j. RaptorRes. 35(2):151-158 ¸ 2001 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc.

THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF RAPTORS IN THE METROPOLITAN REGION,

FABL•NM. JAKSIC Departamentode Ecolog[a, P. UniversidadCatdlica de Chile,Casilla 114-D, Santiago,Chile

EDUARDO E PAVEZ Uni6n de Ornit61ogosde Chile, Casilla13183, Santiago-21,Chile

JAIMEE. JIMI•NEZ Laboratoriode Ecolog[a, Universidad de LosLagos, Casilla 933, Osorno,Chile

JUAN C. TOPmES-MURA_ SeccidnZoolog[a, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Casilla787, Santiago,Chile

ABSTRACT.--TheMediterranean ecosystem in the MetropolitanRegion of Chile is amongthe mostthreat- ened in the countrybecause of humanimpacts caused by the concentrationof 5.5 million peoplein an areaof only 15 800 km2. We analyzespecies presence at three spatialscales: the entireregion, Santiago cityand its surroundings,and twosuburban localities where there hasbeen intensivemonitoring ofraptors in the recent past. Twenty-fourraptor species(18 Falconiformesand 6 Strigiformes)were found in the MetropolitanRegion (83% of Chile'stotal). Twenty-oneof them are residentspecies that breedand winter in the area. Overall, four specieshave increasedover the last 30 years,seven have decreased,and 11 remained at the same levels. There is insufficient information available to determine the status of two species.Of the 24 speciesin the region,18 occurin the vicinityof Santiago,the largestcity in the country. We classifiedseven species (29% of the regionaltotal) aseither urban (four species)or suburbanraptors (three species),and we discusshow they apparentlycope and even thrive in sucha large urban area. KEYWORDS: ;Strigiformes; habitat; diet; residence,, conservation; abundance; urban raptors.

E1 estatusde conservaci6nde las rapacesen la Region Metropolitana de Chile RESUMEN.--E1ecosistema mediterrafieo en la Regi6n Metropolitana de Chile es uno de los mas amen- azadosdel pais debido al impacto humano causadopot la concentraci6nde 5.5 millones de personas en un firea de 15 800 km. Analizamosla presenciade especiesen tres escalasespaciales: La regi6n entera, la ciudad de Santiago y sus alrededores, y dos localidades suburbanasen donde ha habido monitoreo intensivode rapacesen el pasado.Veinticuatro especiesde rapaces(18 falconiformesy 6 strigiformes)rueton encontradasen la Regi6n Metropolitana (83% del total de Chile). Veintifin de estas son especiesresidentes que anidan y permanecen en el firea durante el invierno. En general cuatro especieshan aumentadodurante los filtimos 30 aftos,siete hah disminuidoy ll permanencenen el mismonivel. Hay informaci6ninsuficiente para determinar el estatusde dosespecies. De las 24 especies en la regi6n, 18 ocurren en la vecindadde Santiago,la ciudad masgrande en el pals.Hemos clasificado sieteespecies (29% del total regional)como urbanas (cuatro especies) o suburbanas(tres especies)y discutimosc6mo estasaparentemente pueden sobreviviren esta firea urbana tan grande. [Traducci6n de C6sar Mfirquez]

Mediterranean ecosystemsof the world are especiallynear the coast,are highly conduciveto among the most threatened (Rundel et al. 1998). orchards and vineyardsand it attractspeople by These relatively-small,mid-latitude areas are found the millions. California is a well-known case, but at about 30øN and S latitude on the western mar- the Metropolitan Region of Chile is no exception, gins of North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, concentratingabout 5.5 million people in an area and South America. The climate, with its cool and of only 15 800 km2. How do raptorscope with ex- mildly-rainywinters with warm and dry summers traordinary densitiesof people?

