Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 01(F), pp. 37049-37055, January, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR REVIEW ARTICLE

REVIEW ON GREENWALLS, A SUSTAINABLE URBAN LANDSCAPING FEATURE

Aarki Thakor*, Dhruv Pandya and Dr Archana Mankad

Department of , Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1101.5047

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The world today, is discussing, studying and researching global environmental issues that majorly include air pollution, rising temperatures and their drastic fluctuations, loss of vegetation and Received 13th October, 2019 . All of these and so many other problems are leading to the sustainability of resources Received in revised form 11th being questioned. Traditional artificial landscaping may render mitigating effects towards these November, 2019 issues but with depleting rural space and rapid urbanization, this becomes difficult. One such Accepted 8th December, 2019 solution of urban landscaping that not only addresses these major problems but also comes with Published online 28th January, 2020 good amount of benefits is Green Wall Systems. This review gives an insight of Green Walls, from

their history to their current techniques and systems, along with their contribution to sustainability Key Words: and future prospects. Greenwall, Urban Landscaping, Sustainability

Copyright © Aarki Thakor, Dhruv Pandya and Dr Archana Mankad, 2020, this is an open-access article distributed under

the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any

medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

INTRODUCTION surfaces (Sharp et. al, 2008) (18). Green wall is also called a system to attach to civil engineering structures and walls Landscaping, by definition, is an activity or process of of buildings or vertical greened facades. They are walls that are designing or improving and the surroundings of either partially or completely covered with vegetation, and they buildings to make them attractive. Today, in addition to have exuberant green looks (Yeh, 2010) (19). aesthetics, as landscaping involves maximum use of plants and greens, it also plays a major role in addressing several History of Green Walls environmental, sustainability, health and social issues etc.In Greenwall illustrations from Ancient period present times when more than 50% of the world’s population inhabits urban areas, the necessity of Urban Green Hanging Gardens of Babylon are the most mentioned, when it Infrastructure and Landscaping becomes significant to develop comes to and landscaping historymarkingtheuse of a healthy and sustainable urban environment (Molla,2015) (3). green wall concept since ancient times (Shaikh et. al, Natural green walls such as or lichen covered walls and 2015)(1).The Vikings used stone, timber and peat’s bricks for rocks; climbers and trailers growing along vertical surfaces and the construction of their habitats, with grass growing naturally mountain sides; coastline cliffs covered with carpets of multi- on it. Such habitats could be found in the northern hemisphere, coloured flowers, in themselves, are an inspiration for Vertical whereverthe Vikings went, from Canada to Norway. This gardens and Artificial Green walls (Kmiec, 2014)(6). With would be the finest example of naturally occurring yet diminishing space and climate change impacts in urban artificially stimulated green walls (Sadeghian, 2016) localities, a Vertical or a Green wall cannot only meet (13).History says that throughout the Mediterranean, Romans the objectives of greening urban areas but can also aid in used to train olive andgrapevines (Vitis spp.), on garden mitigating effect, Air Quality enhancement trellises and villa walls. Also, climbing roses were the symbols and several sustainability enhancement projects such as Grey of secret gardens (Shaikh et. al, 2015; Fexas, 2010) (1, 24). water recycling, energy consumption in buildings and many such other aspects of urban living. Green wall or Vertical Garden is the term used to refer to all forms of vegetated wall

*Corresponding author: Aarki Thakor Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 01(E), pp. 37049-37055, January, 2020

Major Highlights in Greenwall History (Shaikh et. al, 2015) (1)

1920s: Integration of house and gardens through features such as , structures and self-clinging climbing plants, was promoted by The British and North American garden city movement. 1938: Professor Stanley Hart White of University of Illinois patented a green wall system (Malakar et. al, 2017) (27).

1988: Introduction of a stainless steel cable system for green facades.

