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The NCA Report Series summarizes regional, sectoral, and process-related workshops and discussions being held as a part of the Third National Climate Assessment (NCA) process.

The first regional and strategic guidance workshops to contribute to the 2013 NCA were held in Chicago in February 2010. Volumes 1 and 2 of the NCA Report Series summarize the discussions and outcomes of these workshops. A list of planned and completed reports in the NCA Report Series can be found online at http://globalchange.gov/what-we-do/assessment.

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The purpose of this meeting was to present stakeholders in the Midwest region with an opportunity to provide input to the development of the strategic plan for the next National Climate Assessment (NCA). The meeting was organized around discussions of (1) up-to-date climate information for the U.S. and for the Midwest, setting the stage for subsequent conversations (2) key sectoral and regional issues and questions, including sources of vulnerability (3) options available to address adaptation and mitigation issues and associated barriers and information needs, and (4) input regarding development of the regional components and stakeholder engagement methods of the NCA. These discussions in turn helped to inform the subsequent strategic planning meeting on the design of the NCA (NCA Report Series, Volume 2).

Many of the participants in this meeting currently are or had been involved in assessments and climate-related decision processes, or had evaluated or managed similar processes. They repre- sented a wide range of sectors, regions, government agencies and universities.

The format of this workshop included both plenary sessions and facilitated breakout sessions. All sessions were recorded and highlights reported back for plenary wrap-up sessions. The agenda is attached as Appendix A and the Participant List is Appendix B.

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7DNLQJ$FWLRQ$3UHOXGH &KLFDJR&OLPDWH$FWLRQ3ODQ 7KH)LUVW1DWLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW/HVVRQV A growing number of cities, states and countries /HDUQHGDQG([SHFWDWLRQVIRUD1HZ have established their own planning processes and 5RXQGRI$VVHVVPHQWV engaged experts to help them respond to climate One of the great challenges of strategies for deliver- change. In the United States, the City of Chicago ing climate information is matching user expecta- consulted leading scientists to describe various sce- tions with the capacity to deliver that information. narios for Chicago’s climate future and how those When work began on the First National Assessment would impact life in the City. The resulting report in the late 1990s, a partnership of federal agencies found that impacts of climate change pose great conducted regional workshops across the country risks to the city’s economy and health. A group of to engage scientists and stakeholders in identifying leaders in the business, civic, environmental, foun- the types of climate information needed for making dation, and other nonprofit communities worked decisions and the best processes and practices for with local research partners to take on this incred- delivering that information. Such inputs continue to ible challenge and turn it into a great opportunity. drive the National Assessment process and shaped four main goals for subsequent work: The Chicago Climate Task Force agreed that Chicago needs to achieve an 80 percent reduction below its • Establish a set of operational regional networks, 1990 greenhouse gas emissions level by the year using the unique local capacities available, 2050 in order to do its part to avoid the worst global to develop appropriate responses to climate impacts of climate change. To achieve this 80 per- change. cent reduction, the task force developed the Chica- • Foster partnerships involving leaders from go Climate Action Plan, which outlines strategies to federal, state, and local government, business, reduce emissions. The strategies include improving academia, non-governmental organizations and the energy efficiency of buildings, using clean and the general citizenry. It is vitally important that renewable energy sources, improving transportation business leaders are involved in this process, options, reducing waste and industrial pollution, and that they view climate change as not only and developing adaptation plans to prepare for a challenge but also as an opportunity to make climate changes that cannot be avoided. money and create jobs. These kinds of partner- ships among stakeholders are evolving, as well The City’s climate adaptation plans are prioritized as the mindset that we should think about bol- and implemented based on three criteria. First, the stering a sustainable environment in partnership City tries to leverage “business as usual.” Since with fostering a robust economy. the mid-1980s the city of Chicago has invested in • Regional networks should work toward so- sustainability initiatives in an effort to make it the lutions to climate change challenges in the most environmentally friendly city in the nation and context of other pressing issues in their regions. improve the quality of life for city residents. Climate People are interested in solutions, both in terms change is one more reason to continue to fund on- of mitigation and adaptation. It is important that going “green” projects. Second, the City prioritizes those people involved in discussions about solutions think about the interactions among mitigation and adaptation options (e.g., could a proposed solution such as biofuels have unintended consequences?). Solutions need to be considered in the context of many issues beyond climate change. • Design and build an appropriate decision- support process and next generation regional engagement process that is both responsive and flexible. In order to implement solutions, the questions of decision makers must be answered appropriately during the decision making process. &KLFDJR·V&LW\+DOO*UHHQ5RRI 3KRWRFRXUWHV\RI7RQ\7KH7LJHUDQG:LNLPHGLD&RPPRQV

 adaptation projections that have collateral benefits problem but did not provide solutions; too much in terms of mitigation. The City’s urban heat island emphasis was placed on reducing the uncertainty reduction projects have both mitigation and adapta- of the science before making decisions. Now, the tion benefits in terms of reducing energy use and government is working on approaches to identify greenhouse gas emissions while addressing extreme the relevant, critical pieces of information that stake- heat impacts. Finally, the City prioritizes programs holders need, engaging stakeholders in a discus- and allocates resources according to areas that have sion of how the government can contribute to their greatest needs or are most vulnerable to the impacts decision process, and then working with them to of climate change. integrate climate science into their existing decision making systems and strategies. The City has already accomplished many of its goals. For example, in the last five years, seven mil- Australia’s national science agency, the Common- lion square feet of green roofing has been installed. wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organiza- The City’s extreme weather operations plan now tion (CSIRO) established the Climate Adaptation recognizes climate change impacts assessment in- Flagship, a portfolio of research initiatives that bring formation, and the urban forestry management plan together researchers, business leaders, government incorporates urban heat island information. Efforts to staff, and other stakeholders to link decisions with monitor alternative roadway materials’ performance the best current understanding of climate impacts has influenced the infrastructure materials market and adaptation options. During this process, em- and catalyzed business opportunities. The City cre- phasis is placed on finding the opportunities and ated a Chicago Climate Action Plan Storm Water benefits inherent in adapting to climate change. Management Framework that establishes effective, Australia has a variable climate already; managing natural onsite storm water management tools and the ups and downs of climate is part of business and a sewer capital investment plan to eliminate water a sign of excellence. in basements. Finally, the Chicago Trees Initiative is dedicated to increasing Chicago’s tree canopy cover 12$$&OLPDWH6HUYLFHV to 20 percent by 2020. In the United States, government agencies are think- ing carefully about how they can better respond $VVHVVLQJ&OLPDWH&KDQJHLQ$XVWUDOLD to the growing demand for more relevant, reliable Australia has seen much success in getting its citi- information about the future state of the climate to zens to recognize that climate change is an issue. allow better planning. The National Oceanic and Surveys of public opinion show that 84 percent Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is working of Australians rank climate change as the greatest closely with federal, regional, academic and other threat to Australia’s national interest, and 90 per- state and local government and private sector part- cent believe tackling climate change is important. ners to continue to transform science into useable Climate is an important part of Australia’s national climate services. In February, the agency announced identity — and it is difficult for citizens to ignore the its intent to create a NOAA Climate Service line of- increasingly severe changes that are taking place. fice. The line office is dedicated to bringing together the agency’s strong climate science and service While Australians are convinced about climate delivery capabilities, and making them more acces- change, the country is still working to effectively an- sible to NOAA partners and other users. swer the question “what do we do about it?” Today, every Australian government department has its own Re-organizing NOAA’s climate assets to create the climate change staff, making climate change a part NOAA Climate Service will create a visible and of mainstream policy and development. Climate easy to find, single point of entry which will enable change is now central to decision making in the more coordinated information sharing. However, government. Despite the country’s organizational no single agency can provide all climate services structure, the amount of money applied toward cli- for all people, and NOAA has only a piece of the mate science greatly outweighs the social science, a information needed. A partnership between federal problem that the United States also faces. agencies, local governments, private industry, and all users and stakeholders is needed to provide com- In the past, Australia’s national climate assess- prehensive climate research, data collection and ment approach has been more “climate-centric” dissemination, and climate service provision. than “decision-centric.” Assessments identified the  5HSRUWIURP0LGZHVW5HJLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW:RUNVKRS

The NOAA Climate Service aims to have a more The following two sections summarize the key clearly established regional footprint to coordinate overall findings of the report and the findings for the and provide improved regional climate services. Midwest. Additional information is available in the Some of the NOAA Climate Service’s early priorities full report. include developing a sustained capacity to more effectively provide regional and sectoral climate ,PSDFWVRI&OLPDWH&KDQJH vulnerability and risk assessments. NOAA is moving Key overall findings of the report include the follow- quickly to implement the proposed re-organization ing: and hopes to have a functional climate service up • Global warming is unequivocal and primarily and running in FY 2011. human-induced. • Climate changes are underway in the United 7KH,PSDFWVRI&OLPDWH&KDQJHLQWKH States and are projected to grow. 8QLWHG6WDWHVZLWKD)RFXVRQ • Widespread climate-related impacts are occur- WKH0LGZHVW ring now and are expected to increase. • Climate change will stress water resources. $Q2YHUYLHZRIWKH&KDQJLQJ&OLPDWH • Crop and livestock production will be increas- In June 2009, the USGCRP released Global Climate ingly challenged. Change Impacts in the United States.1 The report • Coastal areas are at increasing risk from sea- summarizes the science and impacts of climate level rise and storm surge. change in the U.S., now and in the future, in acces- • Risks to human health will increase. sible, authoritative language. It compiles years of • Climate change will interact with many social scientific research and accounts for new data not and environmental stresses. available during the preparation of previous large • Thresholds will be crossed, leading to large national and global assessments. The report was changes in climate and ecosystems. produced by a consortium of experts from 13 U.S. • Future climate and its impacts depend on government agencies within the USGCRP and from choices made today. several major universities and research institutes, and went through extensive reviews by the public, 2XU&OLPDWH)XWXUH7KH0LGZHVW5HJLRQ a “blue ribbon” panel of experts, and U.S. federal For the Midwest region, the report finds the follow- climate agencies. ing: • During the summer, public health and quality The report highlights climate change impacts on the of life, especially in cities, will be negatively U.S. in nine regions and seven sectors. The report affected by increasing heat waves, reduced air concludes with a section titled “An Agenda for quality, and increases in vector-borne diseases. Climate Impacts Science,” which identifies areas In the winter, warming will have mixed impacts. in which scientific uncertainty limits our ability to • Significant reductions in Great Lakes water lev- estimate future climate change and its impacts. The els, which are projected under higher emissions authors of the report received feedback that the scenarios, will lead to impacts on shipping, content was generally useful, but that, among other infrastructure, beaches, and ecosystems. suggestions, the next Assessment should focus more • The likely increase in precipitation in winter on mitigation strategies. The report did not evaluate and spring, more heavy downpours, and greater mitigation technologies or undertake an analysis of evaporation in summer would lead to more the effectiveness of various approaches. The authors periods of both floods and water deficits. believe that the overall communication and out- • While the longer growing season provides the reach strategy for the report needs improvement as potential for increased crop yields, increases in well, so that more people are aware of the report, heat waves, floods, droughts, insects, and weeds and the capacity to use it is increased. will present increasing challenges to managing crops, livestock, and forests. • Native species are very likely to face increasing threats from rapidly changing climate condi- 1 Karl, T.R., J.M. Melillo, T.C. Peterson (eds.). 2009. Global Cli- tions, pests, diseases, and invasive species mov- mate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University ing in from warmer regions. Press. http://globalchange.gov/what-we-do/assessment/nca- reports.