151 152 JAKsicET AL. VOL. 35, NO. 2

Jaksicand Jim6nez (1986) and Jaksic(1997) re- rently, 95% of the population is urban and only 5% is ported 28 raptor speciesin Chile. Subsequently,Ar- rural. Over 45% of the entire Chilean populationlives in the capital city and surroundings. aya et al. (1998) added Cathartesburrovianus, Buteo mag'nirostris,and Herpetotherescachinnans to the fal- METHODS coniforms and Glaucidium nanurn to the strigi- This paper is based on our collectivefield data col- forms. Although we concur with the addition of lected over the past 24 years.We also reviewedthe rele- the latter species,we do not think that the three vant literature for distributionsand habitat descriptions falconiforms should actually be included in the list of raptorsthroughout Chile (Johnson1965, 1967,Jaksm 1997), for their status in central Chile (Housse 1945, since they occur very rarely in northernmost Chile. Schlatter 1979), and for their conservation statusin the Our estimate of the raptor community diversityat whole country (Jaksic and Jim6nez 1986). In some in- 29 speciesagrees exactly with that of del Hoyo et stances, our own field data contradicted the literature al. (1994, 1999), whose nomenclature we follow. It sources that we consulted. should be noted that the recent AOU checklist We recognizedfive major habitat typesused by raptors' (1) mountains, including air space,tall hills, and ridges; (1998) considersthe Cathartidae as a family within (2) wetlands,including river beds and marshes;(3) ag- Cxconiformes, and not in the Falconiformes. For ricultural areas,including pastures,cultivated lands, plan- comparison to our previous work (Jaksic and tations, and orchards; (4) urban areas,including parks, Jxm6nez1986), we considervultures as carrion-eat- squares,treed avenues,cemeteries, and buildings; and (5) dumps,including fish markets,slaughter houses, and ing raptors. garbage dumps. Herein, we analyze speciesrichness at three spa- We placed resident raptors into three categories:(1) tial scalesranging from the entire region, to San- all-yearresidents, which breed and overwinterin the Met- tiago city, and finally to small peripheral localities, ropolitan Region; (2) migrants,which apparentlydo not with the aim of providing a sketch of the current breed in the region but usually are seen in particular seasons;(3) occasionalvisitors, which do not breed in the statusof the raptor community. region and are only detected sporadically,with no sea- sonal pattern. STUDY AREA We used the key to abundancefirst devisedfor Chilean Central Chile, roughlyspanning from Copiap6 to Con- raptors by Jaksic and Jim6nez (1986): abundant = >5 cepci6n (27ø-37øS),is flanked by the CoastalRanges to individuals detected (seen or heard) daily; common = the west (maximum elevation = 9281 m) and the An- 1-5 individuals detected daily; fkequent = 1 individual dean Rangesto the east (maximum elevation = 5494 m). detected weekly; scarce= 1 individual detected monthly, The Central Valley is a rather flat expanse (mean eleva- rare = <5 individualsdetected yearly.This made our cur- tion = 500 m) cut by numerous small rivers and ridges. rent assessmentscomparable to our earlier work. The region naturally belongsto the Mediterranean bi- ome and is much like that which is found in central and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION southern California. The climate is semiarid with a sum- mer drought. Winters are cool and slightly rainy and Basedon our results,a total of 24 speciesof rap- summers are warm and dry. The original vegetation was tors occur in the Metropolitan Region of Chile an evergreenscrub, which is now found only on inacces- (83% of the national total). Twenty-oneof them sible slopes.The original vegetationwas first clearedfor are residentsthat, for the most part breed and win- agriculturebut, as the population grew, prime agricul- tural lands have been absorbed by encroaching urban ter in the area, although a fraction migrate in and development(Elizalde 1970, Hajek et al. 1990, Grossand out (Zalles and Bildstein 2000). Partial migrants Hajek 1997). Even the Andean slopeshave recently been include the Red-backed Hawk (Buteopolyosoma, developed and the wetlandsassociated with the major Jimfinez 1995), Cinereous (Circuscinereus), rivers in the area have been largely drained and filled. The Metropolitan Region (15800 km2) has been oc- White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus),Chilean Accip- cupied by people sincethe colonialtimes of the mid-16th iter (Accipiterchilensis, Pavez and Gonzalez 1999), century. Only 6% of the fiatlands still has native vegeta- Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus),and Short- tion and most of the area consistsof plantations, or- eared Owl (Asiofiammcus). Two other speciesare chards, vineyards, cultivated land, pastures,mountains confirmed migrants that visit the region during dif- (which contain native vegetation), and urban centers. The city of Santiagois located in the middle of the Cen- /brent seasons, and another is an occasional visitor tral Valley at about 33øSlatitude. It is at 600 m elevation (Table 1). and has an averageannual rainfall of 360 mm. The city Of the 24 species in the Metropolitan Region itself has about 4.5 million inhabitants, but peripheral (Table 1), six (25%) including the Osprey (Pan- towns,including Puente Alto, San Bernardo, and Maipfi dion haliaetus,Schlatter and Morales 1980, Aguirre add another million peopleto the population.The urban area has grown very rapidly and the population has in- and Seeger 1995), Chilean Accipiter,White-throat- creasedby two million people over the last 20 years.Cur- ed Hawk (Buteo albigula), Long-winged Harrier JUNE 2001 RAPTORSOF THE METROPOIJTANREGION, CHILE 153

Table 1. Raptorsin the Metropolitan Region, Chile and their status.

