education, University of Prince Edward communities? Island, Charlottetown, PE. C1A 4P3 2. Which decisions, practices, strategies and actions enable 2 Faculty of Education, University of Prince Edward Inuit school leaders, in collaboration with DEAs, to Island, Charlottetown, PE. C1A 4P3 implement new policies and curriculum initiatives designed 3 Faculty of Education, University of Prince Edward to engage high school students and improve educational Island, Charlottetown, PE. C1A 4P3 outcomes based on Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit? 4 Attagoyuk School, Pangnirtung, NU. X0X 0R0 Methods: Using decolonizing methodologies, 5 Qukuaq School, Clyde River, NU. X0A 0C0 case studies of Pangnirtung and Clyde River high schools 6 Department of Education, Government of Nunavut, are being completed by March 31, 2011. Histories, ten- Iqaluit, NU. X0A 0H0 year statistical profi les, and interviews/focus groups with 7 Department of Education, Government of Nunavut, parents, students, Elders, DEA members and school staff Iqaluit, NU. X0A 0H0 and principals are in progress. Gemini Award winning 8 Department of Education, Government of Nunavut, fi lmmaker Mark Sandiford is producing a documentary Iqaluit, NU. X0A 0H0 video. Results: Preliminary results emerging from the Background: K-12 graduation rates for Nunavut school profi les, the community interviews and focus groups, Inuit are currently among the lowest in Canada for the and the video footage related to key themes and issues will Aboriginal population (Canadian Council on Learning be shared in the poster. [CCL], 2009; Richards, 2008; Statistics Canada, 2006). Impact: Inuit management of climate change and Systemic challenges of school disengagement, high staff its impact on the socio-cultural and economic fabric of turnover, and struggles to implement Inuktitut/Innuinaqtun Inuit societies requires engaged, active citizens. Success education (T. Berger, 2006) continue to limit Inuit in education at the high school level impacts the health, participation in the knowledge economy and preparation for well-being, knowledge, and engagement of Inuit individuals the impact of climate change. However, recent legislative and communities. Contributing to ArcticNet’s Strategic and policy developments in Nunavut include enhanced roles Framework, this research will be shared widely with school for parents through locally elected education committees, personnel, DEAs, and communities in Nunavut. District Education Authorities (DEAs), and the Coalition representing all Nunavut communities, as well as an GRADIENTS IN BIO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES IN increased emphasis on Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit. Mary THE HUDSON BAY COMPLEX Simon, National President of the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) has also launched a National Committee on Inuit Tang, Shilin1 ([email protected]), P. Larouche2, M. Education (NCIE) to develop a National Strategy on Inuit Ardyna3, J. Ferland 3, M. Gosselin3 and C. Michel1 Education focusing on strategic priorities for change (ITK, 2009a). The strategy’s goal is to raise awareness of education 1 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 in Inuit communities in Canada, with emphasis on the University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6, Canada importance of parental and student engagement and hope 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institut Maurice- for change in educational outcomes. Lamontagne, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 Canada Research Goal: This research investigates and 3 Institut des sciences de la mer (ISMER), Université du documents how Inuit educational leaders in Pangnirtung Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, and Clyde River are catalyzing change by engaging students Québec G5L 3A1, Canada and parents to improve educational success in high schools. Accurate characterization of ocean bio-optical
161 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts properties is fundamental to the development of ocean recent metamorphosis raises conservation issues for native color models, which themselves provide innovative tools predators such as arctic foxes. Yet, how widespread these to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecological changes are still remains unclear. Here we present evidence process and the coupling between ocean biogeochemistry for the competition between arctic and red foxes throughout and dynamics. In situ measurements of total suspended the Arctic at study sites located in Canada, Northern matter (TSM) and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations, Norway, and Western Siberia. This competition occurs particle size distribution, and inherent optical properties through the overlap in both prey and habitat use, where the were carried out throughout the Hudson Bay Complex dominant red fox excludes arctic fox from the richest areas. during the ArcticNet expedition in July 2010. The sampling/ Historically, native predators have switched between small- analytical methods combined the use of an optical profi ler mammal prey and migratory birds during the former regular and discrete measurements at various depths using a rosette cycles. Thus, we expect alternative prey to constitute a more sampler. The optical profi ler provided vertical profi les of important part of the diet for native predators in the near hyperspectral absorption and scattering (Wetlabs AC-S), future. The resulting picture of the terrestrial Arctic will particle backscattering (Wetlabs Eco-BB9), colour dissolved then imply structural conversion of animal guilds as well organic matter (CDOM) absorption (0.2 μm fi ltered AC-9), as a greater reliance of this ecosystem upon allochthonous chl a and CDOM fl uorescence (Wetlabs fl uorometer) and fl ows of energy. particle size distribution (Sequoia LISST-100X). Rosette samples were collected for CDOM and Particulate Organic Matter (POM) absorption spectra, TSM, and pigment ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE composition (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) MARINE HETEROTROPHIC FLAGELLATE measurements. During this study, surface TSM CRYOTHECOMONAS (CERCOZOA) IN THE concentration ranged from 0.16 to 1.75 mg L-1, with highest CANADIAN ARCTIC concentrations in the Nelson River estuary. Surface highest chlorophyll-a concentration was located in the Hudson Thaler, Mary ([email protected]) and C. Lovejoy Strait. This paper presents preliminary results on the spatial Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, distribution of a series of water column parameters and Québec, G1V 0A6 investigates relationships with measured optical properties. Heterotrophic fl agellates are a phylogenetically diverse group that mediates energy fl ow from primary METAMORPHOSIS OF THE ARCTIC producers to higher trophic levels in marine food webs. TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEBS: BETWEEN Knowledge of how individual taxa differ ecologically is a COLLAPSE OF NATIVE SPECIES AND key step towards understanding ecosystem dynamics in the EXPLOSION OF EXOTIC PREDATORS? Canadian Arctic. Cryothecomonas, a genus of heterotrophic fl agellates within the phylum Cercozoa, has been reported 1 Tarroux, Arnaud ([email protected]), N. from a wide range of marine habitats, including sea-ice 1-2 2 1-2 2 Lecomte , D. Ehrich , M.-A. Giroux , S. T. Killengreen , and water columns. It is thought to graze on both bacteria 3 4 1 1 A. Sokolov , E. Fuglei , J. Bêty , D. Berteaux , N. G. and eukaryotic phytoplankton and hence play an important 2 2 Yoccoz and R. A. Ims role in marine and ice-based food webs. Using updated phylogenies, we designed oligonucleotide probes to track 1 Chaire de recherche du Canada en conservation des the abundance of this genus in the Canadian Arctic écosystèmes nordiques et Centre d’études nordiques, Archipelago and Beaufort Sea over three summer-autumn Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada periods. Geographic and temporal distribution was highly 2 Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of variable. Vertically, Cryothecomonas appears to be restricted Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway to the surface waters and the deep chlorophyll maximum. -1 3 Ecological Research Station - Institute of Plant & Animal Very localized maximum densities of up to 24 000 cells L Ecology, Ural Division Russian Academy of Sciences, 21 were observed, but the taxon was completely absent from Zelyonaya Gorka, Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenetski, Russia geographically close sites. This patchy distribution suggests 4 Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway that Cryothecomonas requires very specifi c conditions to thrive. The infl uence of environmental factors such as Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are facing drastic bacterial and phytoplankton biomass, community structure, changes in their structure and function, with the collapse salinity, temperature and turbidity was evaluated. SSU rRNA of some key herbivores populations (e.g. lemmings) and the clone library results as well as morphological variation increasing presence of exotic predators (e.g. red foxes). Such among hybridized cells suggests the presence of more than
162 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts one species of this genus, possibly with differing effects on multibeam echo sounder data provided information about marine food webs. geological processes operating at seabed including seabed slumps, channels, faults and expulsion features. Seabed characterization was based on piston core results. Shallow INTEGRATION OF MULTIPLE DATA TYPES FOR geology was evaluated based on subbottom profi ler data. GEOHAZARDS SURVEY PLANNING, CANADIAN Results of this project allowed us to integrate data from BEAUFORT SEA numerous independent prior investigations and gain Thomson, James A. ([email protected]) and J. understanding of seabed processes and shallow geology. Dingler This understanding has been applied to plan additional surveys and will be incorporated in preparing future fi eld BP America, 501 Westlake Park Blvd., Houston, Texas, operations to be more effi cient while increasing awareness 77079 of the marine environment and constraints to operations. This poster shows how a variety of data types were assembled for initial geohazards review in a portion of the Beaufort Sea, Canada. Most of the datasets were provided by public agencies such as Geological Survey Canada BREEDING BIOLOGY OF AMERICAN ROBIN (Natural Resources Canada) and academic institutions (TURDUS MIGRATORIUS) AT THE NORTHERN including the Ocean Mapping Group, University of New EXTENT OF THEIR RANGE Brunswick. The types of data assembled include multibeam echo sounder for detailed bathymetric mapping, subbottom Turner, Devin([email protected]) profi ler for understanding marine soils stratigraphy and results from soil cores describing shallow and surfi cial Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 sediment types. These data were collected in the fi eld during the past twenty-fi ve years although most of the data are of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) are one of the 21st century vintage. Selected 2-D seismic lines, circa 2006- most widespread species in North America. The range of 2008, were also incorporated. this species spreads well up into the Arctic Circle. However, The purpose of this project was to stitch together there have been no studies which measure the breeding historical datasets to gain an understanding of the shallow success at this latitude. This study will use a population and surfi cial geology in the study area. BP holds exploration of American Robins in Ivvavik National Park, Yukon license blocks in the Canadian Beaufort Sea and needed Territory, a region where Robins have been pushed to the this understanding at both a regional and local scale Northern limit of their range. I will compare the nest site for exploration planning purposes. Results of the data characteristics to those at non-use sites, as well as use the integration were used to plan an effi cient data acquisition Logistic Exposure method to predict the daily survival rate program performed during 2010 aboard the Canadian of the nests. Habitat variables and nesting stage (i.e. hatched Coast Guard icebreaker Amundsen in collaboration with vs. egg) are used as explanatory variables in this model. In ArcticNet, the network of scientists and managers from total, 22 habitat variables were used to describe the nest, and academia, northern communities, governmental agencies vegetation characteristics surrounding 53 American Robin and the private sector. nests. These were measured near the end of the season, July A geographic information system was selected 7th to August 20th 2010, ensuring that the vegetative growth to host the collected data in a common mapping space. had been completed, yet decomposition was not yet a factor. Most of the data arrived in digital format as collected or Information gained from this project will be an important as digitized from analog records. Published maps including benchmark for future studies of this species in Ivvavik National Park. As the climate in the Arctic warms there will information on permafrost and gas hydrate distribution be subsequent changes to the biology of American Robins. were scanned and georeferenced for inclusion. Conversion This is the fi rst step in understanding what the implications from multiple projections to a common mapping datum of these changes are on this species. and projection was critical to co-visualize the individual component datasets in a proper geospatial reference frame with one another. INFLUENCE OF MERCURY EXPOSURE ON Following data assembly and integration, CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AMONG results were used for understanding major categories of NUNAVIK INUIT ADULTS geohazards features and to better know the distribution 1 of these features and soil types. Detailed bathymetry from Valera, Beatriz ([email protected]), E. Dewailly1,2 and P. Poirier3,4