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Participants identified a number of ecological and ,VVXHVWKDWSDUWLFLSDQWVLGHQWLÀHGDVSDUWLFXODUO\KLJK socioeconomic sectors that are especially important SULRULW\IRUDFWLRQDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQFOXGHG to consider in the Midwest. Within each sector there ‡ ,QWHJUDWHGZDWHUPDQDJHPHQW are a number of key climate change impacts that the ‡ (QHUJ\DVDNH\GULYHUIRUGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ ‡ )LQGLQJZD\VWRPRWLYDWHEHKDYLRUDOFKDQJH participants highlighted. Participants also identified ‡ 3XWWLQJDJUHDWHUHPSKDVLVRQLGHQWLI\LQJFXUUHQW a number of high-priority, cross-sectoral issues that LPSDFWVRIFOLPDWHFKDQJH should be addressed quickly (see Box 1). In gen- ‡ 8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKHQDWLRQDOVHFXULW\GLPHQVLRQVRI eral, participants noted that climate change is a risk FOLPDWHFKDQJH multiplier – it both exacerbates existing stressors ‡ 3URPRWLQJHFRV\VWHPUHVLOLHQF\ in each sector and brings new impacts which must ‡ ,GHQWLI\LQJWKHUROHVIRUWHFKQRORJ\LQDGDSWDWLRQ be dealt with. Climate change is also an environ- DQGPLWLJDWLRQ mental justice issue, threatening some populations more than others because of existing advantages or disadvantages. In addition, there are significant in- 7HUUHVWULDO(FRV\VWHPV teractions among these sectors and with the climate Several types of terrestrial ecosystems in the Mid- system that must be analyzed and addressed using a west are vulnerable to climate change, ranging from system-wide approach. forests in the north and northeast through savan- nahs and prairies toward the south and southwest. $TXDWLFDQG:HWODQG(FRV\VWHPV These ecosystems may play a significant role in both The Midwest spans two of the major watersheds in adaptation and mitigation strategies (e.g., as carbon North America – the Laurentian Great Lakes and the reservoirs and as permanent habitat and migration Mississippi River. The Great Lakes and Mississippi corridors for wildlife) and important destinations for River and adjacent coastal areas are important recreation. These areas, which are already economi- ecologically and economically – for example, as cally important as sources of natural materials (e.g., habitat for resident and migrating birds and recre- logging), may become even more important as ationally- and commercially-important fish species, carbon markets emerge. However, these ecosystems as a source of drinking water for many municipali- are managed for a wide variety of purposes and by a ties, and as shipping lanes for moving raw materials wide variety of private and public entities. Without and finished goods into and out of the Midwest. a common set of regional goals or best management Changes in temperature and precipitation are likely practices, and without a better understanding of to have profound impacts on these systems, includ- how the ability of these ecosystems to store carbon ing changes in water temperature (and thus on the may change with age and other environmental distribution and life histories of warm-, cool-, and factors, it will be difficult to determine how best cold-water fish species), ice-in and ice-out dates to manage these ecosystems in the face of climate (leading to changes in patterns of coastal erosion change. Adaptation and mitigation plans must also due to ice scour or winter storms, the amount of account for interactions of climate with invasive precipitation falling as lake-effect snow vs. as rain, species and disturbance regimes (e.g., emerald increased evaporation during winter months, and ash borer, wild fires) and should address questions safety hazards for ice fishing), and runoff from related to both flora and fauna (e.g., impacts of agricultural and urban areas (resulting in increased changes in biodiversity on community structure and levels of sediments and nutrients, which may impact function, ability of species to migrate northward as water quality and feed algal blooms that contribute temperatures rise, increased potency and growth of to “dead zones” in the Gulf of Mexico and the Great nuisance plants such as poison ivy). Lakes). These ecosystems are impacted by a number of stressors, such as invasive species that displace $JULFXOWXUH native species and disrupt food webs or changes In the short-term, many agricultural areas in the in land use along the shoreline; taking a multiple Midwest may be perceived as climate change “win- stressors approach to identifying vulnerabilities is es- ners”: yields are increasing as warmer spring and sential for addressing the impacts of climate change. fall temperatures extend the growing season (allow- ing for earlier planting and extended or later har-

vests) and some crops respond well to higher CO2  5HSRUWIURP0LGZHVW5HJLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW:RUNVKRS levels. However, other agricultural areas are seeing 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ negative impacts that are only expected to worsen: In urban areas, the population continues to both fruit trees that burst buds as a result of warmer grow and spread outward. However, there are temperatures in early spring are more vulnerable few transportation options for those living in the to damage and flower / fruit loss due to late winter outer suburbs and in the fastest-growing counties and early spring storms; stronger storms and heavier vehicle miles traveled are still increasing. In Chi- precipitation events throughout the growing season cago, overall vehicle miles traveled per new acre of contribute to crop damage and loss. As climate development is decreasing; the city and surround- change continues to bring higher temperatures later ing counties are looking into programs to reduce in the century: livestock may be at risk for heat stress transportation emissions, which currently account during the summer and will require greater amounts for about 21% of total emissions. Approaches to of water; higher volumes of pesticides and herbi- emissions reduction already being pursued or in the cides may be required to control insects and weeds planning stages include car-share programs, encour- (which may also impact water quality and human aging use of mass transit where available and expan- health nearby and downstream); higher tempera- sion of mass transit to new areas, and developing tures may reduce crop yields (e.g., seed production new technologies. In addition to mitigation pro- in corn); more water may be required for irrigation grams that focus on expanding low carbon transpor- (affecting both surface water and groundwater sup- tation options, adaptation to the current and future plies). Agricultural practices in the Midwest cannot impacts of climate change must also be considered. be considered independent from the larger global For example, more winter days in which tem- agricultural market – farmers in the U.S. make deci- perature is near freezing (increasing the number of sions about what to plant based on world-wide food freeze-thaw cycles) may result in a greater number prices and supplies. As with many sectors, addi- of potholes developing. In the summer, increased tional research into the costs and benefits of adapta- temperatures can lead to greater heat stress on tion and mitigation strategies will assist agricultural roads and airport tarmac and to higher rates of fuel stakeholders in making decisions about short- and evaporation from airplanes. Because of the reliance long-term management pathways. on the Great Lakes and Mississippi River for long- haul transportation of raw materials and goods, the 8UEDQDQG5XUDO&RPPXQLW\3ODQQLQJ effects of climate change on water levels, storms, Communities both large and small make planning and ice cover are closely linked with transporta- and infrastructure decisions that have far-reaching tion. Likewise, choices about transportation can also impacts on their ability to grow and adapt to have important impacts and benefits for sectors such changes in climate and society – and on their con- as ecosystems and public health. tributions to climate change. In many cases, cities are dealing with aging infrastructure that must be +\GURORJ\DQG:DWHU0DQDJHPHQW replaced or retrofitted in the near future; they do not The lakes, rivers, and aquifers that supply the have the luxury of long study periods or of waiting Midwest with water are governed by a patchwork for “greener” technologies to become available. of public and private entities that often consider Because much of the built environment is owned water quantity and water quality separately from by individuals and the private sector, communities each other. A further complication arises from the must balance revision of building codes and zoning international nature of the Great Lakes; a number laws (e.g., to promote energy efficiency and “smart of interstate and international treaties and compacts growth”) with demands that new regulations not im- govern use aspects of water quantity and quality pose too great a cost burden for the owners of new in the basin. As precipitation patterns change, or retrofitted buildings. In suburban and rural areas, demands placed on various water sources will also migration outward from cities has led to changing change; such changes may lead to disruptions in demographics, new requirements for infrastructure the local and regional water cycle (e.g., pumping (e.g., emergency services, roads, sewer systems, groundwater into surface water systems, which in transportation lines back into cities), and changes in turn could lead to problems with water quality and land use (from forests, fields, and farms to subdivi- land subsidence). Changing precipitation patterns sions, stores, and schools). Some of these areas do will also put additional stress on water treatment not have a centralized governance structure that facilities, sewers, and storm drains, which may manages zoning, transportation, and other aspects not be sufficient to handle moving and treating of planning on a local to regional basis. runoff from stronger storm events. For example,  the dramatic increase in rainfall intensity since 1995 (an increase of 300%), may lead to multiple flooding issues, particularly raw sewage entering the storm sewers during storm events and other storm water management issues. A critical problem is that engineering practices are generally based on past “design events” rather than taking current and pro- jected trends into account. There are also significant emerging problems with transportation and flood control infrastructure, agricultural practices, soil and bank erosion, changing river morphology, and oxy- gen depletion due to warmer streams with impacts on stream and lake food webs. 12$$02',6VDWHOOLWHLPDJHRIWKH*UHDW/DNHV +HDOWK &RXUWHV\RI-HII6FKPDOW] While it is apparent that there are links between climate change and health (e.g., increased tem- equitable methods for addressing climate change. peratures lead to higher incidences of heat-related It will be important for the Assessment process to illness and death, the effects of air pollution are consider both written and oral traditions and ways compounded by higher temperatures and humid- of knowing as a part of the engagement strategy. ity, incidences of vector and water-borne diseases are likely to increase), more information about and &DUERQ0DQDJHPHQWDQG0LWLJDWLRQ research into the full range of impacts of climate The Assessment efforts provide an opportunity for change on human health are needed. Current cli- a broader framework for examining land and forest mate change scenarios predict significant increases management and its impacts on the carbon cycle. in the number of 90°F+ and 100°F+ days for cities For example, how does forest harvest rotation relate like Chicago and Minneapolis; increased heavy to other objectives, such as carbon sequestration? storm events are likely to put even greater strain on There are multiple linkages between water, agri- water treatment plants, increasing the likelihood of culture, and energy that need to be explored in untreated sewage releases into waterways. Health is the context of carbon management and mitigation. closely linked to sectors such as transportation and Linkages and implications for other resources such recreation: levels of physical activity may increase as fisheries, food security, greenhouse gas emissions or decrease (thus changing people’s risks for dis- and biodiversity also need more attention. eases linked to sedentary lifestyles); people may spend more or less time outdoors (thus changing (QHUJ\ their exposure to disease vectors and air pollution). Most midwestern states have identified renewable Also important to consider are the indirect effects of energy zones for further development of alterna- climate change on health. For example, as tem- tive energy capacity. For these zones in particular, peratures rise, calls to police about interpersonal and for the region in general, it will be important violence also increase. Finally, the ability of local to identify what information can be provided to health departments to respond to the challenges of guide development (e.g., wind potential). There are climate change may be constrained by insufficient important legal questions tied to renewable energy budgets. development that may play a role in the ultimate selection of pathways, these include dealing with ,QGLJHQRXV3HRSOHV energy returned to the grid by customers’ solar The Midwest has a number of indigenous communi- panels or windmills and legal challenges related ties and large areas of tribal lands. There are many to the placement of offshore wind facilities in the potential mitigation opportunities that these com- Great Lakes. Energy providers in the Midwest must munities may be considering, but in many cases be aware of energy production and demands across these opportunities may also create negative envi- the United States and Canada, as the energy grid is ronmental impacts – thus more information about linked across regions. The energy sector will also trade-offs between options is needed. Representa- need information about how energy demands may tives from various communities have been active change with changing climate, for example, if and in calling for reductions in greenhouse gases and how the demands for winter heating and summer  5HSRUWIURP0LGZHVW5HJLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW:RUNVKRS cooling may stress the grid. Mitigation decisions challenge their ability to maintain and manage cul- in the energy sector, such as the use of carbon tural and natural resources. sequestration technologies, may have implications for other sectors; for example, choosing to retrofit &URVVFXWWLQJ7KHPHV a coal-fired power plant with carbon sequestration &OLPDWH&KDQJHDVD3ULRULW\ technology may prevent the realization of co-bene- The recession and high unemployment have fits such as reduced air pollution that may arise from changed people’s willingness to see climate change replacing the plant with alternative energy sources. as a priority issue, but it is still possible to incorpo- rate climate change considerations into virtually all (FRQRPLFV%XVLQHVVDQG,QGXVWU\ of the region’s planning and implementation activi- Previous assessments have not included economic ties and to use a climate change lens on decision assessments; without economics as a part of the As- making more generally. For example, the Chicago sessment, it will be difficult to engage business and Climate Task Force is looking at foreclosure issues industry in any discussions – and it will be impor- and the connection between climate, utility bills, tant to engage representatives from these sectors in and inability to pay the mortgage. A key lesson from assessment-related discussions. For example, cost is this is that even if the motivation to resolve an issue often cited as a major barrier to adaptation; doing a came originally from a desire to limit vulnerability better job of assessing the costs and benefits of ad- to climate change, there are ways to integrate these aptation and mitigation would be helpful. Thus we considerations into everyday decisions in ways that must consider how economics and climate might be promote other co-benefits. brought together in decision processes in order to avoid unpleasant surprises and maladaptive respons- &URVV6HFWRUDO,QWHUDFWLRQVDQG/LIH&\FOH es. In the Midwest, the manufacturing industry (e.g., $QDO\VLV automobiles, farm equipment) plays a major role in There is a need to look at intersections between the the regional economy; the products of this industry sectors in order to better assess how decisions in are major contributors to emissions and a target for one sector can exacerbate or ameliorate the impacts new technology development. In land use decision of climate change and our ability to respond in re- making, while land use is an important integrator lated sectors. Taking such a systems-based approach of adaptation and mitigation themes, it is ultimately is important for public policy. For example, there economic considerations that drive most land use have been well-publicized concerns that certain decisions. Thus altering financial incentives may be biofuels programs (e.g., corn ethanol) may actually the most important adaptation option available. increase emissions because of associated changes in water use, transportation, nitrogen- based fertilizer 5HFUHDWLRQDQG7RXULVP use, etc. For example, a recent life-cycle analysis Many communities and individuals in the Midwest of biofuels has shown an increase in particulate air rely on income from recreation and tourism; it is pollution created by burning corn-based ethanol vs. important to understand how climate change will gasoline. impact seasonal activities such as ice fishing, skiing, and beach-recreation. In addition to the ecosystems 'RFXPHQWLQJ&KDQJH impacts cited above (e.g., changes in fish distribu- Some climate-related information needs include up- tion, invasive species, algae growth, and coastal dated quantitative assessments of components of the erosion), climate change is likely to affect both the hydrologic cycle (e.g., evapotranspiration rates, soil built infrastructure (e.g., docks and water levels at moisture), documentation of current and anticipated marinas) and natural systems (e.g., water quality at land use changes, and ability to predict changes beaches, prevalence of pests such as mosquitoes) that link across sectors and time scales. Seasonal important to recreation and tourism. Furthermore, it changes, such as changes in length of growing sea- may make tourism to specific destinations more or son, need to be evaluated in the context of increas- less attractive as temperatures and precipitation pat- ing intensity of rainfall and the impacts of crossing terns change. For states that rely on hunting / fishing thresholds at small spatial scales (e.g., localized permits and park entrance fees to support much extinctions) need to be aggregated (e.g., soil, water of their resource management budgets, significant and biochemical systems changes and changes in changes in the distribution and abundance of target the function of wetlands). species or impacts on park amenities may severely