SPECIES RESIDENCE ABUNDANCE POPULATION KEY FACTORS

Cathartidae Cathartesaura All-yearresident Frequent Stationary Unknown Coragypsatratus All-yearresident Frequent Stationary Unknown Vulturgryphus All-yearresident Common Decreasing < Habitat, < Food, Shooting Accipitridae Pandionhaliaetus Summer migrant Rare Stationary Unknown Accipiterchilensis All-yearresident Rare Decreasing < Habitat, Shooting Buteoalb}ffula Spring-Fallmigrant Rare Decreasing < Habitat Buteopolyosoma All-yearresident Common Stationary < Habitat, Shooting Circusbuffoni Occasionalvisitor Rare Unknown < Habitat Circuscinereus All-yearresident Scarce Decreasing < Habitat Elanus leucurus All-year resident Common Stationary < Habitat, > Food Geranoaetusmelanoleucus All-yearresident Common Stationary < Habitat, > Food, Shooting Parabuteounicinctus All-year resident Common Stationary Shooting Falcofemoralis All-yearresident Scarce Stationary < Habitat, Shooting Falcoperegrinus All-yearresident Frequent Stationary Shooting Falcosparverius All-year resident Common Increasing > Habitat, > Food Milvagochimango All-yearresident Abundant Increasing > Habitat, > Food Phalcoboenusmegalopterus All-yearresident Frequent Stationary Unknown Polyborusplancus All-year resident Rare Unknown Unknown Tytonidae Tytoalba All-yearresident Common Increasing > Habitat, > Food Strigidae Asioflammeus All-yearresident Scarce Decreasing < Habitat Athenecunicularia All-yearresident Frequent Decreasing < Habitat Bubomagellanicus All-yearresident Common Stationary Unknown Glaucidiumnanurn All-yearresident Common Increasing > Habitat, > Food Strixrufipes All-yearresident Rare Decreasing < Habitat Number of species 24 Abundancein the Metropolitan Region: abundant = >5 individualsdetected (seen or heard) daily; common = 1-5 individuals detecteddaily; frequent = 1 individualdetected weekly; scarce = 1 individual detectedmonthly; rare = <5 individualsdetected yearly.

(Circus buffoni), Crested (Polyborusplan- and Tala 1995). The Andean Condor traverses the cus), and Rufous-legged Owl (Strix rufipes,Diaz Central Valley during winter, when it is seen along 1999), have rarely or never been seen around the the Coastal Range. Turkey (Cathartesaura) and city of Santiago.The remaining 18 speciesmake Black Vultures (CoraKypsatratus) are seen chiefly up the pool of naturally-occurringspecies that may toward the west of Santiago,but they occasionally tolerate urban encroachment, or even be able to drift further inland toward the foothills of the An- invade new habitats afforded by parks, squares, des or to Santiagoitself. The latter speciesis more cemeteries,and buildings. gregarious and soars higher than the former. Of this pool of 18 speciesin the periphery of These two vultures appear to tolerate human activ- Santiago,11 (46% of the regionaltotal) are found ities and actually seem to do well, but are never chiefly or only in the city surroundings(Table 2). abundant,in garbagedumps and closeto slaugh- The Andean Condor (Vulturgv'yphus) and the An- terhouses and fish markets. The Cinereous Harrier dean Caracara (Phalcoboenusmegalopterus) may oc- and Short-eared Owl, both ground-nestersin wet- cur occasionally,chiefly in the foothills of the An- lands, seem very sensitiveto human and livestock des, to the east of Santiago. They depend on disturbance,and may be dwindling in abundance livestockcarcasses, but alsovisit garbage dumps in and distribution as wetlands are used as pastures ski resortsand mining camps (Pavez2000a, Pavez or drained and developed.Red-backed Hawks and 154 JAks•cET AL. VOL. 35, NO. 2

Table 2. Raptors in Santiagocity and surroundings, Chile.