163 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
1 Axe santé des populations et environnementale, Centre de Communicating the present and future effects of recherche du CHUQ. Quebec, Quebec, G1V 2M2 climate change in the Canadian Arctic to individuals without 2 Department of preventive and social medicine, Laval a scientifi c background presents signifi cant challenge, due University, Quebec, Quebec, G1K 7P4 to the often invisible and long-term nature of the changes 3 Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval Hospital Research taking place. Through the use of innovative visual mediums Centre, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4G5 and a constantly updated website (http://jamesford.ca), 4 Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, we seek to counteract this norm, and engage viewers from G1K 7P4 multiple audiences with our research. Our team is using short videos, blog posts from Introduction: Mercury exposure has been the fi eld, and online slideshows of photovoice results to associated with a deleterious impact on cardiovascular risk share the progress and results of our research with the factors such as blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability general public, policy makers, and study communities. A (HRV). Consequently, this is of concern in populations in series of short videos were created to profi le community which diet is based mainly on seafood. Objective: In the partners to the ArcticNet project, “Climate change and food present study, we assessed the impact of this contaminant security among at-risk populations in regional Inuit centres” on BP and HRV in among Nunavik Inuit adults. Methods: in Iqaluit, Nunavut. As well, the results of a community Sampling was carried out among 732 adults ≥18 years. photovoice workshop were made available online in Blood mercury level was used as a marker of recent an interactive slideshow, with the permission of the exposure. HRV parameters were derived from a 2-hour workshop participants. Blog posts and short video updates ambulatory electrocardiogram. The association between from researchers during and after their visits to study blood mercury and HRV and BP parameters was studied communities have also helped to give viewers a window into using multiple linear regressions. HRV and BP risk factors the research process. as well as fi sh nutrients (selenium and n-3 fatty acids) were We believe that opening up our research through considered as potential confounders. Results: Mean age these visual mediums gives our community partners and of the participants was 34.3 yrs (95%CI: 33.6-34.9 yrs). participants a method of direct communication with Mean of systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and pulse Canadians and policy makers who might not otherwise be pressure (PP) were 117 mmHg (95%CI: 116-118 mmHg), able to see or experience the effects of climate change on 73 mmHg (95%CI: 72-74 mmHg) and 43 mmHg (95%CI: the Arctic. Toward that aim, this work seeks to enhance the 42-44 mmHg), respectively. Blood mercury mean was 50.2 policy relevance of our group’s ongoing projects. nmol/L. Mercury was positively associated with SBP (beta = 2.14, p= 0.0004) in multivariable analyses while the association with DBP approached the signifi cance level SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF ICE (beta = 0.96, p= 0.069). Also, mercury was associated with MOTION AND ICE FLUX FROM DEVON ICE the standard deviation of R-R intervals measured over CAP, NUNAVUT CANADA 5-minute periods (SDANN) (beta = -0.09; p= 0.026), which represents overall HRV. Conclusion: Mercury exposure Van Wychen, Wesley 1,3, Luke Copland 1, Laurence Gray 2 seems to increase BP and decrease HRV among Nunavik and Dave Burgess 3 adults after adjusting for fi sh nutrients and traditional BP and HRV risk factors. 1 Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada 2 Natural Resources Canada, Canada Centre for Remote A MULTIMEDIA APPROACH TO Sensing, 580 Booth, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E4, COMMUNICATING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE 3 Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, CHANGE AND GLOBALIZATION IN THE 601 Booth, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E8 CANADIAN NORTH This study presents new surface ice velocity maps Vanderbilt, Will1 ([email protected]), J. for Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, using a combined Ford1, M. Lardeau1 and G. Healey2 method of remote sensing techniques and data measured in the fi eld. When a glacier surface remains relatively 1 Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, undisturbed (ie. little melt or snowfall), its surface physical Quebec, H3A 2K6 properties remain constant and it is possible to spatially 2 Arctic Health Research Network Qaujigiartiit, Iqaluit, track these features using RADAR imagery on consecutive Nunavut, X0A 0H0 orbital passes using a process called speckle tracking.
164 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Using this method, highly accurate maps of surface ice research is to quantify the impact of ALDs of differing displacements of the Devon Ice Cap were made and glacier sizes and activity on sediment transport dynamics and fl uxes velocities are resolved with great accuracy over large areas. in the West River (unoffi cial name) of the Cape Bounty In order to ensure the accuracy of these maps, differential Arctic Watershed Observatory (CBAWO) on Melville GPS systems with mm accuracy were used to determine Island, Nunavut, Canada. displacements of marker stakes set out on the Belcher During the 2010 runoff season, the West River Glacier surface during fi eld seasons, allowing for the was divided into fi ve reaches, each hydrologically connected collection of independent in situ ice displacements and the to different sizes of ALDs, and equipped with a gauging validation of velocity maps. New velocity measurements station that continuously measured discharge and turbidity. over the ice cap are compared with previous measurements Discharge and suspended sediment samples were collected of ice velocity measurements in the region, allowing for twice daily at approximate high and low fl ow at each the determination of glacier change in the high Arctic gauging station in addition to fi ve tributary stations from over the last ~15 years. This temporal tracking of glacial hydrologically connected ALDs. This will allow for sediment change allowed for the specifi c identifi cation of a previously fl uxes and storage changes within the reaches to be suspected surge type glacier (Southeast2 glacier) and calculated, along with the determination of both the timing allowed for the monitoring of the dynamic progression and direct contribution of suspended sediment from the of a surge glacier from its quiescent to active phase. In ALDs to the main channel, thereby linking specifi c ALDs to addition, repeated acquisitions of new RADAR imagery downstream sediment storage changes. A sediment budget throughout the year over the Belcher Glacier allowed for approach will be used to calculate the net sediment yield the determination of seasonal change in ice dynamics entering and exiting each section of river, thus indicating throughout the year. These results revealed that high Arctic whether each reach was an overall source or sink of glaciers are much more dynamic throughout the winter than sediment to the river system. previously believed. This study also proves that the speckle These results will provide key insights into the tracking method is highly accurate for the detection of perturbation of a fl uvial system by permafrost disturbance, glacial motion, providing errors well below those associated with implications for downstream water quality, contaminant with speckle tracking of Radarsat-1 and ERS1/2 data. transport and aquatic ecosystem function.
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RESPONSES TO VEGETATION REMOVAL TREATMENTS AND PERMAFROST DISTURBANCES IN A CANADIAN THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE CARBON BUDGET HIGH ARCTIC RIVER, CAPE BOUNTY, OF A POLYGONAL PEAT PLATEAU IN THE NUNAVUT HUDSON BAY LOWLANDS
Veillette, Maryse1 ([email protected]), S. F. Verma, Sarah ([email protected]) and R. L. Bello Lamoureux1 and J. F. Orwin2 Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, 1 Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Ontario, K7L 3N6 2 Department of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Northern peatlands have traditionally been sinks New Zealand, 9016 of carbon because their rates of productivity have exceeded their rates of decomposition. This has resulted in them The impacts of active layer detachments (ALDs), containing some of the world’s largest terrestrial carbon a form of permafrost slope disturbance, on sediment stocks equivalent to about one third of the world’s soil transport and budgets of High Arctic rivers remain carbon or about 60 per cent of the carbon currently in the poorly documented. In particular, the short term impact atmosphere. Only covering approximately 3 per cent of the of catchment permafrost disturbance on sediment fl uxes Earth’s surface, they are a highly signifi cant area of study, and longer term changes in channel dynamics have not especially with high latitudes predicted to experience the been previously studied. Projected climate warming in the greatest increases in temperature with the onset of climate High Arctic will likely accelerate the rate of permafrost warming. This warming has the potential to change these disturbances, thus, it is important to characterize how systems to an atmospheric source of carbon dioxide (CO2) rivers respond to disturbances in order to predict the if underlying permafrost melts, improving the drainage of fl uvial response and recovery, changes to water quality, and soils and leading to an increase in decomposition. downstream ecosystem impacts. The overall goal of this Soil moisture and temperature are two abiotic
165 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts factors that infl uence carbon exchange in peatland Canada’s sovereignty over contested northern lands with ecosystems and have been studied extensively. Biotic factors Denmark, the United States and Russia, as they are the ones however, such as the vegetation community and changes that have effectively occupied these territories for thousands in their composition, have not received as much attention. of years. This situation has put unprecedented power in This study proposes to measure how different vegetation the hands of Inuit political organizations such as the Inuit functional groups contribute to the carbon budget of a Circumpolar Council (ICC). peat plateau in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, the second Have Inuit organizations taken advantage of largest continuous peatland in the world. The functional this fact though, and if yes, what has been the resulting groups considered are moss, lichen, and vascular plants. impact?This project provides a descriptive analysis of ICC’s Their contribution to the carbon budget was measured discourse over the past 20 years, their evolution and current by implementing fi ve treatments and measuring CO2 fl ux infl uence on the Harper government. The analysis identifi es measurements with an infrared gas analyzer in a closed key lobbying efforts of the organization during this time chamber system. The treatments consisted of plots that period. The project then analyses the Harper governement’s had the removal of all: i) moss, or ii) lichens, or iii) vascular speeches to evaluate the treatment of those key Inuit plants, or iv) all vegetation, or v) nothing (control). By lobbying issues to determine if those issues are treated removing a specifi c functional group, the resulting CO2 fl ux differently than others not focused on by ICC. measurements can aide in better understanding the direct Content analysis of the Harper Governement effects a functional group has on carbon exchange and speeches was then performed with QDA Miner and Tropes. indirectly their affects on the remaining