![Testing Vinifera Grape Varieties Grafted on Phylloxera-Res] Stant Rootstocks in California](http://data.docslib.org/img/f33a4dc99cf013cae84342b38952d338-1.webp)
TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 697 DECEMBER 1939
TESTING VINIFERA GRAPE VARIETIES GRAFTED ON PHYLLOXERA-RES] STANT ROOTSTOCKS IN CALIFORNIA
BY GEORGE C. HUSMANN Former Pomologist
ELMER SNYDER Pomologist and FREDERICK L. HUSMANN Former Superintendent Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases Bureau of Plant Industry
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 697 DECEMBER 1939
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C.
TESTING VINIFERA GRAPE VARIETIES GRAFTED ON PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT ROOTSTOCKS IN CALIFORNIA 1
By GEORGE C. HUSMANN,* former pomologist, ELMER SNYDER, pomologist, and FREDERICK L. HUSMANN, former superintendent, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry
CONTENTS Page Introduction . 1 Soil variations—Continued. Development of the vinifera industry in Oakville exi>erimental vineyard 11 California 2 Shafter experimental vineyard U Phylloxera injury._ 3 List of vinifera varieties _ _ 12 Experimental vineyards 5 Explanatory notes 16 Precipitation and temperature 5 Résumé of data tables 59 Soil variations 7 Number of vinifera-stock combinations.. 59 Chico experimental vineyard 7 Longevity of vinifera-stock grafts 59 Colfax experimental vineyard. _ 7 Influence of stock vigor 59 Elk Grove experimental vineyard 8 Stock effect on i)eriodic phenomena 60 Fresno experimental vineyard 8 More important stock varieties 61 Geyscrville experimental vineyard 10 More important vinifera varieties 62 Guasti experimental vineyard 10 Summary 62 Lodi experimental vineyard 10 Literature cited 63
INTRODUCTION Practically all of the commercial grape varieties grown in California have been derived from Vitis vinifera L., the wild grape species of southwestern Asia. These vinifera varieties now furnish approxi- mately 90 percent of the commercial grape production in the United States. All of these varieties are highly susceptible to attack by the grape phylloxera (Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch)), which attacks the grape roots. This insect now exists in practically all of the principal vinifera grape-producing regions of the world. Grape phylloxera is native to the regions in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The native grape varieties of the United States growing east of the Rocky Mountains, particularly those from the lower Mississippi Valley, are sufficiently resistant to the phylloxera so that their roots are little affected by it. Such grape species as V. vulpina L.; V, rupestris Scheele; V. longii Prince; V. champini Planch., and others thrive, although the insects may be present on the roots. Selections from these species and hybrids of these and other species have been developed and are used as rootstocks upon which vinifera varieties are budded or grafted. At present this is the only practicable method ■ Submitted for publication February 7, 1939. *Died November 20, 1939. 147206°—39 1 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
of maintaining satisfactory vineyards of vinifera varieties in areas where the phylloxera insect is present. DEVELOPMENT OF THE VINIFERA INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA Vinifera grape growing started early in the history of California. The Mission Fathers established the first mission at San Diego in 1769. Soon after they brought into California grape seeds or cuttings that were planted at the various missions. This constituted the beginning of vinifera grape culture in California. However, very Httle com- mercial development in grape growing occurred until after 1850. An essay by Agostin Haraszthy on grape growing and wine making, pub- lished in 1858, was given wide circulation by the State Agricultural Society and greatly stimulated interest in viticulture. In 1861, Gov- ernor Downey appointed a commission to report on ways and means to promote grape growing in California. Haraszthy {2y of this commission visited the principal grape districts in Europe and pro- cured 200,000 cuttings and rooted vines, including many of the better known varieties then grown in Europe. These were grown near Sonoma, Calif., and cuttings from them were distributed to the growers in various parts of the State. It is reported that 20,000,000 vines had been planted by 1862. During the following years, commercial grape growing in the State developed rapidly, as is indicated in the following tabulation: Tons Tons Tons 1869 11,000 1922 1,706,000 1930 2, 182,000 1879 91,000 1923 2,030,000 1931 1,320,000 1889 274,000 1924 1,535,000 1932 1,882,000 1899 360,000 1925 2,050, 000 1933 1,660, 000 1909 989,000 1926 2,129,000 1934 1,700,000 1919 1,330,000 1927 2,406, 000 1935 2,066,000 1920 1,273,000 1928 2,366, 000 1921 1,110,000 1929 1,827, 000 Grape phylloxera was introduced early in the development of the vinifera industry in the State; the first evidence of infestation dates as far back as 1858 {!). Whether the insects were iatroduced into the State on the roots of eastern native grape varieties, or whether they were imported on rooted vines from France, where they had become established even earlier, is still a debatable question. They may possibly have been introduced from several sources and at several points, and they have gradually spread into the main grape- growing districts of the State. Following the establishment of phylloxera in the State, introduc- tions and plantings of resistant stock vines were made as early as 1876 (4). Eesistant vine cuttings from the Eastern States and, later, cuttings of the better known resistant stocks being used in France were imported. Whue some of these stock varieties proved to be of value, many were failures under the conditions existing in California. In 1903 the viticultural investigations of the United States De- partment of Agriculture were started in the vinifera districts of the State and have been continued to the present time. Two important lines of these investigations have been the introduction and testing of vinifera grape varieties from all parts of the world and the extensive Î Itnlic numbprs in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 63. TESTING VIXIFERA GRAPE VARIETIES 3 tests of many resistant rootstock varieties to ascertain their use under different soil and climatic conditions existing where vinifera grape varieties may be grown. This bulletin deals primarily with the results obtained in testing vinifera grape varieties grafted on phylloxera- resistant rootstocks in various sections of California. PHYLLOXERA INJURY While the growth of vinifera grapevines affected with phylloxera has a characteristic appearance, an examination of the graperoots is the only way to actually determine the presence of the insects. The growth of an affected vine shows weakness because the insects destroy the normal function of the roots. This weakness is manifested through reduced length of cane growth, short internodes, and a cessa-
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FIGURE 1.—A phylloxera "oil spot" in a vinifera vineyard. tion of active growing tips on the shoots about midseason. One of the first indications of phylloxera on the roots is that affected vines stop their seasonal growth, as indicated by the growing tips, sooner than adjacent healthy vines. The leaves are usually a dull dark- green color, which turns yellowish later in the summer, and they drop from the vines earlier in the fall than from healthy vines. The affected vines generally appear dwarfed. The infestation in a vineyard usually starts with one vine as a center and spreads to adjacent vines more or less in a circular form. This gives rise to a circular spot (fig. 1), often termed an "oil spot," of dwarfed vines with the weaker vines in the center. When these center vines have become so weakened that they do not form new fibrous roots, the phylloxera leave them and go to the more healthy vines on the outer edge of the spot; hence more insects are usually found on the roots of the more healthy vines near the edge of the spot than on the severely weakened vines. When examining a vineyard 4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
for phylloxera infestation, the healthy vines on the outer edge of any weak spots should be inspected as well as the weaker vines in the center. In the case of severely weakened old vines, many phylloxera may be found under the bark on the main stump of the vine below the soil level. The swellings caused by the phylloxera on the roots of vinifera grape varieties are of two general types—(1) nodosities and (2) tuberosities. The nodosities (fig. 2, B) are swellings on the soft fleshy rootlets
FIGURE 2.—Tlie grape phylloxera on Vitis vinifera roots: A, An adult insect greatly enlarged; B, nodosities on small roots; C, tuberosities and lesions on older roots. caused by abnormal cell development of the rootlets after they have been punctured by the beak of the phylloxera. The nodosities change from the normal whitish color of healthy rootlets to a greenish-yellow color, eventually becoming dark brown as the rootlets are killed. By abnormal cell growth the nodosities curve around the phylloxera responsible for the injury, and the insects are thus located on the mside of the root curvature (fig. 2, B). The characteristic curvature of the nodosity gives rise to the so- called gooseneck appearance. These nodosities become several diam- TESTING VINIFERA GRAPE VARIETIES 5 eters larger than the normal size of the rootlets. By the greenish- yellow color, the gooseneck form, and the enlarged size, the nodosities are easily found and are strong evidence that the phylloxera insects have been on the roots. While the insects can be seen with the unaided eye, a hand magnifying glass is necessary to distinguish their real form. Usually the nodosity stops the elongation of the rootlet; occasionally, however, the rootlet continues to grow, but not in a straight line owing to the curvature of the rootlet around the punctured portion. If the rootlet continues growth and the nodosity becomes hard and ligneous in character as the rootlet grows older, the swelling or en- larged portion becomes what is known as a tuberosity. Tuberosities (fig. 2, C) are swellings, resembling warts, resulting from the puncture caused by the phylloxera but differing from the nodosities in form, since they occur on the older roots. The tuberos- ities may vary considerably in form even on the roots of the same vine. Some may be only slight swellings while others become large globular outgrowths. In time several globular growths unite and spht the epidermis of the root longitudinally to form an elongated lesion. These lesions are found in the older vinifera roots but very rarely on the resistant stock roots. During the winter months and on vines in the last stage of weakness, the phylloxera may be found along these lesions partly concealed under the bark and also on the underground stumps of badly infested vines. The decaying of these tuberosities cause a weakening and eventually the denth of the affected vine. EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARDS To afford facilities for tlie study of vinifera grape varieties grafted on phylloxera-resistant rootstocks, experimental vineyards were estab- lished on the more important soil types in the vinifera grape-growing districts ill Califoniia (5). Table i gives the location of the various experimental vineyards from which data have been assembled for this bulletin, the elevation of each vineyard, the number of vinifera vari- eties tested, the number of vinifera-stock graft combinations, and the duration of the tests.