Early 1990s: Entry of cable and wire-rope net systems and modular trellis panel systems into the North American Figure 4 Classification of Green walls (Sheweka & Magdy, 2011; El-Zoklah, 2016) (2, 26) marketplace. Green Facades

1993: First major application of a trellis panel system at This is a type of green wall system, wherein climbing or Universal City Walk in California. cascading plants are trained to cover specially designed 1994: Indoor living wall with bio-filtration system was supporting structures (Shaikh et. al, 2015) (1). Plants like installedin Canada Life Building in Toronto, Canada. Antigonon leptopus and Jacquemantia violacea can be used as both, climbing as well as trailing plants for such systems in 2002: The MFO (Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon) Park Project, India. As the definition suggests, depending on the type of featuring 1,300 climbing plants, was opened in Zurich, plants, such systems fall under two main categories, which are Switzerland. It was a multi-tiered 300’ long and 50’ high park as follows: structure. Cascading/Trailing System 2005: A massive Bio Lung exhibit was sponsored by Japanese federal government, the centrepiece of Expo 2005 in Aichi, Trailing plants can be best used to cover the walls as well as 2005. This wall comprised of 30 different modular green wall grown on every storey of a building to make variegated green systems available in Japan. wall patches (Sheweka & Magdy, 2011) (2). Tradescantia pallida,with its purple foliage, forms a colourful cascading 2007: Seattle implemented the Green Factor, which included façade. green walls. Climbing System 2007: for Healthy Cities (GRHC), launched full day Green Wall Design 101 course; the first on the subject in These are the most common systems used while creating green North America. facades. Climbing systems are majorly classified into two main types, as mentioned below: 2008: GRHC launched Green Wall Award of Excellence and Green Wall Research Fund. Modular Trellis Panel System

The concept of green walls was experimented and made A rigid and lightweight threedimensional panel, made from a popular by French Botanist , who has installed powder coated galvanized and welded steel wire, is the several green walls across the world (Blanc, 2008). building block of this modular system. This panel supports plants with both a face grid and a panel depth. This system creates a green façade away from the building wall, hence protectsitsmembrane and also provides multiple supports for the tendrils while providing a captive growthenvironment for plants. Such systems can be used to build freestanding green walls, create various shapes and curves and can also be stacked to cover large areas (Timur & Karaca, 2013) (25).

Grid and Wire-rope Net System

Both of these systems use high tensile steel cables, anchors and supplementary equipments, and/or wires. Grids are usedas support in green facades that involve the use of faster growing Classification/types of green walls

plants with denser foliage while wire-rope system is used for slower growing plants that need support at close intervals. Wire-rope systems are more flexible and render greater degree of design applications compared to grids (Timur & Karaca, 2013) (25).

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labour and time(Timur & Karaca, 2013; Shaikh et. al, 2015) (25, 1).

Living walls can be classified into three major categories

Modular Living Walls

A Modular system is made up of square or rectangular panels that hold the growing media to support the plants. Most of the plant nutrient requirements are fulfilled from the media filled in the modules itself, but nutrients can also be supplied through the irrigation systems that are installed at different levels along the living wall. Pre-grown modules, if installed, can give an instant green effect (Shaikh et. al, 2015) (1).

Vegetated Mat Walls (Patrick Blanc System)

This system, known as ‘Mur Vegetal’ in French, is a unique form of living wall pioneered by Botanist Patrick Blanc. The whole structure consists of a framework from a vertical PVC sheet, covered with a polypropylene foil on which, two layers of a synthetic fabric called ‘Felt’ are attached with the help of stainless steel fasteners. The PVC sheet and polypropylene foil act as waterproof membrane towards the building wall while

the first layer of felt is cut into pockets that can gold the plants Figure 6 Modular Trellis Panel System Universal CityWalk, California (left); Installation and growing media (if required). Roots of the plants grow into of Trellis Panel (centre); Curved Module of Trellis Panel (right) this felt and irrigation is provided by an automatic plant water (https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-landscape- moisturizing system regulated by a moisture meter (Timur & architecture/vertical-gardens) Karaca, 2013;Kmiec, 2014) (25, 6).

Landscape Walls

Landscape walls are an evolution of landscape berms or berm walls, working as a strategic tool in an approach to living architecture. The elementary functions of these walls are noise reduction and slope stabilization, as they are typically sloped. Some form of stacking material made of plastic or concrete with room for growing media and plants is used in structuring such walls(Timur & Karaca, 2013) (25).