functional groups. It shows that the Conservatives refer to the concepts of All fi ve treatments were repeated in three habitats: sustainable development, environmental health and actions ice-wedge polygon tops, a riparian zone along a pond, to tackle climate change 2.41 times more often in Arctic and a bog. Results show that during the summertime the governance fora than they do at the UNFCCC. ice-wedge polygons and riparian habitats were small net We argue that the Harper government’s speech sinks of carbon, whereas the bog habitat was a source of dichotomy is related to ICC’s lobbying activities, through an atmospheric CO2. Results from each treatment within a analytical framework that has been adapted from theories on habitat will further aide in carbon model estimates of how the infl uence of NGOs on elected governments proposed these systems may respond to future changes in climate. by Bas Arts (2005) and Corell & Betsill (2001). This model stems from the constructivist paradigm of International Relations. THE SPEECH DICHOTOMY OF THE HARPER GOVERNMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE INFLUENCE OF INUIT ORGANIZATIONS A CANADA-WIDE ASSESSMENT OF SPRING BREAK-UP WATER LEVELS AND RELEVANT Vézeau, Nicolas1 ([email protected]), C. Furgal2 PHYSICAL CONTROLS and P. Le Prestre3, von de Wall, Simon J.1 ([email protected]), L. P. de Rham2, T. D. 1 Institut québécois des hautes études internationales, Prowse2 and F. J. Wrona2 Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6 2 Department of Indigenous Environmental Studies, 1 Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Water Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 and Climate Impacts Research Centre, Victoria, British 3 Département des sciences politiques, Université Laval, Columbia, V8W 3R4, CANADA Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6 2 Environment Canada, University of Victoria, Water and Climate Impacts Research Centre, British Columbia, V8W Whether stated in a United Nations Framework 3R4, CANADA Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) Conference of Parties presentation (i.e. Kyoto Protocol), or at an Arctic Acting as a control on annual peak water levels, Council Ministerial Meeting, the Harper Government’s the signifi cance of ice effects on rivers in the Northern discourse on climate change (CC) and environmental health Hemisphere is particularly evident in the annual spring differs a great deal. Most analysts explain this dichotomy break-up of river ice. This hydrologic event is of as being due to the Conservatives’ military and geographic considerable importance as peak ice-induced water levels ambitions in the Arctic and their national energy policies. occur due to in-channel ice effects frequently exceeding What analyses too often fail to highlight is the key role that peak open water levels for comparable discharge. In Inuit residents and organizations play in the recognition of addition to causing damage and disturbance to riparian
166 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts environments, the spring break-up of river ice and were collected with a multispectral digital NDVI camera. associated fl ooding poses threats to hydroelectric and Initial comparisons of CO2 fl uxes, NDVI, and transportation infrastructure, repeatedly resulting in plant phenological status suggest a signifi cant correlation substantial costs. In the context of a changing climate, among these variables. NDVI gradually increased until the it is anticipated that the effects of river ice break-up will end of July (full phenological development of vegetation intensify. In this work, a regional scale assessment of the and peak NEP), followed by a sharp decline in August spatial and temporal characteristics of the river ice break- (leaf senescence). These results suggest that NDVI data up season in Canada is presented. Based on a return period collected with relatively high temporal frequency may be a analysis of annual peak break-up and open water levels, useful way to monitor the net carbon balance of high Arctic a spring break-up river ice regime classifi cation is used to ecosystems illustrate the effects of river ice as a control of annual peak water level events. Furthermore, event-based based timing related hydrometric variables and break-up water levels are ASSESSMENT OF NARWHAL (MONODON used to establish mean baseline conditions representative of MONOCEROS) FORAGING ECOLOGY FROM AN the river ice break-up season. ICE ENTRAPMENT EVENT
Watt, Cortney1 ([email protected]), and S. H. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PHENOLOGY, NDVI, Ferguson1,2 AND CO2 EXCHANGE IN THREE HIGH-ARCTIC PLANT COMMUNITY TYPES 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Wagner, Ioan ([email protected]), A. Beamish, A. 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T Cassidy, P. Treitz and N. Scott 2N6
Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are medium sized, Ontario, K7L 3N6 toothed whales that live exclusively in Arctic waters. The Baffi n Bay population spends summer in the northern The degree of climate warming and increase in fjords and inlets around Baffi n Island, Canada and West precipitation in the Arctic is expected to be disproportionate Greenland. In November they migrate south to Baffi n compared to other regions. Of special concern is the Bay and Davis Strait where they are believed to feed on disruption of the carbon balance in arctic regions, which deep water fi sh beneath ice cover until April. Narwhals are is sensitive to small changes in temperature and humidity, considered the most vulnerable Arctic cetacean based on and the potential creation of positive feedbacks which their limited distribution, small population size, specialized could accelerate climate change. Therefore, it is important physiological adaptation, and restricted diet which together to understand the interactions among carbon exchange, limit their ability to modify behaviour in the face of vegetation cover, and climate change in order to predict the changing climate. As a result of changes in seasonal ice effects of climate warming on arctic terrestrial ecosystems. characteristics associated with climate change and the One approach to investigating these interactions at large limited ability of narwhal for behavioural modifi cation, scales is linking remote sensing indicators, such as NDVI, ice entrapment events may become more prevalent. In to plant cover and carbon exchange (e.g. net ecosystem November 2008 an ice entrapment event occurred off production—NEP). Even though this method has been the coast of Bylot Island, Nunavut near the community used in lower sub-arctic regions, little research has been of Pond Inlet. Thousands of narwhals that attempted to done in the Canadian High Arctic. travel outside of the inlets and fjords in the area became
In the summer of 2010, CO2 fl ux measurements entrapped by thickening ice preventing escape. As a result, a using static chamber techniques were made at Cape Bounty, humane Inuit harvest of animals occurred before the whales Melville Island, Nunavut. Carbon exchange (both gross and drowned. In total, 250 skin and blubber samples were net) was measured about every fi ve days throughout the collected from over 600 harvested whales. The entrapment growing season (Jun–Aug) in three major plant community event provided a unique sample because many females types: polar desert, mid-moisture tundra and wet sedge and their young died together, whereas typically samples meadow. The CO2 fl ux measurements were accompanied obtained from Inuit subsistence hunts are biased towards by phenological assessments of the vegetation, by assigning males. keys for vegetative and generative phenological stages of Understanding the biology of entrapped narwhals individual plant species. NDVI images of the study plots may aid in future conservation efforts to mitigate such
167 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts events. Thus, a diet study was initiated to analyze samples of glacier setting; melt-modelling of selected glaciers; for stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in skin tissue, and short- (historical photographs) and long-term (late and dietary fatty acids in blubber. Nitrogen isotopes can Holocene) analysis of past glacier activity. This presentation provide information on the trophic level that narwhals will illustrate the approach being used to reconstruct feed, while carbon signatures provide information on the the Neoglacial history of glacier activity in the Torngat location of foraging. Fatty acids are transferred relatively Mountains and will describe some initial results. unmodifi ed from prey to predator tissues, thus they can Specifi cally, fi ve research questions will be identify primary prey items. Non-parametric statistics addressed by fi eld and laboratory analysis in this project: identifi ed differences in isotopic signatures between sexes Did local glaciers survive the Hypsithermal warm period and among age classes of narwhals. Inferences were made during the early to mid-Holocene in northern Labrador? regarding narwhal trophic level and foraging locations. What was the maximum advance of glaciers during the Principle component analysis of fatty acids resulting from Neoglacial and when did it occur? When did local glaciers dietary intake qualitatively assessed feeding ecology of respond to Little Ice Age cooling? How has topography narwhals and identifi ed diet differences between sexes and affected the response of glaciers to climatic changes? These among age classes. Fatty acids that contributed substantially research questions are being addressed through: (i) mapping to the observed separation of narwhals were identifi ed and of former ice marginal positions, marked by abandoned potential social groupings based on dietary biology were frontal moraines and valley-side trimlines, for current and recognized. Given the unpredictable nature of the Arctic recently melted glaciers, using colour aerial photographs climate it is likely these entrapment events will continue and (1:40,000 scale, 2005) of the region; (ii) dating of moraine possibly increase. Thus, our fi ndings may eventually aid in sequences in front of selected glaciers using established preventing, or at least mitigating, such events in the future. lichenometric techniques; and (iii) reconstructing an integrated record of ice cover through measurement of in situ cosmogenic radionuclide inventories in rock surfaces RECONSTRUCTING LATE HOLOCENE ALPINE recently exposed by receding glaciers. Mapping of former GLACIER DYNAMICS IN THE TORNGAT ice margins will follow established geomorphological MOUNTAINS, NORTHERN LABRADOR methods and will employ both fi eld and remote sensing techniques. Lichenometric dating of moraines and trimlines Way, Robert1 ([email protected]), T. Bell1 and M.J. Sharp2 will build on previous local chronologies in the Torngat Mountains, but will develop and employ a local lichen 1 Geography Department, Memorial University of growth curve based on periodic observations at established Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, lichen growth stations in the Torngat Mountains over the Canada A1B 3X9 past 25 years. The application of in situ cosmogenic 14C 2 Earth & Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of will follow the protocols recently established for studies of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E3 ice cap recession on northern Baffi n Island (Anderson et al. Geophysical Research Letters 35, 2008). Mountain glaciers are sensitive indicators of climate change and their mass balance has implications for both global sea level rise and local ecosystems. In the RESPIRATORY HEALTH INITIATIVES Torngat Mountains of northern Labrador, there are 59 ENVIRONMENTAL SCAN – FIRST NATIONS, small cirque glaciers (<2 km2) covering an area of 16.7 km2. INUIT AND MÉTIS These glaciers represent the southernmost glaciers (58- 60°N) in the Arctic Cordillera and the easternmost glaciers Wesche, Sonia1 ([email protected]), R. Ryan2, C. Carry3, M. in continental North America. They have experienced Demmer4 and L. Tognela5 a signifi cant decline (21.4%) in area between 2005 and 2007. Although it has been argued on the basis of a short 1 Métis Centre, National Aboriginal Health Organization, interval of glacier monitoring in the early 1980s that winter Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5Z9 precipitation is the controlling climate variable in local 2 First Nations Centre, National Aboriginal Health glacier mass balance, the dramatic recent decline in areal Organization, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5Z9 extent is interpreted as a glaciological response to a regional, 3 Inuit Tuttarvingat, National Aboriginal Health multi-decadal trend towards lower winter precipitation, Organization, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5Z9 coupled with anomalously warm summers. To address the 4 Corvus Solutions, Wolfe Island, Ontario, K0H 2Y0 climatic sensitivity of Torngat Mountain glaciers, three 5 Dept. of European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies, different approaches are being pursued: topographic analysis Carleton University, Ottawa Ontario, K1S 5B6
