PARSTATâ 2273 Advanced /Galvanostat

For more than two decades, the 273 has been the most popular instrument in the history of computer- controlled /galvanostats. We knew that it would be critical that the next generation of this prestigious instrument continue to set the standard against which all other systems would be measured.

We would like to introduce the new benchmark!

The 2273 is designed to be the most comprehensive electrochemical tool in your laboratory. Since no one can predict how research needs will evolve over the years, it is imperative to have an instrument that can address all of the electrochemical instrumentation requirements that may develop, from the widest current range available (13 decades with an optional booster) to 100 V compliance voltage. Whether it is making cyclic measurements on new catalysts to performing micro-ohm electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) mea- surements across an entire cell assembly, you have the capability with the 2273. If your analytical voltammetry research evolves from differential pulse measurements to performing rapid experiments with a true charge-capturing integrator, you need look no further than the 2273!

Features Applications • 2A current max. (20A boosted) • Corrosion • 100 V compliance • Research • 1.2 fA current resolution • Sensors • > 1013 W input impedance • Batteries • < 5 pF of capacitance • Fuel Cells • 10 uHZ to 1 MHz built in analyz- • Biomedical Applications er for impedance

Page 1 General Hardware Specifications Rear Panel

The 2273 is a potentiostat/galvanostat/FRA that consists The rear panel of the 2273 provides inputs/outputs for the addi- of hardware capable of ±10 V scan ranges, 2 A current tion of accessories and/or ancillary equipment. A DAC Output capability, and EIS measurements from 10 µHz to 1 MHz. is provided at the rear panel controlling rotating disk elec- The interface to the PC or laptop is Universal Serial Bus trodes or other devices that require a dc voltage for control. (USB), so there is no need for an additional card for your There is also a Synchronous A/D Input for collecting a dc volt- system. Electrochemistry PowerSuiteâ software is age from an external device (such as a quartz crystal analyzer required for the 2273 and is purchased separately. or temperature probe) in sync with the potential and/or current data collection. The Power Amp Monitor also resides on the rear panel, providing information on the magnitude of the Current and Voltage 2273's power amplifier output. Finally, there is the Auxiliary Interface connector that is used to control the Model 303A Unlike any other potentiostat on the market today, the SMDE via the 507 Interface, and for issu- 2273 allows for a compliance voltage up to ±100 V ing/receiving TTL signals (triggers). (power available at the counter electrode) and a maxi- mum current of up to ±2 A for large electrode systems and Booster Interface low sensitivity coatings applications requiring pA resolu- tions! The 2273 has three current booster options to choose from:

EIS Capability • 2273/8A option for 8A, 50V. • 2273/10A option for 10A, 20V The 2273 hardware combined with PowerSINE software • 2273/20A option for 20A, 20V performing EIS experiments from frequency ranges of 1MHz to 10uHz, via either potentiostatic control (Single Sine, fast MultiSine, or Mott-Schottky), or galvanostatic Using your 2273 with one of the cur- control (Galvanostatic EIS). With the unsurpassed specifi- rent booster options provide the cations of the 2273, it has the capability to perform EIS user with a seamless interface for experiments on the most demanding coatings (requiring our PowerSuite software. When a fA resolutions, high input impedance, and low stray capac- booster option is connected to the itance), as well as the latest energy storage devices 2273, the software will autoscale the data, you will no longer have (requiring high current and fast scans). to manually manipulate the data.

Front Panel Computer Interface The front panel of the 2273 provides understated function- ality. The cell cable connection point is located on the The Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface makes setup and front panel, with its five-terminal cell cable (C0379) con- communications a snap. No more GPIB cards to purchase, necting via the sturdy and reliable LEMO connector. install and configure! Simply connect the USB cable between With its high +/-100V compliance, the 2273 has a Cell the 2273 and your USB port on the computer, power on the Enable safety switch so that one can always be certain 2273, download the USB driver from the software CD upon that the cell is disconnected when needing to make request (first time only), and hardware setup is finished! changes in the cell configuration. For the few whose research requires capabilities beyond those provided with our standard offerings, an External Input is provided for ISO9001:2000 Certified introducing arbitrary waveforms into the analog circuitry, as well as an E Monitor and I Monitor from which one Princeton Applied Research can collect the potential and current, respectively, with an is a member of Advanced external device, such as a digital oscilloscope or DAC Measurement Technology, input device. Finally, there are four LEDs that indicate Inc., an ISO9001:2000 certi- the 2273s status, as well as a mechanical power switch on fied company. the front panel.

Page 2 Applications

Sensors

For potentiometric sensors (such as ion-selective and coated wire electrodes) and amperometric sensors (gas sen- sors, thin film microelectrodes, and chemically modified electrodes), the 2273 provides current sensitivities that can sur- pass the requirements of the most demanding measurement parameters, with a pA current range and fA resolution; high compliance voltage allows for the growth of thin film electrodes and nanodeposition. Biosensor development and analysis relies on techniques that are contained within the PowerCV , PowerSTEP chronoamperome- try/chronopotentiometry and PowerPULSE electroanalytical software packages.