Living Walls Major Considerations in A Green Wall System Living walls support a great diversity and density of plant species, and hence, require more maintenance compared to Environmental Considerations (Malakar et. al, 2017) (27): green facades. These systems are composed of pre-vegetated Light Intensity, Quality and Duration panels, vertical modules or planted blankets that can be made of plastic, expanded polystyrene, synthetic fabric, clay, metal According toSalasaet.al, 10-10,000fc (foot-candle) of light by and concrete. They can be fixed vertically to a structural wall day and 5fc by night are required for average residential living or frame. Usually, plants adaptive in the given climatic room whereas 10-30fc in pedestrian circulation area and up to condition(indoors or outdoors), are selected and automated 100fc in sales area is sufficient for shopping plazas.Blue light irrigation and nutritive systems are used to reduce maintenance is preferred for foliage growth whereas red spectrum is used for flowering. Artificial fluorescent lights are used these days, to

37051 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 01(E), pp. 37049-37055, January, 2020 compensate natural light.Duration of light is a prime factor in sustainability in mind, plants with low irrigation requirements photoperiodism and it depends on the type of plants selected. and adaptable in local climatic conditions like heat, wind, rain, drought and frost, are preferred (for example the use of native Temperature and Humidity plants) (Manso & Gomes, 2015) (5). Temperature and humidity play a major role while dealing with Plants for green facades tropical plants. Tropical indoor plants best survive and thrive at 20-35C and 50-55Relative humidity (RH).

System Related Considerations:

Growing Media

Selectionof growing medium in modularsystems is significant, as it should be lightweight, adapted to the selected plant species and environmental conditions. For other green façade systems, nutrient-rich organic soil is best suited. In vegetated mat walls, the felt acts as a medium for root anchorage and nutrients are supplies to the plants with irrigation water like in a hydroponic method.Growing media for Modular Living Wall Systems is usually made of organic and inorganic compounds or it may Figure 13 Plants for green facades (Patel et. al, 2018) (21) include a layer of inorganic substrate, usually foam, to reduce Plants for living walls its weight. Sometimes, geotextile bags are used to fill in the growing media, as they allow insertion of several plants as well as occupy the entire module.

Most of the growing media include mixture of light substrate like coconut fibres or recycled fabric and expanded or porous granular material, to retain good moisture holding capacity. Plant growth can be enhanced by addition of metal chelates, minerals, hormones, organic and inorganic fertilizers to the Figure 14 Plants for living walls (Patel et. al, 2018) (21) media (Manso & Gomes, 2015) (5). Installation and Maintenance Irrigation According to the type of green wall system chosen, the The type of irrigation system and water needs depend on the installation and maintenance strategies will differ. For the plants selected, climatic conditions and most importantly on the continuous green facades, the installation process is less type of green wall system. Vegetated Mat Walls have an time consuming as well as cost-effective. Yet there are irrigation system installed at the structure top that irrigates the limitations in plant diversity and also, there are chances of felt, which evenly distributes the nutrient solution throughout roots damaging the building walls and entering its cracks. Also, the roots of the plants. In Modular Systems, the top structure is when it comes to plant replacement for a change in design or connected with the central irrigation system with several tubes any kind of damage, with the continuous green façade climbers running throughout the green walls. it would be an exhausting task. In the Modular Trellis Panel The irrigation tubes and connectors are made up of several System however, these short-comings can be overcome as materials like rubber, plastic, piping thermoplastic, silicon etc. plants can be installed at different levels and hence, These can have different outputs like drip, sprinkler or holes, as replacement is easier and also, they are grown in captive space, per the distribution and intensity adapted to plant irrigation so the risk of building wall damage is reduced. These systems needs. require as a part of maintenance and for robust growth some plants may require additional irrigation and nutrition Several sustainable strategies have also been adopted in Green (Manso & Gomes, 2015) (5). wall irrigation systems, like collecting and reintroducing used water, use of rainwater, recycled sewage fluid and installation The installation cost, design as well as maintenance of Modular of sensors to minimize nutrient consumption and meet plant Living Walls is quite more costly compared to the facades, as needs while controlling the irrigation time and quantity of diverse plant species are used, each of which might have water supplied(Manso & Gomes, 2015) (5). specific maintenance needs. These systems require regular invigilation and maintenance according to the surrounding Plant Selection conditions, plants selected and design intent (Sharp et. al, Selection of appropriate plants is the most important aspect 2008) (18). indesigning green walls. The types of plants chosen for a Maintenance of green wall systems can be placed under the particular system dependon the surrounding conditions, following major categories: irrigation water available, building characteristics, hardiness etc.Plant world offers a great diversity to choose from evergreen or deciduous to shrubs, herbs or climbers, foliage or flowering species. The introduction of hydroponic systems into green walls aids in selection and growth of wider plant varieties as per the design needs and aesthetic effects. Keeping 37052 | P a g e Aarki Thakor, Dhruv Pandya and Dr Archana Mankad., Review on Greenwalls, A Sustainable Urban Landscaping Feature

