NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF CONTRIBUTORS

ANNA K. BEHRENSMEYER GARNmS H. CURTIS Department of Palaeontology Department of Geology & GeoPhysics University of California University of California Berkeley, California 9472o, U.S.A. Berkeley, California 9472o, U.S.A.

BRUCE E. BOWEN PETER DAGLEY Department of Earth Sciences Sub-Department of Geophysics Iowa State University University of Liverpool Ames, Iowa 5oolo, U.S.A. Liverpool

ANDREW BROCK R. E. DRAKE Department of Physics Department of Geology & Geophysics University of Botswana University of California Lesotho & Swaziland Berkeley, California 9472o, U.S.A. Roma, Lesotho, Africa G. G. Eck I~..AUREEN BROOK University of Washington Institute of Geological Sciences Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. Geochemical Division 64-78 Gray's Inn Road, London IAN C. FINDLATER Geology Department FRANK H. BROWN Birbeck College Department of Geology University of London University of Utah London Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A. FRANK J. FITCH Department of Geology B. W. CERLmG Birbeck College Department of Geology & Geophysizs University of London University of California London Berkeley, California 947~o, U.S.A. ALAN W. GENTRY T. E. CERLINO British Museum Department of Geology & Geophysivs (Natural History) University of California Cromwell Road, London Berkeley, California 9472o, U.S.A. JOHN A.J. GOWI~TT GREGORY R. CHAPMAN Department of Archaeology Department of Geology University of Cambridge Bedford College Cambridge Regent's Park, London B. T. GRAY YVES COPPENS Department of Anthropology Musee de l'Homme Case Western Reserve University Palais de Chaillot 75 x x6, Paris, France Cleveland, Ohio 441o6, U.S.A.

SHIRLEY CAMERON CORYNDON J. H. HAMPEL Department of Geology Department of Geology & Geophysics University of Bristol University of California Bristol Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. 566 Names and addresses of contributors

John W. K. Harris BASIL C. KING Department of Anthropology Department of Geology University of California Bedford College Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. Regent's Park, London

R. L. HAY MARY D. LEAKEY Department of Geology & Geophysics Centrefor Prehistory & Palaeontology University of California P.O. Box 30239, Nairobi, Berkeley, California 9472o, U.S.A. JOHN A. MILLER INGRID HERBICH Department of Geodesy & Geophysics Department of Anthropology University of Cambridge University of California Cambridge Berkeley, California 9472o, U.S.A. ALAN E. MUSSETT ANDREW P. HILL Oliver Lodge Laboratory National Museums of Kenya University of Liverpool P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya Liverpool RONALD OXBURGH PAUL J. HOOKER Department of Geodesy & Geophysics Department of Geology & Mineralogy University of Cambridge University of Oxford Cambridge Parks Road, Oxford H. C. PALMER F. CLARKE HOWELL Department of Geophysics Department of Anthropology University of Western Ontario University of California London, Ontario, Canada Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. MARaaN H. L. PICa~ORD GLYNN LL. ISAAC Department of Geology Department of Anthropology Queen Mary College University of California University of London Berkeley, California 9472o, U.S.A. Mile End Road, London

M. K. JACKES ROBERT J. G. SAVAGE Department of Anthropology Department of Geology University of Toronto University of Bristol Toronto, Canada University Walk, Bristol

D. CARLJoI~m~SON ROBERT M. SHACKLETON Department of Anthropology School of Earth Sciences Case Western Reserve University The University Cleveland, Ohio 44xo6, U.S.A. Leeds

SIR PETER KENT, F.R.S. RALH T. SHtmY Chairman Department of Geology & Geophysics Natural Environment Research Council 7r7 Mineral Science Building Alhambra House, 27-33 Charing Cross Road, University of Utah London Salt Lake City, Utah 84x 12, U.S.A.

M. AVXAB KHAN CHRISTOPHER J. SWAIN Department of Geology Department of Geology The University of Leicester The University .Leicester Leicester Names and addresses of contributors 567

MAURICE TAIEB LAURENCE A. J. WILLIAMS Centre National de la Department of Environmental Sciences Recherche Scientiflque The University, Lancaster Laboratoire de Bellevue I Place Aristide Briemd, 92 x9o Mendon, PzansR G. WILLIAMSON France Department of Geology University of Bristol University Walk, Bristol PEaXR W.J. TALLON 5 Muswell Hill Road CARL F. VONDRA London Department of Earth Sciences Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 5ooio, U.S.A.

T. D. WHITE BERNAm~ A. Wood Department of Anthropology Department of Anatomy University of Michigan Middlesex Hospital Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan 48to4, U.S.A. Cleveland Street, London Subject Index

Aberdare Mountains, 24, 37, 45, 50, 57 Karari, 533-8, 543-4 Acheulian artifacts, i4 x, I44, I45, x52, I54, Levallois, z97 I8t, I94, 200, 202, 229, 232, 309, 3 x6-x8, Oldowan, z43- 4, I52-4, 309, 323, 324, 538, 36I, 37I-3, 529, 544, 552, 557 544, age of, 36I, 373 stone, 329-6o, 533-42 Acheulian sites, I99 , 2oo, 3o9, 322-4, 329-6o Aterir Beds, 286, 287, 288, 289, 293, 3o4 Aepyceros, 3o4, 3o5, 3o7, 43I, 5oo, 552, 558 Australopithecus, 3o9, 312, 322, 323, 5o4-5 Afar Depression, x9, 2o, 2x, 23, 24, 25, 26 allometry, 132, x34 Afar Series, 549-64 bone collections, 93, 94 Afar Triple Junction, x5, 7 x-3 teeth, I69 Albertine Rift, see Western Rift Australopithecus africanus, 504, 505, 56I, 562 Alcelaphines, 294, 299, 3oo-7, 323, 43 I, 435 -6, Australopithecus boisei, I53, 322, 529, 543, 544 500, 502, 503, 558 Australopithecus robustus, 322, 5o5, 56I Algal deposits, 263, 264, 265, 276, 277, 312, Awash River, 552, 553, 557 3z6, 36I, 364, 365, 368, 369, 371 , 385, 388, 4oi, 4o2, 4o3, 4o5, 4o6, Baboon bones, 94, x26, 145, 2oz Allia Bay, 397, 399, 4Ol, 4o3, 4o9, 41x, 412, Baringo Basin (see also Chesowanja, Kapthurln 4z9 Formation, Kilombe, Lukeino Formation, Allometric growth, z25-38, 298 Ngorora Formation), 23, 25, 2o7-373 Allometry coefficient, 126, 13 I, x32 fossil bovids in, 293-308 Alluvial deposits, i9o , I92, 194, I97, 2oi, 313, fossil hippopotamids in, 279-92 32o, 364, 365, 375, 383, 387, 389, 39 o, geochronology, 2o7-23, 225-35, 443 39 z, 397, 4o9, 422, 424, 539, 54o, 542, 551 geological map, 2o8, 238, 25 I Ankaramitic basalt, 312, 3x3, 316 geology, 237-62, 36x-73 Antelopes, 2oI, 293, 297, 3 oo, 3 oI, 3 o2, 3o3, map, 226, 362 3o5, 3o7, 371 , 5oo palaeomagnetic stratigraphy, 225-35 Archaeological sites, 14I- 5 palaeontology, 263, 274-7 Acheulian, I99, 2oo, 3o9, 322-4, 329-6o sedimentation, 220--I, 280--2 Chesowanja, I4I, I44, 319, 32z, 323-5, soil, ~55 East , I4I, I43, I44, 395, 4o6, stratigraphy, 207-23, 227, 230, 231, 234-5, 408, 415, 529 263-73 , 277 , 280.-2 Kapthurin, 324, 338, 35o, 361-73 structure, 2IO--I I, 251 , 252 Karari Industry, x4 I, 142, 529-47 volcanism, 22o--2 Kariandusi, 25, I27, 338, 35 o, 352, 253, 354 Baringo Lake, 25, 29, 36, 45, 47, 5o, 59, 7t, 77, KBS Industry, 529, 536, 541 z93, 25 z, 32o, 36I, 362, 368, 37 x Kilombe, 232, 329-6o Baringo trachyte, 228, 364, 37 z, 372 Olduvai, x4I- 5, I51-5, 343, 352, 54z, 543 Gap, 243, 25z, 252, 253, 269, 27o Olorgesailie, I74, z75, I8o, 18x, I99-2o3, Bartekero Valley, 36I, 365, 366, 367, 37 I 35t, 353, 357 BBS Tuff, see Okote Tuff Omo, I41-3, 5o4- 5, 544 Bifaces, 202, 324, 337, 339, 34o, 344, 345, 346- Archaeology, x39-47 355, 357, 358, 529, 536 , 538 Artifacts (see also Tools), 365, 395, 4o3-4, 4 °6 , Biostratigraphic correlation, I I~--22, z95-6, 4o8, 463, 5o5 249-5 I, 279, 28t-2, 42I, 425-32, 434-7, Acheulian, see Acheulian artifacts 443, 473-95, 533, 549 dating, 446 Biostratigraphy, Io3-I8, 44I-2, 445, 5o2-3, Developed Oldowan, I4I-2, 154, 202, 3o9, 517, 519-24, 323, 324, 538 , 544, Bird fossils, I64, I8o, 255, 258, 276 57o Subject Index