Biomedical Applications

Then 2273 exceeds the requirements of a potentiostat/galvanostat as described in ASTM F2129, “Standard Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements to Determine the Corrosion Susceptibility of Small Implant Devices.” For implant biocompatibility studies, the most common methods involve DC corrosion techniques such as cyclic potentiodynamic polarization for the determination of the breakdown or critical pitting potential (Eb), the corro- sion or open circuit potential (Ecorr), the repassivation or protection potential (Ep), corrosion current (Icorr) and corrosion rates based on Tafel analysis. All of these techniques are possible with the 2273 using the PowerCORR corrosion measure- ment software package. The outstanding performance of the 2273 ensures that the results obtained are accurate and allows the user to be confident of their data.

Research Electrochemistry

The physical nature of electrochemistry has resulted in a broad range of research areas. From determining the kinetics of an electron-transfer process, to developing new and improved materials via unique electrodeposition or electrosynthesis techniques, the 2273 was designed with the flexibility and capability required by today's electrochemical researcher. Be it microelectrodes, rotating disk electrodes, electrodes, or quartz crystal resonators, the 2273 supports the electrodes used in the modern electrochemical research lab.

Corrosion

The 2273 is ideal for corrosion research. Whether it is rebar in concrete or titanium in ringer's solution, the 2273 was designed to address a wide range of corrosion applications. PowerCORR Corrosion Software and PowerSINE EIS Soft- ware complement the 2273's impressive specifications to create the ultimate tool for any corrosion lab. Working with large electrodes or resistive media? The 2273's 100V compliance voltage takes care of that. Studying a new corrosion inhibitor or coating technology? Femtoamp current resolutions and 10^13 input impedance make even the toughest EIS measurements seem routine.

Fuel Cells and Batteries

For years, Princeton Applied Research potentiostats/galvanostats have been utilized to further the development of new energy sources. From the early stages of battery development to the charge/discharge experiments on the final product, the 2273 has the current measurement range to address the challenges that lie ahead for the next generation of batteries. Fuel Cells offer a cleaner energy source for the future, and the 2273 helps bring that technology to market. Use EIS to examine the impedance of the PEM at different humidity levels, perform I/V curves on SOFCs, or run CVs on DMFC assemblies. The 2273 and the entire PowerSuite package has the potential to take your research to the next level.

Page 3 2273 Contour Plot

EIS Contour Plot for the 2273

3.5 pf

260 µH

We have performed a series of impedance experiments on known resistive and capacitive cells and have evaluated the accuracy of these measurements. The results are summarized on the EIS Contour Plot for the 2273 potentiostat. The results on the above contour was taken in the potentiostatic EIS mode, using a standard amplitude of 10 mV. The blue area within the plot is that region for which the error in the impedance is less than 1% or 2°.

Page 4 2273 Specifications

Power Amplifier Potential/Current Control Compliance Voltage: ±100 V Digital/Analog Converters (DACs) Maximum Current: ±2 A Bias DAC Rise Time: <250 ns (No Load) Resolution: 16 bits Slew Rate: > 15 V/µs (No Load) Range (Potentiostat): ±10 V Range (Galvanostat): ±100% of full-scale current System Performance Modulation DAC Minimum Time Base: 20 µs Resolution: 16 bits Minimum Potential Step: 2.5 µV Impedance Specifications Noise and Ripple: <50 µV rms (typical) Frequency Range: 10 µHz - 1 MHz Minimum Current Range: 2 nA (hardware) Minimum Current Range: 40 pA (after 50X gain) Dimensions Minimum Current Resolution: 1.2 fA Width 20" Depth 18.75" iR Compensation Height 9" Positive Feedback Range: 2000 M W to 2 W (depending on current Weight range) 31 kg (68 lbs) Current Interrupt 16 bit DAC Potential Error Correction Power Requirements 90/130 V AC or 200/260 V AC, 50-60 Hz Current Measurement 600 Watts Max. Ranges: 10 decades, 2 A to 2 nA Accuracy (dc) 20 µA to 2A: <0.4% Full Scale Computer Interface 20 nA and 1 µA Ranges: <0.5% Universal Serial Bus 2 nA < 0.75% PowerSuite Software (sold seperately)

Frequency Response (small signal) PowerSINE Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 2 mA Range: 3 dB at >1 MHz, 1k source impedance PowerCORR Corrosion Measurement 20 µA Range: 3 dB at >100 kHz, 100k source impedance PowerCV Cyclic Voltammetry PowerSTEP Chronoamperomtry/Chronopotentiometry Differential Electrometer PowerPULSE Electroanalytical Software Input Bias Current: <5 pA at 25°C PowerECHEM Consists of PowereCV,PowerSTEP& Power Max. Voltage Range: ±10 V PULSE Max. Input Voltage Differential: ±10 V Bandwidth: 3 dB @ >15 MHz Operating System Common Mode Rejection: â >80 dB at 100 Hz Microsoft Windows 98/2000/NT/XP >60 dB at 100 kHz Input Impedance: 1013 W in parallel with <5 pF

Page 5 Discover the power of true 32-bit Windows programs in our PowerSuite software platform. Take advantage of powerful wizards, graphics data presentation formats and easy-to-use import/export tools for both graphs and data.