 litical/trade implications of resource distribution and use. In the Midwest, the automobile and agricultural industries are particularly affected by these factors.

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Adaptation and mitigation decisions are already being implemented by early adopters and new op- tions are under consideration. Participants high- lighted a number of sectors in which adaptation and mitigation are already taking place, sectors ripe for development of new adaptation and mitigation 6RXUFHVRI9XOQHUDELOLW\ options, and the challenges and barriers to develop- Some of the sources of vulnerability that participants ing and implementing adaptation and mitigation identified are similar to lists that would be generated approaches. They also highlighted specific options in other places across the country, for example: lack that should be pursued in the Midwest (Box 2). of information about system dynamics, difficulties in decision making in the context of a non-stationary :KDWLV$OUHDG\%HLQJ'RQH" climate system, environmental justice concerns, Climate change adaptation and mitigation are oc- aging infrastructure, and inadequate institutions and curring in the Midwest and around the nation. In policies to address resource issues. Participants also some cases, these activities are deliberately linked expressed concern about threshold and feedback to climate change, while in others their benefits for issues; a need to appreciate the interdependence of adaptation or mitigation are secondary to another all sectors (e.g., extreme heat and implications for goal. Participants highlighted activities in a number electricity use and cooling load); and a lack of re- of sectors, as described below. sources available to invest in mitigation and adapta- tion, especially in current economic conditions. $JULFXOWXUH Farmers have been adapting to climate change in There are many external pressures and economic many ways. Some practices, including soil con- vulnerabilities that cross regional boundaries, in- servation and conservation tillage measures, are cluding national security considerations and geopo- long-established. Because many farmers can adjust operations on a seasonal to annual basis, they are %R[6XJJHVWLRQVIRU6SHFLÀF$GDSWDWLRQDQG planting crops earlier in response to earlier springs 0LWLJDWLRQ2SWLRQVW and use longer-season, drought-tolerant hybrids. In 7KHIROORZLQJLVDSDUWLDOOLVWRILGHDVIURPZRUNVKRS some cases, it is possible to cultivate more plants SDUWLFLSDQWV per acre. Farmers have increased use of fungicides ‡ 'UDLQDJHWLOHVWRGHFUHDVHWKHLPSDFWRIUXQRII and other chemicals in response to increased dis- DQGÁRRGLQJ ease and pests. Additional drainage tiles are being ‡ 7UHHSODQWLQJ installed to accommodate an increase in intensity of ‡ *UHHQURRIWHFKQRORJ\FRROURRIUHEDWHV rain and runoff. ‡ &DUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQ ‡ 3HUPHDEOHSDYHPHQWV :DWHU0DQDJHPHQWDQG5LSDULDQ ‡ 9DOYHFORVLQJXQLWVRQWKHVWRUPVHZHUVRQWKHED\ (FRV\VWHPV VLGHRIWKHV\VWHPV New storm water and flood management systems ‡ 5HJLRQDOFOLPDWHUHJLVWULHVDQGFDUERQH[FKDQJH can be built with an eye toward increased variabil- SURJUDPV³QRWLOOIDUPLQJSD\PHQWVIRUVHTXHVWUD WLRQ HVVHQWLDOO\UHQWLQJDVSDFHWRVWRUHFDUERQ ity in precipitation events and existing systems can ²LIWKHFDUERQLVUHOHDVHGDIWHUDSHULRGRIWLPH be retrofitted or renovated to better handle extreme WKHQWKHSHUVRQZKRERXJKWWKHFUHGLWVQHHGVWR events; both Chicago and Milwaukee are pursuing EX\PRUHHOVHZKHUH such measures. Riparian restoration projects add ‡ &KDQQHOLQJRIUHVRXUFHVWRQHLJKERUKRRGVWKDW capacity for storm water management and trap sedi- DUHPRVWYXOQHUDEOH HJ*UHHQ,PSDFW=RQHLQ ment before it can wash downstream. In St. Louis, .DQVDV&LW\ storm water rain gardens are growing in popularity; such gardens attenuate runoff to city sewer systems  5HSRUWIURP0LGZHVW5HJLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW:RUNVKRS and provide aesthetic or other benefits. In the west, The Union of Concerned Scientists has set forth a San Francisco has implemented storm water and sea National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy level rise planning. On a national scale, recent and which suggests that by using a combination of planned revisions of the FEMA flood maps to better strategies (energy efficiency, alternative methods of account for changing floodplain boundaries and transportation, etc.) the United States can reduce its flood regimes is one way that adaptation has already global warming emissions to 26% below 2005 lev- begun. els by 2020 and 56% below 2005 levels by 2030.

%XLOW(QYLURQPHQW 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ The city of Chicago has taken an active role in Accessible and affordable public transportation is implementing adaptation and mitigation practices as essential for meeting pollution / emissions reduc- a part of the Chicago Climate Action Plan process, tion goals and provides a number of co-benefits tied including installing a green roof project on City Hall to sectors such as public health. On the potential and making use of permeable pavement. During actions side, Chicago is a potential hub for a new summer heat waves, many cities operate “cooling national high-speed rail network. While increas- centers” to accommodate people who do not have ing fuel usage standards and developing alternative air conditioning or whose electricity has failed. vehicle fuels will play an important role in mitiga- Other cities, including New York and Seattle, are tion, participants cited the quick development and also leading the way in developing climate change acceptance of corn ethanol (and later findings that and sustainability plans. Other adaptation and miti- it displaced food crops and could actually contrib- gation measures are being implemented as a part of ute to higher emissions overall) as a cautionary tale green building projects – both in new buildings and showing that more analysis of alternative fuels may retrofitting existing buildings. be needed before they are brought to market.