TABLE 1.—Lncalion of expérimental vineyards in California, and other pertinent data
Location Elevation Vinifera Vinifera- Duration varieties stock grafts of test
Feet Number Number Chico, Uutte County _ 189 476 753 Colfax, Placer County - - .._, _ 2,412 69 334 1906-32 Elk Grove, Sacramento County 63 47 417 1914-34 290 124 1,034 Geyserville, Sonoma (""ounty 236 4 171 1904 IM Ouasti, San Bernardino (^ounty . 9.W 1% 1904 19 65 73 420 Oakville, Napa County .__ . 161 263 1,562 1903-39 Shafter, Kern County__ 349 10 100 1923-39 Sonoma, Sonoma County 110 7 226 1904-19
PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE A summary of the precipitation and temperature records at the various experimental vineyards is given in tables 2 and 3, to indicate the climatic conditions under which the tests were made. The weath- 6 ïî:CHNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, U. s. DEPT. OF AGRICÜLTUKE er records were summarized from data taken at the experimental vine- yards (6), supplemented by records furnished by the San Francisco office of the Weather Bureau. Table 2 gives a summary of the average monthly and average annual total rainfall for the different vineyard plots for the period 1915-30. Deficient rainfall has been supplemented by the application of irriga- tion water at the Chico, Fresno, Lodi, and Shafter vineyard plots. The Elk Grove vineyard plot was irrigated when the first plantings were made but received no subsequent irrigations, although the aver- age rainfall of 14.01 inches annually can hardly be considered sufficient. No irrigation water has been applied at the Colfax, Geyserville, Guasti, Oakville, and Sonoma vineyards. The temperature records indicate the summary of the average monthly maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures at the experi- mental vineyards for the yearly periods, as designated in table 3.
TABLE 2.- -Summary of average monthly and average annual rainfall at the experimental vineyards, 1915-SO
Average Vineyard Feb. Mar. I Apr. May July Aug. Sept. Oct. annual
Inches Inches Inches\Inches Inches Inches iTiches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Chico- 4.25 5.10 2.57 1.71 0.92 0.34 0.04 0.02 0.54 1.15 3.15 4.46 24.26 (Colfax _ 6.27 9.04 b.m 3.71 1.50 .38 .12 .03 .80 1.90 4.78 6.73 41.79 Elk Qrove 2.52 3.04 1.58 1.07 .46 .12 .004 .001 .35 .65 1.58 2.64 14.01 Fresno l.K 1.61 1.55 .85 .31 .04 .001 .01 .12 .53 .74 1.28 8.61 Geyserville 6. Si 7.89 3.28 2.36 1.07 .22 .05 .04 .39 1.29 .49 7.34 30.95 Guasti. 3.19 3. .Í4 3.0O 1.83 .88 .17 .005 .009 .24 .73 1.27 2.60 17.46 Lodi _ 2.38 2. M 1.49 1.11 .49 .11 0) .01 .32 .66 1.46 2.28 12.74 Oakville h. 90 7. .TO 3.10 2.08 .89 .25 .003 .06 .49 1.16 3.83 ,5.94 31. 26 Shafter»- __ .49 .67 1.07 .86 .40 .04 .00 .00 .02 .36 .60 .69 5.10 Sonoma 4.94 6.02 2.74 2.08 .94 .24 .05 .04 .46 1.17 3.57 S.40 27. 66
TABLE 3.—Average of the daily maximum and of the daily minimum temperatures for each month at the experimental vineyards for the periods shown
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
>> 1 1 S 1 si Vineyard Period 1 1 i a a be s S > 1 Q. > D s S. o ê
°F. "F. "F. °F. °F. °F. '°F. °F. 'F. °F. °F. 'F. Chico 191,5-30 63.3 61.0 66.9 72.6 82.0 92. 1 97.6 96.7 88.2 78.6 66.5 64.5 ('•■Ifax 1915-30 47.6 49.8 6,3.8 67.9 66.9 76.4 84.8 85.0 78.7 68. 1 59.0 48.3 Elk Qrove 191.6-30 61,6 69. 1 63.9 69.5 76.6 86.2 90.6 89.2 83.7 75 5 63.8 .62.9 Fresno 191,5-30. 64.1 62.1 66.7 72.3 81.2 9L6 98.4 96.6 88.4 78.1 66.3 65.7 Geyserville 1913-18 49.3 65.2 61.0 66.0 69.7 79.7 84.0 83.6 79.2 73.0 69.5 60.0 Guasti _ 1915-30 63.5 66.6 69.3 72.6 77.0 85.3 916 91.7 87.1 79.2 72.6 65.1 Lodi 1915-30 54.0 60 7 65.7 71. 1 77.3 86.3 90 3 88.3 82.4 77. 1 64.4 54.3 Oakville . . 191,6-30- 53.6 60 6 64.8 70 7 76,7 86.9 88.0 87.3 83 7 80 5 67.7 5.6. 0 Shafter 192.3-30- 65 4 64.6 69.6 75 3 83.1 92.3 99.3 97. 1 87.8 79.4 69.8 52,6 Sonoma 1915-30. ,56.5 61.4 65 6 68.7 74.2 81. 1 81.7 82.0 81.2 80.1 67.7 68.2
MINIMUM TEMPERATUBE
Chico 191.5-30 36. 38.3 40.6 44.0 49.2 66.5 69.0 57.1 62.9 46.1 38.9 35 6 Colfax 191,6-30 32.9 35 7 38.8 40 6 45 9 52. 69.2 ,58.7 64.1 46.6 40.1 33.8 Elk Grove- 1915-30 38.0 43.0 44.8 47.6 60.5 68.8 ,57.5 67.0 66. 60.3 4,3.6 38.9 Fresno 191,5-30 37.7 42.7 46.9 48.3 63.1 60. 6 66. 3 63.5 68.2 51.4 43.6 38. Geyserville- 1913-18 36.2 38.7 40.3 43.0 45 3 48.5 49.8 49.6 48.7 44.8 39.3 34. Guasti 191,5-30 35 2 38.0 39.9 43 4 47.5 51.5 65 2 ,56, 1 51.1 45 6 38.6 .36. 5 Ijodi 1915-30 36.3 40.7 42.7 45 9 60.1 66.6 67.6 66.8 .64.6 45 3 40.6 36.6 Oakville 191,5-30 36.3 41.1 43.7 43.7 46.6 50.3 62 2 61.3 ,50 1 48.2 42.5 36.5 Shafter 1923-30 34.2 38.4 42.1 47.3 62.6 67.7 63.2 61.2 54.2 46.6 38.7 33.6 Sonoma 191,5-30. 34.6 38.1 38.5 40.6 46.0 47. 1 48.5 48.6 46.1 41.3 37.2 34.9 TESTING VINIFEBA GRAPE VARIETIES
TABLE 3.—Average of the daily maximum and of the daily minimum temperatures for each month at the experimental vineyards for the periods shown—Continued
MEAN TEMPERATURE sg Vineyard
Chico 1915-30 44.6 49.6 .53.7 58.3 6.5.6 73.8 78.2 73.7 70.6 62.3 52.2 45. Ü 60.6 Colfax 1915-30- 40.2 42.8 40.3 49.2 56.4 64.6 72 0 71.9 66 4 67.3 49.6 41.1 54.8 Elk Grove- 191,5-30. 44.8 51.0 ,64.3 68.6 63.5 72.5 74.0 73.1 69.6 62.9 53.7 4.5.9 60.3 Fresno 1915-30 45.9 52. .66.8 60.3 67.1 76.0 81.8 80.0 73.3 64.7 54.9 47.1 63.4 Geyserville 1913-18 42.8 4(1.9 .50.7 54.5 57.5 64.1 66.9 66.6 63.9 58.9 49,4 42.4 66.4 Guasti 191.5-30 49.3 62.2 54.6 58.0 62.2 68.4 73.4 73.4 69.1 62.3 55.6 50.3 60.7 I.odi 1915-30 46.1 60. 54.2 58.6 03.7 70.9 73.9 72.5 6S.4 61.2 62,5 45.4 59.7 Oakvillo. - 191,5-30 44. 60.9 ,54.3 .57.2 61.6 68.1 70.1 69.3 66.9 64.4 65.1 46.8 59.1 Shatter.--. 1923-30 41.8 61.6 .55. 8 61.3 67.9 76.0 81.3 79.2 71.0 63.0 64.3 43.1 61.5 Sonoma- - - 191.5-30 45.6 49.7 62.0 54.6 60.1 64.1 65.1 6.5.3 63.6 60.7 62.4 46.5 66.6
SOIL VARIATIONS Brief descriptions of tiie experimental vineyards including the soil types are given to indicate the various conditions existing at each. The descriptions of the soils were taken from records furnished by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, supplemented by observations made in the several vineyards.
CHICO EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARD The Chico experimental vineyard is located at the United States Plant Introduction and Exploration Field Station, approximately 4 miles southeast of Chico, Butte County, at an elevation of 189 feet above sea level. The first plantings were made in the spring of 1906, and a collection has been maintained of two vines of each of the com- mercial grape varieties grown in this country, together with two vines each of the grape varieties, stocks, and American native grape varie- ties obtained by the Department from native or foreign sources. Since this vineyard was discontinued in 1935, the major portion of this collection of 476 vinifera varieties is now maintained at the Oak- ville experimental vineyard. Irrigation water was applied on the Chico vineyard occasionally in dry years to supplement the normal rainfall. The soil, composed of material brought down from the mountains and hills on the east, is 8 to 12 feet deep and is underlain by sand, water-worn gravel, and boulders which are located in a stratum that usually contains water. The surface soil varies from a light to a heavy, fine sandy loam; it is well drained and quite easily cultivated. The heavy, fine sandy loam consists of 30 to 38 inches of fine sandy loam underlain by very fine sandy loam usually containing some gravel. The light loam has 10 to 15 inches of fine sandy loam, under- lain by a heavier structure closely approaching a loam. The largest area of this soil is found in the Chico district, although similar soil occurs in the Feather and Bear River Valleys.