able to trap a layer of air against the façade and therefore, provide insulation by preventing conventional heat loss. However, this insulation effect is seen up to 30, only when temperatures reach close to freezing. During summer, along with cooling outer air, green walls also render cooling effects indoors, contributing to a sustainable way of energy consumption. Tokyo Institute of Technology Wall Tests show that Green Wall Panels lower the temperature of the wall by 10C (Timur & Karaca, 2013) (25). An in-situ observation of vertical greenery system suggests that green walls can produce better cooling effects than green facades (Widiastuti et. al, 2018) (9).

Figure 15 Maintenance Categories (El-Zoklah, 2016) (26) Water Use Efficiency

Cost Considerations With reducing levels of potable drinking water, it would be best to make use of grey water and rain water in Some of the major factors that are responsible for cost green wall irrigation systems. Automated systems can also variations in green wall systems are as follows: size of the be installed that regulate water supply according to plant project, type of system, price rates of designing team and needs and reduce wastage. installation labour, location of the building and site conditions, access to materials, design complexity and use of quality Employment Generation components, plant selection, project timeline and maintenance Green Wall or Vertical Garden is a unique concept and terms etc (Shaikh et. al, 2015) (1). imparts sustainable benefits for urban settlement, hence

Studies show that compared to living wall systems, green this concept has emerged as a new market and business, facades are more feasible in terms of installation and generating job opportunities for all classes of population maintenance due to the simplicity of their design and hence, are from skilful green wall designers to maintenance labourers cost-effective. Also, these systems lay less environmental (Basdogan & Cig, 2016) (20). burden and aid in achieving sustainability goals (Manso & Design related Benefits: Gomes, 2015) (5).According to the benefit-cost ratios obtained by Veisten et.al in 2012,the sum of benefits is nearly four times Regularizing building heights higher than costs. Building height is a significant aspect inurban design and green

Benefits from Green Walls walls can be used as a refined element for normalizing building heights. The living wall designed by Patrick Blanc for example, Aid in Achieving Sustainability goals: on Pacha-The-Driver building in 2009, located on a corner in

Several sustainableinitiatives have been and can be introduced between Wharf daleroad and Killick road in London, marks the in green wall systems like use of recycled or recyclable height of the building as the heights of adjoiningbuildings on materials in framework of the design and modules, grey water the two streets are markedly different (Virtudes & Manso, 2016) (4). recycling, use of harvested rain water in irrigation and reuse of used water, use of renewable energy sources like solar energy as a source of light and to run automated systems etc (Urrestarazu & Bures, 2012) (15).

Urban

Increase in urban areas has gained momentum, adversely affecting the rural area coverage and hence, agricultural lands. Along with proliferation of urbanized land, population rate is also climbing, which makes the search of new food production facilities inevitable. As the horizontal surfaces for agriculture have greatly reduced, in urban areas would not only make great use of available vertical space but also supply with the needs of fresh and healthy food, contributing to sustainability (Basdogan & Figure 16 Patrick Blanc Green Wall Design at Pacha-The-Driver building, Cig, 2016) (20). London (https://twistedsifter.com/2011/10/incredible-vertical-gardens- Thermal Insulation, Reduced Energy Consumption and Cost- patrick-blanc/) effectiveness Improved Aesthetics Living walls not only provide insulation to the buildings but also contribute to the cooling of outdoor air during summers, Aesthetic variation creating visual interest is a key feature hence reducing the use of air-conditioning systems and energy imparted by green walls which not only masks unsightly consumption in totality. During winter, evergreen plants are 37053 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 01(E), pp. 37049-37055, January, 2020 characters but also increases the value of the building green facades, like Hydrangea anomala petiolaris and Ipomea (Sharp et. al, 2008) (18). tricolor have shown to attract humming birds and butterflies (Sharp et. al, 2008) (18). Building Structure Protection and Enhancement of Infrastructure Value Health and Psychological Benefits

