Koro-Like Symptoms With Associated In A Rohingya Refugee ASEAN Journal of , Vol. 13 (2), July - December 2012: XX XX

CASE REPORT

KORO-LIKE SYMPTOMS WITH ASSOCIATED ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN A ROHINGYA REFUGEE

Khatijah H A Abdullah & Suzaily Wahab

Department of Psychiatry, University Kebangsaan Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract

This case report highlights Koro-like symptoms with erectile dysfunction. Methods: We report a case of a Rohingya refugee who presented with Koro-like symptoms associated with erectile dysfunction and severe religious guilt. Results: Sexual dysfunction, i.e. erectile dysfunction may be a predisposing factor for a Koro incidence. Religious issues complicated by superstitious beliefs pose a treatment challenge. Conclusion: Treating patient with sexual dysfunction should involve exploring and addressing patient’s conflicts to avoid worsening of symptoms. As this case illustrates, severe can present with Koro-like symptoms. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 13 (1): July – December 2012: XX XX.

Keywords: Koro, Erectile Dysfunction, Anxiety, Depression

Introduction Case Report

Koro has its origin from the Malay-Indonesian Mr. S is a 37 years old single Muslim Rohingya word “kura” which relates to the head of man who fled Myanmar in 1996 and now is a tortoise, symbolizing the male sexual organ. It is UNHCR refugee in Malaysia. He was a disorder with different names in different diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder with localities [1] but the essence of it is the belief of psychotic and anxiety symptoms secondary to genital shrinkage into the abdomen and death erectile dysfunction a year ago. His erectile will ensue. The first koro-like description is dysfunction began 2 years ago when he was not found in ancient Chinese medical records and sexually aroused during foreplay with his the first koro epidemic reported was in Southern girlfriend. The traditional healers told him it was China in 1865. Although koro is described as a a consequence of his sinful act of having culture bound syndrome, reported cases of premarital sex and that the spirit of his girlfriend genital shrinkage has been worldwide. There had resided in his body. He was convinced this have been sporadic cases of koro in Western, was a punishment and also a test from God. He Middle Eastern and African countries. The believed that if he commits the sin again, similarities that can be seen among the cases are disaster will happen and he will be totally the strong association of the symptoms and impotent. He developed depressive symptoms, severe anxiety or fear. There are only a few which later improved with medication given. reported cases of koro in relation to or urogenital pathology [2,3]. Our case adds to this He did not continue with follow ups as he felt number and highlights the association of koro- well. During that time, he visited a prostitute to like symptoms and erectile dysfunction with test his sexual ability and was able to have severe religious guilt. . After 8 months without Koro-Like Symptoms With Associated Erectile Dysfunction In A Rohingya Refugee ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 13 (2), July - December 2012: XX XX treatment, he came back to our clinic him to believe that the above incident of penile complaining of erectile dysfunction and retraction could recur. depressive symptoms. He had partially started on his antidepressant when he was presented Discussion with the koro-like symptoms. He experienced a sudden onset of burning sensation on his There are a number of factors contributing to and felt as if his penis was shrinking and erectile dysfunction or poor arousal. However, retracting into his abdomen. He believed that the this patient attributed it to God’s punishment to spirit of his girlfriend in his body was pulling his him for having premarital sexual relationship. genital into the abdomen. This was associated This belief was further reinforced by the with dizziness, feeling of burning sensation in traditional healers whom he met. The his chest and difficulty in breathing. He believed psychological stress and religious guilt due to that he had to drink a lot of water in a short time the belief could have contributed to the to relieve the burning sensation on his chest or development of depression and further worsened he will die. The incident occurred for about 1 to his erectile dysfunction. The patient’s sexual 2 minutes. He drank enough water which finally function seemed to improve with treatment of alleviated the symptoms but he became very depression. However, as he defaulted his distressed about the incident. No physical medication, the strong anxiety symptoms with measures were used to prevent retraction of regards to religious guilt for his premarital penis into the abdomen. He described it as a sexual act seemed to trigger the occurrence of near death experience. the koro-like symptoms. The association of koro-like symptoms and anxiety has long been He came from a poor socioeconomic reported in previous papers [4,5]. There was also background of paddy planters. His father question as to whether koro-like symptom is just remarried after his mother passed away. He was one of the many manifestations of anxiety. In physically abused by his father during his psychodynamic term, koro could also be adolescence, which made him escaped to explained as a result of a person’s subconscious and later to Malaysia. His family wish [6] or an emotional expression in bodily members are in Myanmar and he had minimal forms [7]. In this patient, the anxiety is about contact with them. In Malaysia, he is working at finally losing his genitals which would mean a furniture shop and renting a house with 4 other that he would lose his manhood. people of different nationality (Indonesian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani). The term culture bound may not be accurate for this genital shrinkage phenomenon. As this case Mental status examination revealed him as a illustrates, the patient had migrated from his very anxious and distressed person who was country and had no prior knowledge of this crying throughout the initial interview. He had syndrome. Interestingly, Garlipp (2008) reported overvalued ideas regarding the etiology of his more than a fifth of cases (1954-2006) come illness. He believed he was being punished for from patients who have migration background, his sins. He had no psychotic features. Physical as a result of poor socioeconomic status and examination was normal and laboratory acculturation stress [8]. Coming from a poor investigations revealed only slightly elevated education background, these people are prone to triglycerides. He also described some urinary superstitions and they have a high regard for the symptoms but it was not persistent and traditional healers cum religious man in their investigations revealed no abnormality. He was area. In 2010, there was a Koro epidemic in treated with antidepressant and benzodiazepine. West Bengal in and it was perceived as a The depressive symptoms and sexual function miraculous phenomenon from God because of had slightly improved. He became more their wrongdoings. They preferred to seek the adhering to his religious practices. However, he advice and treatment of these traditional healers still complained of occasional burning sensation [9]. on his penis when feeling anxious, which made Koro-Like Symptoms With Associated Erectile Dysfunction In A Rohingya Refugee ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 13 (2), July - December 2012: XX XX