COLFAX EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARD The Colfax experimental vineyard was established in the spring of 1906 on the property of Louis Cortopassi, 1% miles southwest of Colfax, Placer County, at an elevation of 2,412 feet above sea level. 8 ÏKCHNTCA]. BULLETIN 69 7, U. S. DEPT. OV AGRICULTURE
The soil, which is usually faii'ly deep, well drained, and hilly, originated ill the decomposition of the Mariposa formation, consisting of dark shales or slates, sandstones or quartzite sandstone, and conglomerates. The large proportion of iron present from decomposing volcanic rock material when exposed to perfect weathering gives the soil a deep-red color. Dark, shallow, conglomerate rocks sometimes outcrop in spots, and rock fragments occur. The first few inches are often dark red from the accumulation of organic matter. The first 8 to 18 inches are usually brownish-red clay or clay loam, underlain by 3 to 6 feet of red clay or clay loam, with partially decomposed and weathered- rock formation, giving the soil a yellow appearance. Rock outcrops of conglomerates, chert, and slate occur in the higher portions. The native vegetation consists of manzanita, chaparral, live oak, and yellow pine. The Colfa.x district grows a diversity of fruits on sidehill locations, iirigation has not been practiced in this vineyard.
ELK GROVE EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARD The Elk Grove experhnental vineyard was established in the spring of 1914 on the property of the J. L. da Rosa estate (later the property of the Colonial Grape Products Co.), near the tow^n of Elk Grove, Sacramento County, at an elevation of 53 feet above sea level. The soil is gently undulating, with frequent low mounds and intervening depressions commoidy called hog wallows, and occasionally larger but locally enclosed basinlike depressions. The surface drainage is moderately well developed. The occurrence of compact heavy sub- soils is usually accompanied by indurated or cemented substrata or layers of hardpan. Subdrainage is restricted, which during and imme- diately following the winter rainy season renders the soils wet and boggy, with water standing in the depressions. The soil of this vineyard tract strongly resembles both the San Joaquin and the Madera series. The surface is Madera clay loam of dark-brown to hght-reddish, or sometimes yellowish-brown color and is 9 to 18 inches in depth. The subsoil occurring 9 to 18 inches below the surface varies from 7 to 13 inches in depth and is heavy compact semicemeiited dark to yellowish-brown clay grading to hardpan. The soil and subsoil material are retentive of moisture and under favorable conditions of drainage, irrigation, cultivation, and depth to hardpan are well adapted to vine culture. Irrigation was practiced to establish the first plantings at this vineyard plot, but was not used subsequently. FRESNO EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARD The Fresno experimental vhieyard (fig. 3), located 5 miles southeast of Fresno, Fresno County, was established in the spring of 1903 on the property of the Fresno Vineyard Co., at an elevation of 290 feet above sea level. The soil is classed as the San Joaquin sandy loam. The fact that it is an outlying isolated portion of this soil type accounts for the increased depth to hardpan and the sandier subsoil, which is encountered immediately above the hardpan layer. The San Joaquin sandy loams are confined mostly to lands adjacent to the lower foot- hills on the eastern side of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys in California where 75,000 acres near Fresno, 6,000 acres near Stockton, and 265,000 acres in the vicinity of Sacramento, have already been TESTING VINIFERA GRAPE VARIETIES 9 inappod. The soil is light red to brown in color, granitic in origin, and composed largely of sharp, angular particles. The surface is rolling and generally covered with hog wallows and small mounds that have been graded down to a level surface for irrigation and other cultural practices. In this plot two types of soil were recognized, namely, an adhesive sandy loam closely approaching a true loam, and a friable sandy loam. The former soil retains moisture longer than the latter, which is a deeper soil of lighter texture. This lighter phase lends itself some- what better to cultivation and produces somewhat better vine growth. In leveling the plot the natural condition of the soil was disturbed; the dejJth of the sticky sandy loam was decreased in spots, and free sandy loam was exposed íTI other places, which caused the hardpan
J- HÉWÉMiHi Mi Àm B||ta| 1 ^^^^^^H^r^' 1 HWBBI^IHÍ^^MB HK £'.' ' rj^^H^ FidUHK 3.—.\ ])ortioii of tlie Fresno exporiinciital vineyard, slunviiig the root- stock vines and the tj-pe and level conditions of the soil. to occur at variable depth, averaging mostly from 3% to 4% feet below the surface. This hardpan, which always accompanies the San tJoaquiii sandy loam soil, is a red iron-sandstone substance cemented by hydrates of iron and alumina combined with clay. When this hardpan occurs at 2 feet or less from the soil surface, blasting before planting is necessary to break the hardpan and to permit root penetra- tion. Trees and vines thrive when the hardpan is broken or where it lies at a suflicient depth below the soil surface. Frequent porous spots occui- in the liardpan through which the roots of vines penetrate. The watei- level fluctuates during the season and has varied annually from 7 feet to 19 feet from the soil surface. Shice rainfall has been déficient, surface irrigation water has been applied to this plot. The vineyard propertv was purchased in 1923 by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. lu TECHNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, U. S. DEPÏ. OF AGRICULTURE
GEYSEHVILLE EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARD The Goyserville experimental vineyard was established in the spring of 1904 on the property of John D. Bosch. The site was located just east of Geyserville, Sonoma County, against a range of high hills 236 feet above sea level. The soil consists of a uniform dark gravelly loam to a depth of 2}i to 3 feet, with a subsoil of light or yellowish- brown color and a texture similar to the topsoil. The soil is very mellow and carries considerable humus. This type of soil extends over considerable areas along the streams and the floor of the Sonoma Valley in California, having been washed down from the shale, schist, and conglomerate hills.
GUASTI EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARD The Guasti experimental vineyard was established in the spring of 1904 near Guasti, San Bernardino County, on the property of the Italian Vineyard Co., at an elevation of 950 feet above sea level. The soil mapped as Maricopa gravelly sand is a brown gravelly sand of a uniform texture to an unknown depth washed from the Sierra Madre Range. The surface is compact when untilled, because the sharp angular sand in its composition becomes somewhat cemented by the organic matter occurring in the topsoil. At a depth of 3 feet it is more concentrated and often yellowish from the oxidization of iron. It is almost entirely granitic and contains quantities of undecomposed potash and feldspar particles. It covers most of the San Bernardino Valley floor and when thoroughly cultivated holds moisture well. As the phylloxera was not known in this district, the plantings in the vineyard were principally vinifera grape varieties on their own roots. However, some phylloxera-resistant rootstocks were included in the tests to supply information as to the adaptability of such stocks to this section. This vineyard was discontinued by the Department in 1923, but rnost of the plantings were kept intact, and observations were con- tinued in the plot for the entire period of this report. Irrigation water was not applied to this plot.
LODI EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARD The Lodi exj)erimen tal vineyard was established in the spring of 1904 on the ])roperty of Mrs. IVIary Lawerence, afterward that of the Lawerenco & Murray property, about one-fourth mile northeast of Lodi, San Joaquín CouTity, about 55 feet above sea level. There are two main variations of soil in this plot. One is a brown, free, sandy loam 4K feet deep, underlain by a more adhesive light brownish-yellow sandy loam. Occasional iron concretions give the subsoil a mottled color. The other is a light-brown adhesive sand, which was formed by an old stream channel. The sand is light brown to a depth of 3 feet; tlie subsoil, water-washed sand, is looser in texture, lighter in color, and dry to a depth of more than 6 feet. There is no hardpan or alkali apparent. The soils are deficient in lime, otherwise produc- tive and comparatively level and easily tilled. Partial irrigation has been practiced in dry years at this plot. TESTIKG VINIFERA GRAPE VARIETIES 11
OAKVILLE EXPEMMENTAL VINEYARD The Oakville experimental vineyard (fig. 4) is located one-half mile west of Oakville, Napa County, about 161 feet above sea level. This vineyard was established in the spring of 1903 on the property of the To-Kaloii Vineyard Co. and was purchased by the Department in 1923. The soil is a dark-brown to black gravelly clay loam to heavy loam, containing a large quantity of organic matter formed in a swamp or lagoon extending in past geological ages up the Napa Valley from San Pablo Bay, typical of the greater part of the soils in the valley floor. On weathering, the shales, sandstones, limestones, lime conglomerates, and large quantities of gravel with little erosion of edges, were washed down from the steep hills or mountains surround- ing Napa Valley and have tended to form a heavy or clayey soil with only snudl (|ii!intities of sand. No hard])aii or alkali appears. The
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FiüiJRE 4.—The Oakville experimental \ iiieyard, slujwing the sloping topography and surrounding hills; variable growth of rootstocks in the foreground. surface is undulating, afl'ording a fairly rapid run-off of surplus rain water, although in places the subsoil is somewhat wet during the winter and spring months making cultivation somewhat difficult in these spots. The clay and silt in the subsoils aid in the retention of moisture although 20 to 40 percent of gravel is contained in the sub- soil. Cultivation reduces the surface to a good mulch. No irriga- tion has been practiced at this vineyard.