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In the Midwest, CO2 emissions come primarily from the energy (40%) and transportation (30%) sectors. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), demand for energy/electricity in the Midwest will remain flat through 2030 as a result of changes in manufacturing, increasing efficiency in buildings, and implementation of existing or new state energy efficiency guidelines and renewable energy stan- dards (such standards exist in all midwestern states except Indiana). There may even be a 12 to 15 percent decrease in energy demand due to increas- ing efficiency. A number of governors in the Mid- west signed onto the Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord; however, related activities of the Midwest Governors’ Association (e.g., those associ- :KDW5HVHDUFKDQG7RROVDUH6WLOO ated with the Midwest Governors Energy Security 1HHGHG" and Climate Stewardship Platform) are now on Participants identified a number of research areas hold as they wait to see what happens at the federal and decision support tools that are needed to fill level. Implementing new energy efficiency stan- gaps in knowledge and increase capacity for deci- dards should not be stopped by arguments of a poor sion making about adaptation and mitigation. One economy – in many cases, these standards will save important distinction that must be made is between people money. These standards can also be used to what users want vs. what the users actually need – change the mix of energy sources. For example, by many wants are either highly costly or currently not holding nuclear energy and natural gas consump- possible. When information producers and informa- tion about even, or perhaps slightly increasing the tion users engage in a dialogue with each other, it use of natural gas, and implementing state energy is possible to help both sides better understand the efficiency regulations, the market share of coal in capabilities and gaps – and to define needs in a the energy market could be decreased from approxi- productive way. mately 70% in 2010 to approximately 40% in 2020.  6\QWKHVLV5HDQDO\VLVDQG,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRI (FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO,QIRUPDWLRQ ([LVWLQJ'DWD6HWV In addition to needing information about vulnerabil- Suggestions for use of current data included analysis ity, as noted above, decision makers need informa- of dynamics of temperature and precipitation pat- tion about long-term environmental and fiscal costs terns, as well as examination of thresholds, feed- and benefits of adaptation and mitigation strategies. backs, and nonlinearities. Information about how people value climate change and resources impacted by climate change will be ´5LJKW6FDOLQJµ&OLPDWH0RGHO2XWSXWV useful in constructing better methods for economic A main focus was on the need for “right-scaling” analyses. as opposed to downscaling of climate models. It is important to know with what scale the user of the &RPPXQLFDWLRQ7RROV data is concerned in order to deliver model outputs We still are relatively unskilled in communicating which meet their needs – and to suggest ways to get about climate change to a broad public and ad- around current scale limitations. For example, the ditional research on and examples of successful Water Utility Climate Alliance (WUCA) recommend- communication strategies are needed. This includes ed specific improvements in climate models for learning about how to communicate with various the water utility sector as well as noting ways that user groups using language and analyses that are managers are “working around” current limitations. familiar to that community. We also have much Similar analyses could be done for other sectors and work to do in building networks to deliver informa- at other scales. Additionally, decision makers need tion to the translators and communicators most able multiple time scales of climate projections – one or to connect to various regions and sectors, including a few years for operating decisions, decade scale to state climatologists, extension specialists, and other understand variability, and long-term (50 year scale) trusted sources and opinion leaders. for infrastructure decisions. 'HFLVLRQ6XSSRUW'LVFXVVLRQ6XSSRUWDQG /RQJ7HUP0RQLWRULQJ &R3URGXFWLRQRI.QRZOHGJH An investment in long-term monitoring of and Technical training for decision makers would help research on impacts would be useful for evaluating them to make better use of the data available to the success of adaptation and mitigation activi- them. However, because decision makers are used ties and for adjusting these activities to maximize to incorporating new information in their own deci- benefits. Information regarding consequences of sion processes, we could be thinking more broadly land-use change would also be extremely useful to about providing “discussion support” as well as many users. decisions related to adaptation and mitigation. Understanding the sorts of decisions that people 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV7KHVKROGVDQG)HHGEDFNV are making can lead to a better understanding of There is a need for better assessment of vulner- how to best provide science and information. It can ability of critical systems. Physical and ecological also lead toward “co-production” of knowledge or studies can help us identify thresholds for change “participatory research,” in which the stakehold- in ecosystems and characterize feedbacks between ers help to formulate the problem statements and climate, ecosystems, and human systems. Social questions in such a way that the resulting research and economic information is necessary to identify and information is better able to feed into decision vulnerable areas and target or prioritize resources. making processes. Evaluation studies and economic studies of specific climate change impacts and their societal values 3HUIRUPDQFH0HWULFV would also be useful for prioritizing adaptation and Once decisions are made, we need to be able to mitigation options. An example would be to quan- assess how well the selected adaptation and miti- tify the co-benefits of health as a result of adaptation gation activities are performing. Thus we need to and mitigation activities. undertake research on performance metrics and evaluation methods, and on how to incorporate ([WUHPH(YHQWV these metrics into adaptive management. In addi- A recurring request was for a better understanding tion, other fields may have metrics that are useful; of extreme events and long-term drought. These are for example, real estate uses a “walk score” to rate currently poorly parameterized and have greater the proximity of a house to nearby stores and trans- impacts than the climatic means. portation options and the accessibility of safe walk-  5HSRUWIURP0LGZHVW5HJLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW:RUNVKRS ing paths to these amenities. Such a score could be climate action. One planning method that uses this repurposed to rate the amount of emissions reduced approach is integrated watershed management. Fur- or health benefits gained by regular use of these thermore, we should go beyond describing impacts walking routes instead of car transportation. and evaluate future conditions under a range of scenarios and provide technical guidance on how to 6HOHFWLQJDQG,PSOHPHQWLQJ2SWLRQV implement options. Once decision makers have the information and tools they require to select and implement adapta- %DUULHUVDQG&KDOOHQJHV tion and mitigation measures, participants noted There are many barriers to adaptation, including that there are several additional considerations that many institutional issues and cross-jurisdictional play a role in the decision making process. issues. While many of these barriers are not unique to the Midwest, the particular economic and social ´5LJKWVFDOLQJµ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ conditions of the Midwest combine with climate Adaptation and mitigation may be best accom- change to present unique challenges. Although plished at the municipal to watershed scale, and there are some successful examples of how to over- where climate change can be integrated into come such issues, such as a regional effort (Green existing policies. Adaptation and mitigation must Impact Zone) in Kansas City, Missouri, it is difficult also be implemented at the appropriate time and to develop a long-standing, cooperative, regional fiscal scales, and thus more information about the approach. Cultural norms and lifestyle choices are short- and long-term benefits vs. near-term costs will a major barrier to progress, as is lack of flexibility in be helpful for decision making. For the National institutional infrastructure. Workshop participants Assessment, a lingering question is: how do we do identified critical information, social and behavioral, an assessment at the local scale and ramp it up to and institutional and fiscal barriers and challenges regional and national levels? that must be dealt with as a part of assessing and addressing climate change, as well as a number of ´1R5HJUHWVµ0HDVXUHV specific communication and framing issues (Box 3). It would make sense to implement many of the adaptation and mitigation options discussed at ,QIRUPDWLRQ the workshop because they are beneficial for the In many places, “credible” information and informa- environment and the economy even without taking tion sources (including the people delivering the in- into account their ability to mitigate CO2 emissions formation) are still needed. Even when information or adapt to climate change. Efforts to achieve energy comes from a trusted source, it may be too technical efficiency serve multiple purposes and achieve mul- or in a format that is inaccessible to the users, and tiple goals—saving money is good for the economy, so additional translators and technical specialists reducing air pollution is good for public health, and will be needed to assist in making information avail- retrofits for buildings create jobs and are smart for able. building management. 6RFLDODQG%HKDYLRUDO 3URPRWLQJ$GDSWDWLRQDQG0LWLJDWLRQ Climate change is still a contentious issue in the RISAs, Sea Grant, ICLEI, and the Great Lakes Initia- public sphere, thus linking action on other issues to tive are actively promoting adaptation and mitiga- action on climate change may ultimately invite criti- tion activities. The USDA is hiring climate specialists cism and reduce support for action. For example, (by state) as a reaction to the increasing number of linking the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative to cli- climate-related questions they are getting. Lend- mate change (e.g., restoration can also contribute to ing institutions that advise farmers are encourag- resiliency to climate change impacts) brought about ing them to get crop insurance in order to protect opposition in the media. Many potential adaptation against lost revenue. and mitigation options will require people to alter their behaviors; more research on how people react $6\VWHPV$SSURDFK to change and ways to encourage behavior changes Using a systems approach – recognizing dynamic will be critical for successfully implementation of linkages across regions and sectors, and develop- these options. ing adaptation/mitigation approaches that facilitate integrative thinking and planning – can help reveal Another significant barrier is a lack of leadership, both unintended consequences and co-benefits of especially at the national level, and the lack of a vi-  sion for and integration of adaptation and mitigation mitigation measures will require cross-jurisdictional at regional and smaller scales. In addition, there are cooperation. In some places, the federal, state, and different perceptions of the urgency of this issue due local policies may be inconsistent with each other, to differential impacts across regions; for example, making it difficult to select a set of guiding criteria; some impacts (e.g., water stresses) are evident in the there may also be legal barriers limiting the ways in Southwest and less evident in the Midwest. This has which certain options are implemented. Securing complicated efforts to make a case for coordinated the fiscal and administrative resources (including national climate policy action. There are also incon- staff) to research, implement, and continue to evalu- gruities of scale (temporal and spatial) between, for ate and adjust adaptation and mitigation measures example, climate change, electoral politics, jurisdic- is a high barrier for some jurisdictions to overcome, tional boundaries, and budget cycles. especially when other, more immediate needs loom large. ,QVWLWXWLRQDODQG)LVFDO Many of the constraints that participants note are fis- %XLOGLQJD1H[W*HQHUDWLRQ5HJLRQDO cal and institutional. Implementing adaptation and (QJDJHPHQWDQG$VVHVVPHQW3URFHVV