168 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
In Canada, respiratory diseases result in thousands are common for Inuit communities and First Nations of deaths every year, with high costs to the health care living on-reserve; however, fewer programs are available system. These diseases present a particular burden for for off-reserve and Métis populations. Additionally, Métis Aboriginal people. Here we report on the results of health data remains limited. The strategies and initiatives an environmental scan and associated case studies of examined in this report provide a foundation for creating respiratory health initiatives for Canada’s three Aboriginal more effective programming that directly targets Aboriginal populations: First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (FN/I/M). respiratory health and addresses relevant social determinants This research was conducted by the National Aboriginal of health. Health Organization, with support from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the National Lung Health Framework Partnership Secretariat. The fi rst component, VARIATION IN HOME RANGE SIZE OF an environmental scan, was conducted to provide a ONTARIO’S WOODLAND CARIBOU (RANGIFER foundation for creating an Aboriginal-specifi c component TARANDUS CARIBOU) of the National Lung Health Framework Action Plan. We undertook extensive Internet searches and initiated Wilson, Kaitlin1 ([email protected]), B. Pond2, J. email contact with approximately 100 individuals and Schaefer1, G. Brown3 and K. Abraham2 organizations who work in the respiratory health fi eld and/or in Aboriginal health. More than 100 respiratory 1 Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, health projects, programs, initiatives (P/P/I) and strategies Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8 for FN/I/M, were identifi ed for incorporation into the 2 Wildlife Research and Development Section, Ontario National Lung Health Framework database. These P/P/I Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J and strategies were reviewed to identify promising practices 7B8 and recommendations for future replication. The second 3 Ontario Terrestrial Assessment Program, Ontario Ministry project component includes between two and four in- of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5 depth case studies for each of the FN/I/M populations, using a distinction-based approach and refl ecting a range Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are an of community sizes and structures. Potential case studies iconic boreal forest species, synonymous with old growth were identifi ed from the list of P/P/I and prioritized to stands and large tracts with untouched habitat. They are cover a diversity of respiratory illnesses and geographic also listed as threatened in Canada (COSEWIC). As part regions. Key informant interviews were conducted based of an Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) on a standard interview guide. The case studies address initiative, 200 caribou were outfi tted with GPS collars in tobacco cessation, tuberculosis, respiratory syncytial virus, eight collaring regions throughout the Western Upland and chronic disease prevention, and healthy lifestyles. As a Eastern Lowland regions of the province. Dense mixed and group, the case studies illustrate how the intent behind conifer forest, sparse forest and burns dominate the Western broad-based respiratory health strategies translates to Uplands. The Eastern Lowlands is considerably wetter and successful programming and positive health outcomes is dominated by open and treed fen and bog complexes. on the ground. The case studies also identify successful The Transition Zone is the interface where the Uplands and models to share with other communities that may be Lowlands converge, representing a mix of both dense forest interested in adapting and enhancing existing programs or and wetland. Woodland caribou in Ontario exhibit a great developing new ones. Results from the environmental scan amount of variability in their spatial behaviour at the home indicate that most P/P/I for Aboriginal respiratory health range scale. Based on preliminary home range analysis using are funded by a limited number of strategies, and other kernel density estimation, annual ranges sizes vary from 230 relevant P/P/I are intended for the general public. Tobacco km2 to over 100,000 km2. While these animals are currently cessation and tobacco-related diseases are the most targeted considered the same subspecies, individuals are behaving respiratory health issues for Aboriginal populations, in part quite differently, likely in response to biogeographic due to high Aboriginal smoking rates and the preventable variation across the province. For example, caribou collared nature of these diseases. The case studies illustrate that around Keewaywin (Western Uplands) maintain some of few organizations directly target the effects of respiratory the smallest annual ranges (mean = 1358 km2, n = 20, SD disease for Aboriginal Peoples. Rather, many programs = 877). Animals collared around Hearst (Eastern Lowlands) are more holistic in nature, focusing on healthy lifestyles have slightly larger annual ranges (mean = 3801 km2, n or living with chronic diseases. Indirect interventions = 20, SD = 2487). The greatest disparity is in the more also exist, such as housing programs which improve the northerly Lowlands, where mean annual ranges are 39,904 social determinants of overall health. Federal initiatives km2 for caribou collared around Big Trout Lake (n = 15,
169 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
SD = 29,129) and 40,504 km2 for caribou collared near managers across the range of caribou-reindeer. In particular, Attawapiskat (n = 17, SD = 27,389). Caribou home range we seek to explore the phylogeography and connectivity is likely infl uenced by predation risk and the need to forage, of caribou-reindeer populations at the circumpolar scale. as well as climatic conditions, geography, and disturbance. That research involves genetic analysis using microsatellite The goal of this study is to determine which are the most markers and the mitochondrial control region of caribou- important drivers throughout each season for caribou in reindeer samples from many parts of Canada, Alaska, different geographic regions. It is possible that individuals Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Finland and Russia. A better inhabiting one part of the province are limited differently knowledge of genetic relationships between the different from conspecifi cs in another area due to landscape populations, particularly between the threatened sedentary structure and community composition. The next step will ecotype, montane and migratory populations, is essential for be to estimate season ranges and quantify the landscape caribou conservation. therein. In order to make effective decisions regarding the protection of caribou habitat, more information is needed about how caribou are responding to the landscape and TRENDS IN FEEDING ECOLOGY OF RINGED interacting with other key ecosystem components. In terms (PHOCA HISPIDA) AND BEARDED SEALS of home range size, this means teasing out the key drivers (ERIGNATHUS BARBATUS) IN HUDSON BAY behind variation among individuals across large distances 1 so that habitat of both appropriate size and quality can be Young, Brent G. ([email protected]) and S.H. 1,2 protected. Ferguson
1 Department of Environment and Geography, University POPULATION GENETICS OF RANGIFER: A of Manitoba, R3T 2N2 CIRCUMPOLAR APPROACH 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6 Yannic, Glenn1,2 ([email protected]), J. Ortego3, L. Bernatchez1,4, S. D. Côté1,2 and many other collaborators. Hudson Bay is a sub-arctic ecosystem that is 1 Département de biologie, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, expected to see considerable changes with warming and Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada marine mammal species will likely respond by eating 2 Centre d’Études Nordiques, 2405 Rue de la Terrasse, different food, competing for similar food, and ultimately Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada changing distribution and abundance. Here, we present 3 Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de a research project to study trends in feeding ecology of Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ 10 José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, ringed (Phoca hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) Madrid, E-28006, Spain in Hudson Bay over a four year period, 2007-2010. 4 IBIS (Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes), Environmental fl uctuations will likely result in changes in Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, prey availability, density, and distribution thereby shifting Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada seal feeding ecology and levels of competition among seals. 15 13 Preliminary results for nitrogen (δ N) and carbon (δ C) A key species in Arctic ecosystems is the caribou stable isotope analysis of seal muscle and hair samples (or reindeer in Eurasia, Rangifer tarandus). Alterations to the collected from two Hudson Bay communities, Arviat and 15 distribution of caribou attributed to global climate change Sanikiluaq, are contrasted. Aanalysis of δ N is used in could have biological, social, and economical implications. determining relative trophic position due to a 3-5‰ increase 13 Several ‘sub-species’ and ecotypes of Rangifer have been with each trophic step, while δ C is used for determining described worldwide. In North America, three ecotypes the general area of the aquatic environment in which the are present: migratory, montane, and sedentary, in addition individual has been feeding (e.g. pelagic vs. benthic). Trends to Peary caribou. The management and conservation of over time, differences between locations, and inter- and populations, however, is complicated by the uncertainty intra-specifi c differences will be examined in relation to over taxonomic status and distribution, and population environmental indicators. Winter ice conditions and spring delineation, all of which are central to conservation break-up date are two important environmental variables strategies. In that context, information on genetic that are believed to infl uence prey availability and could population structure of Rangifer is essential for both science cause a shift in ringed and bearded seal diet. The proposed and management. Our study is a worldwide collaborative research project will contribute to our cumulative knowledge project, which brings together researchers and wildlife of the Hudson Bay marine ecosystem. Understanding changes to seal diet and feeding ecology which may be
170 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts associated with changing environmental conditions will assist in predicting changes to the Arctic marine food web and allow for appropriate management and conservation mitigation measures.
BACULAR AND TESTICULAR ALLOMETRY IN THE AQUATIC-MATING RINGED SEAL (PHOCA HISPIDA): EVIDENCE FOR POLYGYNY?
Yurkowski, David1 ([email protected]), M. Chambellant1 and S. H. Ferguson1,2
1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6
Penile morphology, and bacular and testicular size vary considerably among mammals and are relatively smaller in species with monogamous and polygynous mating systems in comparison to promiscuous mating systems. The mating system of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) has been diffi cult to study since mating occurs underwater during the ice-covered spring breeding season in the Arctic. We investigated ringed seal bacular and testicular growth relationships, and made interspecifi c comparisons to species with better known mating systems in order to elaborate on current hypotheses about the ringed seal mating system. We measured 161 bacula, 251 pairs of testes and 55 mandibles collected from ringed seals of known age harvested during Inuit subsistence harvests in Arviat and Sanikiluaq, Nunavut, Canada from 2003 to 2006. Ringed seal bacular and testicular size were positively allometric relative to mandibular size for immature males (<7 years of age), but increased isometrically in sexually mature males (≥7 years of age). These relationships were similar to better studied polygynous species, such as hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus p. pusillus) and Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), but contrasted with the gregarious and promiscuous harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), in which bacular size may be sexually selected and act as an honest indicator of male quality and size. Our results, combined with previously reported ecological and behavioural ringed seal characteristics, suggest that ringed seals in Hudson Bay could display a weak resource-defense polygynous mating system, where a male may defend a territory encompassing birth lair complexes of a small number of females.