SHAFTER EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARD The Shafter experimental vineyard was planted in the spring of 1923 on the United States Cotton Field Station, about \% miles north of Shafter, Kern County, about 349 feet above sea level. The soil is classified as Delano sand and sandy loam. This type is extensively developed on the plains northwest and southeast of Bakersfield, and along tlie foothills southwest of Edison. The soils, where typically 12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, V. S. DEFI'. OF AGRICULTURE developed, generally have a relatively gentle sloping and undulating topography, the surface in most places being marked by a succession of hummocks and depressions, giving locally a relief of from 1 to 3 feet. Drainage is generally good, but water may stand on the surface depressions for some time after rains in the areas where the soil is compact. Alkah is present in some of the district. The surface soil of Delano sandy loam ranges from 10 to 15 feet in depth and is a brown, grayish-brown, or yellowish-brown gritty sandy loam con- taining some mica in the smoother areas. It is low in organic matter but absorbs moisture well when properly handled. The subsoil is brown to reddish brown in color and is typically heavier in texture, in many places being loam or light clay loam. Considerable quantities of liine occur in the subsoil. Irrigation has been regularly practiced at this plot. LIST OF VINIFERA VARIETIES Table 4 gives a descriptive list of the vinifera grape varieties that have been tested in these experimental vineyards. As will be noted, very few varieties with reflex stamens have attained commercial importance, because of the poor settiiig of fruit of such varieties. As nearly as possible, where a variety is used for different purposes, the uses are indicated in order of their importance; thus the Sultanina is given as r, s, and t, indicating that it is primarily a raisin grape, but is important as a shipping grape, and is also used locally for table purposes.
TABLE 4.—Descriptive list of vinifera grape varieties that have been under test in the experimental vineyards [Explanation of symbols: Column 2, u = upright, r=reöex; column 3, s=small, m = modium, l=larg('; column 4, c=conlcal, cy=cylmdrical, s = shouldered; column b, c=compact. m^medium, l = loose, v = very; column 6, s=small, m^medium, l=laríí(?; column 7, s = spherical, ov = ovate, obov = obovate, ob= oblate, t=truncate, el=ellipsoidal, fu = fusiform, fa = falcate, cy=cylindrical; column8. w^ white, including yellow and green, r=red, including light, medium, and dark red, b = black, including purple and blue black; column 9, e=early, m = medium. l = lato ffor comparative purposes. Sultanina was considered early, Malafia, medium, and Emperor, late); c-olnmn 10. j= juice. r=raisin, t = tableor home use, s = distant shipping, st = storage, w = winel
CIUSUT Berry Relative Variety Sta- mens Com- ripening Use Size Shape pact- Size Shape Color season ness
1 '2 3 4 5 ti 7 8 9 10
Ach-I-Süum__ . . u m c 1 m-1 s w m t u m c-s t* s s b e-m Agadia 11 m-1 cy c 1 ob w m-1 s, st, t Ak-Saibe u m e m 1 ov-t r e t, s Ajrai. _ _. n ni c 1 m el b 1 t Aldara u s-ni p-s I m obov 1) e-m t Albardiens __ u s-m c-s ni m obov b R-m t, j. s Aleatico 11 ni (! c ra-s b m w, j Alexandria 11 m (■ 1 1 obov w m r, w, s, t,, j Alicante Bouschot 11 m c-s c ni s b m w, j Alvarna,, . . u m c-cy c m s w m w. j Aneb-ol-Cadi,. u 1 cy-s ni m-1 ob b e-m t, s Angulato u 1 c 1 1 s b m t, s Angur Kalili u m c m m el-ov w e-m t Angur Noir Grande u ni c m m s b m w Aramon_ u 1 c-s c 1 s b m w, t Askari_ _ a ni cy m m el-ov t) e-m t, s Asmi .. u m cy m 1 w ni s. t Aspiran Noir u m c c m obov b in-1 w. j Baba u m c I m s w m w Bakator . r m c I ni s r e-m t. w- Barbarossa .„ u 1 c-s c m s r ni w, t TESTING VINIFERA GRAPE VARIETIES 13
['ABLE 4. — Descriptive list of vinifera grape varieties that have been under test in the experimental vineyards—Continued
Cluster Berry Sta- Relative Variety mens Com- ripeninR pact- Shape Color season ness
lïarbem obov w, j liarducci_ cy w, i Bastardo cy e-m w Hoclan. cy-s e-m w Bellino. ., e-m t R(>ngi _ t, w Bermestia Violácea.. t, s Bicano " t, s Black Hamburg- _ . cy-s m-1 t, s, w Black Morocco . cy-s s-ob s, t Black Seedless. cy^s cy t, r, s Black Shahanec . . _ cy-s el t, s. w Blanc d'Ambre. _. ... cy-s 1 e-m t, w Blaney White c-cy m-e 1 e-m s, t, r Blauer Portugieser. _. cy s-m w Boal de Madeira.. cy w, t Bocalilla c-s w, t Bolynino ' cy obov w Honardo m-1 cy w Boudales _ ._. c-cy 1 m-1 w, t Bowood Muscat m-I obov w, r, t llrustiano . . vl t, s liuccleuch m-1 c-s 1 t, w Buckland Sweetwater _. m c 1 s-m t, w lîuhirzi _ m-1 c-s 1 t, s Burirer 1 cy-s Chabach . . . m c-s Cabernet Sauvignon___ . m-s c-s s b Calabrian ,. _ m-1 c-s s w t, w Oalmette _ _ . m-1 c-s s b w, j Cannon Ilall Muscat m-1 c-s ra-1 m-1 w r, w, t, CarlGinane ... m cy-s m-c el b Castiza - . - 1 c-s m-c s-ob r t^efld . m c-s s w Ceskarg Charial- m-1 c-s w Chadeh Arabieh.__ . _ c-s s b Chali Sar cy m-l s-ob b t,5 ('hani Rouge.. c ob r t Charbono_ _ _ , _ _ cy-s w Chasselas Cioutat _ cy t, w Chasselasde Fontahiebleau cy w,t C hasselas Rose de Falloux cy w,t Chasselas St. Bernard _ _ cy s-m w,t i'haouch Blanc .. m-1 c 1 t Chaouch Gris . s cy w Chaouch Rose _. m-1 e-m t C haouch Noir m w Chaweesh e-m t Chenin Blanc w Child of HalK- t Chirazi- ■ el t Cinsaut - m-1 c-s el-ov e-m w, t, s Cipro Nero - 1 c-s 1 1 t,s Clairette à Gros Grain, _. c s-m w, t Coarna Xegra. cy t Corinthe à Gros Grain . _ cy vl t,s Corinthe Blanc . , . . cy-s e-m r, t, w Corinthe Noir cy-s r, t, s, w Corinthe Rose cy-s e-m r, t, w Coristano c-s 1 w, t Crabbs Burgundy c-s Damas Rose c-s Damigue vl c-s s, w Dattier de Beyrouth __ . 1 c-s el-cy t, r Deis-el-A'anze m-1 c-s m-1 el-f Diamond Jubilee m-1 c-s m-1 Directeur Tisserand m cy-s m-c obov l)lzmar m-1 c-s 1-m m-I oy-el Doctor Hogg. .- c Dernekusa.. e-s m-1 Due de Magenta cy-s m-c t Emathia.. - t Emperor. - obov-el ' r st, s, t 14 TFX'HNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE 4.—Descriptive list of vinifera grape varieties that have been under test in the experimental vineyards—Continued
Cluster Berry Relative Sta- Variety ripening Use mens Com- season Shape pact- Size Color ness
Erz Roumli__ . c-s m m-s Etrairede I'Adhui ,___ c m m-s Fajoumi Jaune. _ cy m-1 el t Faphly c-s m-c el t, s F^efier Som . c s 1-m s Feher Szagos,__ c-s m-c ov F'errara _ _ _ c-s 1-m obov Fintendo - c-s ov Flame Tokay - - c~cy ov-t s, t, Foster - c-s cy t.K Fredericton _-_ cy-s Oamay Teinturier. . cy-s Gewürz Traminer... . cy Ghulahi . py-s Green Hungarian. , ey-s m~l Grenache...... , c-s Gros Blanc de Lausanne c-s s-m (Iros Colman c-s 1 ob Gros Guillaume-- cy-s 1 ob S, St, t Gros Verdot . . . .. cy-s w Grove End Sweetwater. cy t Guadalupe cy-s obov m-1 t Hadjes Guermez c-s ov-t e-m t Flebron _ _ m-1 w Tlunisa .. 1-m cy-el m-1 S, St, t Hycales.. _ .. 1-m m-1 w, t,s Insolia Bianca _. .._. c-s w, t, s Italia Elqui... c-s w, t .ibâ'i._. , ...... _. c-s m-1 t, S Johannisberger . cy w Jubeili-. c-s s-ob Jura Muscat ... _. cy Kabasma . c-s Kabbajuk ... e Kadarka . cy-s Kahalillee ,. _. c-s s, t Kandihar c-s ov-el s, t Kara-Uzum...... _ ... c-s ov-el t Karoo Belle. ._..__.._ c-s m-1 obov-t St, s, t Kâsûfl-Dakar...... _.,. c-s vl m-1 t Kasufl-inti-. c-s vl m-1 t Katta-Kurgan. ... c-s t Kcchwechi Bleue m-1 c-s m-1 t. s Kechwechi Rouge m-1 c-s m-1 t Koropodia.., ... .__._ c-s w Khudud-ul-Banat - _ m-1 c-s ob t, s Kizil-Sioum. - . m-1 c-s ra-1 s-t m-1 s,t Kölner...... cy m-1 m Koptchak _ _ c-s m-1 Kurdi ._,...._ c m Kurtelaska _. ...._ m-l cy I-m m Ladv Downe . _ m-1 cy-c s-ov m-1 t Lai Cefid.- c-s el e-m t Lai Guermez__ cy-s obov e-m t Lairen ... c-s t, w Leani Zolo -_ ... cy w Lignan Blanc . cy t, w ijore Koche.. _ _ c-s e-m t Luglienga Nera.. _ _ ... cy-s m-1 w, t Madeleine Angevine s-m t Madeleine d'Ambre s-m t Madeleine Royale e-s s-m s-ov t Madresfleld Court.. c-s m-c m obov t Malaga .__.__. 1-vl c-s m-c I obov s, St, t, r Malaga Rose... _. .., cy-s m-c s-m t, 8 Malbcc. . _.. c-s I-m Malvasia de Broglio. c-s I Malvasia Rosarla c-s vc s-obov w, t Mamelon _. cy-s ov t Marmora c-s s Maskah No. 24772 m-1 cy-s 1 ob t, s Maskah No. 24774 ! 1 cy-s m-c vl ob t, s Maskah No. 24775 s-m cy-« c-m s-m ob t, s TESTING VINIFBBA GRAPE VARIETIES 15
TABLE 4.—Descriptive list of vinifera grape varieties that have been under test in the experimental vineyards—Continued
Berry Sta- Relative Variety mens Com- ripening Size Shape pact- Size Shape Color season ness