PowerPULSE Electroanalytical Software

• Squarewave Voltammetry • Differential Pulse Voltammetry • Normal and Reverse Normal Pulse Voltammetry • Cyclic Squarewave Voltammetry • Cyclic Differential Pulse Voltammetry • Anodic Stripping Voltammetry • Recurrent (Cycling) Potential • Galvanic Pulse techniques for battery cycling with potential current, and charge limitation settings. • Multi-Step /Chronopotentiometry

PowerCV Cyclic Voltammetry • Linear Scan • RW Determination • Ramp Cyclic Voltammetry • Staircase Cyclic Voltammetry

PowerSINE Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

• Potentiostatic EIS (Single-Sine and Multi-Sine) • Galvanostatic EIS (GEIS) • Mott-Schottky techniques for all your EIS needs • Frequency scans of 10 µHz–1 MHz • Numerous analysis tools to easily extract information from the data including Line Fit, Circle Fit, and Graphical Impedance Math (Z Math) • Merge data from multiple scans into one data set for analysis, including potentio- static EIS scans with galvanostatic EIS scans

PowerSTEP Chronoamperomtry/Chronopotentiometry

• One Step Chronoamperometry • Two Step Chronoamperometry • Chronopotentiometry • RW Determination

PowerCORR Corrosion Measurement • Tafel Plot • Anodic Polarization • Linear Polarization • Potentiostatic • Galvanostatic • Ecorr versus Time • Galvanic Corrosion • Cyclic Polari • Zero Resistance Ammeter • Galvanodynamic

Page 6 PowerSuite Software

Data Storage Format PowerSuite’s unique data storage format ulitizing Microsoft ACCESS database provides other powerful features available to PowerSuite. These include making changes to some experimental parameters on the fly, performing fits on data as it’s being collected, search- ing data files based on comments added by the user, and exporting data and plots to oth- er programs such as Microsoft Excel or Microsoft PowerPoint.

Powerful Graphics

PowerSuite’s dominant feature is it’s graphical capabilities. It provides tremendous flexibility with data presentation. Up to four plots can be viewed simultaneously, on the screen without opening a separate viewing program. Several default plots are available, and the user has the ability to modify each graph or create and save their own custom graphs according to their own criteria. A wide variety of parameters are available for plot- ting, as well as the ability to add a second Y-axis or view the plot in 3D. The user can select the data symbols/lines desired, as well as change the color of any plot. Additional graphical features allow the data of any axis to be mathematically changed (by choosing to either add, subtract, divide, or multiply the axis values) using the Data Factors feature. This feature can be used to change data in amps to microamps for comparison purposes. It can also be used to convert a potential reading acquired from an ancillary component (such as a temperature probe) through the A/D Input into its proper value (such as degrees C).

Experiment Wizard

For new users, the "New Experiment Wizard" guides you through a step by step process to configure all aspects of the experiment. If you have a setup that is to be repeated over sev- eral experiments, it can be "Saved as a Template…", recalled, and executed without hav- ing to reenter information with each use.

Complete Plotting Control

Up to four different graphs from prior experiments can appear simultaneously. Overlay data can be placed on the plots prior to acquiring the data, which allows the user to compare the two data sets as the experiment progresses! Overlaid data graphical properties can also be modified in terms of color or plot style, and any overlaid data can be selected to become the "active" data file, at which point the current file becomes an overlay, and full data analysis can be performed on what was an overlay! A number of graphical and analytical features are available by simply right-clicking on any graph and selecting from a full complement of options. Page 7 2273 Ordering Information

2273 General Purpose Potentiostat/Galvanostat

2273/8A 8A @ 50V Booster Option 2273/10A 10A @ 20V Booster Option 2273/20A 20A @ 20V Booster Option

PowerSINE Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy PowerCORR Corrosion Measurement PowerCV Cyclic Voltammetry PowerSTEP Chronoamperomtry/Chronopotentiometry PowerPULSE Electroanalytical Software PowerECHEM Consists of PowereCV,PowerSTEP& Power PULSE

Cable Accessories

C0379 Additional 2273 Cell Cable C0380 2273 to Glove Box Interface Cable ( LEMO to LEMO, plus a wired bulkheadconnector)

Cell Accessories

K0047 Corrosion Cell Kit K0235 Corrosion Flat Cell K0264 Micro-Cell Kit RDE0018 Analytical Cell Kit Ancillary Equipment

303A Static Mercury Drop Electrode 507 Interface for the Model 303A QCA922 Quartz Crystal Analyzer 616 636 Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode

Extended Warranty

2273 EW Silver Extended Warranty Plan for the 2273

Princeton Applied Research offers extended warranties and/or site service contracts on all its instruments. There are three levels of coverage starting with the basic silver level that is a one-year extension of our free one-year initial warranty. Silver level extended warran- ty includes labor, material, and return shipping. The Gold and Platinum levels offer an increased product protection plan.

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