171 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
PARTICIPANTS
Aston, Tim [email protected] A CFCAS Abnizova, Anna [email protected] York University B Ahluwalia, Pardeep [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada Babb, David [email protected] University of Manitoba Aitken, Alec [email protected] University of Saskatchewan Babin, Marcel [email protected] Université Laval & CNRS Alie Poirier, Kamylle [email protected] University of Ottawa Bailey, Joscelyn [email protected] University of Manitoba Allard, Michel [email protected] Université Laval Baker, James [email protected] University of British Columbia Allice, Ilana [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland Baldo, Sarah [email protected] University of Windsor Allux, Sarah [email protected] Queen’s University Barber, David [email protected] University of Manitoba Amos, Lawrence Inuvialuit Game Council Barbosa, Andreas Natural History Museum Amundsen, Helene [email protected] CICERO Center Barrette, Carl [email protected] Université Laval - CEN Andersen, Tony Community of Nain, Nunatsiavut Barrette, Jessy [email protected] INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement Angelopoulos, Michael [email protected] McGill University Bassutti, Anthony [email protected] Queen’s University Angnatok, Joey Community of Nain, Nunatsiavut Beamish, Alison [email protected] Queen’s University April, Andre [email protected] Environment Canada Beaudoin, Anne [email protected] Université Laval - CEN Archambault, Philippe [email protected] Université du Québec à Rimouski - ISMER Beaulieu, Jean-Marie [email protected] Canadian Polar Commission Armitage, Derek [email protected] Wilfrid Laurier University Beaumier, Maude [email protected] McGill University Assini, Jane [email protected] York University
172 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Bégin, Yves [email protected] Bott, Cassie [email protected] INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement Trent University
Bélanger, Simon [email protected] Bouchard, Caroline [email protected] Université du Québec à Rimouski Université Laval
Bell, Trevor [email protected] Boucher, Bernie [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland JF Boucher Consulting Ltd
Bennett, John [email protected] Boulanger-Lapointe, Noémie [email protected] Canadian Polar Commission Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Bennett, Robbie [email protected] Natural Resources Canada Boulter, Patricia [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland Bergmann, Marty [email protected] PCSP - Natural Resources Canada Brammer, Jeremy [email protected] McGill University Bernhardt, Darcy Community of Tuktoyaktuk Braune, Birgit [email protected] Environment Canada Bernier, Jean-Luc [email protected] ArcticNet Braune, Gerd [email protected] Frankfurter Rundschau Bernier, Monique [email protected] INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement Breau, Anne [email protected] Canadian Museum of Nature Berteaux, Dominique [email protected] Université du Québec à Rimouski Breton-Honeyman, Kaitlin [email protected] Trent University Bêty, Joël [email protected] Université du Québec à Rimouski Brooks, Rheannon [email protected] University of Victoria / W-CIRC Bigras, Steven [email protected] Canadian Polar Commission Brown, Ross [email protected] Environment Canada & Ouranos Bilodeau, Frédéric [email protected] Université Laval Brown, Tanya [email protected] University of Victoria - IOS Blasco, Katie [email protected] ArcticNet Brucker, Steven [email protected] University of New Brunswick Blasco, Steve [email protected] Natural Resources Canada Bruyant, Flavienne fl [email protected] Université Laval Boisvert, Dominique [email protected] INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement Buckham, Meghan [email protected] Trent University Bolton, Kenyon [email protected] McGill University Burchill, Nick [email protected] Kongsberg Maritime Borlase, Harry [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland Burt, Alexis [email protected] University of Manitoba Borsy, Emily [email protected] Inuvialuit Land Administration Buxton, Derek [email protected] Canadian Coast Guard
173 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Chancey, Melissa [email protected] C Fisheries and Oceans Canada Cadieux, Marc [email protected] Charvet, Sophie [email protected] University of Manitoba Université Laval Campbell, Karley [email protected] Chateau-Degat, Marie-Ludivine marie-ludivine.chateau-degat@ University of Manitoba crchul.ulaval.ca Centre de recherche du CHUQ Campbell Jarvis, Marian [email protected] Natural Resources Canada Chauret, Yanie [email protected] Canals, Miguel Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Barcelona University Cheechoo, John [email protected] Carbonneau, Andrée-Sylvie [email protected] Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami Université Laval Cheng, Angela [email protected] Carlsson, Pernilla [email protected] Environment Canada University Centre in Svalbard Chételat, John [email protected] Carnat, Gauthier [email protected] Environment Canada University of Manitoba Choquette, Réal [email protected] Caron, Amanda [email protected] ArcticNet McGill University Christoffersen, Kirsten [email protected] Carou, Silvina [email protected] University of Copenhagen Environment Canada Church, Ian [email protected] Carpenter, Larry [email protected] University of New Brunswick Inuvialuit Joint Secretariat Churchill, Stephen [email protected] Carpenter, Mallory [email protected] C-CORE Memorial University of Newfoundland Clukey, Edward [email protected] Carr, Christina [email protected] BP University of Guelph Coffey, Juliana [email protected] Carson, Lee [email protected] Torngat Secretariat NORSTRAT Collingwood, Adam [email protected] Cartwright, Doug [email protected] Queen’s University University of New Brunswick Collins, Kate [email protected] Cassidy, Alison [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada Queen’s University Comtois, Claude [email protected] Chadbourn, Jodie [email protected] Université de Montréal Memorial University of Newfoundland Cunsolo Willox, Ashlee [email protected] Chalifour, Émilie [email protected] University of Guelph Université du Québec à Rimouski Corkery, Catherine [email protected] Chambellant, Magaly [email protected] Trent University University of Manitoba Cossette, Stéphane [email protected] Champagne, Emilie [email protected] MDDEP - Gouvernement du Québec Université Laval
174 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Côté, Mélanie [email protected] de Damborenea, Juan Université d’Ottawa Marine Sciences Institute
Côté, Steeve [email protected] Delaronde, Joanne [email protected] Université Laval Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Couture, Ariane [email protected] Demers, Christine [email protected] Université Laval ArcticNet
Cray, Heather [email protected] Dempson, J. Brian [email protected] McGill University Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Croteau Dufour, Julien [email protected] Denniston, Mary [email protected] Université de Montréal Nunatsiavut Government
Cuerrier, Alain [email protected] Desjardins, Louise [email protected] Jardin botanique de Montréal Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Cullingford, Tim [email protected] Desmarais, Natalie [email protected] Geo Mission Ltd ArcticNet
Culp, Joseph [email protected] Dewailly, Eric [email protected] Environment Canada & CRI Université Laval
Cunliffe, Chip [email protected] di Cenzo, Peter [email protected] Geo Mission Ltd University of Victoria / W-CIRC
Curry, Michelle [email protected] Dibike, Yonas [email protected] University of Manitoba University of Victoria / W-CIRC
Dingler, Jeffrey [email protected] D BP Exploration Operating Company Limited Doniol-Valcroze, Thomas [email protected] Dale, Aaron [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada Torngat Secretariat Dorn, Shannon [email protected] Danobeitia, Juanjo University of Waterloo Marine Sciences Institute Douglas, Vasiliki [email protected] Daraeikhah, Mohsen [email protected] University of Northern British Columbia University of Alberta Doyon, Jérémie [email protected] Darling, Samantha [email protected] Université Laval - CEN University of Ottawa Duguay, Yannick [email protected] Davies, Evan [email protected] INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement University of Alberta Dunford, Andrew [email protected] Dawson, Jackie [email protected] Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. University of Guelph Durkalec, Agata [email protected] De Abreu, Roger [email protected] Trent University Canadian Ice Service
De Armas, Demetrio Spanish Oceanographic Institute
175 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Ford, James [email protected] E McGill University Edmunds-Potvin, Sharon Fortier, Louis [email protected] Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. ArcticNet El Hayek, Jessy [email protected] Fortier, Marie-France [email protected] McGill University Agence spatiale canadienne Elosegui, Pedro Maria Fortier, Martin [email protected] Marine Sciences Institute ArcticNet Else, Brent [email protected] Fortin, Robert [email protected] University of Manitoba / CEOS Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Estrada, Esteban [email protected] Franke, Alastair [email protected] Royal Military College - ESG Canadian Circumpolar Institute Ewins, Peter [email protected] Fraser, John [email protected] WWF-Canada Inuvialuit Land Administration
Fréchette, Bianca [email protected] F Université du Québec à Montréal
Ferguson, James [email protected] Fresque, Jennifer [email protected] International Submarine Engineering Ltd. Wilfrid Laurier University
Ferguson, Steve [email protected] Friddell, Julie [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada University of Waterloo - PDC
Fernandez, Estrella Funston, Bernard W. Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Canadian Polar Commission
Fily, Michel fi [email protected] Furgal, Chris [email protected] LGGE - UJF Grenoble & CNRS Trent University - Nasivvik Centre
Fischer, Kathleen kathleen.fi [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada G Flanders, David fl [email protected] Gaden, Ashley [email protected] University of British Columbia - CALP University of Manitoba Flannelly, R. Chris chris.fl [email protected] Gagnon, Jonathan [email protected] University of British Columbia Université Laval / Québec-Océan Fleming, Laura lfl [email protected] Galindo, Virginie [email protected] University of Guelph Université Laval Fontaine, Anne [email protected] Gamache, Étienne [email protected] Université du Québec à Rimouski - ISMER Université de Montréal Forbes, Donald [email protected] Gauthier, Gilles [email protected] Natural Resources Canada Université Laval Ford, Barrie [email protected] Gélinas, Véronique [email protected] IPY Northern Coordination Offi ces Trent University