MaskahNo. 24776...... cy-s m-1 ob t, s Maskah No. 24781...... m-1 cy ov t, s Maskfth No. 24782 _ c-s vl ob-s t, s Maskah No. 24783 c-s vl ob t Maskah No. 21784. ,. . m-1 cy-s 1-m ob t, s Maskah No. 24785. .. c-s fa t, s Maskah No. 24780 c-s Ob t Maskah No, 24787 , . m-1 cy ov t, s Maskah No. 24788...... c-s 1-m ob m t, s Maskah No. 24792 cy-s obov m t, s Maskah No. 24793 . cy-s 1 Mataro.. . -.. - m-1 c-s m-1 m-1 Melhi Khany_ . c-s m-1 m-1 Mclonera . . c-s m-1 e-m MeslierHatif cy e-m w Meunier ey m-1 m w Miksasi , -...-- cy-s 1-m 1 t Millennium m-1 c-s c w. t Mission.-. -- m-1 c-s m s-m w. t Monake. _ cy-s c m-1 m-I t Mondeuse. _ c-s m-1 m-1 w Monukka .-._- _.. cy-s m-c Mourastel _... m-1 c-s m-c Mourisco Bianca. _ _ c-s m-1 Mourisco Preto . c-s m-e m w Mskhali.. m-l cy-s c obov m t Mukhkh-ul-liafihl.. m-1 c-s m ob m-1 t, s Muscatielle du Bordelais cy-s c e-m w, t,j Muscat Bonod c-s 1-m m-1 r, t Muscat Capusines cy-s m-e w, t Muscat de Front ijrnan cy-s s-ov e-m w, t,j Muscat riaml)ur}i c-s m-1 obov m t, s, j Muscat Noir d'Hongrie c-s 1 obov t.i Muscat Noir précoce.. . c-s m-1 obov t, s, i Muscat Rose . c-s vc s w, t Nasa Valentiana cy-s m-1 s t Nebbiolo c-s m 1 w Nepro Amaro c-s m-c e-m w Xegrara di Gattinara c-s m-c s w Negra Klqui . c-s m-1 obov m-1 t Ohanez. c-s 1-c m-1 ov-t 1 St, s, t Olivette Blanche.- ._. c-s m-c 1 fu m-1 s, st, t Olivette de Vendemain . m-1 cy~s l~c ra-1 obov St, s, t Olivette Noire.. m-1 c-s m-c el S, St, t Opiman. c-s m-1 ov t Pagadebito cy m w Palarusa C-R t Palomino c-s w, t Paykanee Razuki. c-s e-m t, s Pedro Ximines.. c-cy m-1 w, t Perle de Csaba . c-s e-m t Petit Bouschet _._ c-s m-c m w Petit Verdot cy-s c m-1 w Piment c-s m-1 1 S, St, t Pince Muscat ___ c-s Pinot Blanc Chardonnay cy Pinot St. George cy m-c e-m Pirovano c-s m-1 e-m t, s Pizzutella c-s m-1 t, s, r Plavai. c-s s-m w Poulsard cy-s w, t Précoce de Courtiller. . cy-s w, t Prune de Cazouls c-s in-c s, t, st Purple Damascus c-s 1 t Quagliano , _ m-1 cy-s w, t Quanque 1 c-s m-c e-m t, w Red Ilanepoot m-1 c-s vl m-1 t, s, r Rkatzitelli c-s Robin Noir cy Rodites c-s m-c St, t Rose d'Italie c-s m-1 s-m t, w, s Rose of Peru c-s m-1 s-ob t. S, w Sahabi c-s el t 16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, U. S. BEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE 4.—Descriptive list of vinifera grape varieties that have been under test in the experimental vineyards—Continued
Cluster Berry Relative Sta- Variety ripening Use mens Com- season Size Shape pact- Size Shape Color ness
Sahabi Charial c-s Saldi c-s Saint Laurent cy-s w. j, t Saint Maeaire. cy-s San Giovete . . c-s m-l Santa Paula c-s Satin Blanc cy Sauvignon Blanc _ _ cy ra-1 Sauvignon Vert cy-s m Schach-I-Soum c-s ov-el m-l Schiradzouli Blanc. c-s m-l Schiradzouli Violet c-s m-c m-l Semillen- cy m-c m-l Serektia._ cy m-c Serine _ _ cy Servan Blanc _ . . c-s 1-vl s, t Sicilien_._ _ .. cy-s e-m t, w Souvenir du Congrès cy w Sufetha cy w, t Sultana . m-1 cy-s c-m r, w, t Sultanina ._. _ m-l c-s m-c ov-cy r, s, t Sultanina Rosca. c-s ov-cy r, t Suri c-s ra-1 Sylvaner.. cy m-c Syrah._ ey-s Tadonc c-s Tagouti Rouge. ey-s s-ob Tanfl Rose _ ._ ,.._ c-s ov-t Tannat___ _ ._ ._. cy-s ov-el Tañeron de Cadenet c-s m-l ov t, s Tifafihi Ahmer c-s m-l m-l s-ob st, s, t Tinta Amerella c-s m-c Tinta Cao., c Tinta de Madcria . cy Trentham Black c-s obov Trojka . _ c-s Trousseau _. c-s Ubeide c Umagun cy-s cy Valandova c-s ov Valdepeñas cy-s s-ob Velteliner. cy-s Verdelho cy m-c Vermentino c-s m-c Vernaccia Ñera c-s t, K, w Vcrnaccia Sarda c-s t S, w Vigne de Zericho m-1 e-s m-l St t Walschriesling s cy s w White Nice. ra-1 cy-s m-l s. t White Tokay c-s s w Wilmot No. 16 c-s m-c m t, S Zabalkanski c-s 1-m I t, s Zeine_ cy-s m-l t, s Zinf andel cy-s m-l t, s Zinzillosa cy s-m
EXPLANATORY NOTES Complete data sheets from which table 4 was obtained would cover approximately 200 printed pages. These sheets summarize informa- tion on 311 vinifera grape varieties and 105 resistant rootstock varieties, totaling 19,725 vines of 3,410 vinifera-stock graft combina- tions. Á.S many of the varieties tested do not lend themselves to commercial culture, a selection of 72 vinifera grape varieties and 69 rootstock varieties is given in the data presented in table 5. While TESTING VINIFERA GRAPE VARIETIES 17
each vinifera variety was not grafted on each stock variety, there are ro|)resented in the table 1,020 graft combinations with a total of 6,374 vines. The complete data sheets are on file in the Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases and may be consulted by anyone whose interests justify it. In table 5 the columns are designated by numbers and title head- ings, concerning which some explanatory notes are necessary. Column 1 gives the names of the vinifera varieties; indented under them are shown some of the resistant rootstocks upon which each variety was grafted. If the vinifera variety was grown on its own roots it is so indicated. Since infestations of phylloxera were known to exist in most of the experimental vineyards, the vinifera varieties were not usually planted on their own roots but were grafted mainly on various rootstocks. A direct comparison, therefore, cannot be made between the variety growing on its own roots at one vineyard and the same variety grafted on resistant rootstocks at some other location. As poor spots were known to exist in the experimental vineyards, varieties growing in such locations have been omitted from the data given in table 5. The soil and climatic conditions existing at these different experi- mental vineyards have been given in the preceding pages. In col- umns 3 and 4 are given the years in which the vines were planted and grafted, respectively. If the year of planting is previous to the year of grafting, it indicates that the variety was established on a resistant rootstock by field grafting. When grafting is 1 year pre- vious to the date of planting, it indicates that bench-grafted vines were planted. Column 5 gives the number of vines included in the test. While in many cases the number of vines on a certain root- stock was small, similar vinifera-stock combinations were often planted in various experimental plots. In columns 6, 7, and 8 are given an averaged summary of the growth ratings for the periods as indicated in the title headings. These ratings represent an optical rating given to each vine at the end of the yearly growing season, and indicate the relative growth of each variety when grafted on the several rootstocks under the conditions existing at the vineyard designated. Thus each vine was rated each year and the average of all vines on the rootstock recorded. If the growth rating is progressively higher from column 6 to 8, it indicates that the vines were increasing in vigor; if they show a decline, it indicates that the vines were decreasing ni vigor. Columns 9, 10, and 11 give the extreme growth-starting dates, the extreme blossoming dates, and the extreme ripennig dates, respectively, for the period of the data. Calculations made on a number of varieties indi- cated that the average of the two extreme dates given represented the weighted average date for the period of the data within a probable error of 2 to 3 days. Column 12 gives the average estimated fruit weight per vine for the number of seasons fruiting. With the large number of vines under test and with the vhieyards planted at widely separated locations, the absolute weighing of the fruit of each vine was not possible under the conditions of the tests. A number of fruit weights were taken each season to check the estimated records and were averaged for the period of the data to give an indication of the ¡)roductivity of the variety. Since many factors contribute to the 147200°—39 3 18 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 9 7, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE fruit, production of a given variety, the fruit weight of the same variety on different stocks at the same location indicates the trend of produc- tion ratlier than a significant result due to stock influence. More intensive and comparable plantings have been made recently where the definite production of a selected number of the more important varie- ties on the more important resistant rootstocks can be studied to determine the latter's influence, if any, on the fruiting and other qualities of the scion variety. Column 13 gives the average sugar. Balling or Brix scale, reading from fruit samples taken each season, corrected for variation of temperature, and averaged for the entire period of the data. Since these readings were averaged over a period of years, they represent somewhat the normal but not the highest sugar content that might be developed by the variety when grown imder the most favorable conditions. Column 14 gives the average acid reading by titration with N/10 NaOH solution and computed as tartaric acid in grams per 100 cc. of juice sample. ÏKMTING VINIVKRA GRAPE VARIKTIl« 19
m o> ss 'if •&% t-io s s SäiS
*=l ■^ 1 per 100 ce.
