Status of Solanaceous vegetables in India and possible impact of Tuta absoluta
Durairaj Chinnasamy and K.R.M. Bhanu1
Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India 1Bio-Control Research Laboratories, Pest Control (India) Pvt. Lt.d, Bangalore, India Major solanaceous vegetables
• Tomato
• Brinjal (Egg plant)
• Chillies (Capsicum / Pepper)
• Potato Tomato
• Origin – Peruvian & Mexican region
• Major producing states – Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Andra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh & Tamil Nadu
Scenario of major tomato producing states in India
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
State Area Production Area Production Area Production (000” ha) (000” mt) (000” ha) (000” mt) (000” ha) (000” mt)
Andhra Pradesh 296.3 5926.2 300.76 6015.10 309.78 6195.56 Karnataka 51.2 1756.7 56.60 1986.50 59.10 2069.70 Orrisa 96.6 1367.2 96.72 1378.39 96.55 1382.78 Maharashtra 52.0 738.0 48.00 1007.00 50.00 1100.00
Gujarat 38.8 978.4 55.23 1092.48 56.00 1092.48
Tamil Nadu 19.9 580.6 56.60 605.44 59.10 726.52
India 865.0 16826.0 907.05 18653.30 933.25 19377.44
(Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) Brinjal (Egg Plant)
• Origin – India (Asia)
• Major producing states – Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Uttar Pradesh
Scenario of major brinjal producing states in India
2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011
State Area Production Area Production Area Production (000” ha) (000” mt) (000” ha) (000” mt) (000” ha) (000” mt)
West Bengal 155.3 2758.6 156.8 2797.3 158.4 2870.6
Orissa 130.0 1965.2 132.4 2135.2 133.2 2204.8
Andhra Pradesh 26.6 531.3 24.3 485.0 75.1 1502.4
Gujarat 62.6 1046.3 65.8 1143.6 72.0 1236.3
Bihar 55.1 1186.1 55.3 1198.6 55.7 1215.6 India 600.0 10378.0 612.0 10563.0 680.0 11896.0
(Indian Horticultural Database, 2011) Potato
• Origin – South America
• Major Producing States – Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh
Scenario of major potato producing states in India
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 States Area Production Area Producti0n Area Production (000” ha) (000” mt) (000” ha) (000” mt) (000” ha) (000” mt) Bihar - 5784.3 315.17 6101.69 315.40 6308.00
Gujarat - 1881.81 80.70 2395.54 80.70 2395.54
Madhya Pradesh 62.0 743 87.98 1816.68 96.77 1998.35
Punjab 83.6 2088.36 84.11 2103.97 85.14 2129.79
Uttar Pradesh 556.6 13576.57 567.66 14125.08 579.02 14695.72
West Bengal 406.3 13391.24 376.75 9693.33 376.75 9693.33
India 1863.0 42339.0 1906.97 41482.8 1930.91 42478.7
(Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) Chillies (Capsicum / Pepper)
• Origin – USA
• Major producing states – Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttarkhand
Scenario of major potato producing states in India
2011-12 2012-13
States Area Production Area Production (000” ha) (000” mt) (000” ha) (000” mt)
Himachal Pradesh 2.26 35.90 2.26 35.90 Jammu and Kashmir 1.05 23.16 1.05 23.16 Karnataka 2.90 43.60 3.10 45.80
Punjab 0.29 4.38 0.30 4.44
Uttarakhand 2.40 13.48 2.40 13.48
India 9.63 127.48 9.91 130.71
(Indian Horticultural Database, 2011, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India) Production share of major vegetables in India
(Indian Horticultural Database, 2011) Major insect threats of Tomato
S. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order No. 1. Fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera Serpentine leaf 2. Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae Diptera miner
3. Thrips Thrips tabaci Thripidae Thysanoptera
4. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyurodidae Hemiptera
5. Leaf eating caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera
6. Red spider mite Tetranychus urticae Tetranychidae Acarina Major insect threats of Brinjal
S. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order No.
Shoot and fruit Leucinodes 1 Pyralidae Lepidoptera borer orbonalis
2 Stem borer Euzophera perticella Pyralidae Lepidoptera Hadda / spotted 3 H. vigintioctopunctata Coccinellidae Coleoptera beetle
4 Ash weevils Myllocerus sp. Curculionidae Coleoptera
5 Brown leaf hopper Cestius phycitis Cicadellidae Hemiptera
6 Lace wing bug Urentius hystricellus Tingidae Hemiptera Major insect threats of Potato
S. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order No.
1 Black cut worm Agrotis ipsilon Noctuidae Lepidoptera
2 Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
3 White grubs Holotrichia sp. Melolonthidae Coleoptera
4 Tobacco Caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera
5 Green Leaf Hopper Empoasca kerri Cicadellidae Hemiptera
6 Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Aphididae Hemiptera
7 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Aleyurodidae Hemiptera Major insect threats of chillies
S. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order No.
1. Chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae Thysanoptera
2. Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Aphididae Hemiptera
3. Tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera
4. Gram caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera
Yellow mite or Polyphagotarsonemus 5. Tarsonemidae Acarina muranai mite latus Earlier history of invasive pests in vegetables Serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii
• An introduced pest (1991) from USA
• Polyphagous species with wide host range
• Damage- Larval mining on leaves and ovipositional injury by adults
• Host range: 55 - 79 species
(Viraktamath et al., 1993; Srinivasan et al., 1995) Tomato
Major solanceous host crops
Brinjal Management options
• Soil application of neem cake @ 250 kg/ha
• Use yellow sticky traps
• Spraying of neem formulations
• Conservation of natural enemies
• Need based application of safer insecticides Non chemical management methods
Yellow sticky traps in tomato Yellow stick traps in brinjal Contd., Adult flies attracted to yellow stick traps Contd., Parasitoids of L. trifolii Contd., Crop loss of insect pests on solanaceous vegetables
Crop Damage (%) Reference
Tomato Up to 100.0 Gajanawa (2006)
Potato 10.9 Oerke (2006)
Brinjal 48.25 Yadav and Kumawat, 2013
Capsicum 14.0 - 64.0 Gianesssi and Williams (2012) Conclusion
Tuta absoluta
• Globally, up to 100% crop loss in tomato (Russel IPM, 2011)
• In potato- larvae damage both leaves and tubers
• In India- Potato and tomato are major growing vegetables
• Accidental introduction can be a potential threat to potato and tomato cultivation