%R[&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG)UDPLQJ,VVXHV A decade removed from the conclusion of the first 3DUWLFLSDQWVLGHQWLÀHGDQXPEHURIFRPPXQLFDWLRQV National Assessment, the number of people inter- DQGIUDPLQJLVVXHVWKDWDUHEDUULHUVWRDFWLRQRQFOL PDWHFKDQJHLQFOXGLQJ ested in participating in current and future rounds ‡ &RPPXQLFDWLQJLPSDFWVDQGFOLPDWHFKDQJH of assessment has grown by one to several orders of LQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDSRODUL]HGSXEOLF magnitude. These people – and the myriad entities ZLWKVHWSHUVSHFWLYHV they represent – are part of the constantly expanding ‡ &RPPXQLFDWLQJXQFHUWDLQW\LQFOXGLQJWKHVRXUFHV stakeholder community that the National Assess- RIXQFHUWDLQW\DQGJXLGDQFHRQKRZWRGHDOZLWK ment process must be sure to engage. Workshop WKLVXQFHUWDLQW\ participants identified a number of issues related to ‡ 1HHGIRUSUREDELOLVWLFFOLPDWHLQIRUPDWLRQ UHFRJ building an assessment process that is responsive QL]LQJXQFHUWDLQW\EXWSURYLGLQJVRPHFRQÀGHQFH to the questions and needs of individual stakehold- ZLWKUHJDUGWRFHUWDLQGDWDSRLQWV  ers, to the various regions and sectors on which ‡ $YRLGLQJRYHUSURPLVLQJZKDWZHFDQSURYLGH are the focus of assessment, and to the spirit of the ‡ *XLGDQFHRQKRZWRGHVFULEHDQGUHVSRQGWRH[ legislative mandate which established the National WUHPHHYHQWV KLJKLPSDFWORZSUREDELOLW\HYHQWV  DQGKRZWRWDONDERXWWKHP Assessment. ‡ 0DUNHWUHVHDUFKRQZKDWLQIRUPDWLRQVSHFLÀF VWDNHKROGHUVUHTXLUHVRWKDWZRUNVKRSVDQGPDWH :KDWDUHWKH.H\&RQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU ULDOVFDQEHFUDIWHGWRÀWWKHLUQHHGV 6WDNHKROGHU(QJDJHPHQW" ‡ $VVHVVLQJKRZWRJHWLQIRUPDWLRQWRVSHFLÀF As people and organizations look for more and JURXSVRISHRSOHZKRFDQIXUWKHUGLVWULEXWHLW better information about climate change and its im- HJFRQQHFWLQJWRQHWZRUNVVXFKDVVWDWHFOLPD pacts, the National Assessment must be structured in WRORJLVWV  such a way that a wide variety of stakeholders can ‡ *XLGDQFHRQKRZWRKHOSSHRSOHXQGHUVWDQG access its process, information, and products. The WKHOLQNVEHWZHHQSDVWDQGFXUUHQWFOLPDWHWUHQGV following themes emerged from discussions about HJFXUUHQWFOLPDWHLVJUHDWIRUDJULFXOWXUH how to ensure that the Assessment moves toward LQ,RZDEXWWKDWGRHVQRWPHDQWKDWFOLPDWH meaningful stakeholder engagement. FKDQJHZLOODOZD\VEULQJEHWWHUDJULFXOWXUDOFRQGL WLRQV  ‡ &RQVLGHULQJQHHGVYVZDQWVPDQ\VWDNHKROGHUV (QJDJHPHQWLV(VVHQWLDO ZDQWLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWLVQRWDYDLODEOHRUDVNTXHV The First National Assessment involved an unprec- WLRQVWKDWDUHQRWDQVZHUDEOH edented level of effort – and yet ultimately fell short ‡ 1HHGIRUPXFKPRUHUHVHDUFKRQKXPDQEH of its goal for rich regional engagement. Because KDYLRUSDUWLFXODUO\ULVNSHUFHSWLRQDQGKRZWKDW responsibility for regional and sectoral chapters was PRWLYDWHVGHFLVLRQVWRDFWRUQRWDFW distributed among agencies with minimal central ‡ 1HHGWRUHIUDPHUHVSRQVHVWRFOLPDWHFKDQJHLQD guidance, the approach to engagement and assess- PRUHSRVLWLYHOLJKWFDSLWDOL]LQJRQDQRSSRUWXQLW\ ment was uneven and in many cases too hands-off. WRWDNHDPRUHKROLVWLFLQWHJUDWHGDQGVXVWDLQDEOH In addition, the report was released at a difficult YLHZRISODQQLQJSUREOHPV time politically, near the transition between ad- ministrations. Because there had not been strong  5HSRUWIURP0LGZHVW5HJLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW:RUNVKRS engagement, stakeholders did not feel ownership of (QJDJHPHQW0XVWEH%URDG the Assessment and ultimately it fell victim to parti- The number of people interested in, or potentially san attack. Building a stronger engagement process, interested in, climate change continues to grow as including encouraging more conversations between the outputs from natural and social science studies stakeholders, scientists, and assessment practitio- of climate change impacts help us to understand the ners (hopefully leading to self-sustaining dialogues), breadth of the problem. At the same time, climate will likely result in greater stakeholder buy-in to the change may continue to stay toward the bottom of validity and importance of the Assessment process stakeholders’ agendas as more immediate issues are and its products and thus to a stronger support base dealt with first. Despite this, the demand for climate for the Assessment. information is there, and the engagement process will help sustain a dialogue aimed at defining the %HJLQZLWKWKH(QGLQ0LQG questions and needs of stakeholders that the As- In order to effectively engage stakeholders, the sessment should address. In addition, stakeholders process must begin with clearly-defined goals for desire a range of engagement methods, ranging both the engagement process and for the National from in-person discussions to web-based content Assessment as a whole. Having a set of goals for and social media; the engagement process will need the engagement itself will be necessary in order to to consider how it will draw on the various tools explain to stakeholders why we are inviting them and methods that are available in order to maximize into the process and how they might benefit. This meaningful participation. The idea that engagement set of goals will also help the organizers avoid being must be broad also applies to the Federal agencies caught up in engagement for the sake of engage- involved in leading the engagement and Assessment ment and exhausting themselves and the stakehold- processes: while science agencies have taken the ers; put differently, the “why” of the Assessment will lead in past processes, it is necessary and appropri- help organizers to better define “who” should be ate for a wider range of agencies to participate as involved and “how” to involve them. both conveners and stakeholders, as they may have specific skills and expertise important to the pro- %XLOGRQ([LVWLQJ1HWZRUNV cess. Federal extension networks, such as Sea Grant Extension and Agricultural Extension, have a long (QJDJHPHQW0XVWEH6XVWDLQHG history of engaging stakeholders in the places where The purpose of stakeholder engagement cannot they live and work and have much expertise to offer be only to frame an assessment and then, one or in designing and carrying out an engagement pro- several years later, deliver a product. Stakeholders cess for the National Assessment. Federal programs must be regarded as experts with something of value (e.g., NOAA’s Regional Integrated Sciences and As- to contribute throughout the process so that they are sessments (RISA) program and Sectoral Application able to shape the process and its products. Engage- Research Program (SARP), NSF’s Decision Mak- ment is time-consuming, as it requires multiple ing Under Uncertainty (DMUU) program, NASA’s interactions and each interaction requires adequate Applied Sciences Program) have supported many time for a dialogue; planning for sufficient time research and pilot projects that provide important and resources to support an extended engagement lessons about engagement and have established net- process is critical. works of researchers and managers. The Assessment process should also work with existing networks of (QJDJHPHQWLV1RQ/LQHDU NGOs (e.g., Healing Our Waters, ICLEI, ASHRE), There are already many successful efforts underway professional organizations (e.g., state climatolo- at local, regional, and national levels. The challenge gists, broadcast meteorologists, farmers unions), and will be to link these efforts and build on them. As groups such as local Chambers of Commerce and the process engages new stakeholders, new ques- Rotary Clubs to identify “opinion leaders” and other tions are likely to arise and new methods of engage- key stakeholders to target for engagement. These ment and analysis may be required. Both informa- networks will also serve as pathways to disseminate tion users and information producers will need to information coming out of the Assessment process learn new vocabulary and work together to define a to a larger community. common language.