fe» acid as
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Û a o. a a aaa uaaaSSga O) ¡u o <1> CJ - « aj o (u i; i¿ oj ip o o 02 r/j M OD ffi CG tnmcGmOOixi cocOiXiajaicßfBODCQ CO 03 02 CQ CQ M œ <;-< ■< M Q es f t- 00 t— 00 ed ■ t^CS I-* (N aa^aaaaaaaaaa aaaa>'a ^aaai-^aaa aaa aaaa aa aaaaaaaa ■¿.^¿0c4-00l-OO«î^tC''i ■COOtOiO,'^ '-"-^?j"^ík«'~"*"* SS""*^ CSOCQOCO fO¿ Tt«>ftJ3r!.iOti.¿4" L.' t-! tJ (-' i^' t-' u) 1-^ Ix' ^ <^' )-• >- iJ iJ (J I»' I* (J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ b ^ ^ IH u! k<* t-i t^ ^* iJ I«' u (-J ^' >-■'-• bJ t-i iJ c3cacBo!cflö353cflrto3cJo3iS rtrtoJcSí-,^ nJoJroroOTOTOToSra wo3o3 oSoJoícfl c3o3 cooÍcBo3o¡c3cflc3 óiSSoi<íc»O500>n :SSS ssssss ssss §§s$ sss SoOoOOO ss ig88 Nao 001-. gssssssss? ;§S88 SSS8SSS CftOSOiOO SSSg ggg sss§ Sao iss »OOi00»O (M (O CD SSSSSSSSKSSSgg ssggss SSSSR ss .s gsgg §s GO Oi 00 t-- ^0000 1 ooNoo wo 3 lOO "O — -"-oooooo bOlO^OCi^O^CiO O^OïOïCboOO^C^ s s Ol Oi Ci OS Ci Oï 5 fOOCJ CN o o 00 o o o C^J o -^ CN 31 íO-H CO CO OOoOOOO&H&^JOOO O^OOQO OOQOOQOCO ¿;00 O'^OO ÖO OOOOOOOO 5^51 I 8T ^-1 t¡3 ffi-- 5j bc "Z atrdS a^ ™"^ feo 3* «O X x„- p¡2x xo « 5XS« •.2X5 e 'C 'C "E ti XW-S s'Sxt- Oí ^ gss .2.së ano lo-g 2 a Q. a 0.3 o o P a*j o o°.&30 B-g" IsS; 0833 (..Sí a o S.9_„, 3 3 3e=; üoSso gZSooË 3« o 24 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE i-. M lO ' i-H 00 lo o»—n-H m SS SS§ :BSS ect^ I« I-v «■<*• "^ ■* "»• « > îi is St, HH M SS8 S8SS as ssa 3 e I Ä0O0O ooioooo oi lO ^ oo«ooio^t>cot---*a R^oecoo'OttïoocC'—It—o c o Ü ■is S^S ià^^ ) Ç-û- O Bg 2=4 4.^abJ. — . ■ . •■rj'Q ap. aaap, tu V s s 0 c 3 a 3 s U ; I .1 I I \ ^ A Í I -H r-í C^ ri rH — _. — — 5,^ -H (^ ^- ^H■ p,ir* — vtç^ fî• " e>4SM —<'—^ O)i,^ C4i,^ (Ni.>i ^^-■' <^^- - CS"-i i,^ •a ss o¿^:§S S^ ;28, »"oOgOOiOOOi 'X p,0, I:- ftftft D.ft¡- ft £ Ö r< 5.1 L i I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I X I 5 i "? ^ CO -H -H — — ,-1 — (M ^ ?5 _H rl I-H ,-( CO •-' l-H 00 .-H ce r-I —. 00 — ä' %Í b Ü ^ b b L.' b kJ U t-' t-<* L-.' 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S £(2(SBS« TESTINÍi VINIFKRA GRAPE VARIETIES 33 igfîS ä8K QO ;s SSSKSSSííSSSñfSñK R ; SSSSSSSSSKSS8 SS SS fías î:8 - IM 82sasss88sssssa s ; S?SaS3SSSSSS5SíS8 SS 532 ft»oi>.vr- s2"gSSí32S8?S2jSs¿ 2 CÜi &c.^ o o o o o o * ^ — O o & oOo I Nobc!)■*CM ?2 ¿.adc ai « oi V UP. aft X ■< «3 o CÛ o m-ílcocoaicíicocucncoai-^lcoco O a¡ 03-«íí CO OD ce CO OD GQ O! ■X ■ 'í" te' CO CM t— Il I' o a< -"---^"- S" " a n n c a a q a a c >.c o os 3 >>a 0 3 3^22'=' ?í ^E 3 3 3 03333333=23 3333333 «S 3 ¿^¿í;:^^so3333ÇCflC 3 555^ = 33 5^ 3¿^ ■^ CO r- M Q Tf M-tf 03 —. AOO <» i^ kt >í O í*. >. ^ >.>>;>■. >, ;-, >, p-i"^ ;»i >. í>i >> >> P». P^ >>>. 03 oJ oa 3G(3^r~^cdcúo3cOo3c3o3 SiúaScQoSaScQ cQcO 03 o3cOAo3dcOo3olo]cúF^ 00 N 00 CM CD w 00 1-1 1-1 íí M 00 00 I> CS —t —i b b b ^ ^' >^' ^ b ^ >-'>-•' ^* ^ >-•>-• ^ t" >-■ p. 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OF AGBUrULTlTRK sss - k- ^ ^ o.aasasísíC3SC SïïSS, It-g -J ti . ci ü Ü O O O ü ü O+j •^aS g-ftg^an Ö^ä- oo:íozoo:3g 'i^ -^ f'S "^^ ^ r? f^ ^ rn "^ "^ "^ r/j I — 1 -'rn I ^ . aç c ti ■Sí bL-tr "T bt ■ ■*=; tí."í= b D. Q. D. G a p. a Pi ft sn^£-3^;3k--« a^ aarH?; a^ air- t^^^^t 3 ffl 11 ■o SS ;i ; lo (N "^'í'(M ro w es IOION^Ií fi"C^HCSCMO'í^»Oií5'*iOcO-^<0»OiO "iOiCSOlO^OiOíOíp SO'-H'-'ÖOO^-'O >.g 1) o^ o^ o^ o^ c^ o^ c> o^ »s >^il S—ï > í^« oooootSo^o 5Ag&.£gF^ogèfeêgoooégofeogfeoaÈ s ■Ci si a l'aaa j ¿«so n <-XJ (3S •«! 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I ï^"?? -s--^ • LJ (-.' >- -^ íí l^' t-* '^ (- £• '^ '^^ 1-* ^ "^ f^ u í^' í^* t^*^ t>) t*> k> í>> t* ' ; 03 ta ■ ■ ■ S SSSS2S gcStN^C^ So ' 'Sx i i í j í * |äOO Í Í Í |t- 1 1 |coo)aiooaiû6co J J j | JäOO I J 1 !S 'tSœSSS ;C'CiOOC^"^"^"^"^'~' iOtOOCC"^'OiO'Oi;C*OiO>Oi—lOiOMr- -iiO'-H(0(otCi»0(»r-r>.»CTt«w -^T-uNc-Sr-eo p Tf i2 (M lO ;* 5 -iMiM(NW«H ^^»own-i:. —.^■...■.«. ..--..-..■. . - ... .-<0(NC-^C^(NC¡>íiM'N>—iOOO'-i'->OÍN'-HCSCNCNOOCMC^(NNO -_r-, ^ o¿;goo¿HO¿3g 5i3§f^f^«w§f^^f*'«5í^^f^H:'ufeMügoggfeoocg£p^ í-^og^ofe et-igS XO oX o 3-*^ o o Ot 3 c3 O o5 oiv ° P-ÏÏ o.a o O.ÏÏ o O.ÏÏ o o o SfiQ SR snoí SI* i PHCQ CO' ;0 c S i2S S « 36 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 697, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE SIS S;!^ Scî f ^ ec o i-~ 00 o W líj M GO •* CJ MOI •HD œ ■«i'O'o^íz o 5ïo| o M ', S «N R c ^«"Sc^ '?=»..'- Ved 9 ^ 9 CCCCCO OT -^ M (N 'ï^ rí O) » 0) ® aï ir «'•T ©oj« «œœ ©Jr « Oi V ® ? H a>-r encoco 0<í COCqCÍ^OíNNN ira—"-" (NC!(NN--WCO;^ -H^ —< M fi — fí O) Q oj a> u. 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S. REPT. OF AGRICULTURE 3 SVîSiîi; SSSiîl^iS SP; S8KS SSniSS?SïgS c o o '^^ d.i3 ^^ 5?în?î SSwwSSwn "M g " g •^ o> îO eot--t--t— f; -T'ri'r— c^i-co oo COMOOî OïCO"* ■* (NO-* ^M SIS;soE S Í lO ^M '^ '^ ! 00 îc î^ "^ ' ' 'to .— .-- • ■ . .- . (N ■ . ■ .(NC^^ . t^ H.Ü 'S £"o O O O -t-J O *J o í;00(AO I I I — 1 c OcßOi 1 fooo^■ ^ ?î M S' * — S 5 £ CO-<02'«< 02 02 f» CC œ CQ Cß CO ■< •O to IN'iOSOtN'"^ 'QO .OOtNm »0(N iC^ "C 'cSr2l-2f^c5222 a g a a s >5ßCKdc riß % o < gs᧧5a§§ Sf'?^T;t'fV7 it ¿tc^tic^ c^ ¿ w î é>-f ^ oo c-i ¿i-^ J.*^. -—'OÏ— cO'-iCN—■-<— O^ X'—iC e^aJiOQ.« a 03 (X aa a a Sea o¡o¡o3cc äQ. 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OF AGRICULTURE CO "5 (Or^Ä DS lio 5 00 CO 00 OÏ X i" S ia 2 ¿"rafeas SC^QOWiPOWS M -^ (D ^-Tf "*< cote M te CD M CN t^ CO D 00 eo i-< CO o> (O O Ü -¡îi= ; -^ Í ■<»' IM £i CO (jq ' C* CM '^^ "-^ W !M o-a*i-ti o- D.O"Sa o-g Û. u "S .+^ 1^ ft'-'■ i-^ i^ P" coO I I O I O £5 "a¡,a¿ à áí3í;¿SA°ofc2;¿i¿¿¿ GO Tf i-H t-H ob '-' ob COM CO Oi M CO 02 œ M 'O I CMt^ O"* CO X J ^ C^ .-( ce o 00 03 >i q >>fl 20 gCCflPlRP 5 c3 d t^ a Ol-Ï 13 »-> l-S K, l-S l-s Hjs I'* icoc-)¿(ocoeo H t; Í*» >> ¡>> » o c3 cQ cO o.c3a3Q,wc3t3öcso3rt Hcöc3 c003 ^ cS cS I-, cS QS X 0>0 piM_iO00'^"íí< IH V<* (J tJ t-l t-^ t-l IJ hí anB.nao,aS.Qp.S,o.c.e. & A p.p.ap.& ca S.<' C3 tJ3 c3 'S C3 es cSoJ c3c€a3i^cdc3aS Sg ggggggg 5CMO COQ »or-tcooio^ OQOœ os oí OÍ o: 00 o CR íO jC; ÍWÍC^OOia g «o ÇO CM 00 CM 00 IM C9 OS OS O) 00 OÍ OS OS 00 i-l i-H o OS CM lO rM Cî es W i-H «3 1 O lO CS CM C5 "O O "3 ÎM ■* CO **■ .—I ■^ CM .-. 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OF AGRICULTURE iot- M M CJ WM C^NC s 3 « C^ 53 j; ■* r- t- lo (N -v 0)i-<^'0l---^-*f*Oc0h-I^0)'- - I—OiOiO O Sf :ë ■- .S ^(N --1 SO i^ --i Ü <{ ^ O O. >0 ' îD "O I 1 T CSS INCO ' I '■«' iC*eO I 1 I I I leo i -H ■V O» r-H Oí'— -1 !^ .-< C^ ■— -Tf CO '1-H I T-H-VtOtOOO ii—ÜOC *J>*J*J ■i-i'"' --' +i*^'~'+J+J-iJ '.-(-i '"t¿*J ■ . . ij-i^j-J "zoS" o" O ®,^"ooo^"o !^o"^^=^ ;ooo œ'T\œ YO I m'^OiiiOOi ^IOOOOJYL B.S «S-HCO i-iCO C^ (N 2 OO'-"^'■-'<»* •-■ l^'-'MM — C^ o-^CN '^ iJ+i ■ ■ +i*i -4-^ *j '»J^^+J^i^J+JjJ ® ■ 4^ *J *;+i-J'Ö ^J -^J mmmm cccc tï: co -H C^ r-H-H H-H CO Orí Ol^ ^ -H so -H r- — OJ rt — .-■'-— — ^ C-^ — EaqöS^ 2Ö a «agadoppaapflcacacoïa *533w ÖS s g3Cd333ÖÖ3dÖ3333335C ^ ^—5 ^ tí P ^ ^ ¡3 H»5 3 k^ h^ h-a ^ h-i h-s t—s ^ H^ h-s h-s H-s Ha H> h-5 ^ ^ ÖOtratO 14" — 10|iNOOSCM'î"CO(NQt-4<-4'Co4' "3 S (Ncsw'SS GOçoeoçc ccrti 10 co¿iocDi^4'4'¿xocrír* '¿i-cioo-*0 O k.b-I-l-1 iMk. IM iMl-iL.l-.IoUk-il-ik-ihLdt-'r^t-iL-k.tMl-.^t-i c5 "2 Oío eo 1—i-< icgoor-(N >o»oiß(N^ >o lOíoiN 1000 xi^ s :8 s Si;ggggggsg:;ggëgggsgg >.2 ÍOOOOOOOO 2 i-g MoOm So o ÜOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCO H a P !» 