Bison, 91 , 92, 93 Chesowanja Formation, 229-30, 3o9-27 Bluck's conglomerate, 383, 386, age, 322, 324 Bone tools, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96 artefacts in, I4I- 4 Bones fossil hippopotamids in, 284, 285-7, 29o accumulations, I9, 87-IoI, I64, 174, 2oo, Choppers, 142, I53, 324, 343, 347, 348, 349, 2o5, 259, 26o, 534, 543 372, 529, 535, 538 , 543 burial in sediments, 97 Chyulu Hills, 45, 64, 65, 66, 68 C-~4 date, 152 Cleavers, I44, I45, I74, 324, 329, 337, 338, 343, chemical alteration, 97, 98 345, 347, 348 , 372, 536, 538 damage to, 91-6 Cobbles, 143, I53, 3IX, 325, 342, 343, 349, water-sorting, 96 , 97 532, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 54 I Boselaphines, 293, 294, 295-7, 299, 3o2, 3o4, "Confetti Clay", 555, 557 3o7 Core tools, I4I , i42, 143 , 2oo, 324, 343, 344, Bovids, 91, 93, 15I, t58, I65, 25o, 256, 259, 347, 361 , 371,372, 529, 536, 537, 538, 544 261,293-3o8, 323, 325, 331, 338,• 345, 37 I, Crater Highlands, 65, 68 427, 429, 43 o, 43 I, 434, 435, 436, 487-9, Cretaceous peneplains, 2o, 22, 23, 25, 26 500, 502, 503, 556 , 558 Crocodile fossils, 257, 258, 325, 368, 38o, 542 correlation, 294, 43 o, 43I, 434-5 Crustacea, 257 Buluk, 377, 379, 388-9, 39o-x, 392 Butchery, 88, 92, 93, 144, 2oo, 357, 534 Damota area, 155, 479 Death, 87, 90 Calderas, 25, 4 o, 55, 58, 59, 6o, 6I, 63, 65, 66, Deinotherium, 165, 258, 323, 500, 502 67, 7 I, 78, 79, 329 Deltaic deposits, 143 , 395, 397, 4o4, 4o5, 41 I, Caprinae, 293, 295, 297-8, 3oo, 3o7 412, 415, 422, 424, 499, 532, 552, 554 Carnivora, 165, 239, 5Ol, 5o2, 556 Denen Dora Member, 552-5, 557 Cenozoic, 395-414, 473-93 Developed Oldowan, 14i , 142 , 154 , 2o2, 3o9, geochronology, 442-7, 473-98 323, 324, 538 , 544 tectonics, 3 i Diatoms, 23, 183, I89, I9I, 192, I94, 196, I97 , volcanic rocks, 55-68, 2o7-23 2o3, 259, 263, 266, 311 Cephalines, 259, 26I, 294, 296, 297 Dida Galgalu lavas, 62, 63 Cercopithecines, 164, I95, 263, 266, 5oi Dinosaurs, 19 , 378 Chalbi desert, 63, 68 Disarticulation, 9I-3 Chari Tuff, I2I-2, 399-4o3, 42o, 425, 458, 463, 478-8o, 482, 483, 493, 494, 532, 533 East African Geological Research Unit, 3o, 2o7, Chemakilani Group, 217, 228, 36I, 365 2o9, 279, 3o9 Chemeron Formation, 215-17, 228, 232, 264, East African National Parks, I 16-17, 120 268, 361,362 East African Rift System (see also Gregory Rift fossil bovids in, 293 , 3o3-4 Valley), 1-4, 7-I8, 29-54, 375, 549 fossil hippopotamids in, 279 , 285-8 , 290 geophysics, 7, IO-13, I5-I7, 71-83 Chemoigut Formation, 2 x7, 23 o-I, 293, 3o5-7, lithosphere, 7, 9 -xo, 15-18 309, 3I I, 312, 313, 316, 318, 320, 322, 323 map, 8 artefacts in, 312, 323, 324, 326, palaeolakes, 5o7-27 faunal list, 325 structural development, 19-28, 29-54 fossils, 3o9, 31 I, 312, 316, 322, 323 tectonics, 7-I 7 Cheparchelon Plug, 265, 267, 277 volcanism, 9, 2o, 22, 24, 25, 26 Chesowanja, 23o, 3o9-27 East Lake Turkana (Rudolf) (see also Koobi archaeological site, I44, 319, 32 I, 323-5 Fora Formation, Omo Basin, Shungura fossils in, 3o9, 3Ii, 312, 316, 322, 323, 325 Formation and ) geological maps, 31o, 314, 315, 318 artefacts, I4I-4, 395, 4 o6, 4o8, 529 geology, 309-23 biostratigraphy, 473, 486, 489-95, 519-24 lithology, 313 correlation with other areas, 119, 12 i-2, 28 I, palaeomagnetic stratigraphy, 229-3 I, 322 282, 29o, 42 I-4O, 458, 473, 476, 477, 488, stratigraphic column, 3 x 1 489, 492-5 stratigraphy, 3o9, 312 fossil molluscs in, 399, 4o2, 4o3, 4o4, 4o5, 4o6, structure, 32o-2 4o7, 4 o8, 479, 519- 26 Subject Index 571

fossils in, 97, 395, 399, 4Ol, 4o2, 4o3-8, 463, Ewalel phonolites, 2 I3, 216, 233, 237, 239, 24o, 464 24I, 243, 247, 248, 249, 25o geological maps, 396, 415, 474 Ewaso Ngiro, 47, 6I, 63, 64 isochronous surfaces, 415-2o Explosion craters, see Maars K-Ar ages, 419-2o, 421,463-9, 473, 483 lithofacies, 395-8 Fish fossils, 2ol, 239, 243, 257, 259, 264, 265, map, 423, 464 276 , 277, 278 , 368, 380, 402, 405, 542 palaeoecology, 97, 431, 435 -8, 489, 544 Fission-track dating, 444, 453 palaeoenvironments, 397, 4o4, 4o9 -12, 489 - Flake tools, 14I, I42, 145, 2oo, 324, 325-6, 492 335, 337, 338 , 339, 343-51 , 354, 371 , 372 , palaeogeography, 4o9-I 2, 475-6 534-8 palaeomagnetic stratigraphy, 47 I, 473, 48 I, Fluvial deposits, 2oo, 237, 241, 242, 244, 246, 482 264, 265, 266, 267 , 276, 277, 278 , 281,329, sedimentation, 4o4-8, 41 I, 415-2o 333, 362, 364, 395, 397, 4o4, 412, 415, 416, stratigraphy, 395-4 x5, 446-7, 476-9 422, 424, 436, 463, 476, 478, 493, 499, 5 Io, tectonics, 412 531,532, 534, 54 I, 544, 55 o, 554, 555 East Lake Turkana Tufts (see also Chaff Tuft, Food debris, 88, 93-6 KBS Tuft, Tuff and Okote Fort Ternan, 249, 251,279, 282, 294, 295, 297- Tuft), 415-19, 479-8o 3oo, 3o7, 392, 453 geochronology, x22, 42o, 425, 434, 447, 455- Fossil assemblages, 87-98 458 , 483 causes of death, 9o, 93 water-lain, 446-7 evolutionary scaling, xo3-24 Eburu, 58 Fossil bones, 88, 91--8, I52, 164, 174, 2oo, 2ox, Edward Albert Rift, 5o8, 5o9, 523, 524, 526 259, 534, 54 I, 542, 543, El Moiti, 7 x, 78, 79 Fossil man, 87-IO3 Elephant fossils, 3, 12I, I65, 26I, 331, 427, 429, Fossil teeth, 33I 43 o, 464, 487, 489, 495, 5oo-3, 5o5, 533, bovid, 158, 295-3o7, 33I 549, 558 , 559 equid, 15 x, 158 Elgeyo basalts, 21,212, 234 hippopotamus, 279, 282-91 , 21, 37, 78, 2o7, 2Io, 2xI, hominid, I32, I58, 165, I69, 542, 543, 56I, 212, 225, 234, 239, 24 o, 241, 244, 251, 252 562 Elgeyo fault, 34, 46, 5 °, 239, 243, 245, 246, 251 primate, 132- 5, 169 Elgon volcano, 22, 33, 39 Fossil vertebrate assemblages, 19, 87-IoI, 2o7, Elmenteita Lake, 58, 59, 67, 193 215, 463, 473 Emuruangogolak, 61, 7 I, 78, 24 I Fossilization, 87- I o I Equator monocline, 25 x Fossils (see also individual entries) Equids, 151, I58, 164, 165, 249, 25o, 258, 259, loss of soft parts, 9 I 26o, 263, 27o, 294, 43 o, 488, 499, 5oo, 5o2, mammal, I52, I95-6, 242-3, 258, 276-8, 325, 5o3, 549, 558 33 I, 378, 379, 38o, 381,399, 464, 473, 484, Erinei trachyte, 312, 313, 318, 32o 486-8, 499-5o6, 556 , 558 Erosion surfaces, 31 , 32, 33, 45, 63 plant, 242-3, 255-6, 259, 26o, 264, 267, 274, Esayeti volcano, 24, 25 276, 287, 489-9 o, 5Ol, 5o4 Etheria, 38I, 385, 4o3, 4o7, 4o8, 5o3 vertebrate, I9, 239, 249-5I, 255, 257-6r, Ethiopia (see also Afar, Hadar and Omo), 499- 29 o, 294, 3o3, 3o9, 395, 4o5, 4o6, 4o7, 5o6, 549--64 4o8, 463, 464, 473, 499-5o3, 549, 558, 559 Ethiopian dome, 8, 9, 15, 52, 63, 375, 39 I wood, 6I, 259, 26o, 266, ~74, 31 I, 378, 39 o, Ethiopian Rift, 2o, 21, 24, 25, 475 5oi volcanism, 549-5o Evolution, lO3-24, 132 Gadjingero valley, 158, 164 mathematical model, xo3-I IO Galana Boi Beds, 396, 397, 403-4, 412, 478 of hippopotamids, 283- 5, 287, 288, 289-91 Garusi Series, see Laetolil Beds of hominids, I43, 145, 146 Garusi valley, 164, 169 of mammals, 486-8, 499-5o6 Gazella, 3ox, 3o2, 3o3 of man, 87, 17° Geochronology (see also Biostratigraphy, Palaeo- of Ngorara vertebrates, 249-51 magnetic stratigraphy and Radioisotopi¢ 572 Subject Index