Green walls reduce temperature fluctuations that cause Studies have shown that vertical gardens have been found to contraction and expansion of building wall materials, adversely reduce Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), stress levels and affecting them; and hence, protect building structure. Also, the headache and increase employee productivity in offices exterior building envelope is exposed to UV radiation and acid (Basdogan & Cig, 2016; Timur & Karaca, 2013) (20, 25). rain. It can be protected using green walls as they reduce Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) cracking and carbonization of the building envelope. This not Credits only increases the lifespan of the building but also adds value to it. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) LEED rating systems provide directions for designing, credits can also be achieved by using green walls with other construction and maintenance of green buildings and rate them sustainable components (Sharp et. al, 2008; Timur & Karaca, with credits according to the environmental benefits they 2013) (18, 25). provide. Green walls play a significant role in acquiring such credits for green buildings due to their sustainable functions. Bio-filtration of indoor air Some of the credits that can be earned with the aid of green Plants and the microorganisms in their roots have the walls are as follows: capacity of air remediation, by absorption and degradation of Sustainable Sites Credits VOCs, benzene, toluene and other toxic compounds. Therefore, when used in a green wall indoors, they not SS Credit 7.1: Landscape design that reduces Urban Heat only supply with oxygen but also purify the air, providing Island, Non-roof (1Point) a healthy design and environment (Basdogan & Cig, 2016) Water Efficiency Credits (20). WE Credit 1.1: Water EfficientLandscaping: Reduce by Environmental and Ecological Benefits: 50(1Point) Reduction of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect WE Credit 1.2: Water Efficient Landscaping: No Potable In urban areas, structures with impervious materials replace Water Use or No Irrigation (1 Point in addition to WE Credit the vegetation. Such materials absorb heat and reflect 1.1) sunlight in a manner that increases temperature due to WE Credit 2: Innovative WastewaterTechnologies (1Point) heat. Hence, an urban area with increased heat is formed that has higher temperature than its surrounding rural Energy and Atmosphere Credits areas, which is called Urban Heat Island and the effect is EA Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance (1-10 Points) called Urban Heat Island Effect. This effect is effectively mitigated by the cooling effects of green walls (Sharp et. Innovation in Design Credits al, 2008; Timur & Karaca, 2013; Basdogan & Cig, 2016) (18, ID Credit 1-14: Innovation inDesign (1-4 Points) 25, 20).

Improved Exterior Air Quality CONCLUSION

Toxic pollutants, Carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of Nitrogen Studies have already shown that in accordance with the cost and Sulphur are highly emitted in cities, making the air input in green walls, the benefits obtained are quite high and extremely polluted. The air remediation property of plants in long-lasting, hence supporting the idea of green walls as a green walls, aids majorly in removing these toxins from sustainable urban design to be true. The climatic conditions and outdoor air. Also, if installed inside the buildings, green walls environmental considerations are primarily analysed for the reduce the amount of toxins moving outdoors, by their bio- selection of type of green wall system along with the cost filtration (Sharp et. al, 2008) (18). considerations and the, based on the type of green wall selected, the system-related considerations are worked upon. Noise Reduction The concept of green wall systems has evolved during the

Use of plants as noise barriers on highwaysprovides a reference course of time and more sustainability oriented research and to their function of sound dispersion when used in green walls. application can, not only benefit the urban settlements but also Also, other structural components and growing media used in solve major environmental issues. living walls, also aids in noise reduction. Hence, these systems References play a significant role in controlling noise pollution (Sharp et. al, 2008; Timur & Karaca, 2013; Basdogan & Cig, 2016) 1. Shaikh AF, Gunjal PK, Chaple NV. A REVIEW ON (18, 25, 20). GREENWALLS TECHNOLOGY, BENEFITS & DESIGN. Int. Jou. of Eng. Sci. & Res. Tech. 2015; 4(4): Increased Biodiversity 312-322. The potential of green walls for increasing plant and animal 2. Dr Sheweka S andAr Magdy N. The Living walls as an diversity is being exploredas it is a close extension of green Approach for a Healthy Urban Environment. Ener. Proc. roofs, on which research has already begun in England, USA, 2011; 6: 529-599. Switzerland and Canada. Certain climbers that can be used for 37054 | P a g e Aarki Thakor, Dhruv Pandya and Dr Archana Mankad., Review on Greenwalls, A Sustainable Urban Landscaping Feature

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