88 S Sgdss cocoÎO CO « S Sis i ««Kg. o. n ûatiS ^ -gwO XXQpärt ..sg-g-Íio|iJ.§j c3 ea ' ' ' « c g o Ë ci3|a"|-sss 3 3 sa 3 3 s »» g" g §i£22;2:?S§ |fego||.s..£- .S.&3 3 3&Í-I SPSœ ao RÉSUMÉ OF DATA TABLES NUMBER OF VINIFERA-STOCK COMBINATIONS Many vinifera-stock combinations have been grown since the establishment of the experimental vineyards. These have been studied under a wide variation of growing conditions, as indicated by the location and description of the soil and chmatic conditions of the experimental vineyards. The tests have been extensive in order to limit the varieties and resistant rootstocks for more intensive tests. With the large number of varieties and stocks under test, the units of each combination have been limited; however, repetitions of many of the vinifera-stock combinations were grown in the different vineyard locations. LONGEVITY OF VINIFERA-STOCK GRAFTS The complete data sheets were studied to ascertain the longevity of vinifera varieties grafted on resistant stock roots. In summarizing these data, it was ascertained that 1,903 vinifera-stock combinations comprising 6,966 vines maintained an average growth rating of 81 to 100 for more than 20 years. Thus these combinations were classed either in the satisfactory or excellent class for a 20-year period or more. Although many of these grafted vines were removed to make space available for new plantings (3), some are still growing satis- factorily 32 years after the date of grafting. Thus it might be stated that the ex{)erimental tests even after 20 to 30 years have not run long enough to determine the longevity of grafted vines. The fact that the numerous graft combinations have been growing satisfactorily over a period of 20 to 30 years and more, indicates that lack of affinity was not an important factor. INFLUENCE OF STOCK VIGOR Variations in vigor of growth of a vinifera variety grafted on different lootstocks have been decidedly noticeable. Data have been compiled in table 6 to indicate the effect of the vigor of the under stock on the growth of the vinifera scion. The resistant rootstocks have been listed according to the vigor of the vinifera varieties grafted on them and also according to the vigor of the stocks when growing ungrafted. A study of the data in table 6 indicates that the more vigorous rootstocks have quite consistently given a high growth rating to the varieties grafted on them. The decidedly weaker stocks have pro- duced grafts with poor growth ratings. The rootstocks of medium vigor, although producing some satisfactory grafts, did not produce exceedhigly high or unusually low growth ratings. The first six stocks listed in table 6 have been the more vigorous in many locations. Vinifera varieties grafted on these stocks have produced more growth and consequently higher growth ratings than those grafted on the less vigorous stocks. While the grape scion has some influence on the vigor of the rootstock (7), the same vinifera variety grafted on different rootstocks will vary greatly in vigor in close correlation with the vigor of the rootstock. 60 TECHNICAL liULLKTIN 69 7, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE G.—Influence of stock vigor on growth of the vinifera scion Average growth ratings of— Rootstock variety 40 vini/era Stock varieties growing as grafted on root- ungrafted stock, 1916 30 vine Mourvedre X Rupestris, No. 1202. _. 1 91. 1±0. 24 94.8 Solonis X Othello, No. 1613 _. 90. 6± .2« 94.6 Rupestris St. George 90. 4± .33 95.9 Constan tia 88. 2± .32 93.7 Dog Ridge 88. 0± .31 93.9 Aramon X Rupestris Oanzin, No. 1_ 87. 6± .41 92.8 Montícola X Rupestris, No. 18816_._ 87. 4± .35 90.8 Riparia X Rupestris, No. 101-14 85.0d= .21 89 4 .\ramon X Rupestris Ganzin, No. 2. 84. 9± .43 88.8 Montícola X Rupestris . 84. 7± .24 83.0 Barnes ... _ 84. 6± .74 83.4 Riparia X Rupestris, No. 3309 84. 4± 3S 89.6 Oordifolia X Riparia, No. 126-1 83.8± .BS 90.0 Riparia X Rupestris, No. 3306 83. 5± .47 86.8 Montícola X Riparia, No. 18808 83. 4± .5(1 90.9 Riparia X Rupestris, No. 101 83. 4± ra 86.0 Solonis Robusta 82. 9± 99 78.4 Montícola X Riparia, No. 18804 82. 6± 52 83. S Berlandieri X Riparia, No. 420-.\ 81. 9± M 87.7 Australis 8I.7±1.24 80.4 Solonis X Riparia, No. 1616.. 80. 9± 71 90.1 Rupestris X Berlandieri, No. 219-A . 80. 4± 91 89. n Salt Creek 79. 6± 78 85.9 Lenoir., 79. 1± 75 85,1) Chasselas X Berlandieri, No. 41-B '. 78.fl± KK ,83. 3 Taylor Narbonne _, 78. 2± 76 76.1 Adobe Giant 3 7.'). 3± «2 74,3 1 Indicates variability only, ' Data represents average of 23 vinifera varieties. ' Data represents average of 34 vinifera varieties. Figure 5 illustrates somewlmt typical results of variation in stock vigor. The vines shown represent 25-year-old grafted vines of Sul- tanina as grown on three different rootstocks at the Fresno experi- mental vineyard. The dotted line shows the point of union between the Sultanina scion and the rootstock. A is Sultanina grafted on Solonis X Othello, No. 1613; B is Sultanina grafted on Riparia X Rupestris, No. 101-14; and C is Sultanina grafted on Salt Creek. The growth ratings given to each of these vines and averaged for the period 1915-30 were as follows: Sultanina grafted on Solonis X Othello, No. 1613, rated 93.3, Sultanina grafted on Riparia X Rupes- tris No. 101-14, rated 85.2, and Sultanina grafted on Salt Creek rated 73.9. The more vigorous stock, Solonis X Othello, No. 1613, has produced a decidedly more vigorous Sultanina graft than the less vigorous stocks, Riparia X Rupestris, No. 101-14, and Salt Creek. STOCK EFFECT ON PERIODIC PHENOMENA Table 7 gives a condensed summary of the growth-starting, blossom- ing, and fruit-ripening dates of 33 vinifera varieties when grafted on the different rootstocks indicated. These data were taken from tabu- lated records for the period 1915-30. The extreme average difference in the growth starting of the 33 varieties on the different rootstocks extends from March 29 to 31, or a period of 2 days. The difference in blossoming extends from May 20 to 24, a period of 4 days, and the fruit-ripening difference from September 18 to 24, a period of 6 days. TESTINÍi VIÍv^IFERA GRAPE VARIETIES 61 FuiiKE 5. \ ¡iriatioiis in growth duc to stock vigor. Dotted line indicates graft iiiiioii; A, Sultaiiina grafted on Kolonis X Othello, No. 1613; ß, Sultanina grafted on Hiitaria X Rupestris, No. 101-14; C, Sultanina grafted on Salt Creek. Tlie data indicate that only slight differences in periodic growth plieuoinena have been apparent when the varieties were grafted on different rootstocks. When it is considered that many factors beside rootstocks may influence these periodic phenomena, it is doubtful if a significant effect can be attributed to the rootstock varietv. TABLE 7.- Influence of rootntock variety on the periodic growth phenomena of vinifera scions from averages of SS vinifera varieties, 1915-30 Growth- Blossom- Fruit- Rootstock variety starting ripening date ing date date Aranion X Klipestris Oanzin, No. 1. Mar. 30 May 22 Sept. 18 lierlandieri X Riparia. No. 420-A Mar. 29 May 24 Sept. 24 Dog Kidge --. --- ..do May 2(1 Sept. 19 Montioola X Riparia, No. 18804 Mar. 31 May 23 Sept. 21 .Mourvcdre X liui>estris, No. 1202__. Mar. 29 ..do Sept. 23 Riparia X Rupe.stris. No. 11)1 ,. Mar. 30 May 22 Sept. 2« Riparia X Rupostris, No. 3309 .do_ ..do . .. Sept. 21 Rupestris St. George Mar. 29 ..do Sept. 20 Solonis X Olhello, No. 1613 .