Geochronology--cont. allometry, t 3o-5, dating), 2o7-23, 249-5 I, 28I, 293, 3t I, chronology, 1o3-24, I58, 361,373, 445-6 399, 4 oo, 415 -2o, 421-22, 44i-6I, 473-98, mandibles, I33 , I65-8 , 361 499 palaeoenvironments, 499-5o6, 539-44 Geophysics, 3, 7-I8, 3 o, 53, 71-83 taphonomy, 87- I o I Giraffes, x65, 259, 5o3 taxonomic differences, 13 o, 131, 132 Gomphotheres, 249, 258, 388, 5oo teeth, I32, I58, I65-9, 542, 543, 56I Gravity surveys, 3, 1I, I2, 53, 71-83 Hominid sites, 529-47 Gregory Rift Valley (see also Baringo Basin, Hominids East African Rift System, East Lake Turk- behaviour, I39-46 , 2oo, 538-47 ana, Kenya Rift, Kisumu Rift and Western evolution, 125, 143, 145, I46, 499-5o6, 56I Rift), 8, 9 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 feeding, 92, 93, 143, 144, 2oo biostratigraphy, 44I-3, 445 Homo, x32, I65, 5o4-5, 529, 543, 544, 562 drainage, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47, 55 teeth, I32, I69, 56I, 562 early exploration, t- 4 Homo erectus, i53 , 36i, 372, 5o5 faults, 41-5, 48--5 ° teeth, 169 geochronology, 2o7-23, 44 I-6 I Homo habilis, I53 , 5o5, 56I geomorphology, 29, 3 I-3, 34, 4 I--6, 5 o, 52, 55 Homo sapiens, 15 I-2 geophysics, 3, 53, 7t-83 Hope Fountain Industry, 2o3, 344 map, 3 I, I79, 18o Horn cores, 9 i radioisotopic dating, 44x-61 Hyaenas, 93, 95, 239 section, 5 x Hyracoids, 239, 249 , 258 , 5o2 sedimentatiom, 29, 33, 34, 38, 39, 4 o, 53, 55 stone tools, 139, I4I- 5 , 544 Ignimbrites, 23, 24, 4 o, 444, 454, 549 structural history, 29-34, 4I-5, 48-5 o, 52 Ileret, 397, 400, 4oi, 402, 403, 406, 409, 4 x I, tectonics, 3 I, 32, 34, 4 I, 46, 55 4 I2, 483, 484, 487, 53 o, 532, 533, 534, 535, volcanism, 9, 2o-6, 29, 33-41 , 44, 52, 53, 55- 538 , 544 69 Invertebrate fossils (see also Molluscs), 90, x 13, Growth, 125-38 I z5-I7, 195, 257, 259, 260, 479, 5o3, 5o7- Guomde Formation, 397, 398, 4o3, 4o6, 412, 527, 554, 555 478, 479, 48o, 495 Isochronous surfaces, 415-2o Isometric growth, 126-8 Hadar geological map, 55 I trachytes, 24, 4 o, 214-I7, 220, 233, Hadar Formation, 549-64 254, 255, 264, 266, 269-7 z, 273, 274 faunal list, 556 age, 233, 25 ° fossil hominids in, 17o, 559-62 Kabarsero, 239, 243, 245, 247-9, 253, 255, 257, stratigraphic units, 552-7 258 volcanism, 55 ° Kada Hadar Tuff, 552-5, 557 Handaxes (see also Acheulian artefacts), i44 , Kagilip Fault, 251 , 253 I45, 152, I54, I74, 2or, 324, 329, 337, 338, Kajong, 375, 377, 381,383 343, 344, 347, 348, 349, 35o, 538, Kajong Formation, 381-92 Hannlngton Lake area, 29, 4 I, 42, 45, 47, 5o, Kalimale, 253, 257 72, x93 , 2o7, 218, 219, 237, 25 I, 256, 26o, Kamasia Range (see also Tugen Hills), 24, 37, 312, 313, 37 x 38, 4 x, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 2o7 Hasuma Tuff, 4I 9 K-Ar ages, 213-I7, 220, 22I Hipparion, x5I, 165, 249, 25o , 259 , 26o, 294, stratigraphy, 2IO, 212, 220 43o, 5oo, 5o2, 549, 558 structure, 2 IO-I I Hippopotamids, 92, 164, 2oo, 2oi, 259, 26x, Kampi-ya-Samaki Beds, 365, 366, 367 263, 27o, 274, 276, 277, 279-92, 368, 429, Kanapoi, 24, 283, 288, 476 436, 5oo, 5o2, 549, 558 Kaparaina Basalt, 37, 215, 216, 220, 228, 232 , evolution, 283--9I, 487 264, 268-70, 273, 277, 312, 362 Hominid fossils, I53, I57-7o, 25 z, 263, 276, Kaperyon Formation, 2 I5-I 7 3o9, 312, 322, 323, 361-73, 395, 4 o2, 463, Kapitan Fault, 253 , 254 549, 554, 559 -62 Kapkiamu, 239, 245 , 247 , 248 , 255, 257, 259 Subject Index 573

Kapikiamu Graben, 241, 243, 245, 254 Kenyan dome, 8, 9, 15, 26, 50, 52, 7 I, 74, 8I, Kapthurin Basin 375, 387, 388 , 391 , 392 geological map, 363 Kerimasi, 65 geology, 361-73 , 45, 46, 47, 7 I, 8I, 207, 2xI, 217, Kapthurin Formation, 217, 29o 233, 239, 251 age, 217, 228, 372 Kibingor, 232, 239, 247 artefacts and hominids in, 324, 338, 35o, 361- Kibish Formation, 478, 499 373 Kilimanjaro, 33, 65, 66, 67, 68 faunal list, 37 ° Kilombe archaeological site, 329-6o palaeoemvironments, 367-7I age, 329, 334, 337, 358 stratigraphic succession, 361- 7 excavation and artefacts, 357--6o Kaption, 241 , 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 254 fossils, 331 , 338 , 345 Karari escarpment, 4oo-7, 473, 48o, 482, 53 °- geology, 329-36 533, 538, 543 map, 33 o, 339 Karari Industry, I4I , I42 , 529-47 occupation surface, 337, 354-8 Karari Tuff, 399-4o2, 458, 463, 483, 494, 53x, palaeoenvironment, 335 532,544 palaeomagnetism, 232 Karau Formation, 229, 23o, 232, 313, 316, 318, stratigraphy, 331 32o, 322, 324 Kilombe volcano, 58, 329, 33 o, 334 Kariandusi Archaeological Site, 25, I27, 338, Kinangpop tufts, 24-5 350, 352-4 Kisingiri volcano, 20, 22, 39 Karmosit Beds, 288, 293, 3o4-5, 3o7 Kisitei anticline, 27o, 272, 273 Kavirondo Block, 22 Kisumu Rift, 2o, 2I, 22, 23, 3 o, 392 Kavirondo Rift, see Kisumu Rift Kitale surface, 22, 23 Kavirondo Trough, 3 o, 48, 5 o, 73, 76, 81, 2I I, Kito Pass Fault, 78, 21 I, 24I- 3, 245, 25 I, 253, 282 27 ° , 272, 273 KBS Industry, 529, 536, 54t Kobuluk sill, 265, 267, 273, 277 KBS Tuff. 4oo, 4Ol, 4o4, 41I, 412, 419, 478, Kobus, 323, 37 I, 429, 436, 5 o2, 5o3, 558 48o-2.53 I, 532 Kokoi horst complex, 397, 4oo, 4ox, 403, 4x2, age, 42o, 421, 424, 425, 432-3, 441, 455-8, 53o 463-9, 47 I, 473, 483-5, 487, 494, 529, 532, Koobi Fora, 397, 4 °I-12, 422 533 Koobi Fora Formation (see also KBS Tuff, artefacts in, I42-3, 4oo, 4Ol, 529 Koobi Fora Tuff, Suregei Tuff and Tulu fauna, 121-2, 4o2, 4o6, 473, 532 Bor Tuff), 396, 398-4o3, 4o6, 532 Kedong Depression, 67, I79, 191, 192 age, 424, 425, 433,463-9, 473 Kedong Embayment, 58, 59 archaeology, 529, 53 ° Kenya (see also Baringo, East Lake Turkana, correlation with other areas, 121-2, 424-38, Gregory Rift Valley, Lukeino Formation, 473-9, 484, 487, 49o, 521,523, 544 Ngorora Formation, Olorgesailie and Tur- faunal zones, 426-8 kana) magnetostratigraphy, 424, 433-4, 48o-3 geological map, 171 Koobi Fora Tuff, 12I-2, 323, 398, 4oo, 4oi, gravity anomaly map, 71, 73, 75, 77, 8I 419 -2o, 533 gravity survey, 71-83 Koora Graben, 179, I81,183, I89-92, 194, I97, Kenya Plateau Phonolites, 36-8, 21 o, 213, 239, 199 24o, 249, 44i, 453, 455 Kubi Algi Formation, 396, 397-9, 4o3, 4 o6, Kenya Rift (see also Baringo Basin), 57-65, 4o9, 478, 484, 488 , 494, 519 3o9-6o Kwaibus basalts, 228- 9 archaeological sites, 329-6o Kyoga surface, 22 drainage, 64, 66, 68 fossil bovids in, 293-3o8 Lacustrine deposits, 23, 24, 25, 4 o, 6o, 61, 64, geomorphology, 57, 6o, 63-7 I15, 193, 194, I97, 237, 242, 243, 244, sedimentation, 59, 6i, 62, 66-8 245 , 246, 259 , 263, 264, 267, 276 , 278, 28I, structures, 57, 59, 6o, 61, 65 316, 318, 362-5, 367, 368, 39 o, 395, 397, tectonics, 33, 55, 6o, 6I, 63, 65, 66 399, 4°4, 411, 412, 415, 417, 419, 422, 424, volcanism, 55-68 436, 463, 475-9, 48I, 482, 485, 488, 493, 574 Subject Index