176 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Geoffroy, Maxime [email protected] Université Laval H Haas, Christian [email protected] Georgine, Pastershank [email protected] University of Alberta Fisheries and Oceans Canada Hammill, Mike [email protected] Gérin-Lajoie, José [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada Université du Québec à Rimouski - CEN Hancyk, Jeremy [email protected] Ginsburg, Alexander [email protected] AXYS Technologies Inc. University of Oregon Hannah, Charles [email protected] Godin, Pamela [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada University of Manitoba Hansen-Craik, Kayla Goldhar, Christina [email protected] Joint Secretariat Memorial University of Newfoundland Hanson, Udloriak [email protected] Goodwin, Ross [email protected] Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. Arctic Institute of North America Harder, Silvie [email protected] Gordoa, Ana [email protected] University of Victoria / W-CIRC Spanish National Research Council - CSIC Harper, Karen [email protected] Gosselin, Michel [email protected] Dalhousie University Université du Québec à Rimouski - ISMER Harper, Sherilee [email protected] Gosselin, Pascale [email protected] University of Guelph Université Laval - CEN Hatcher, Scott [email protected] Grandmont, Katerine [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland University of Montreal Hawkins, James [email protected] Grant, Cindy [email protected] Imperial Oil Université du Québec à Rimouski - ISMER Heath, Joel [email protected] Gratton, Yves [email protected] University of British Columbia INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement Heikkila, Maija [email protected] Green, Geoff [email protected] University of Manitoba Students on Ice Hennessey, Ryan [email protected] Grenier, Patrick [email protected] Yukon College - Northern Climate ExChange Université du Québec à Montréal Hennin, Holly [email protected] Grogan, Paul [email protected] University of Windsor Queen’s University Henry, Greg [email protected] Guéguen, Céline [email protected] University of British Columbia Trent University Herod, Matthew [email protected] Guindre-Parker, Sarah [email protected] University of Ottawa University of Windsor Hickie, Brendan [email protected] Gunn, Geoffrey [email protected] Trent University University of Manitoba
177 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Higdon, Jeff [email protected] University of Manitoba K Kapfer, Mark [email protected] Hik, David [email protected] Noetix Research Inc. University of Alberta Karpik, Sarah Hille, Erika [email protected] Community of Nain, Nunatsiavut University of Victoria / W-CIRC Kathan, Kasey [email protected] Hirsch, Rachel [email protected] Queen’s University York University - FES Kautuk, Gordon Houben, Adam [email protected] Ittaq Heritage and Research Centre University of Ottawa Keeling, Arn [email protected] Hughes Clarke, John [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland University of New Brunswick Kelley, Trish [email protected] Hunter, Patricia [email protected] University of Manitoba Fisheries and Oceans Canada Kilabuk, Amanda [email protected] Nunavut Research Institute - Arctic College I Knopp, Jennie [email protected] Ip, Morgan [email protected] Trent University Carleton University Knotsch, Cathleen [email protected] Iqaluk, Pilipoosie NAHO Resolute Bay Kotakak, Max FJMC -Tuktoyaktuk HTC J Kotokak Sr., Max Joint Secretariat James, Thomas [email protected] Geological Survey of Canada Kouril, Diana [email protected] Trent University Jayas, Digvir [email protected] University of Manitoba Krywulak, Tim [email protected] Council of Canadian Academies Johnson, Noor [email protected] McGill University Kulkarni, Tanuja [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Johnson-Down, Louise [email protected] McGill University - CINE Kurszewski, Denise [email protected] Institute for Circumpolar Health Johnston, Adrianne [email protected] Lakehead University Kurvits, Tiina [email protected] UNEP / GRID-Arendal Johnston, Jennifer [email protected] Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Kuzyk, Zou Zou [email protected] INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement Joseph, Helen [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada
178 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Le Fouest, Vincent [email protected] L Lab. d’Océanographie de Villefranche - CNRS Labonté, Danielle [email protected] LeBlanc, Bernard [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs - IPY Directorate Pêches et Océans Canada Lackenbauer, P. Whitney [email protected] LeBlanc, Philippe [email protected] University of Waterloo Memorial University of Newfoundland Laforest, Brandon [email protected] LeDrew, Ellsworth [email protected] York University University of Waterloo Laidler, Gita [email protected] Leggee, Donna [email protected] Carleton University McGill University Laing, Rodd [email protected] Leitch, Dan [email protected] Trent University University of Manitoba Lamarca, Mario [email protected] Lemay, Mickaël [email protected] CRSNG / NSERC Université Laval - CEN Lamoureux, Scott [email protected] Lemes, Marcos [email protected] Queen’s University University of Manitoba Lampe, John [email protected] Lemire, Mélanie [email protected] Nunatsiavut Government Université Laval Langstaff, Liane [email protected] Lemus-Lauzon, Isabel [email protected] University of Guelph Université Laval Lansard, Bruno [email protected] Lennie, Crystal [email protected] Université McGill Inuvialuit Regional Corporation Lantuit, Hugues [email protected] Lento, Jennifer [email protected] Alfred Wegener Institute Canadian Rivers Institute Lapoussière, Amandine [email protected] Lenz, Josefi ne josefi [email protected] Université Laval / Québec-Océan Alfred Wegener Institute Lardeau, Marie-Pierre [email protected] Levasseur, Maurice [email protected] McGill University Université Laval Larouche, Pierre [email protected] Lévesque, Esther [email protected] Institut Maurice-Lamontagne Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Larrivée, Caroline [email protected] Lévesque, Keith [email protected] Ouranos ArcticNet Larrivée, Katryne [email protected] Lévesque, Mélanie [email protected] University of Montreal Université du Québec à Rimouski - ISMER Laurion, Isabelle [email protected] L’Hérault, Emmanuel [email protected] INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement Université Laval - CEN Le Corre, Mael [email protected] Link, Heike [email protected] Université Laval Université du Québec à Rimouski - ISMER
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Lionard, Marie [email protected] Martel, André [email protected] Université Laval Musée canadien de la nature
Loring, Eric [email protected] Matley, Jordan [email protected] Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami University of Manitoba
Loseto, Lisa [email protected] Matthews, Cory [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada University of Manitoba
Love, Oliver [email protected] Mattina, Charlie [email protected] University of Windsor Lakehead University
Lovejoy, Connie [email protected] May, Inga [email protected] Université Laval Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich
Lowings, Malcolm [email protected] McAuley, Alexander [email protected] Golder Associates Ltd University of Prince Edward Island
Luo, Yi [email protected] McClymont Peace, Diane [email protected] Canadian Ice Service First Nations & Inuit Communities - Health Canada
Luque, Sebastian [email protected] McCullough, Greg [email protected] University of Manitoba University of Manitoba
McCullough, Karen [email protected] M Arctic Institute of North America McDonald, Nicole [email protected] Macdonald, Christie [email protected] Queen’s University University of Windsor McKenna, Meghan [email protected] MacDonald, Joanna [email protected] Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami University of Guelph McKeown, Derek [email protected] Machutchon, Allison [email protected] Hoskin Scientifi c Ltd. Fisheries and Oceans Canada McLennan, Donald [email protected] Magee, Angelique [email protected] Parks Canada Agency Polar Continental Shelf Program McTavish, Kristeen [email protected] Mallory, Mark [email protected] Nasivvik Centre Canadian Wildlife Service Meakin, Stephanie [email protected] Malone, James [email protected] Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) Joint Secretariat Mero, Alana [email protected] Malone, Laura [email protected] Aurora Research Institute University of Ottawa Michaud, Josée [email protected] Maps, Frédéric [email protected] ArcticNet University of Maine Michaud, Wendy [email protected] Marcoux, Marianne [email protected] University of Waterloo Fisheries and Oceans Canada Michel, Christine [email protected] Mariani, Zen [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada University of Toronto
180 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Middel, Kevin [email protected] Nightingale, John [email protected] Trent University Vancouver Aquarium
Midgley, Scott [email protected] Nozais, Christian [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland Université du Québec à Rimouski
Miller, Elizabeth [email protected] York University O Mills, Richard [email protected] International Submarine Engineering Obbard, Martyn [email protected] Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Minich, Katherine [email protected] CINE O’Connor, Mark [email protected] Nunavik Marine Region Wildlife Board Miquel, Juan-Carlos [email protected] International Atomic Energy Agency Okalik, Maatalii Carleton University Moquin, Paul [email protected] University of Victoria Organ, Jennifer [email protected] Dalhousie University Moss-Davies, Pitseolalaq [email protected] Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) Ostertag, Sonja [email protected] University of British Columbia Mucci, Alfonso [email protected] McGill University Outridge, Peter [email protected] University of Manitoba Mueller, Derek [email protected] Carleton University Owens, Sandra [email protected] Centre de recherche du CHUQ Mundy, C.J. [email protected] Université du Québec à Rimouski
Murdoch, Alyssa [email protected] P University of Waterloo Pachkowski, Melanie [email protected] Myers, Erin [email protected] Université de Sherbrooke First Nations & Inuit Communities - Health Canada Pagnan, Jeanne [email protected] Myklebust, May [email protected] Twin Dolphins Trent University Papakyriakou, Tim [email protected] University of Manitoba - CEOS N Pearce, Tristan [email protected] University of Guelph Nasogaluak, Shelia Community of Tuktoyaktuk Pedrós-Alió, Carlos [email protected] Marine Sciences Institute Negandhi, Karita [email protected] INRS - Eau, Terre & Environnement Pereda, Pilar Spanish Oceanographic Institute Néron, Marie-Eve [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Peters, Daniel [email protected] University of Victoria - W-CIRC Nickels, Scot [email protected] Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
181 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Peters, Mike [email protected] Prowse, Terry [email protected] CAPP University of Victoria / W-CIRC
Petersen, Stephen [email protected] Pucko, Monika [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada University of Manitoba
Peterson, Ingrid [email protected] Pyc, Cynthia [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada BP Exploration Operating Company Limited
Piekutowski, Thomas [email protected] Canadian Space Agency Q Pienitz, Reinhard [email protected] Université Laval - CEN Quesada, Antonio Madrid Autonomous University Pieper, Sara [email protected] University of Saskatchewan
Pit, Mare [email protected] R International Arctic Science Committee Rajdev, Vinay [email protected] Pitre, Mike [email protected] Dalhousie University Ryerson University Rautio, Milla [email protected] Pokiak, Frank Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Inuvialuit Game Council Reinfort, Breanne [email protected] Pokiak, Rebecca University of Manitoba Community of Tuktoyaktuk Reist, Jim [email protected] Pollock, Lisa [email protected] Fisheries and Oceans Canada Trent University Rencz, Andy [email protected] Pomerleau, Corinne [email protected] Natural Resources Canada Université du Québec à Rimouski Riedlsperger, Rudy [email protected] Porta, Louie [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland Oceans North Canada Risk, Dave [email protected] Poulin, Michel [email protected] St. Francis Xavier University Musée canadien de la nature Robert, Dominique [email protected] Power, Michael [email protected] Québec-Océan University of Waterloo Robineau, Brigitte [email protected] Prazeres, Laura [email protected] Québec-Océan Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Robinson, Terin [email protected] Prinsenberg, Simon [email protected] University of Waterloo Fisheries and Oceans Canada Robus, Jennifer [email protected] Proust, Françoise [email protected] Trent University CRCHUL / Université Laval Rodon, Thierry [email protected] Provencher, Jennifer [email protected] Carleton University - CIÉRA APECS / University of Victoria