-do May 21 Sept. 19 MORE IMPORTANT STOCK VARIETIES The more vigorous rootstocks that have shown wide adaptability and also resistance to the attack of phylloxera include the following: Mourvedre X Rupestris, No. 1202; Solonis X Othello, No. 1613; Rupestris St. George, Constantia, Dog Ridge, Aramon X Rupestris, Gauzin, No. 1, and Montícola X Riparia, No. 18815. These more vigorous rootstocks have also produced the more vigorous scion growth, as indicated by table 6. 62 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 69 7, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE MORE IMPORTANT VINIFERA VARIETIES The vinifera grape varieties may be divided into three main types: Raisin, table, and wine varieties according to their use, although many of the varieties are used for dual purposes. Some of the more important and promising varieties are listed according to their com- mercial uses: Raisin types—Alexandria (Muscat),' Sultanina (Thompson Seedless),' Sultana,' Corinthe Noir (Panariti),' Monukka, Malaga, Feher Szagos. Table types— Sultanina,' Flame Tokay,' Malaga,' Emperor,' Alphonse Lavallee (Ribier),' Ohanez,' Castiza (Red Malaga),' Alexandria,' Olivette Noire, Olivette Blanche, Gros Colman, Kandihar, Rish Baba, Kahalhllee, Ohvette de Vendemain, Monukka, Servan Blanc, Prune de Cazouls, and Black Morocco. Wine types— (white) Palomino,' Semilloii,' Chasselas de Fontainebleau,' Sylvaner,' Pedro Ximiiies,' Sultana,' Columbar,' Sauvignon Blanc,' Burger,' Gewürz Traminer,' Muscat de Frontignan,' Muscadelle du Bordelais,' Green Hungarian,' Alexandria,' Feher Szagos, Mourisco Bianca, Chabach, Serektia, Velteliner, and Vermentino. Wine types—(black) Carignane • Ziufandel,' Syrah,' Mission,' Grenache,' Cabernet Sauvignon,' Calinette,' Alicante Bouschct,' Mataro,' Cinsaut (Mal- voise),' Refosco,' Barbera, Petit Verdot, Pinot St. George, Trousseau, Chaouch Noir, Aleatico, and Valdepeñas. SUMMARY Grape varieties of Vitis vinifera furnish approximately 90 percent of the commercial grape production in the United States. The major portion of tliis production is centered in California. Early in the history of vinifera grape growing in California, Phyl- loxera vitijoliae (Fitch) became an active destructive agency. The use of phylloxera-resistant rootstocks upon which vinifera varieties can be grafted offers a method of control, which has general application. While the longevity of varieties grafted on resistant rootstocks has not been definitely determined, these investigations indicate that satisfactory results can be obtained by the use of the more vigorous stocks for at least a period of 20 to 30 years or more. Some few rootstocks have been consistently more vigorous than others in the major grape-growing sections in California. These investigations have eliminated many of the weaker and poorer stocks and have indicated the more vigorous stocks that can be used satis- factorily. The more vigorous stocks have shown wide adaptability. Many vinifera-stock combinations have proved satisfactory, indicat- ing that affinity of stock and scion has not been a major factor in the success of grafted vines. Only sUght difl'erences in periodic growth phenomena have been apparent when a variety was grafted on many different rootstocks. The more important rootstocks and varieties for definite uses have been indicated. ■' More imiiortant commercial varieties. TESTING VINIFEEA GRAPE VARIETIES 63 LITERATURE CITED (1) DAVIDSON, W. M., and NOUGARET, K. L. 1921. THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA IN CALIFORNIA. U. S. Dent A^r BllII 903, 128 pp., illus. (2) HARASZTHY, AGOSTIN. 1862. GRAPE CULTURE, WINES, AND WINEMAKING. 420 pp., illus. NeW York. (3) HARMON, F. N., and SNYDER, ELMER. 1934. GRAPE ROOT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES. Amer. Soc. Hort Sei Proc 31: 370-373, illus. (4) HusMANN, GEORGE C. 1910. GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE VINIFERA REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH REFERENCE TO RESISTANT STOCKS, DIRECT PRODUCERS, AND viNiFERAs. U. S. Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 172, 86 pp., illus. (5) 1915. TESTING GRAPE VARIETIES IN THE VINIFERA REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 209, 157 pp., illus. (6) 1930. TESTING PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT GRAPE STOCKS IN THE VINIFERA REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. U. S. Dept. Agr, Tech. Bull. 146, 54 pp., illus. (7) SNYDER, ELMER, and HARMON, F. N. 1934. VINIFERA GRAPE CION INFLUENCE ON DOG RIDGE STOCK Amer SoC Hort. Sei. Proc. 31: 374-375. ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEN THIS PUBLICATION WAS LAST PRINTED Secretary of Agriculture HENRY A. WALLACE. Under Secretary M. L. WILSON. Assistant Secretary HARRY L. BROWN. Director of Information M. S. EISENHOWER. Director of Extension Work C. W. WARBURTON. Director of Finance .. W. A. JUMP. Director of Personnel ROY F. HENDRICKSON. Director of Research JAMES T. JARDINE. Director of Marketing and Regulatory Work^. A. G. BLACK. Solicitor _ MASTíN G. WHITE. iMnd Use Coordinator M.S. EISENHOWER. Office of Plant and Operations ARTHUR B. THATCHER, Chief. Office of C. C. C. Activities FRED W. MOKRELL, Chief. Office of Experiment Stations JAMES T. JARDINE, Chief. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations LESLIE A. WHEELER, Director. Agricultural Adjustment Administration R. M. EVANS, Administrator. Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engi- neering _ HENRY G. KNIGHT, Chief. Bureau of Agricultural Economics H. R. TOLLEY, Chief. Agricultural Marketing Service 0. W. KITCHEN, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief. Commodity Credit Corporation CARL B. ROBBINS, President. Commodity Exchange Administration J. W. T. DUVEL, Chief. Bureau of Dairy Industry 0. E. REED, Chief. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine- LEE A. STRONG, Chief. Farm Security Administration W. W. ALEXANDER, Administrator. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation LEROY K. SMITH, Manager. Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation MILO R. PERKINS, President. Food and Drug Administration WALTER G. CAMPBELL, Chief. Forest Service FERDINAND A. SILCOX, Chief. Bureau of Home Economics LOUISE STANLEY, Chief. Library — CLARIBEL R. BARNETT, Librarian. Division of Marketing and Marketing Agree- MILO R. PERKINS. In Charge, ments. Bureau of Plant Industry _ _ __. E. C. AUCHTER, CWef- Rural Electrification Administration HARRY SLATTERY, Administrator. Soil Conservation Service H. H. BENNETT, Chief. Sugar Division JOSHUA BERNHARDT, Chief. Weather Bureau FRANCIS W. REICHELDERFBR, Chief. This bulletin is a contribution from Bureau of Plant Industry E.G. AUCHTER, Chief. Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops H. P. GOULD, Principal Horticultur- and Diseases. ist, in Charge. 64 U. 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:t933