Treatment for Koro is mainly targeting at the Without Urogenital Pathology: The underlying psychiatric disease by Koro-Like Syndrome. J Urol 2000; pharmacological and also psychotherapeutic 163(1): 243. approach with variable results [8]. Our patient showed some improvement with treatment. 4. Sajjad SHA. Classification of Koro. However, addressing the religious issue and (Letter to the editor) Am J Psychiat superstitious belief which was grounded in this 1991; 148(9):1278-1280. patient was a challenge. Exploring patient’s conflicts (sexual or religious) when they are 5. Hakan Atalay. Two Cases of Koro present with erectile dysfunction could be Syndrome. Turkish J Psychiatry 2007; beneficial in improving the symptoms and 18(3):282-285. preventing worsening of the condition. Doctors especially psychiatrists need to be well versed 6. Fishbain DA, Barsky S, Goldberg M. with the diversity in religions and cultures to be “Koro” (Genital Retraction Syndrome): able to address issues surrounding this area. Psychotherapeutic Interventions. Am J Psychother 1989; 43(1):87-91. References 7. Dzokoto VA, Adams G. Understanding 1. Tseng WS. Handbook of Cultural genital-shrinking epidemics in West Psychiatry. USA: Academic Press, : Koro, Juju, or mass psychogenic 2001. illness? Cult Med Psychiatry 2005; 29(1):53-78. 2. Cohen S, Tennenbaum SY, Teitelbaum A, Durst R. The koro (genital retraction) 8. Garlipp P. Koro – a Culture-Bound syndrome and its association with Phenomenon Intercultural Psychiatric infertility: a case report. J Urol 1995; Implications. German J Psychiatry 153(2):427-8. 2008; 11:21-28.

3. Caballero JM, Avila A, Cardona X, 9. Sinha M. Letter to Editor. Asian J Sastre F, Maho P, Bello J. Genital Pain Psychiatry 2011; 153-154.

Corresponding author: Suzaily Wahab, Department of Psychiatry, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Email: [email protected]

Received: 2 July 2012 Accepted: 3 August 2012