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Roger, Jonathan [email protected] Scott, Neal [email protected] Université Laval Queen’s University
Rolland, Nicolas [email protected] Scrivener, Robina [email protected] Université Laval - CEN Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Ross, Donald [email protected] Shearer, Russel [email protected] Aurora Research Institute Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Rosta, Laura [email protected] Sheikh, Nelofar [email protected] Natural Resources Canada McGill University
Rouillard, Alexandra [email protected] Sheldon, Tom [email protected] Queen’s University Nunatsiavut Government
Rousseau, Claudia [email protected] Shields, Megan [email protected] Université Laval University of Manitoba
Roy, Natasha [email protected] Shiwak, Inez [email protected] Université Laval - CEN My Word
Roy, Virginie [email protected] Siegwart Collier, Laura [email protected] Université du Québec à Rimouski - ISMER Memorial University of Newfoundland
Royer, Alain [email protected] Simard, Yvan [email protected] Université de Sherbrooke Université du Québec à Rimouski - ISMER
Rudy, Ashley [email protected] Simpson, Angus [email protected] Queen’s University Parks Canada Agency
Sinnatamby, Nilo [email protected] S University of Waterloo Smit, Barry [email protected] Sachse, Marcel [email protected] University of Guelph FernUniversitaet Hagen Smith, Duane [email protected] Salcedo-Castro, Julio [email protected] Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) Memorial University of Newfoundland Smith, Simon [email protected] Sanchez, Jose Juan Northern Contaminants Program Marine Sciences Institute Snow, Norm [email protected] Sandlos, John [email protected] Joint Secretariat Memorial University of Newfoundland Soininen, Eeva [email protected] Sanei, Hamed [email protected] University of Tromsø Geological Survey of Canada Solomon, Eric [email protected] Sarrazin, Denis [email protected] Vancouver Aquarium Université Laval - CEN Stern, Gary [email protected] Saudny, Helga [email protected] DFO / University of Manitoba McGill University - CINE Stewart, Bonnie [email protected] Saulnier-Talbot, Émilie [email protected] University of Prince Edward Island Université Laval - CEN
183 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
St-Hilaire, Dominique [email protected] Tougas, Sylvain [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland ArcticNet
Stow, Jason [email protected] Trana, Marci [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada University of Manitoba - DFO
Suzuki, Keita [email protected] Tremblay, Jean-Éric [email protected] Québec-Océan Université Laval
Tremblay, Martin [email protected] T Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Tucker, Jane [email protected] Taillon, Joëlle [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland Université Laval Turner, Devin [email protected] Tang, Shilin [email protected] Trent University Fisheries and Oceans Canada Tuttauk, Ed [email protected] Tarroux, Arnaud [email protected] Nunatsiavut Government Université du Québec à Rimouski
Tellier, Lisa [email protected] Université d’Ottawa V
Tester, Frank [email protected] Valera, Beatriz [email protected] University of British Columbia Université Laval
Thaler, Mary [email protected] Van Dijken, Bob [email protected] Université Laval Council of Yukon First Nations
Théoret-Gosselin, Rachel [email protected] Van Wychen, Wesley [email protected] Université Laval University of Ottawa
Thériault, Yves [email protected] Vanderbilt, William [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada McGill University
Thivierge, Christian [email protected] Veillette, Maryse [email protected] Networks of Centres of Excellence Queen’s University
Thomas, David [email protected] Verma, Sarah [email protected] The Axys Group York University
Thomas, Helmuth [email protected] Vincent, Ron [email protected] Dalhousie University Royal Military College
Thomassie, Louisa [email protected] Vincent, Warwick [email protected] Kativik Regional Government Université Laval - CEN
Thompson, Shanley [email protected] Voudrach, B.J. Rescan Environmental Services Community of Tuktoyaktuk
Thomson, James [email protected] BP Exploration Operating Company Limited
Tomlinson, Scott [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
184 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
Wohlleben, Trudy [email protected] W Canadian Ice Service Wagner, Loan [email protected] Wojczynski, Eduard [email protected] Queen’s University Manitoba Hydro Walker, Anita [email protected] Wolf, Johanna [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Memorial University of Newfoundland Walker, Xanthe [email protected] Wolfrey, Charlotte University of British Columbia Nunatsiavut Government Walton, Fiona [email protected] Wood, Bryn [email protected] University of Prince Edward Island Memorial University of Newfoundland Warner, Kerri [email protected] Wood, Michele [email protected] University of Manitoba Nunatsiavut Government Watkins, Jill [email protected] Wrona, Frederick [email protected] Canadian Hydrographic Service - DFO University of Victoria / W-CIRC Watt, Cortney [email protected] University of Manitoba X Way, Robert [email protected] Memorial University of Newfoundland Xenos, Nick [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Wesche, Sonia [email protected] NAHO - Metis Centre Westlake, Michael [email protected] Y Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Yannic, Glenn [email protected] White, Adrienne [email protected] Université Laval University of Ottawa Young, Brent [email protected] Wickenheiser, Christy [email protected] University of Manitoba National Energy Board Young, Kathy [email protected] Wilkes, James [email protected] York University Trent University Yurkowski, David [email protected] Williams, Tim [email protected] University of Manitoba Library of Parliament
Williams-Jones, Leigh-Ann [email protected] McGill University
Wilson, Kaitlin [email protected] Trent University
Wilson, Katherine [email protected] Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Winegardner, Amanda [email protected] University of Guelph
185 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
SPONSORS
GOLD
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - Northern Contaminants Program / Affaires indiennes et du Nord Canada - Programme de lutte contre les contaminants dans le Nord “Working to reduce and, wherever possible, eliminate contaminants in traditionally harvested foods, while providing information that assists informed decision making by individuals and communities in their food use.” For more information on the Call for Proposals 2009-2010, visit our website at www.inac.gc.ca/nth/ct/ncp/index-eng.asp « Travailler à réduire et, autant que possible, éliminer les contaminants présents dans les aliments récoltés de façon traditionnelle, tout en fournissant de l’information aidant les personnes et les collectivités à prendre des décisions éclairées concernant leur alimentation. » Pour plus de renseignements sur la Demande de propositions 2009-2010, visitez notre site web au www.ainc.gc.ca/nth/ct/ncp/index-fra.asp
STUDENT DAY
BP Canada Energy Company www.bp.com/bodycopyarticle.do?categoryId=1&contentId=7052055 BP is one of the world’s largest energy companies employing nearly 100,000 people and operating in 100 countries worldwide. BP’s main activities are the exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas; refi ning, marketing, supply and transportation; and the manufacturing and marketing of petroleum products. BP is also a leader in solar and alternative energy.
GRADUATE STUDENT POSTER AWARDS (Marine & Terrestrial)
Imperial Oil & ExxonMobil & BP As operator of the deepwater Beaufort Sea exploration drilling program, Imperial can draw on over fi fty years of Arctic experience and the expertise of its joint venture partners, ExxonMobil and BP, to ensure that all operations are carried out in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. As one of Canada’s largest corporations, Imperial is one of the country’s largest producer of crude oil and natural gas, and its largest petroleum refi ner.
186 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
SPONSORS
GRADUATE STUDENT POSTER AWARDS (Social)
Canadian Polar Commission Commission canadienne des affaires polaires
Canadian Polar Commission / Commission canadienne des affaires polaires www.polarcom.gc.ca Established in 1991 as the lead agency in the area of polar research, the Canadian Polar Commission has responsibility for: monitoring, promoting, and disseminating knowledge of the polar regions; contributing to public awareness of the importance of polar science to Canada; enhancing Canada’s international profi le as a circumpolar nation; and recommending polar science policy direction to government.
La Commission canadienne des affaires polaires, qui a été créée en 1991 en tant que principal organisme chargé de la recherche polaire, a les responsabilités suivantes : promouvoir et diffuser les connaissances relatives aux sciences polaires et suivre leur évolution; aider à sensibiliser le public à l’importance de la science polaire pour le Canada; intensifi er le rôle du Canada sur la scène internationale à titre de nation circumpolaire; et recommander l’adoption d’une politique sur la science polaire par le gouvernement.
GRADUATE STUDENT POSTER AWARDS (Health)
Nasivvik Centre www.nasivvik.ulaval.ca The Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments is a multidisciplinary research and training centre funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research-Institute of Aboriginal Peoples’ Health. The Nasivvik Centre is focused on building capacity in Inuit environmental health research through trainee support and the provision of targeted research support and facilitation.
187 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
SPONSORS
COFFEE BREAK
Campbell Scientifi c Canada Corp. www.campbellsci.ca/Index.html Campbell Scientifi c (Canada) Corp. is a provider of rugged, reliable data acquisition systems. Our dataloggers feature wide operating ranges, durable construction and dependable stand-alone operation. In addition, they have low power consumption from a variety of sources, many telecommunications options, and have the fl exibility to support a variety of measurement and control applications.
188 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
EXHIBITORS
Students on Ice www.studentsonice.com Students on Ice is an award-winning organization offering unique educational expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic. Our mandate is to provide students, educators and scientists from around the world with inspiring educational opportunities at the ends of the Earth and, in doing so, help them foster a new understanding and respect for the planet.
ATS Technology Systems Inc. www.atstechnology.ca Established in 2007 as a sister company to ATS Services Ltd. (1998), we specialize in weather and environmental monitoring systems. ATS Technology Systems Inc. partners with several world-class manufacturers of professional sensors allowing us to offer meteorological solutions ranging from basic monitoring to fundamental research.
Arctic Institute of North America www.arctic.ucalgary.ca The Arctic Institute of North America, located at the University of Calgary, is mandated to advance the study of the circumpolar Arctic through the natural and social sciences, the arts, and the humanities. The Institute publishes an interdisciplinary journal Arctic, operates the Arctic Science and Technology Information System, and maintains the Kluane Lake Research Station.