 )RFXVRQ´'LVFXVVLRQ6XSSRUWµ ing issues and providing people with a mechanism We cannot know all of the decisions that an as- for recognizing their climate-related needs, finding sessment might be asked to inform at the start of the information they need (and more importantly, the process. Instead, the engagement process will the people who have the capabilities to help them provide the space for discussion support, bringing use this information), and making their voices heard together stakeholders with scientists and other sub- in the ongoing process. ject matter experts in a way that will help frame the goals and questions of the Assessment and will build 6KDUHG1DWLRQDODQG5HJLRQDO/HDGHUVKLS capacity for better understanding and using the The parties responsible for planning and carrying information and products coming out of the Assess- out the regional and sectoral process need to be of ment process. Creating this discussion space will that region or sector (regional granularity), but they also require entraining “translators” who can help must be connected to and receive support from a ensure that conversations at the science-decision nationally-coordinated Assessment office (national making interface are taking place in a way that all coherence). Locating major leadership responsi- parties are able to understand. In some cases, these bilities at the regional and sectoral levels will help translators may come from fields that have not been ensure that the Assessment addresses questions and deeply engaged in the past (e.g., the cultural sector, issues relevant to that particular community and in- such as musicians and authors). creases the likelihood that stakeholders will engage because the conveners of the process will be known :KDWDUHWKH.H\&RQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU to them. Leaders at the regional and sectoral level 5HJLRQDODQG6HFWRUDO$VVHVVPHQW can also help to identify and entrain existing initia- 3URFHVVHV" tives that may serve as examples or early “test beds” Many participants acknowledged that a top-down, for Assessment-related activities. Support from the highly-centralized Assessment process is not likely national level can help facilitate better stakeholder to be viewed as legitimate. Instead, the National engagement processes by demonstrating a commit- Assessment must be carried out via a “distributed ment to engagement, link assessment practitioners assessment system”2 which empowers regions and across regions and provide channels for communi- sectors to define a process that fits their needs and cation, provide oversight to ensure that the Assess- strengths while providing a coordinated and col- ment is proceeding in all areas, and identify com- laborative framework that integrates findings and mon needs and resources. provides support at a national level. The following themes emerged from discussions about how to %RXQGDULHVDUH0XWDEOH create such a distributed assessment process for the While a regional and sectoral approach to assessing National Assessment. the impacts of climate change is generally appro- priate, the process must allow for boundaries to be $VVHVVPHQWLV%RWKD3URFHVVDQGD6HWRI fuzzy and for links across the various pieces of the 3URGXFWV Assessment. For some issues, it may be desirable to Participants noted that the National Assessment is convene a “transboundary” team that brings to- more than a single report that comes out every four gether specific expertise and perspectives. In other years. Instead, the Assessment should be viewed as cases, the areas of focus must be allowed to arise a process for bringing together scientists, decision from conversations among participants. For ex- makers, and stakeholders to frame the risks and vul- ample, the UK Climate Impacts Program organized nerabilities related to climate change in such a way around sectors and vocabulary that were most rel- that stakeholders are able to use this information evant to people’s everyday lives, eventually produc- to support their decisions about preparing for and ing reports on topics such as gardening, housing, responding to climate change through adaptation food, floods, transportation in a particular city, and and mitigation. The Assessment must be designed in retail. such a way that it provides regular reports and prod- ucts which incorporate the best science available &R3URGXFWLRQRI.QRZOHGJH while also being nimble enough the address emerg- Engaging a wide variety of stakeholders in co-pro- ducing the knowledge generated within the Assess- 2 Cash, D.W. 2000. Distributed assessment systems: an emerg- ment (i.e., as part of the author teams) will likely ing paradigm of research, assessment and decision-making for lead to increased acceptance of the Assessment, as environmental change. Global Environmental Change 10: 241- those involved will take ownership of the pieces in 244.  5HSRUWIURP0LGZHVW5HJLRQDO$VVHVVPHQW:RUNVKRS which they participated. Moving beyond the realm many regional representatives from univer- of government and academia – involving private sities and federal agencies, the number of citizens, NGOs, and industry – can be challenging, private citizens, businesses, and local gov- especially as it will require much effort to identify ernments represented was relatively small. the “right” level of people to engage. However, This was attributed to several problems in engaging in this co-production of knowledge will designing the workshop itself: ultimately build capacity within the community and will result in a stronger process overall. • We were not clear enough about what we were trying to accomplish in this 'LYHUVLW\$1'&RQVLVWHQF\ workshop, e.g. was this the major op- In the First National Assessment, individual agencies portunity for stakeholders to define their took on responsibility for various pieces of the As- information needs, or was it really just sessment. This arrangement led to inconsistencies in an opportunity to provide regional input the level of effort and the process used in different into the design of the National Adapta- regions and sectors. While each region and sector tion Strategy? will have its own unique set of climate change-relat- • The private and public sector local ed impacts and vulnerabilities, there are many com- stakeholders who were invited in many mon problems. Therefore, the Assessment process cases chose not to attend. This may be must provide a mechanism for sharing knowledge in part due to a lack of clarity of “what and approaches across regions and sectors in such a was in it for them.” In some cases, they way that practitioners can learn from each other and also did not have enough lead time to produce regionally-relevant results while also allow- get the meeting on their calendars. ing for findings to be aggregated at a national level. • USGCRP recently completed a series of 22 “listening sessions” around the coun- $GHTXDWH5HVRXUFHV try in which stakeholders were asked In order for the Assessment process to be successful, similar questions. it must be adequately resourced. This means provid- • There is now a very large community of ing for a functional and sufficiently-staffed office at people engaged in the “provider” side the national level that can coordinate across regions of the climate information equation who and sectors, regional offices that are empowered to are extremely anxious to be engaged in convene stakeholder engagement programs and to the development of the next National do the bulk of the work of the Assessment (includ- Assessment. This resulted in a large ing supporting sector-based efforts), and additional number of government and academic resources for technical support and new areas of climate community people wanting very interest. much to be at this “kickoff” workshop. • Local opinion leaders were not involved 1H[W6WHSV in the development of the workshop concept from the beginning. The organizers of the Assessment process have • The definition of “stakeholder” neces- much to consider as they work toward a framework sarily includes everyone who has a for implementing the next National Assessment and “stake,” and that group of people is now an ongoing, sustainable process that will continue several orders of magnitude bigger than into the future. Here we present a summary of it has been in the past. concerns raised at the construction of the workshop itself and key questions that must be answered as a Key questions raised by the participants that part of the continuing development of the National must be answered as a part of the continu- Climate Assessment process. ing development of the National Climate Assessment process: Summary of concerns regarding the Midwest work- shop format and effectiveness: • Who should lead the process? Who should be included in developing a Perhaps the strongest message articulated about this plan? The leaders in the Assessment workshop by the participants relates to engagement must be thought leaders who are trusted of private sector stakeholders. Although there were locally and regionally.  • How can we manage and coordinate across must provide products and services that are ap- regions? There must be a plan for coordina- plicable to a wide array of decisions, but more tion and engagement fairly early in the process engagement is needed to better frame the issues which lays out issues and concerns for each and decisions of interest. region. This should be a living document that • What types of tools and support services need can be adapted as conversations evolve, but it is to be developed? Many tools already exist, but essential to have this as a guide. we do not have a good idea of the existing tools • What methods should be used for engagement? and services – thus we must do some sort of We must use methods that will hold the atten- capability mapping to better understand what tion of stakeholders, be respectful of the time is available. In the end, most stakeholders still that participants have given to the process, and want connections to real people on the other sustain dialogues once they have begun. The end of the tool, so user support is essential. Assessment process should leverage existing • What platforms should be supported? There is meetings and forums, capitalize on opportuni- no one “winning” platform or access point for ties for engagement provided by major climate climate science and information – stakeholders events and key policy initiatives, and learn from discover and use parts of the Assessment in dif- past efforts to improve future success. ferent ways, including through web-based tools, • How can we keep stakeholders engaged? Stake- social networks, and in-person discussions. holders often require an incentive to stay en- • How can we ensure that the regional process gaged – they must see the value of their involve- is robust and ongoing? How do we encour- ment in the process. The process must include age long-term ownership of the process and its regular evaluation to ensure that engagement is products? Climate must be embedded into all working and should adapt when necessary. decision making cultures, which will require • Who are the decision makers? Many types of engaging with myriad stakeholders and helping stakeholders need climate change informa- them to understand the value of the Assess- tion for their decision processes. Some of these ment process. In the Great Lakes area, it will be people have participated in past assessments especially important to ensure that the process and others have not. includes links to international activities. • What decisions are we trying to inform or sup- • Where will the resources for the Assessment port? We do not yet have a full picture of the come from? A dedicated resource stream is es- types of decisions that stakeholders expect the sential to the success of the Assessment process. Assessment to support. Generally, the process

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Appendix A: Agenda

Monday, February 22nd

4:00 – 4:30 pm Welcome from Chicago Hosts (D. Wuebbles – University of Illinois, Joyce Coffee – City of Chicago) 4:30 – 4:45 Overview and Charge for this meeting (J. Melillo) 4:45 – 5:30 The Impacts of Climate Change on the U.S. • An overview of the changing climate (T. Karl) • Our climate future (in the Midwest) (D. Wuebbles) • Impacts (T. Janetos) 5:30 – 6:00 Questions 6:00 – 6:30 Reception 6:30 Dinner: welcome by T. Karl and keynote Shere Abbott, Associate Director for Energy and Environment, Office of Science and Technology Policy (invited)

Tuesday, February 23rd

7:30 – 8:30 am Continental Breakfast 8:30 – 9:00 Overview of the charge, agenda and intent of first day (K. Jacobs - opportunity for feedback and questions on agenda and plan for the workshop) 9:00 – 10:15 Panel Discussion: Critical sectoral and regional issues (D. Wuebbles, introduc tions and chair) • Scott Bernstein, Center for Neighborhood Technology, Chicago: Land use and transportation • Jonathan Patz, University of Wisconsin: Health • Knute Nadelhoffer, University of Michigan: Forest ecology • Efi Foufoula-Georgiou, University of Minnesota: Water • Charlie Walthall, USDA Agricultural Research Service: Agriculture 10:15 – 10:30 Expectations/instructions for breakout groups – K. Jacobs 10:30 – 11:00 Break 11:00 – 12:30 Breakout sessions on identifying sectoral, regional and cross-sectoral issues and questions in the Midwest Facilitators: K. Jacobs, J. Buizer, L. Carter, E. Shea Rapporteurs: F. Niepold, P. Runci, A. Waple, E. Cloyd 12:30 – 1:45 Lunch – Mark Howden, CSIRO Adaptation Flagship, Australia 1:45 – 2:45 Panel discussion on identifying adaptation and mitigation options to address key issues that have been identified (M. Gade, Chair) • Gene Takle, University of Iowa, Agriculture • Howard Learner, Environmental Law and Policy Center, Public Policy • Ron Burke, Union of Concerned Scientists • Don Scavia, University of Michigan, Great Lakes Issues 2:45 – 4:00 Breakout sessions on identifying adaptation and mitigation options to address key issues Facilitators: P. Runci, D. Brown, T. Janetos, J. Melillo Rapporteurs: N. Engle, F. Laurier, J. Austin, N. Gardiner 4:00 – 4:30 Break

 4:30 – 5:45 Breakout sessions on identifying science and information needs for adaptation/ mitigation decisions for key sectors and interest groups Facilitators: K. Jacobs, J. Buizer, L. Carter, E. Shea Rapporteurs: N. Gardiner, D. Ferguson, A. Waple, E. Cloyd 5:45 Dinner on your own

Wednesday, February 24th

7:30 – 8:30 Continental Breakfast 8:30 – 9:10 Summary of previous day’s findings from facilitators (T. Janetos) 9:10 – 10:30 Panel Discussion: How to build a next-generation regional engagement and deci sion support process (Kathy Jacobs, Chair) • Richard Moss, University of Maryland • Tom Wilbanks, Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Diana Liverman, University of Arizona • Ted Parson, University of Michigan 10:30 – 10:50 Break 10:50 – 12:00 Breakout sessions on next-generation regional engagement and decision support ideas Facilitators: P. Runci, N. Gardiner, T. Janetos, J. Melillo Rapporteurs: N. Engle, F. Laurier, F. Niepold, J. Austin 12:00 – 12:30 Report to Plenary from breakouts and discussion 12:30 – 1:30 Lunch and Next Steps (J. Melillo and Kathy Jacobs)