Lacustrine deposits--cont. sedimentation, 263-8 , 273, 277 494, 499, 500, 51o, 544, 549, 550, 552, stratigraphy, 265-9 554, 555, 557 structure, 263, 266, 268, 27o-3, 277 Lacustrine molluscs, 4o5, 476-8, 5o7-27, 554 taphonomy, 276-7 Laetolil, I6o volcanic history, 265, 266, 268, 277 Laetolil Beds age, I57-63 Maars, 55, 61, 63, 65, 68 fossils, I57-7o , 294 , 3oo, 3o1, 56x Magadi area, 25, 171, I73, 174, I76, I89, 192, stratigraphy, 158-62 I93, 194, x97 Laga Bura Hasuma, 397, 399, 4 °o, 4 o2, 4o3, Magnetostratigraphy, see Palaeomagnetostrati- 412 graphy Lahars, 241, 244, 248 Makapansgat Cave, 93, 94, 96 Laikipia area, 21, 23, 24, 37, 43, 45 Mammals (see also Fossil mammals), 49o-2 Laikipia escarpment, 2o7, 21I, 217-2o, 241, Mandibles, x33, x34, I35, 165-9, 361,372, 542, 244, 274 543, 561 faults, 43, 45, 46, 5o, 2I 1,239, 24o, 25I, 252 Mantle plume tectonics, 7, I2-I3, I5, I7 Lake Rudolf, see East Lake Turkana Manuports, 142, 337, 345, 356, 357, 358, 534 Lakes (see also Palaeolakes and individual lakes), Marabou stork, 255, 258 26, I93 Maralal, 36, 45, recent molluscs in, 5 t 3 trachyte, 228, 229 37 I Langebaanweg, 294, 296, 297, 299, 3ol Marsabit, 36, 45, 61-3, 68, 7 I, 73, 74 Lapurr Range, 377, 378, 39 ° Masek Beds, i53 , 154 Lava artefacts, 142 , 143 , 343, 344, 35o, 353, Masek Lake, 158, 159 446 , 535, 537 Mau, 57, 58, 59, 66 Legemunge Beds, see Olorgesailie Formation Meganthropus africanus, 157 Limuru trachyte, 24, 25 Melanoides, 368, 385, 4o3, 4o5, 5o3, 508, 512, Listriodon, 25o , 25 I, 259 , 26I, 381 522, 523, 524 Loiengalani Formation, 381,385, 387, 388 Melka Kunture, 142 , 144 Lokichar River, 71, 8I MeUivora, 249, 255, 26I Lokitaung, I9, 377-8 Membrane tectonics, 7, I2, t4-I 7 Lomi, 6o, 7 i, 78, 79 Menelikia, 429, 436, 5o3 Londiani, 58, 7 I, 77, 338 , 26, 58, 59, 7 I Loperot, 2o, 377, 378-8o, 388, 39o, 392 Meru, 65, 66, 68 Loriu plateau, 8I Mesochoerus, 436, 437, 5oo, 5o3 Losokweta River, 312, 313, 316, 32o Mesochoerus limnetes, 427, 429, 43 o, 5oo, 5o5 Lothagam, 24, 27o, 276, 283-8 Mesochoerus limnetes zone, t 15, 12I, 427, 487-9, Lothidok, 79, 377, 379, 38o, 39o, 392 495,500 Loxodonta, I65, 33 I, 5oo, 5o2, 5o3 Mesozoic tectonics, t9-2o, 26, 32, 375 Loxodonta africana zone, 12I, 427, 429, 487, 489 Metridochoerus, 322, 323, 5o0, 5o3 495, 533 Metridochoerus andrewsi zone, 12I, 427, 487-9, Lubur Series, 377, 378, 38o 495, 5oo "Lucy", 56I-2 Microfossils, I13-I5, I27 Lukeino Block, 268, 27o, 272-4, 277 Microvertebrates, 5o2 Lukeino Formation, 215, 217, 263-78 Miocene age, 264-5, 269-7o, 293 deposits, 44-5, 263-78, 3o9, 3 Ix, 375-94, correlation with other areas, 264-5, 27o 454 faunal lists, 275 fossils, 19-2o, 98, 263-5, 27o, 274-9, 293-3o8 fossil bovids in, 256 , 293, 3o2-3, 3o7 tectonics, I5, 2I-4, 26, 29, 32, 33 fossil hippopotamids in, 283--8 Mollusc fossils, 18o, I95 , I96, 257, 259, 26o, fossil plants in, 256, 264, 267 , 274, 277 265, 325, 368, 37o, 38o, 385, 399, 4ox,4o2, fossils in, 263, 264, 267, 27o , 274, 275-7 4o3, 4o4, 4o5, 4o6, 4o7, 4o8, 479, 5o3, geological map, 262 508, 512, 514-26, 553, 554, 555, palaeoenvironments, 263, 264, 274, 277 lacustrine, 4o5, 476 , 477, 478 , 5o7-27 palaeogeomorphology, 263, 273, 277 Molluscs, recent, 514 palaeomagnetism, 232- 3 Moruarot, 373, 379, 38o, 39 o, 39 t Subject Index 575

Mount Kenya, 45, 63, 64, 73, 76, 81 artefacts, i41-5, 343, 346, 349, 35 I, 352, 533, Mpesida Beds, 2 x5, 249, 276, 283-7, 293, 30 t-2, 54 x, 543 3o7 correlation, 119-2I, I58, 542 Mukutan Beds, 313, 318, 32o, 322-5 fossils, 94, x5I, 152, 29o, 294, 306 Mukutan fiver, 313, 32o geochronology, 12 x, 443 Multivariate analysis, 127, 128 palaeomagnetostratigraphy, 47 x, 482 Mursi Formation, i i3, 293, 294, 297, 3o4, 3o5, Olduvai Side Gorge, x5I , I58 , I64 3o7, 476, 485, 499, 5 o2, 5o3 Olduvai Tufts, 452-3 Mweru lake, 513-i4 Olorgesailie area, 59, x8I, x83, x97 geological map, x72 Naivashu, 52, 57, 67, 7I, 74, 193, 196 map, x 79 Nakali, 282-4, 286, 287, 29x Olorgesailie Formation , 57, 58, 59, 67, 24o, 337, 338 age, 25, I75-7, I94-5, 2oi Nannofossils, xo7, Io9, I I3-I5, x x7 archaeology, t 74-5, I99-2o3, 349-53, 357 Natron, 65, 66, I44, 189, I93 artefacts, i73 , 174 , I8O, I8I, i94 , i97 , 199 , Neogene deposits, 5o7-27 2oo, 2oi, 343, 344 Ngaloba beds, 158-9, x6 x drainage, i73 , x8x, 192-4, x97-9, 2o3 Ngeringerowa, 248, 249, 25o, 258, 259 excavation, x74-5 Ngorongoro, 65, 68, I6x faulting, 25,59, I76, I77, I8I, x84-8 , I94 , 2o3 Ngorora Formation, 237-62, 282 fossils, I45 , i74 , 18o, i95 , 196 , 2oo, 2oI, 323 age, 2x3-14, 221, 249-5I, 293 lithology, x77, 178, I8X, I82, I89-9i bovids in, 25o, 256, 259, 26I, 293, 295-3oI, occupation sites, 2oo-I, 355 3o7 palaeoclimate, I75-6 , x9o, I92 , i93 , 2o3 correlation, 249-5 I palaeoecology, 189 fossil plants, 242 , 243 , 255, 256, 259, 260, palaeogeography, i83, i9o , i92-4, i99-2oi 264, 297 sections, i82, I84-8 fossil vertebrates, 239 , 249-5 t, 255-6 I stratigraphy, 175-92 geological map, 262 tectonics, 175--8, 19o--2 hippopotamids in, 259, 261, 282-4, 286- 7, volcanoes, 19 x 28q, 29 x Olorgesailie Prehistoric Site, I74-5, I8O, x8I, palaeoenvironments, 237, 255-7, 274 I9o, 199-2o3, 35 I, 353, 357 palaeogeomorphology, 239-4x Oltepesi Beds, 18I, t97 sedimentation, 241-4, 253, 254, 26o Oltepesi Graben, x86, 189, 192, x94 stratigraphy, 239 , 243- 9 Omo fiver, 422, 475, 49o, 492, 493, 5o3 taphonomy, 259-6o Omo Succession (see also Mursi Formation, tectonics, 243-7, 25I-3, 26o Shungura Formation and Usno For- Nguruman Fault, 24, 47-8, 176 mation), 475-7, 479 Nkalabong Formation, 476, 499 age, 42x, 473, 479, 487, 488 .N'otochoerus, 165, 500, 502, 503, 549, 558 artefacts in, x4t , 143 Nyambeni range, 63-4, 68 biozones, 5o2, 5o3 Nyanzachoerus, 25o, 259, 27o, 5o2, 5o3, 549, correlation with E. Lake Turkana, 421-4o, 558, 559 458, 473, 475, 476, 477, 485, 486, 488, 489, 492-5 Obsidian artefacts, 323, 325, 335, 343 fossil invertebrates in, 479, 5o3 Occupation sites, 2oo--x, 329, 346, 35~, 354- fossil plants, in, 489-9o, 5o4 358 fossil vertebrates in, 29o, 294, 3o3, 499-5o3 Okote Tuff, 419, 42o, 484, 532, 533, 542, 543 hominid evolution in, 499-5o6 O1 Kalou, 7 I, 77 map, 474 Ol Keju Nyiro, 178 , I8I, 192, 193, I97 palaeoclimate, 5o5 Oldowan artefacts, I42-4, 152-4, 3o9, 323, palaeoecology, 97, 43 x, 435 --8, 5o5 324, 538, 544 palaeoenvironments, 489-92 Olduvai basalt, 452-3 palaeomagnetostratigraphy, 434, 473, 48I, Olduvai Gorge, 3, 65, I57, I58, I89, 428 482 age, I2I, 197 , 323, 443, 452-3, 484 prehistory, 5o4-5 archaeology, 15 x-5, 175 stratigraphy, 476-9 576 Subject Index