Hoskin Scientifi c www.hoskin.ca Hoskin Scientifi c is a Canadian environmental monitoring instrumentation distributor with offi ces in Vancouver, Burlington and Montreal. We carry an extensive range of products with major emphasis in the following areas: Water Quality, Limnology, Hydrology, Meteorology, Agronomy and Soil Science. Please stop by our booth for a brochure or visit our website (www.hoskin.ca) for more information.
Imperial Oil & ExxonMobil www.imperialoil.ca/Canada-English/HomePage.asp As one of Canada’s largest corporations, Imperial is one of the country’s largest producers of crude oil and natural gas, and its largest petroleum refi ner. As operator of the deepwater Beaufort Sea exploration drilling program, Imperial can draw on over fi fty years of Arctic experience to ensure that all operations are carried out in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.
189 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
EXHIBITORS
Québec-Océan www.quebec-ocean.ulaval.ca Québec-Océan is a research center combining the efforts of the main institutions active in oceanography in the province of Québec (Canada). Québec-Océan’s mission of is to favor the mobilization of researchers and the training of students for the promotion of excellence in oceanographic research and the dissemination of knowledge.
Polar Continental Shelf Program polar.nrcan.gc.ca The Polar Continental Shelf Program (PCSP), part of Natural Resources Canada, provides logistical support for up to 165 research projects each year that involve over 1100 scientists, students and fi eld technicians conducting fi eld studies across Canada’s Arctic. Services include air transport to and from remote fi eld camps, fi eld equipment, and accommodations at the PCSP Resolute facility.
Satlantic www.satlantic.com Satlantic Inc is an advanced ocean technology company that develops precision optical sen- sors for aquatic research and water quality monitoring. World-class marine scientists and fi eld technicians have been using Satlantic’s innovative oceanographic and aquatic sensors for optical research, satellite calibration, validation, and environmental assessments for over two decades.
DFO - Science and Technology Liaison www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/index-eng.htm Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) operates the CCGS Amundsen, collaborates in ArcticNet research and supports the strong role played by ArcticNet in the formation of a new generation of Arctic researchers. ArcticNet’s focus on natural, human health and social sciences assists the Government of Canada’s priority-setting in the north.
Campbell Scientifi c Canada Corp. www.campbellsci.ca/Index.html Campbell Scientifi c (Canada) Corp. is a provider of rugged, reliable data acquisition systems. Our dataloggers feature wide operating ranges, durable construction and dependable stand-alone operation. In addition, they have low power consumption from a variety of sources, many telecommunications options, and have the fl exibility to support a variety of measurement and control applications.
190 ASM2010 Conference Programme and Abstracts
EXHIBITORS
L’Agence spatiale canadienne / Canadian Space Agency www.asc-csa.gc.ca/index.html L’Agence spatiale canadienne (ASC) appuie les priorités stratégiques du gouvernement du Canada dans l’Arctique, telles le développement durable, la sécurité et la souveraineté. Par le biais de ses programmes et activités, l’ASC travaille, en étroite collaboration avec ses partenaires, à relever les défi s et enjeux auxquels font face tous ceux et celles qui vivent et travaillent dans le Nord canadien.
The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) supports government priorities related to sustainable development, security and sovereignty in the Arctic. Through its programs and activities, the CSA is working closely with its stakeholders to address the key challenges and issues facing those living and working in the Canadian North.
Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada) www.inuitcircumpolar.com ICC promotes and celebrates Inuit unity and works collectively to advocate internationally on behalf of the 155,000 Inuit living in Chukotka, Greenland, Alaska and Canada. ICC (Canada) is a non-profi t organization led by a board of directors comprising the elected leaders of the four land- claims settlement regions: Inuvialuit, Nunatsiavut (Labrador), Nunavik, and Nunavut.
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami www.itk.ca Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) was founded in 1971. ITK is the national Inuit organization in Canada representing the 55,000 Inuit from four Arctic regions: Nunatsiavut (Labrador), Nunavik (northern Quebec), Nunavut, and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the Northwest Territories. The President of ITK is Mary Simon.
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - Northern Contaminants Program / Affaires indiennes et du Nord Canada - Programme de lutte contre les contaminants dans le Nord “Working to reduce and, wherever possible, eliminate contaminants in traditionally harvested foods, while providing information that assists informed decision making by individuals and communities in their food use.” For more information on the Call for Proposals 2009-2010, visit our website at www.inac.gc.ca/nth/ct/ncp/index-eng.asp « Travailler à réduire et, autant que possible, éliminer les contaminants présents dans les aliments récoltés de façon traditionnelle, tout en fournissant de l’information aidant les personnes et les collectivités à prendre des décisions éclairées concernant leur alimentation. » Pour plus de renseignements sur la Demande de propositions 2009-2010, visitez notre site web au www.ainc.gc.ca/nth/ct/ncp/index-fra.asp
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EXHIBITORS
Canadian Polar Commission / Commission canadienne des affaires polaires www.polarcom.gc.ca Established in 1991 as the lead agency in the area of polar research, the Canadian Polar Commission has responsibility for: monitoring, promoting, and disseminating knowledge of the polar regions; contributing to public awareness of the importance of polar science to Canada; enhancing Canada’s international profi le as a circumpolar nation; and recommending polar science policy direction to government. Canadian Polar Commission Commission canadienne des affaires polaires La Commission canadienne des affaires polaires, qui a été créée en 1991 en tant que principal organisme chargé de la recherche polaire, a les responsabilités suivantes : promouvoir et diffuser les connaissances relatives aux sciences polaires et suivre leur évolution; aider à sensibiliser le public à l’importance de la science polaire pour le Canada; intensifi er le rôle du Canada sur la scène internationale à titre de nation circumpolaire; et recommander l’adoption d’une politique sur la science polaire par le gouvernement.
Government of Canada International Polar Year Program / Le programme de l’Année polaire internationale du Gouvernement du Canada www.api-ipy.gc.ca The IPY Program Offi ce at Indian and Northern Affairs Canada is in the 5th year of its 6 year program. The Government of Canada supported 52 Canadian IPY science and research projects. Canada will host the fi nal IPY wrap-up event the From Knowledge to Action Conference in April 2012 in Montreal.
Axys Technologies Inc. www.axystechnologies.com AXYS Technologies Inc. (AXYS) is an ISO 9001-2008 registered Canadian company with over 30 years experience in the design, manufacture and installation of remote environmental monitoring systems worldwide. AXYS is pleased to introduce the new Arctic Lake Monitoring System for the year-round continuous monitoring of the hydro-ecology of Arctic freshwater lake systems.
ROMOR Atlantic Limited www.romor.ca ROMOR Atlantic Limited is a Canadian owned company with 25 years of experience in the Marine Industry. ROMOR is an Oceans Solutions provider exclusively representing and distributing oceanographic and geophysical instrumentation. ROMOR provides our clients with ROMOR Ocean Application Research (ROAR); a team of experts to assist with their integration requirements. Our team has the ability to offer full systems integration, new product development needs, mooring design and deployment, fi eld service and custom training on instrumentation and technology.
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Fisheries and Oceans Canada - Polar Icebreaker Project www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca Budget 2008 provided funds for the acquisition of a new Canadian-built multi-purpose Polar Icebreaker. This icebreaker will provide Canadian Coast Guard increased coverage in the Canadian Arctic by being able to operate for three seasons in the Arctic, over a larger area and in more diffi cult ice conditions.
Designing and building a Polar Icebreaker will take eight to ten years to complete. “CCGS John G. Diefenbaker” should enter Arctic service in 2017.
Kongsberg Maritime Ltd. www.kongsberg.com Kongsberg Maritime delivers systems for positioning, surveying, navigation and automation to merchant vessels, offshore, oil and gas installations. We are a market leader in dynamic positioning systems, automation and surveillance systems, process automation, satellite navigation and hydroacoustics. Important markets include countries with large offshore and shipyard industries.
Aquatics Environmental Services Inc. www.aquatics-esi.com/index.html Aquatics Environmental Services Inc. is a hydrographic services company specializing in vessel leasing and remote sensing in arctic environments. Aquatics has vessels designed for arctic travel and overwintering. We present the Aurora Magnetica, a 61’ ice strengthened shallow draft research ship for offshore environments as well as the Beaufort Explorer, a 36’ catamaran designed nearshore environments.
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NORTHERN CONTAMINANTS PROGRAM
Photo: Eric Loring Call for Proposals 2011-2012
The Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) is led by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada in partnership with other federal, territorial, provincial, academic and Aboriginal organizations.
The NCP is now accepting proposals for work to be undertaken in the 2011- 2012 fiscal year in the following areas: Human Health; Environmental Monitoring and Research; Community Based Monitoring and Research; and Communications, Capacity, and Outreach. Deadline for proposal submission is January 24, 2011. For more information, stop by the NCP booth at the ASM, or visit our website: www.inac.gc.ca/ncp.
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We also invest in brain power.
BP Exploration collaborated with ArcticNet to conduct its 2010 Field Data Collection Program in the Canadian Beaufort. The ArcticNet-led research program was a success thanks to the hard work of the scientific team and the officers and crew of the CCGS Amundsen. Merci beaucoup.
BP’s community investment program focuses on three areas – education, environment and community. That’s why we are proud to support the ArcticNet Schools on Board program and the ASM2010 Student Day.
bp.com
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The Polar Data Catalogue (PDC, http://polardata.ca) is an on-line portal that provides access to diverse Arctic and Antarctic datasets and metadata. The numerous records cover a wide range of disciplines from natural sciences and policy to health and social sciences. This tool is available to the public and researchers alike.
The PDC is growing!
Over 7,000 RADARSAT-1 images from the Canadian Space Agency are now available through the Geospatial Search Tool, as seen below:
Thousands of additional RADARSAT-1 images plus new data from ArcticNet and IPY Investigators will be uploaded to the PDC over the next year.
Visit us at www.polardata.ca
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ArcticNet, Igloolik Isuma Productions and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami present…
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Travel on the land with elders and hunters to explore the social and ecological impacts of a warming Arctic.
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Date: Wednesday, December 15, 2010 Place: The Westin Ottawa, Confederation Ballroomm Time: 7:30 pm to 9:30 pm
Or join us for a live webcast at www.isuma.tv/ikcc Online viewers are invited to ask questions using thee Skype username: isumatv.ikcc.
Open to the public. No charge for admission. Admission does not include access to other events att $UFWLF1HW·V$QQXDO6FLHQWLÀF0HHWLQJ
Inuit Knowledge and Climate Change
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