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Appendix B: Participant List Jimmy Adegoke David Behar Professor Climate Program Director, San Francisco PUC Environmental Studies Program Staff Chair, Water Utility Climate Alliance University of Missouri-Kansas City 1145 Market St., 4th Fl. 420 R.H. Flarsheim Hall, 5110 Rockhill Rd. San Francisco, CA 94103 Kansas City, MO 64110 Tel: 415-554-3221 Tel: 816-235-1334 Fax: Fax: Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Scott Bernstein Jeffrey A. Andresen President Associate Professor Center for Neighborhood Technology and State Climatologist for Michigan 2125 W. North Ave. Department of Geography Chicago, IL 60647 Michigan State Climatologist Office Tel: 773-269-4035 116 Geography Building Fax: 773-617-9503 E. Lansing, MI 48824 Email: [email protected] Tel: 517-4324756 Fax: 517-432-1076 Maria Blair Email: [email protected] Deputy Associate Director for Climate Change Adaptation Jim Angel White House Council on Environmental Quality Director (CEQ) Illinois State Climatologist Office Executive Office of the President Illinois Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Drive 722 Jackson Place Champaign , IL 61820-7495 Washington, DC 20503 Tel: 217-333-0729 Tel: 202-456-1475 Fax: Fax: 202-456-6546 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Thomas R. Armstrong Daniel Brown Senior Advisor for Climate Change Professor, School of Nat. Resources Office of the Deputy Secretary and Environment U.S. Department of the Interior Director, Environmental Spatial Analysis Laboratory 1849 C St., NW University of Michigan Washington, DC 20240 440 Church St., 3505 Dana Building Tel: 202-208-6713; Cell - 703-304-0229 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041 Fax: 202-208-1873 Tel: 734-763-5803 Email: [email protected] Fax: 734-936-2195 Email: [email protected] Jennifer Austin NOAA Communications & External Affairs Otis Brown Washington, DC Rosenstiel School of Marine and Tel: 202-482-5757; Cell: 202-302-9047 Atmospheric Sciences Fax: University of Miami Email: [email protected] 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149-1031 Kristen B. Averyt Tel: 305-421-4000 Deputy Director Fax: 305-421-4711 NOAA-CIRES, Western Water Assessment Email: [email protected] University of Colorado at Boulder NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory 325 Broadway R/PSD Boulder, CO 80305-3328 Tel: 303-497-4344; Cell: 303-827-1059 Fax: Email: [email protected]

 James L. Buizer Kim Curtis Executive Director Program Director Strategic Institutional Advancement and Policy Advi- Resource Media sor to the President 325 Pacific Ave., 3rd Floor Arizona State University San Francisco, CA 94111 P.O. Box 877705 Tel: 415-397-5000 x305 Tempe, AZ 85287-7705 Fax: 415-397-5020 Tel: 480-965-6515 Email: [email protected] Fax: 480-965-0865 Email: [email protected] Josh Darr Meteorologist Ron Burke Chesapeake Energy Corporation Midwest Office Director 100 North Riverside Plaza, Suite 2350 Midwest Climate Campaign Director Chicago, IL 60606 Union of Concerned Scientists Tel: 312-756-1805 1 N. LaSalle St., Ste. 1904 Fax: 312-756-1807 Chicago, IL 60602 Email: [email protected] Tel: 312-578-1750 x13 Fax: Jon Davis Email: [email protected] Meteorologist Chesapeake Energy Corporation Lynne M. Carter 100 North Riverside Plaza, Suite 2350 Director, Adaptation Network Chicago, IL 60606 Assoc. Director, RISA, LSU Tel: 312-756-1805; Cell: 312-617-3943 Assoc. Director, Sustainability Agenda Fax: 312-756-1807 Louisiana State University Email: [email protected] E-333 Howe-Russell Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Otto Doering Tel: 401-527-6058; Cell: 401-527-6058 Professor of Agricultural Economics Fax: Purdue University Email: [email protected] 1145 Krannert Building West Lafayette, IN 47907-1145 Macol M. Stewart Cerda Tel: 765-494-4226 Silmaril Consulting Fax: 765-496 1523 W. Jackson Blvd. Email: [email protected] Chicago, IL 60607 Tel: 312-404-4487 Brenda Ekwurzel Fax: Climate Scientist Email: [email protected] Union of Concerned Scientists 1825 K St NW, Suite 800 Emily T. Cloyd Washington, DC 20006-1232 Carbon & Ecosystem Support Program Specialist Tel: 202-331-5443 U.S. Global Change Research Program Fax: 202-223-6162 1717 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Ste. 250 Email: [email protected] Washington, DC 20006 Tel: 202-419-3484; Cell: 202-286-9642 Nathan Engle Fax: 202-223-3065 School of Natural Resources and Environment Email: [email protected] University of Michigan 2209 W. Byron, #3 Joyce Coffee Chicago, IL 60618 City of Chicago Department of Environment Tel: 484-695-6185 30 N. LaSalle Ste. 2 Fax: Chicago, IL 60602 Email: [email protected] Tel: 312-742-0151 Fax: 312-744-6451 Email: [email protected]

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Jack D. Fellows Mary A. Gade Vice President for Corporate Affairs Gade Environmental Group, LLC Director, UCAR Community Programs 444 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 3600 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Chicago, IL 60611 P.O. Box 3000-FL4 Tel: 608-669-8040 Boulder, CO 80307-3000 Fax: Tel: 303-497-8655 Email: [email protected] Fax: 303-497-8638 Email: [email protected] Ned Gardiner Climate Visualization Project Manager Edward Fenelon NOAA Climate Program Office Meteorologist In Charge (MIC) NOAA National Climatic Data Center NOAA National Weather Service - Chicago 151 Patton Ave., Rm. 557C 333 W. University Dr. Asheville, NC 28801-5006 Romeoville, IL 60446 Tel: Tel: 815-834-0600 x642 Fax: Fax: 815-834-0645 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Kevin R. Gurney Daniel Ferguson Dept. of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Program Manager Dept. of Agronomy Climate Assessment for the Southwest (CLIMAS) Purdue University Institute for the Environment CIVL 2277, 550 Stadium Mall Drive University of Arizona West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051 P.O. Box 210156 Tel: 765-494-5982 Tucson, AZ 85719 Fax: Tel: 520-622-8918 Email: [email protected] Fax: 520-792-8795 Email: [email protected] Bethany Hale Central Region Team Coordinator Gabriel M. Filippelli National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department of Geology 7220 NW 101st Terr. Indiana University Kansas City, MO 64153 Purdue University, Indianapolis Tel: 816-268-3133 420 University Blvd, SL124 Fax: 816-891-8362 Indianapolis, IN 46202 Email: [email protected] Tel: 274-7484 Fax: Chris Hamilton Email: gfi[email protected] State Wildlife Biologist Natural Resources Conservation Service Efi Foufoula-Georgiou U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Professor Parkade Center Dept. of Civil Engineering 601 Business Loop 70 West University of Minnesota Columbia, MO 65203 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E. Tel: 573-876-9416 Minneapolis, MN 55455 Fax: 573-876-0913 Tel: 612-626-0369 Email: [email protected] Fax: Email: efi@umn.edu Rebecca Held University of Michigan Peter Frumhoff NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab. National Headquarters 4840 S. South Rd. Union of Concerned Scientists Ann Arbor, MI 48108 2 Brattle Square Tel: 734-741-2394 Cambridge, MA 02238 Fax: Tel: 617-301-8027 Email: [email protected] Fax: 617-864-9405 Email: [email protected]

 Harry Hillaker Katharine L. Jacobs State Climatologist Assistant Director for Assessments and Adaptation Iowa Dept. of Agriculture & Land Stewardship White House Office of Science and Technology Wallace State Office Building Policy Des Moines, IA 50319 U.S. Global Change Research Program Office Tel: 515-281-8981 1717 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Ste. 250 Fax: Washington, DC 20006 Email: [email protected] Tel: Fax: Steve Hipskind Email: [email protected] Division Chief, Earth Science Division NASA Ames Research Center Anthony C. Janetos MS 245-4 Director Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 Joint Global Change Research Institute Tel: 650-604-5076; Cell: 650-279-1570 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory/ Fax: 650-604-3625 University of Maryland Email: [email protected] 5825 University Research Ct., Ste. 3500 Baltimore, MD 20740 Mark Howden Tel: 301-314-7843 Sustainable Ecosystems Fax: 301-314-6719 CSIRO Email: [email protected] Gungahlin Homestead Bellenden Street Alexa K. Jay Crace, ACT 2911 Research Associate, Climate Science Watch AUSTRALIA Government Accountability Project Tel: (61) 2-6242-1679 1612 K Street, NW Suite 1100 Fax: Washington, DC 20006 Email: [email protected] Tel: 206-849-5060 Fax: James P. Hurley Email: [email protected] Assistant Director for Research and Outreach University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute/ Lucinda Johnson University of Wisconsin Water Resources Institute Director, Research Associate Goodnight Hall Natural Resources Research Institute 1975 Willow Dr. 5013 Miller Trunk Highway Madison, WI 53706 Duluth, MN 55811 Tel: 605-262-0905 Tel: 218-720-4251 Fax: 608-262-0591 Fax: Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Tom Iseman Thomas R. Karl Program Director for Water Policy Director, National Climatic Data Center Western Governors’ Association Lead, NOAA Climate Services 1600 Broadway, Ste. 1700 NOAA National Climatic Data Center Denver, CO 80202 Veach-Baley Federal Building Tel: 303-623-9378 151 Patton Ave., Rm. 557C Fax: 303-534-7309 Asheville, NC 28801-5006 Email: [email protected] Tel: 828-271-4476 Fax: 828-271-4246 Brian Jackson Email: [email protected] Project Coordinator Joint Office for Science Support Caitlyn Kennedy University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Science Writer P.O. Box 3000 - FL4, Rm 2334 NOAA Climate Program Office Boulder, CO 80307-3000 1315 East-West Highway, SSMC-3 Tel: 303-497-8663 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Fax: 303-497-8633 Tel: 301-734-1219; Cell: 301-706-0285 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

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Doug Kluck Diana Liverman Climate Services Program Leader Institute of the Environment NOAA National Weather Service The University of Arizona 7220 NW 101st Terrace Tucson, AZ 85721 Kansas City, MO 64153 Tel: 520-388-0190 Tel: 816-268-3144 Fax: Fax: 816-891-7810 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Brent Lofgren Chester J. Koblinsky NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab NOAA Climate Goal Lead 4840 South State Rd. Director, Climate Program Office Ann Arbor, MI 48108 NOAA Climate Program Office Tel: 734-741-2383 1315 E. West Highway, SSMC3 Fax: 734-741-2055 Rm. 12837 North Email: [email protected] Silver Spring, MD 20910 Tel: 301-734-1233 Kerry Lofton Fax: 301-713-0515 Office of the Director Email: [email protected] Illinois Department of Agriculture Chicago, IL Nancy Laney Tel: 312-814-4866; Cell: 312-802-5274 Community Volunteer Fax: 312-814-4862 7163 Washington Ave. Email: [email protected] St. Louis, MO 63130 Tel: 314-882-3202 Amy Luers Fax: Senior Environmental Science Manager Email: [email protected] Google.org 900 Alta Ave. Fabien J.G. Laurier Mountain View, CA 94043 NSTC Subcommittee on Global Change Research Tel: 415-736-1013 U.S. Global Change Research Program Fax: 1717 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Ste. 250 Email: [email protected] Washington, DC 20006 Tel: 202-419-3481; Cell: 202-288-2879 Jeffrey C. Luvall Fax: Global Hydrology and Climate Center Email: fl[email protected] NASA -NSSTC 320 Sparkman Drive Howard A. Learner Huntsville, AL 35805 Executive Director Tel: 256-961-7886 Environmental Law and Policy Center Fax: 256-961-7788 35 East Wacker Dr., Ste. 1300 Email: [email protected] Chicago, IL 60601 Tel: 312-673-6500 Ray McCormick Fax: Vice-President Email: [email protected] Indiana Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts (IASWCD) Charles Lin 225 S. East St., Suite 740 Environment Canada Indianapolis, IN 46202 4905 Dufferin Street Tel: 317-692-7519 Toronto, ON Fax: 317-423-0756 CANADA Email: [email protected] Tel: Fax: Email: [email protected]