Omo Tufts (see also Shungura Formation), 434 taxonomy, i32- 5 geochronology, 443-6, 457, 458, 479, 480 Pritwa, 253 Omo valley, 241, 423, 424, 475, 476, 478, 493, Proboscidea, 165, 239 , 263, 27o , 378, 38o, 38i, 5o3 388, 389, 427, 429, 43 o, 464, 486, 5oo-3, Orycteropus, 165, 239, 255, 258, 26I 5o5, 549, 558, 559 Ostrich, 255, 258 Protagoceras, 25o, 256, 259, 295-7, 3o7 Pseudotragus, 25o , 256 , 259 , 26I, 296-3oo, 3o7 , 59 Pumice, 194-5, 424, 432, 455, 456, 458, 459, Pakka, 78 463, 465, 466, 467, 532 Palaeoclimate, I75, 176, 19o, I92, 193, 203, Pumice tuff, 217, 313, 329, 331 , 333-5, 362 , 237, 255, 263, 264, 362, 37 I, 5o5, 5o7, 526 364, 365, 372, 417, 419, 447, 479 Palaeoecology, 87-1oi, 189, 43I, 435-8, 489, 499, 5o5, 5o7-I6, 544 Quartz tools, i42 , i43 Palaeoenvironments, 19-26, II5-I 7, I73, I75, Quaternary sediments, 309 237, 255-7, 263, 264, 274, 277-8, 28I, Quaternary volcanics, 55-68, 209, 21 i, 2 x5-20 289-9 o, 3o7, 3 I6, 334-5, 367-7 I, 395, 397, 4o4-I2, 489-92, 499-5o6, 5o7-I3, 52I, Radioisotopic dating, i i9, I22, i6i-3, I94-5, 539-44 207, 21 i-2o, 269-70, 283, 322, 329, 334, Palaeogeography, 45-6, I73, 183, I9o-4, 197- 372-3, 38o, 38I, 389, 419-2o, 42I, 424-6, 2ox, 273, 4o9-I2, 473, 475-6, 492-3 432-4, 44I-6I, 463-9, 471 , 476, 479, Palaeogeomorphology, 2o, 32-4, 239--4 I, 252, 484 -6 , 487 -8 , 494-5, 499, 533, 544 263-5, 273-4, 277, 335--6, 371, 388, 4Io, Reduncines, 27 o, 293, 294, 3o2, 3o3, 3o5, 3o6, 529 3o7, 43o, 43 I, 435, 436, 5oo Palaeolakes, 507-27 Reptiles, x64, i8o, 257, 258, 325, 368, 38o, 381, Palaeolithic tools, 95 542 Palaeomagnetic stratigraphy, x5, 7I, x 19, 122, Rhinocerotids, i65, 239 , 259 , 261, 276, 378, 225-35, 322, 329, 334, 337, 358 , 372 , 42I , 38o, 389, 5oo, 5o2, 549, 558 424-6, 433-4, 438, 443, 471 , 473, 477, Ribkwo volcano, 39, 217, 264, 268, 274 479, 48°-4, 499, 533, 544 Rift formation, 2-3, 7-I8, 19-28 , 29-33, 53 Palaeopathology, 94, 95 Rift palaeolakes, 5o7-27 Palaeotragus, 259 River Kerio, 46, 47, 7 t, 78 , 47 Rodents, 164, 2oI, 259, 276, 5o2, 558 Phonolite artefacts, 3I x, 325, 343 Root casts, 312, 316, 365, 388, 399, 4oi, 4o5, Phonolites, 22-5, 33-9, 4 I, 45, 209-20, 230-4, 4o6, 4o7, 4o8, 4t6 237, 239-4 I, 243, 247-5 I, 253, 3o9, 31 I-I 3 Rormuch Sill, 233 , 265, 267, 273 318, 32o, 325 Rudolf Trough, 4I, 46 ages, 2o9, 21I-I 5, 219-2I, 233, 237, 24o, Rumuruti phonolites, 23, 36, 37, 219 249 , 25 o, 329, 44I, 453-4 Rusinga, 2I, 29 I, 380, 392 Pigs, fossil, 464 Pleistocene, 29, t73-2o6, 463, 478 Sadiman volcano, x6 I hominids, 529-47 Saimo fault, 78, 2 t I, 240, 24 I, 244-7, 251,253, landscapes, 34, 53o 254, 27o, 273, 274 tectonics, 25-6 Samburu basalt.s, 2I, 23, 219 Pliocene Scrapers, 153, 2o2, 324, 338, 349, 529, 534-8, deposits, 549-64 544 tectonics, 24-5, 34 Sera Iltomia Formation, 38I-8, 39o, 39x Plio-Pleistocene molluscs, 5o7-27 Serengeti, 65, x5I, 157, I59 Plio-Pleistocene sediments, 463-9, 478, 499- Sexual dimorphism, 128, x32, I33 506, 549-55 Shungura Formation, 424, 475, 476, 478, 479, correlation, 421-46 499, 5o3 isochronous surfaces, 415-20 age, 42I, 424, 434, 473, 479, 48o, 483 Poi, 239, 247, 248 biostratigraphy, IO7-22 , 473 Pottery, 326 bovids in, 294, 3o3-6 Primates, 164, I95, 196, 263, 266, 429, 5ox, 502, correlation with other areas, I18-22, 323, 5o5 424-38 , 473 476-9, 483, 484, 492, 493 Subject Index 577

evolutionary scale, 1o7-I 5 bone, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96 magnetostratigraphy, 424, 434, 477, 479, Palaeolithic, 95 480-4, stones used for, 142, I43, 323, 325, 335, 343, tools in, I4I , I42 , 544 344, 35 o, 353, 37 I, 372, 446, 535, 537 Sidekh, 234 , 24o , 24I , 244-7, 253 , 254 , 274 Trachyte artefacts, 343, 37 I, 372 Sidekh phonolites, 212-14 Tragelaphines, x64, I65, 259, 26I, 274, 294 , Sidi Hakoma Tuff, 552-5, 558 296-7, 299, 3oi-7, 429, 43 o, 43 I, 5oo, 558 Silali, 59, 6o, 7 I, 78, 79, 2o7, 24I Trilobites, IO7, 1o9, x13-I5, Ix7 Simopithecus, I45 , I95 , 2oi Triple Tuff, 552, 554 Siwalik Hills, 237 , 249, 27o, 293, 294, 297, 3o2, Tufts (see also Chari Tuff, Karari Tuff, KBS 3o7 Tuff, Koobi Fora Tuff, Okote Tuff, Omo Skeletons, disarticulation of, 9 I, 92, I93 Tuff, Sidi Hakoma Tuff, Suregei Tuff, Skulls, 126, t 32 Triple Tuff and Tulu Bor Tuff), 446-7, Statistical techniques, Io3-Io 478-88 Stephanie Arch, 395, 412 Tugen Hills (see also Kamasia Range), 238-47, Stephanie Lake, I45, 479 25I, 252, 261, 263-8, 272 , 273, 277, 293, Stephanie Rift, 2 i, 475, 492 36I, 37 x Steppe Limestone, I82 palaeomagnetic survey, 225-35 Stone Age burial, 15 i-2 Tulu Bor Tuff, 398, 4oo-2, 4o 4, 4o6, 4o9, 41 x, Stone blocks, 337, 345, 351 , 357 478 , 479, 488, 493, 494 Stone industries, I42 , I43 , x45, I52 , I53, 154 , age, 4oo, 42o, 433, 455, 463, 483, 485 3o9, 323-5, 337-6o Turkana Basin (see also East Lake Turkana, Stone tools (see also Artefacts), I39-47 , 534- Omo and Shungura Formation), 19, 2 x, 23 538 38, 4 o, 46, 47, I93 Stratigraphic palaeontology, see Biostratigraphy erosion surfaces, 39 x, 392 Suguta, 36, 4 o, 44-6, 5o, 6o, 61, 7 i, 78, 8t, fossil mammals in, 378, 379, 392 2o7, 277 fossils in, 9 I, 375, 377, 378-8I, 385, 388--9o, Suids, 115, I2I, 164, 165, 2oi, 239, 250, 25 I, 392 259, 263, 27 o, 291, 3 I2 , 323, 371 , 427, geochemistry, 479--8o 429, 434, 436, 437, 486-9, 492, 495, 5oo, gravity anomalies, 7I, 72, 74, 78-92 5o2, 5o3, 5o5, 549, 558, 559 hominids in, 473-9 8 Suregei Cuesta, 397, 4oo, 4oi, 4o9, 4I 1, 53I map, 376, 423, 474 Suregei Tuff, 398--4oo, 4o6, 4o9, 42o, 458, 478, modern animals, 92-3 479, 488, 493-5, 519 palaeogeography, 475-6 Suswa, 58, 59, 67, 7 I, I9I sedimentary history, 375-94 stratigraphy, 476-9 Tanganyika Rift, 33, 53 tectonics, 375, 39 x, 392 Tasokwan trachytes, 22o-x Turkana sandstone, 19, 2o, 33, 79, 377, 378, Tanzania (see also Laetolil, Olduvai Gorge and 38o Serengeti), 47, 55, 65-7, 73, 152, I57 Taphonomy, 87-xol , 259-6o, 276-7, 437, 557 Uasin Gishu, 22, 37, 39, 45, 21o, 212, 219, Tectonics, 12-17, I9-28, 39 I, 392, 412 234 mid-plate, 7-I 7 Usno Formation, 1 i8-19, 476-8, 483, 499, 502, Teeth, see Fossil teeth 503 Tertiary environments, 97 Tertiary tectonics, 2o--t, 26, 32 Vogel River Series, see Laetolil Beds Theropithecus, i64, x65, I95 , x96, 429, 5o5 Volcanic rocks, 207-23, AAA,,,,446--7, 454--9 Tiati Grit Series, 38o Volcanism, 9, 22, 24, 25, 26, 33-4 I Tiati volcano, 39, 217, 239, 24o, 241,273 Quaternary, 55-69 Trim phonolites, 211-I3, 233 , 237, 239-4 I, Tertiary, 55, 56, 59, 6o, 6I, 65 247-51 , 253 Volcanoes, 20-6, 33, 35, 39, 4 o, 55, 58-6x, 63, Tinderet volcano, 2I, 22, 24 65-8, 71, 78, 79, 16I, 239, 240, 241, 244, Tools (see also Artefacts, Bifaces, Choppers, 273, 321,334, 446-7 Cleavers, Core tools, Flake tools and Handaxes) Waril, 245, 248, 257, 259 578 Subject Index

Water-lain volcanic tufts, 446-7 Yatta plateau, 23, 27, 39 Western Rift, Valley, 2, 3, 2x, 29, 30, 3 I, 33, 53, 523, 524 , 526 Zinjanthropus, 5oi Ziphid whale, 379, 380 Yatya anticline, 269, 270, 272, 273 Zoogeography, x 15-18 Author Index

Adam, W., 508, 527 69, 97, 98, 99, 123, I42, I44, I46, I54, I95, Aguirre, E., 239, 26I, 283, 29 x 203, 204, 205, 206, 212, 213, 215, 217, 222, Allen, J. R. L., 4o5, 413 223, 225, 228, 229, 23o, 233, 234, 239, 249, Anderson, O. L., 15, i 7 261, 262, 263, 27o, 278, 279, 282, 288, 292, Andrews, F., 175 293, 294, 297, 3o5, 3o8, 3o9-27, 329--36, 338 , Ansell, W. F. H., 294, 3o8 344, 345, 354, 356 , 359, 393, 439, 444, 453, Arambourg, C., I9, 26, 294, 297, 3o8, 372, 373, 454, 46o, 461, 469, 495, 496, 527, 546 377, 378, 38o, 392, 393, 562, 563 Black, C. A., 413 Armstrong, R., xo, 17 Black, R., 21, 27, 549, 563 Aronson, J. L., 553, 564 Bluck, B.J., 383, 386, 393 Ashton, E. H., I38 Blundell, D. J., 82 Atwater, T., I3, 18 Boaz, N., 97, 99 Azzaroli, A., I9, 26 Bonatti, E., 27 Bonjer, K. -P., 83 Backhouse, R. W., 82 Bonnadonna, F. P., I96, 2o4 Bagdasaryan, G. P., 444, 459 Bonnefille, R., 436, 438, 49 o, 5o4 Bailey, O. K., ii, I2, 13, I7 Bordes, F., I42 , I46 Baker, B. H., 8, 9, Io, 12, 17, I9, 2o, 2I, 22, 23, Borsi, S., 563 24, 25, 26, 27, 3I, 33, 36, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, Boswell, P. G. H., 152, I54 64, 69, 171, I74, I76, I77, 178, I91, I92, 197, Bourguignat, 5o8 204 , 206, 212, 213, 2x5, 219, 222, 311, 326, Bourli~re, F., 2o4 375, 376 , 38I , 387, 391 , 392 , 393, 444, Bowden, P., 69 459 Bowen, B. E., 395-414, 415,4 I8, 419, 42o, 422, Baker, S. W., x, 3 424, 438, 469, 476, 482, 483, 485, 49o, 492, Bambach, R. K., 492, 498 495, 498, 53 o, 53 I, 532, 545, 547 Banks, R.J., 73, 82 Boyd, F. R., Io, 17 Barberi, F., 2o, 24, 27, 549, 55 I, 563 Brace, C. L., I25, I36 Bard, Y., 1o5, IIo, I23 Brain, C. K., 93, 94, 95, 96, 99 Beadle, L. C., 527 Breuil, H., 94, 99 Beaux, O. de., 49 o, 495 Briggs, I. C., 74, 82 Beden, M., 12I, I23, I65, 43o, 438, 486, 495 Brock, A., 122, I23, 232, 235, 322, 425, 433, Beerbower, J. R., "99 438, 47I, 48o, 482, 483, 495, 529, 53 o, 533, Behrensmeyer, A. K. 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, I22, 545 278, 4oo, 413, 414, 421-4 o, 463, 469, 475, Brook, M., 2o7-23, 228, 233, 25 o, 269 476, 482, 487, 489, 495, 53 o, 544, 545, 546, Brothwell, D. R., 95, 99, Iol 547 Brown, D. S., 5o8, 527 Beinhart, G., Ioo Brown, F. H., Io3-24, 424, 425, 433, 434, 439, Bell, P., 152 n.IA., 457, 458, 46°, 469, 473-98, 558, 564 Beloussov, V. V., 54, 222 Brown, L., 49 o, 498 Bequaert, J., 385, 394, 514 Buckland, W., 93, 99 Berggren, W. A., 249, 261 Bull, W. B., 387, 393 Bibus, E., I32 , I36 Bullard, E. C., 3, 72, 82 Bigalke, R. C., 489, 49o, 495 Burke, K., i5, x7 Biggs, D. L., 413, 546 Burstein, A. H., 563 Binford, L. R., 2o2, 2o 4 Butzer, K. W., 97, 99, I45, 146, 154, x93, 195, Binge, F., 24, 27 2o4, 2o5, 2o6, 294, 3o8, 36o, 424, 436, 439, Bishop, W. W., 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 3 I, 37, 4 o, 54, 476, 478, 492, 496 , 546 580 Author Index

Carmichael, C. M., 45o, 461 Crusafont-Pairo, M., 239, 261 Carmichael, I. S. E., 469, 475, 496 Cunnington, 508 Carney, J. N., 43, 17o, 222, 229, 232, 235, 3o9, Curtis, G. H., 122, ~23, 141,144, I47, 153, I54, 312, 313, 322, 327, a qq, 46o I57-7 o, I94, 195, 2o5, 218, 337, 359, 419, Carr, C.J., 49o, 496 42o, 444, 452, 453, 457, 458, 46o, 46I, 463-9, Cerling, B. W., 463 483, 484, 487, 488, 496 , 533, 544, 546 , 564 Cerling, T., 123, 4oo, 4Ol, 413, 42o, 46O, 463 - 469, 483, 485, 496, 523, 532, 546 Dagley, P., o15, 222, 225-35, 25 o, 269, 334, Champion, A. M., 378, 393 336 , 358, 359, 372 Champy, C., 126, 136 Dalrymple, G. B., 12, I7, 464, 465, 469 Chapman, G. R., 36, 37, 38, 4 o, 48, 54, 2o7- Damon, P. E., 45 o, 45 i, 461,469 223, 225, 226, 228, 233, 234, 235, 239, 249, Dandelot, P., i 17, 123 25o, 26I, 263, 269, 27o, 278, 282, 292, 3o8, D'Arcy Thompson, W., I26, 129, 137 31 I, 326, 327, 46o Darracott, B. W., 1o, x I, 17, 73, 82, 83 Chavaillon, J., 141 , 142 , I44, 146, 5o5, 544, 546 Dart, R. A., 93, 94, 96, 99 Cheetham, A. H., to5, 123 Davidson, A., 2% 27 Chessex, R., 21, 27 Davies, J. C., 27 Chmielewski, W., 357, 359 Davis, D. H., 489, 496 Choubert, G., 3o8 Dawson, J. B., 65, 69, 46I Christiansen, T. B., 23, 27 Day, M. H., 153, 154, I7O, 563 Churcher, C. S., 95, lOO, 38o, 393 De Heinzelin, J., lO7, 124, I47, 422, 424, 439, Clark, G., 146 476, 477, 494, 497, 5o5, 547 Clark, J., 95, 99 Delaloye, M., 27 Clark, J. D., 69, 92, 96, 99, I45, 146, I54, 174, Della Giustina, G., 175 2o2, 2o4, 2o5, 2o6, 223, 327, 344, 354, 355, De Lumley, H., 346, 36o 357, 359, 372, 373, 393, 461,527, 534, 546 , Deraniyagala, P. E. P., 38o, 393 De Vote, I., lOO, 2o 5 547 Clark, W. E. Le Gros, I37 , 378, 38o, 393 Dewey, J. F., 17 Clarke, D. L., 2o4, 2o5, 359, 546 Dickson, G. O., 235 Clarke, G. C., 69 Dietrich, W. O., 151, 154, 157, 17o, 3oo, 3o8 Clarke, R.J., 17o Dimbleby, G. W., 99, 205, 359, 546 Clifford, T. N., 8, 17 Dixey, F., 2o, 22, 23, 27, 3 o, 32, 54, 378, 393 Cloud, P. E., 369, 373 Dodson, P., 91, 92, 96, 99 Cole, G. H., 2o5, 359 Dodson, R. G., 6O, 69, 79, 83, 19I, 2o6, 375, Cole, S., 142, 146, 175, 2o4 377, 378, 38o, 387, 393, 394, 4 I2, 413, 414 Cook, H. E., I 17, I23 Donaldson, A. C., 4o5 Cook, S. F., 357, 359 Dorst, J., 117, 123 Cooke, H. B. S., 115, 12I, 122, 123, 175, 195, Dove, G., 158 196 , 2o4, 263, 27o , 278, 288, 292, 322, 38o, Downie, C., 66, 69 427, 43o, 437, 439, 464, 469,'486 , 488, 496, 497 Drake, R., 123, 157-7o, 42o, 46O, 463-9, 496, Coppens, Y., 98, lO7, 118, I23, 124, 137 , 146, 546, 564 I96, 2o3, 2o4, 285, 289, 292, 294, 3 o8, 323, Draper, N. R., x 18, t23 327, 395, 413, 414, 422, 438, 439, 46°, 469, Eck, G. G., lO3-24, 473-98, 5 O1 471,496, 497, 498 , 499-5o6, 545, 546, 547, Edwards, A. B., 114, 117, 123 549-64 Efremov, I. A., 88, 99 Corruccini, R. S., I3o , I31 , I36 , I37 Eisenmann, V., 121, 103, 488, 497 Corvinus, G., 552, 563 Erk, F. C., 495 Coryndon (Savage), S. C., 0o6, 263, 27o, 279- Eugster, H. P., 193, 2o4 292, 394, 429, 439, 487, 488, 496 Evans, A. L., 444, 46o Cox, A., 159 , 426, 433, 439, 471, 481,495, 496 Evernden, J. F., 153 , 154, I94, 2o5, 218, 444, Crader, D., 546 452, 453, 46°, 461 Craig, G. Y., 9o, 99, lOO Ewer, R. F., 263, 27 o, 278 Croes, M. K., 115, I2O, I24, 424, 434, 439, 480, 482, 498 , 558 , 564 Fairhead, J. D., lO, 17, 18, 59, 69, 72, 82, 4a.n.~ Crossley, R., 48 460 Author Index 58x

Faure-Muret, A., 308 Griffiths, D. H., 72, 78, 82 Ferrara, G., 27, 563 Griffiths, P. S., 222, 312, 313, 327, 36I Findlater, I. C., I24, 415-2o, 424, 460, 469, Grimwood, I. R., 49 o, 497 478, 497, 52I, 522, 523, 53 o, 53 I, 546 Gumper, F., Io, i8, 72, 82 Fischer, G., 1 Gunther, 5o8 Fitch, F.J., 27, 54, 69, I22, 124, I4 I, 212, 222, Guyasyan, R. K., 459 235, 26I, 294, 3 o8, 326, 389, 393, 4 oo, 4 oI, 413, 419, 42o, 424, 425, 432, 433, 434, 439, Haesaerts, P., xo7, 124, 147, 439, 476, 477, 494, 44I-6I, 463, 464, 467, 469, 471 , 475, 483, 497, 547 484, 485, 488, 489, 492, 494, 497, 529, 53o, Hall, S. A., 17 533, 535, 546, 547 Hamblin, W. K., 393 Fleischer, R. L., 453, 46I Hampel, J., x23, 42% 46o, 463-9, 496, 546 Flinn, R. M., 138 Harris, J., I65 Flint, R. F., 175, 191 , 197, 203, 205 Harris, J. M., x2l, I24, I96, 322, 327, 388, 393, Fois, V., I9, 26 427, 43 o, 43 x, 439, 488, 497 Folk, R. L., 362, 373 Harris, J. W. K., I4 z, 322, 323, 327, 529-47 Forster, S. C., 46o Harris, P. G., 12, i8 Frazer, L. N., Io, I8, Harrison, CI. G. A., 25, 27 Freedman, L., I32, I36 Hay, R. L., 65, 69, 12I, I24, x42, I52, I53, Frick, H., I32, 136 I54, I57-7o, 175, x89, I93, 197, 2o3, 2o5, Fuchs, K., 83 433, 444, 452, 453, 46°, 47 I, 483, 496, 564 Fuchs, Sir V. E., 3, 79, 82, 152, 377, 378, 393, Hay, W. W., I24 508, 527 Hayatsu, A., 45o, 46I Haynes, C. V., 359, 534, 546 Gale, W. A., 197, 205 Hazel, J. E., Io5, I23 Galileo, I25 Heinzelin, J; de., Io7, 124, 147, 422, 424, 439, Gass, I. G., 8, I2, i5, 17, I8 476, 477, 494, 497, 5o5, 547 Gautier, A., 9 I, 99, 38I, 393, 477, 479, 497, Hein, S. M., xo, 17 498, 5o3, 5o8, 523, 524, 527 Heiple, K. G., 563 Gentner, W., 46I Heirtzler, J. R., 233, 235 Gentry, A. W., I96, 249, 256, 26I, 293-3o8, Heizer, R. F., 359, 36I 323, 429, 43 o, 43 I, 439, 487 488, 497 Hemmer, H., I32, I36 Gerasimovskiy, V. I., 459 Hendey, Q. B., 294, 3 °8 Gibson, A. B., 378, 394 Herbich, I., I41,529-47 Giles, E., i31 , i36 Herron, E. M., 235 Ginsburg, R. N., 373, 394, 413 Hersh, A. It., I3I, I32, I36 Girdler, R. W., Io, II, I7, I8, 2o, 27, 3 o, 54, 72, Higgs, E., 99, 1oo 73, 82 Hill, A., 87-xox, I46, 17o, 222, 235, 26I, 278, Giustina, G. della, 175 292, 3o8, 3o9-27, 46o Glass, B., 495 HiUhouse, J., 433, 471,495 Gleadow, A.J.W., 459, 46I Hinde, R. A., I46 Glob, P. V., 9I, 99 Hobley, C. W., 2 Golden, M., 36, 37 Hodgson, W. D., 413 Goldstein, M. S., 95, 99 H6hnel, L. yon., I, 3, 38I, 393 Goodall, J. van Lawick, I4o , I46 Holmes, A., 33, 54 Gould, S.J., 125, 126, 127, i28, I29, 13o, I32, Hooijer, D. A., Io7, 239, 249, 259, 26I, 263, I36, I37, I38 27o, 278, 378, 38o, 393, 488, 497 Gowlett, J. A. J., 323, 324, 325, 329, 33 I, 333, Hooker, P. J., 44I-6I 336 , 337-6o Hopwood, A. T., 152, I54, I7o Grant, F. S., 74, 82 Houston, R. S., 98, Ioo Grasty, R. L., 394, 461 Houtz, R. E., I23 Gray, B. T., 549-64 Howell, F. C., 98, Io3-24, I37, I42, I46, I47, Gregnanin, B., 28 I74 , 2oi, 2o 4 , 2o5, 3o8, 323, 327, 359, 395, Gregory, J. W., 2, 3, 29, 54, 173, 174, 177, 2o5, 413, 422, 439, 469, 471 , 473-98, 5o5, 545, 210, 222 546, 547, 558, 563 582 Author Index