 Sabrina McCormick Christopher Miller Fellow, American Association for the Program Manager, Climate Change Data and Detec- Advancement of Science tion U.S. Environmental Protection Agency NOAA Climate Program Office George Washington University 1100 Wayne Avenue, 12th Floor US EPA (8601-P) Silver Spring, MD 20910 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Tel: 301-734-1241 Washington, DC 20460 Fax: 301-713-0517 Tel: 215-898-5456 Email: [email protected] Fax: Email: [email protected] Kathryn Moran Office of Science and Technology Policy Michael MacCracken Executive Office of the President Chief Scientist for Climate Change Programs New Executive Office Building Climate Institute 725 17th St., NW, Ste. 7217 (5th floor) 900 17th St., Ste. 700 (with Heinz Center) Washington, DC 20038 Washington, DC 20006 Tel: Tel: 202-552-4723 Fax: Fax: 202-737-6410 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Richard H. Moss James R. Mahoney Senior Staff Research Scientist Environmental Consultant Joint Global Change Research Institute 18482 Lanier Island Square University of Maryland Leesburg, VA 20176 5825 University Research Ct., Ste. 3500 Tel: 703-777-6333 College Park, MD 20740 Fax: Tel: 301-314-6711; Cell: 202-468-5441 Email: [email protected] Fax: Email: [email protected] Lynn P. Maximuk Director, Central Region Michael Murray NOAA, National Weather Service Staff Scientist 7220 NW 101st Terr. (CASC) National Wildlife Federation Kansas City, KS 64153 Great Lakes Regional Center Tel: 816-268-3130 213 West Liberty St., Suite 200 Fax: 816-861-8362 Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1398 Email: [email protected] Tel: 734-887-7110 Fax: 734-887-7199 Jerry Melillo Email: [email protected] Director Marine Biological Laboratory Knute Nadelhoffer 7 MBL St. Director, University of Michigan Biological Station Woods Hole, MA 02543 Professor, Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Tel: 508-289-7494 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Fax: 508-457-1548 University of Michigan Email: [email protected] 830 N. University, 1029 Kraus Nat. Sci. Bldg. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 Edward L. Miles Tel: 734-763-4461 Co-Director, Center for Science in the Fax: 734-647-1952 Earth System Email: [email protected] Director, Climate Impacts Group JISAO, Dept. of Atmospheric Science Satish Nandapurkar University of Washington CEO Box 355672 Chicago Climate Exchange Seattle, WA 98195-5672 190 S. LaSalle St., Ste. 1100 Tel: 206-685-1837 or 206-616-5348 Chicago, IL 60603 Fax: 206-543-1417 or 206-616-5775 Tel: 312-229-5177 Email: [email protected] Fax: 312-554-3373 Email: [email protected]

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Frank Niepold Craig A. Peterson (Ret.) Climate Science Literacy Coordinator Applied Sciences and Technology Project Office UCAR/NOAA Climate Program Office NASA John C. Stennis Space Center 1315 East-West Hwy., SSMC3 NASA/PA30 Building 1100, Suite 2005H Rm. 12727 North Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Tel: 228-688-1984 Tel: 301-734-1244; Cell: 240-429-0038 Fax: 228-688-1399 Fax: 301-713-0518 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Kelly T. Redmond Dev Niyogi Regional Climatologist/Deputy Director Associate Professor of Regional Climatology Western Regional Climate Center and Indiana State Climatologist Desert Research Institute Department of Agronomy 2215 Raggio Pkwy. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Reno, NV 89512-1095 Purdue University Tel: 775-674-7011 West Lafayette, IN 47907 Fax: 775-674-7016 Tel: 765-494-6574 Email: [email protected] Fax: Email: [email protected] Ed Roggenkamp Environmental Law and Policy Center Rolf N. Nordstrom 35 East Wacker Dr., Ste. 1300 Executive Director Chicago, IL 60601 Great Plains Institute Tel: 312-673-6500 2801 21st Ave., Ste. 220 Fax: Minneapolis, MN 55407 Email: [email protected] Tel: 612-278-7150; Cell: 651-246-9386 Fax: Paul J. Runci Email: [email protected] Joint Global Change Research Institute Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Adam Parris University of Maryland Program Manager, Regional Integrated Sciences and 5825 University Research Ct., Ste. 3500 Assessments Baltimore, MD 20740 NOAA Climate Program Office Tel: 301-314-7843 1315 East-West Highway, SSMC-3 Fax: 301-314-6719 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Email: [email protected] Tel: 301-734-1243 Fax: 301-713-0518 Mark Russo Email: [email protected] Meteorologist Chesapeake Energy Corporation Edward A. Parson 100 North Riverside Plaza, Suite 2350 Joseph L. Sax Collegiate Professor of Law Chicago, IL 60606 Professor of Natural Resources & Environment Tel: 312-756-1805 University of Michigan Fax: 312-756-1807 432 Hutchins Hall Email: [email protected] 625 South State Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1215 Don Scavia Tel: 734-763-6133 Graham Family Professor and Director Fax: 734-763-9375 Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute Email: [email protected] Professor, School of Nat. Res. & Environment Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering Jonathan Patz University of Michigan Professor Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041 Center for Sustainability and the Global Environ- Tel: 734-615-4860 ment (SAGE) Fax: University of Wisconsin, Madison Email: [email protected] 1710 University Ave, Rm. 258 Madison, WI 53726 Tel: 608-262-4775 Fax: Email: [email protected]  Doug Scott Deborah Stone Director Deputy Director State of Illinois Illinois Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Agency One Natural Resources Way 4302 North Main St. Springfield, IL 62702 Rockford, IL 61103 Tel: 217-785-1807 Tel: 815-987-7554; Cell: 217-494-2947 Fax: 217-299-8240 Fax: 815-987-7005 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Eugene Takle Eileen Shea Professor Chief, Climate Services Division Dept. of Geologicial and Atmospheric Science National Climatic Data Center, NOAA/NESDIS Iowa State University Veach-Baley Federal Building, Room 468 3013 Agronomy Hall 151 Patton Avenue Ames, IA 50011 Asheville, NC 28801-5001 Tel: 515-294-9871 Tel: 828-271-4384 Fax: Fax: 828-271-4876 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Kate Tomford A.J. Singletary Director of Sustainability Office of Safety, Energy and Environment Office of Governor Pat Quinn U.S. Department of Transportation 100 W. Randolph St. 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Chicago, IL 60601 Washington, DC 20590 Tel: 312-814-4083 Tel: 202-366-0360 Fax: 312-814-4862 Fax: 202-366-0263 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Bradley H. Udall Melissa Soline Director Program Manager Western Water Assessment Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative University of Colorado at Boulder 177 N. State St., Ste. 500 NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Chicago, IL 60601 325 Broadway R/PSD Tel: 312-201-4517 Boulder, CO 80305-3328 Fax: 312-553-4355 Tel: 303-497-4573 Email: [email protected] Fax: 303-497-6449 Email: [email protected] Brooke Stewart Department of Atmospheric Sciences Dan Walker University of Illinois Chief, Climate Assessments and Services Division 105 S. Gregory Street NOAA Climate Program Office Urbana, IL 61801 1315 East-West Highway, SSMC-3 Tel: 217-333-9604 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Fax: Tel: 301-734-1212 Email: [email protected] Fax: 301-713-0518 Email: [email protected] Heather M. Stirratt Great Lakes Regional Coordinator Margaret Walsh NOAA Coastal Services Center Climate Change Program Office 1735 Lake Drive West, Building NOHRSC U.S. Department of Agriculture Chanhassen , MN 55317 1400 Independence Ave., SW Tel: 952-368-2505 Washington, DC 20250 Fax: Tel: 202-720-9978 Email: [email protected] Fax: 202-401-1176 Email: [email protected]

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Michael Walsh Donald J. Wuebbles Executive Vice President The Harry E. Preble Professor of Atmospheric Sci- Chicago Climate Exchange ences 190 S. LaSalle St., Ste. 1100 School of Earth, Society, and Environment Chicago, IL 60603 Department of Atmospheric Sciences Tel: 312-229-5177 University of Illinois Fax: 312-554-3373 105 S. Gregory St Email: [email protected] Urbana, IL 61801-3070 Tel: 217-244-1568 Charles L. Walthall Fax: 217-244-4393 National Program Leader, Climate Change, Soils and Email: [email protected] Emissions Research Program Office of National Programs John A. Young USDA Agricultural Research Service Professor Emeritus & Director, Wisconsin State Cli- 5601 Sunnyside Ave., Room 4-2282 matology Office Beltsville, MD 20705-5140 University of Wisconsin-Madison Tel: 301-504-4634; Cell: 443-968-0660 1225 W. Dayton St. Fax: 301-504-6231 1503 Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Email: [email protected] Madison, WI 53706 Tel: 608-263-2374; Cell: 608-669-0949 Anne M. Waple Fax: 608-262-0166 NOAA National Climate Data Center Email: [email protected] Veach-Baley Federal Building 151 Patton Ave. James A. Zandlo Asheville, NC 28801 State Climatology Office, DNR Waters Tel: 828-257-3000 439 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle Fax: St. Paul, MN 55108-6028 Email: [email protected] Tel: 651-297-1314 Fax: 651-625-2208 Thomas Wilbanks Email: [email protected] ORNL Corporate Fellow Group Leader, MultiScale Energy-Environmental Systems, Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Bethel Valley Road, Building 1505, Room 356A Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038 Tel: 865-574-5515 Fax: 865-576-2943 Email: [email protected]

Pammela J. Wright Board Member National Farmers Union - Missouri President, Central Ozark Farmers Union Chapter 9492 County Road 9190 West Plains, MO 65775 Tel: 417-257-1770 Fax: Email: [email protected]

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