Hoyt, J. H., 413 King, R. F., 82 Hughes, A. R., 93, ioo Kingdon, J., 49 I, 497 Hughes, R. Murray., 377, 378, 394 Kinsman, D. J. J., 9, 18 Hurlord, A. J., 459, 461 , 469 Kinzey, W. G., 132 , 137 Hussain, S. T., 294, 3o8 Klatt, B., I26, 137 Huxley, J. S., 126, I27, 128, I3I , 132 , 136, 137 Kleindienst, M. R., 2Ol, 2o2, 2o5, 2o6, 347, 354, 359, 36o Iles, W., 235 Koenigswald, G. H. R. yon., 452, 461 Irving, E., 7I, 82 Kohl-Larsen, L., 157, I58, 17o Isaac, B., 171 , 537 Kolata, G. B., IO4, lO6, 124 Isaac, G. L., 95, 98 , 1oo, 117, I22, I23, 124, Kreuzer, H., 563 137, 139-47, 154, 17I, 173-2o6, 3o8, 327, Kronberg, P., 5o, 54 337, 346, 347, 348 , 351 , 352, 353, 357, 359, Kruskal, J. B., IO6, I24 36o, 395, 413, 414, 419, 422, 425, 433, 438, Kruuk, H., 9o, IOO 44o, 469, 47 I, 48o, 482, 483, 495, 496, 497, Kuester, J. L., lO5, 124 498, 5o5, 529, 53 o, 531, 533, 534, 538, 54o, Kunz, K., 55 o, 563 544, 545, 546, 547, 563 Kurten, B., lO4, lO6, 124, I32, I37 Kuss, S. E., 95, 1oo Jack, R. N., 469 Jackes, M. K., i57-7o, 564 Lajoie, K., 424, 439, 117, 46o, 469, 483, 485, Jackson, E. D., x7 496 Jaeger, J. J., 164, 259, 297, 436, 439, 5o2 Langdale Brown, I., 489, 498 Jennings, D. J., 24, 27, 64, 69 Lanphere, M. A., 464, 465, 469 Johanson, D. C., 17o, 549-64 Larsen, L. Kohl, 157, 158, 17o Johnson, G. D., 4o5, 414, 424, 439, 469, 498, Laughton, A. S., 15, I8 547 Lavocat, R., 294, 3o8 Johnson, R. W., 67, 69, 19 I, 2o6 Leakey, L. S. B., 3, 151 , 152, 153, 154, 155, Jolicoeur, P., 127, 128, 13o, 136, I37 157, 158, I7O, 171, 173, 174, 175, 183, I95, Jolly, C., 99, 545, 563 196 , 2o2, 2o6, 292, 294, 3o8, 378, 38o, 393, Jones, N,. 344, 36o 452, 455, 46I , 5oi, 561,564 Jones, W. B., 329, 331, 334, 335, 336, 338 Leakey, M. D., 94, 1oo, 141, 142, 147, 15x-5, Jordan, T. H., IO, I8 157-7o, 174, 195, 2o0, 2oi, 2o2, 2o 3, 2o5, Joubert, P., 20, 27, 375, 378, 38o, 393 2o6, 294, 3o8, 323, 327, 329, 337, 343, 346 , Juch, D., 549, 563 347, 348, 349, 36o, 361,413, 461,469, 5Ol, Justin-Visentin, E., 2o, 21, 28, 549, 564 533, 534, 537, 541 , 544, 546, 561 , 564 Leakey, M. G., 121, 124, 164, 196, 206, 217, Kamau, C. Washbourn-, 496 222, 324, 327, 338, 36o, 361, 371, 372, 373, Kandindi, E., I66 429, 439 Kavanagh, A.J., 127, I29, 137 Leakey, R. E. F., 98, 121, 123, I24, I37, 146, Kay, R. F., 132, 137 I7O, 195, I96, 2o4, 2o6, 3o8, 361, 373, 38I, Keast, A., 495 395, 397, 4oo, 413, 414, 422, 467, 469, 471, Keay, R. W. J., 489, 497 488, 495, 496, 497, 498, 5o5, 529, 53o, 543, Keller, C. M., 538, 546 544, 545, 546, 547, 561 , 562 , 563, 564 Kelley, J. C., IOO Kendall, C. G. St. C., 4o5, 413 Le Bas, M. J., 54 Kennett, J. P., 123 Le Blanc, R. J., 413 Kent, Sir P., 1-4, 152 , 158 , 159, 17o , 294, 3o8, Lee, R. B., lOO, 2o 5 46o Le Gros Clark, W. E., 137 Kenyon, W. A., 95, 1oo Lehrman, D. S., 146 Kew, H. W., 5o9, 527 Leopold, L. B., 413 Khan, M. A., 71-83 Le Pichon, X., 235 Kietzke, K., 99 Lerner, I. M., I27, 136 King, B. C., x2, 18, 29-54, 207, 209, 222, 261, Lind, E. M., 489, 498 3o9, 3I I, 327 Lippard, S. J., 36, 38, 39, 54, 213, 222, 239, King, E. W., lOO 241 , 251 , 261 Author Index 583

Lippolt, H.J., 46I 47 I, 483, 484, 485, 494, 496, 497, 529, 53 o, Livingstone, D. A., 196, 2o6 532, 533, 546 , 547 Logan, B. W., 368, 373, 385, 394, 4o5, 413 Miller, T. G., 461 Logatchev, N. A., 33, 38, 54, 222 Mise, J. H., Io5, I24 Long, R. E., 72, 82 Mitehell, J. G., 69, 176, 178, I91, z92, 197, 2o4, Lovejoy, C. O., 563 46o, 461 Lowe, C. van Riet, 372, 373 Mohr, P. A., 17, 2o, 25, 26, 27, 54, 393, 549, Lumer, H., 132, I37 564 Lumley, H. de., 346, 36o Molnar, P., 13, I8 Moore, J. E. S., 5o8, 527 Maasha, N., io, I8 Moore, J. M., 27 McArthur, R. H., 512, 527 Morbidelli, L., 2o, 27, 549, 564 McCall, G. J. H., 23, 26, 27, 73, 79, 83, 2o6, Moreau, R. E., 489, 498 215, 217, 218, 222, 312, 327 Morgan, W.J., 7, 12, 17, 18 McClenaghan, M. P., 38, ~13, 223, 239, 25 I, Morgan, W. T. W., 2o6 262, 263, 264, 27o, 278 Morris, S. F., 239, 262 McConnell, R. B., 8. 18 Morrison, M. E. S., 489, 498 McCown, E., 44o Mortelmans, G., 359, 36o McElhinny, M. W., I5, I8 Morton, W. H., 27, 563 McHenry, H. M., 13o , I37 Mosimann, J. E., 128, 13o, z37 MaeInnes, D., 152, 195, 196, 394 Mtiller, A. H., 92, 1oo Macintyre, R. M., 65, 69, A.~,I., 461 Mtiller, P., 563 McKenzie, D. P., 18 Muller, J., 27 Madden, C. T., 38o, 381,394 Muluila, M., 166 Maglio, V.J., zz5, I21, I22, I23, 124, 157, 17o, Mungai, J. M., I7O, 469 239, 249, 258, 262, 263, 278 , 294, 3o8, 378, Muoka, M., 166 38o, 394, 395, 414, 426, 427, 428, 430, 439, Muret, A. Faure-., 3o8 464, 469, 484, 486, 487, 488, 496 , 497, 498 , Murray-Hughes, R., 377, 378, 394 533, 547 Mussett, A. E., 214, 216, 222, 225-35, 25 o, Maguire, P. K. H., 72, 82 269, 336, 359, 394, 45o, 46I Makris, J., 72, 73, 83 Mansfield, J., 73, 78, 82 Naeser, C. W., 459, 46I Marinelli, G., 563 Napier, J. R., 56I, 564 Martyn, J. E., 37, 38, 43, 48, 54, 215, 223, 225, Nash, W., 424, 425, 439, 479, 48o, 483, 484, 226, 235, 239, 248, 25 I, 255, 262, 263, 264, 496 27o, 274, 278, 361,365, 373 Ndombi, J., 433, 471, 495 Mason, P., 378, 394 Needham, J., I27, 136 Matheson, F.J., I76, 2o6 Nenquin, J., 359, 36o Matsuda, R., I27, 137 Neumann, O., 49 o, 498 Mead, J. G., 378, 38o, 394 Nicoletti, M., 27, 564 Medawar, P. B., 129, I37 Nielsen, K. Perch-, I14, 117, 123 Meester, J., 3o8 M~gnin, P., 9 I, IOO Oakley, K. P., 142, 147 Mellor, D. W., 45 o, 46I Menzel, H., 83 Oertel, G., 9o, 99 Olson, E. C., 9o, too Merrick, H. V., x4I, 142, 147, 5o5, 544, 547 Osborn, F., 131 Meyer, W., 24, 25, 27, 549, 564 Mezacasa, G., 28 Osmaston, H., 255, 259 Oswald, F., 2, 4, Milanovsky, E. E., 54, 222 Ottey, P., 73, 82 Miller, J. A., 27, 54, 69, 122, I23, z24, I4I, 17o, Oxburgh, E. R., 7-I8 194, I95, 204, 205, 206, 212, 214, 216, 218, Oxnard, C. E., 128, I37, 138 22~, 235, 25 o, 26I, 262, 269, 278, 292, 294, 297, 3o8, 322, 326, 327, 359, 372, 389, 393, 4oo, 4oi, 413, 419, 42o, 424, 425, 432, Pairo, M. Crusafont-, 239, 26I 433, 434, 439, 441-61, 463, 464, 467, 469, Palmer, A. R., 1I 3, I I 4, I24 584 Author Index

Palmer, H. C., 222, 225-35, 250, 269, 336, 359, Saggerson, E. P., I9, 22, 25, 27, 35, 54, 63, 64, Parmentier, E. M., I2, 13, I8 69 Patterson, B., 27o , 278, 378, 395, 414 Sandison, A. T., 95, 99, Ioz Payne, J. A., 9 I, ioo Sansom, H. W., 192, 2o6 Payne, S., 97, IOO Santacroce, R., 27, 563 Pelseneer, 5o8, Savage, R. J. G., 2o6, 292, 3o8, 375-94, 423 Penrose, L. S., I3o, I37 Savage, (Coryndon), S. C., IO7, I21, I24 Perch-Nielsen, K., I I4, zz7, z23 Steal, J. S. C., 223 Perkins, P. C., 15, x7, Schaefer, H.-U., 27, 563 Petrucciani, C., 27, 564 Sch~ifer, W., 9 I, 92, zoo Pezard, A., 126, 137 Schaller, G. B., 9o, zoo Piccirillo, E. M., 27, 28, 564 Sch6nfeld, M., 23, 27, 549, 563, 564 Pickering, R., z59 I7o Schopf, T.J.M., Io4, I24 Pickford, M. H. L., 23, 27, I46, 213, 215, 217, Schultz, A. H., 132, I37 222, 223 , 228, 232, 233, 235, 237-62, 263-78, Schumann, H., 9 I, 99 282, 292, 293, 294, 297, 3o7, 3o8, 3o9-27 Sclater, J. G., I8 Pilbeam, D., z25, I32 , 137 Searle, R. C., zI, I8, 53, 54, 73, 83 Pilger, A., 27, 28, 563, 564 Searle, R. E., 73, 83 Pilgrim, G. E., 298, 3oo, 3o8 Setzer, H. W., 3o8 Pilsbry, H. A., 385, 394, 514 Shackleton, R. M., I9-28, 5 o, 54, 64, 69, x7I, Pitman, W. C. III., 235 x73-2o6, 2z9, 223 Polyakov, A. I., 459 Shafiqullah, M., 45o, 45 z, 46I, 469 Pomeroy, P. W., Io, I8, 72, 82 Shaw, A. B., Io6, xlI, II3, II4, I24 Posnansky, M., 175, I83, 2o2, 2o6, 344, 36o Shaw, E., 146 Powell, D. G., 65, 69 Shuey, R. T., Io3-124, 424, 429, 434, 439, 477, Price, P. B., 46I 48o, 482, 488, 489, 496, 498, 558, 564 Protsch, R., 152, 154 Sickenberg, O., 23, 549, 564 Pulfrey, W., 22, 23, 27, 33, 54 Sieveking, G. de G., I46 Sikes, H. L., I92, 2o6 Raja, P. K. S., 394, 46I Sill, W. D., 278, 414 Randel, R. P., 61, 69 Silver, E. A., 17 Rattray, J. M., 489, 498 Simons, J. W., 93, 94, xoo Reck, H., i51 , x52 , 154 Simpson, G. G., zo4, Io6, Io9, z24, 294, 3o8, Reeve, E. C. R., I26, x37 428, 429, 44o Reeves, C. C., 5 x z, 527 Skinner, N.J., 228, 235 Reilly, T. A., 381,394, naA.., 46I Skipwith, P. A., 4o5, 4z3 Rex, D. C., 2o, 27, 563 Smith, E. A., 5o8, 527 Reyment, R. A., 128, 137 Smith, H., ix8, I23 Reynolds, R. G. H., 424, 439 Smith, N. D., 414 Rezak, R., 373, 394, 413 Sneath, P. A., Io5, I24, 129, I3o, z37 Rhemtulla, S., 81, 83 Snell, O., I26, I37 Rhoads, S. N., 49o, 498 Snelling, N. J., 25o, 269 Richards, O. W., I27, I29, 137 Sorensen, H., 17 Richardson, A. E., I96 , 2o6 Sokal, R. H., 1o5, I24 Richardson, J. L., 189, I96 , 2o6, 496 Southam, J. R., lO3, I24 Richter, R., 88, ioo Spence, T. F., 138 Rigby, J. K., 393 Stets, J., 27, 564 Rix, P., 64, 69 Stewart, D. R. M., 49 o, 498 Robbins, L. H., 395, 414 Stewart, J., 49o, 498 Robinson, J. T., 17° Stieldjes, L., 27 Roe, D. A., 347, 36o Styles, P., 20, 27 R6sler, A., 27, 28, 563, 564 Suess, E., 393 Rohlf, F.J., 127, I37 Sunderalingham, K., 82 Rosiwal, A., 393 Sutcliffe, A. J., 93, 95, too Rutherford, E., 441 Sutherland, D. S., 35, 54 Author Index 585

Svec, H.J., 4, 13, 546 Walker, A. C., 46o, 469 Swain, C. J., 71--83 Walker, K. R., 492, 498 Szalay, F. S., 136, 322, 327 Walker, R. M., 461 Walsh, J., 2I, 23, 27, 79, 83, 2o6, 212, 214, Taieb, M., 17o, 549-64 217, 222, 223, 239, 262, 264, 278, 377, 378, Tallon, D., 329 38o, 394, 412, 414, 46I Tallon, P., 217, 223, 228, 329, 338, 361-73 Waiter, R. C., 557 Tarling, D. H., 71, 82 Washbourn-Kamau, C., 496 Taylor, M. E., i 17, 123 Washburn, S., 14° Tazieff, R., 563 Waterman, T. H., 137 Teissier, G., I26, I27, I36, 137 Watkins, R. T., I24, 388, 389, 393, 42o, 458, Thomas, O., 49o, 498 46o, 469, 497, 546 Thomas, P., 3o5 Wayland, E.J., 2, 152 Thompson, A. O., 19I, 206 Weaver, S. D., 4 o, 54, 2IX, 223, 316 Thompson, B. W., I92 , 2o6 Webb, P. K., 38, 4o, 54, 21 i, 223, 241, 262 Thompson, W. D'Arcy, 126, I29 I37 Weidmann, M., 27 Thomson, J., I, 4 Weigelt, J., 88, 91, 92, IOI Thurber, D. L., 294, 3o8, 478, 496 Weinert, H., 157, 17o Tiercelin, J. -J., 557 Wells, C., 95, xo1 Tobias, P. V., 153, 155, 17o, 372, 373, 561, 564 Wendorf, F., 359 Toots, H., 92, 95, 97, xoo Wesselman, H., 436, 439, 5o2 Torrance, K. E., i8 Wheat, J. B., 93, ioi Toula, F., 393 White, J. F., 128, 138 Trapnell, C. G., 489, 498 White, S., 152 Trendall, A. F., 22, 23, 24, 27, 3 I, 54 White, T. D., I57-7o, 323, 327, 564 Tringham, R., 99, 2o5, 359, 546 Whiteman, A.J., 17 Truckle, P., 4 o, 79 Whitworth, T., 196, 249, 262, 38o, 394 Turcotte, D. L., 7, 9, Io, 14, I5, I8 Wiessner, P., 358, 36o Turekian, K. K., 235 Wilkinson, A., 259, 262 Wilkinson, A. F., 38o, 394 Ucko, P. J., 99, 205, 359, 546 Wilkinson, P., 66, 69 Urban, E. K., 490, 498 Williams, L. A. J., 17, 26, 27, 35, 36, 54, 55- 69, 176, 2o6, 212, 222, 223, 326, 393, 459, Valentine, J. W., 512, 527 460 Van Couvering, J. A., 239, 249, 26I, 262, 294, Williamson, K., 73, 83 297, 3o8, 428, 429, 44o, 444, 461 Williamson, P. G., 375-94, 5o7-27 Van Couvering, Judy, 428, 429, 44o Willis, B., 3, 4 Van Damne, D., 381, 393, 477, 479, 498 Wilson, E. O., 512, 527 Van Gerven, D. P., 13o, 137 Wilson, J. T., I5, I7 Van Lawick, J. Goodall, I4O, 146 Wohlenberg, J., 19, 22, 27, 83 Van Riet Lowe, C., 372, 373 Wolff, R. G., 19, 26, 377, 378, 393 Varet, J., 27, 55o, 563, 564 Wolman, M. W., 413 Varne, R., 22, 28 Wolpoff, M., 125, I37 Verdcourt, B., I96, 381, 394 Wood, B. A., I25-38, I7o Visentin, E. Justin-, 2o, 21, 28, 549, 564 Worsley, T. R., 124 Vondra, C. F., 395-414, 415, 418, 419, 42o, Wright, R., I75, 197 422, 424, 438 , 469, 475, 476 , 478 , 483, 485, Wright, R. V. S., 14o, 147 49o, 492, 495, 497, 498, 529, 53 o, 531, 532, 545, 546, 547 Yonge, C. M., 5o8, 527 Von H6hnel, L., I, 3, 38I, 393 York, D., 449, 45 I, 461 Von Koenigswald, G. H. R., 452, 461 Voorhies, M. R., 95, 96, 97, IOO Zanetdn, B., 20, 21, 28, 549, 564 Walker, A., 95, 97, IOO, I7O, 222, 235, 322, Zimmermann, J., 83 327 Zuckerman, S., 126, 13o, 131, I38