SPECIES RESIDENCE ABUNDANCE WIlERE SEEN WHERE NESTING

Cathartidae Cathartes aura Occasional Scarce Mountains, dumps, agriculture Cliffs Coragypsatratus Occasional Scarce Mountains, dumps, agriculture Cliffs Vulturgryphus Occasional Scarce Mountains, agriculture Cliffs Buteopolyosoma Resident Frequent Mountains Trees, cliffs Circus cinereus Occasional Rare Wetlands Ground Elanus leucurus Resident Frequent Agriculture Trees Geranoaetus mdanoleucus Resident Scarce Mountains Cliffs, trees Parabuteo u nicinctus Resident Scarce Mountains, park, wetlands, Trees agriculture Falconidae Falcofemoralis Occasional Rare Mountains, agriculture Cliffs Falcoperegrinus Occasional Rare Mountains, buildings Cliffs, buildings? Falcosparve•us Resident Common Agriculture, parks, Cliffs, trees, buildings,mountains buildings chimango Resident Abundant Agriculture, parks, dumps Trees Phalcoboenusmegalopterus Occasional Rare Mountains Cliffs Tytonidae Tytoalba Resident Common Agriculture, parks, Buildings,cliffs, buildings, mountains trees Strigidae Asiofiammeus Occasional Rare Wetlands, agriculture Ground Athene cunicularia Resident Frequent Agriculture Ground Bubomagellanicus Occasional Scarce Agriculture, parks, mountains Trees, cliffs Glaucidium nanum Resident Common Parks,agriculture Trees, buildings Number of species 18 Abundancein Santiagocity and surroundings:Abundant = >5 individualsdetected (seen or heard) daily;common = 1-5 individuals detected daily; frequent = 1 individualdetected weekly; scarce = 1 individualdetected monthly; rare = <5 individualsdetected yearly. the Black-chestedBuzzard Eagles (Geranoaetusme- raptors.Two are hawks,two are falcons,and three lanoleucus)are associatedwith native shrub vege- are owls.Among the diurnal raptors,the Chiman- tation and their populationsappear to decline as go Caracara (Milvago chimango)is the most wide- shrublands are cleared and replaced by exotic spreadand abundant in the city. It appearsto tol- plantations or urban development.The ultimate erate people well (Cabezasand Schlatter1987) causeof their decline may be the disappearanceof and actuallyseems to thrive in garbagedumps and prey associatedwith nativevegetation (Schlatter et close to slaughterhousesand fish markets. The al. 1980b, Jim6nez and Jaksic 1989a, 1990, 1991, Harris' Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) is tolerant of Jim6ncz 1995, but sccPavcz ct al. 1992). The Aplo- human disturbance,occupying areas with trees in mado Falcon (Falcofemoralis), Peregrine Falcon, the city's suburban areas,where it hunts for natu- and Magellan Horned Owl (Bubomagellanicus) oc- ralized and introduced mice (Y•tfiezand Jak- cur mostlyto the east and west of Santiago,close sic 1978, Jaksic et al. 1980, Jim•nez and Jaksic to the Andean mountains or Coastal Ranges. Nev- 1993a). Nevertheless, it does not seem to benefit ertheless,Peregrine Falconsand Magellan Horned from its association with the human environment Owls occasionallyoccur inside the city, the former in the city'ssuburbia, and is perhapsslowly losing perching on tall buildingsand the latter on trees to development.To the contrary,the White-tailed in parks. Kite seemsto gain some advantage from its asso- Sevenspecies (29% of the regionaltotal) maybe ciation with agricultural landscapes (Meserve classified to some degree as urban or suburban 1977), where human commensal, such as intro- JUNE 2001 RAPTORSOF THE METROPOLITANREGION, CHILE 155

Table 3. Raptorsin the suburbanlocalities of Lo Curro/La Dehesa(Schlatter 1979) and in SanCarlos de Apoquindo (this work), Chile.

SAN CARLOS SPECIES LO CURRO/LA DEHESA DE APOQUINDO ABUNDANCE

Cathartidae Coragypsatratus Occasional visitor Occasional visitor Rare Vulturgryphus Winter visitor Regular visitor Common Accipitridae Accipiterchilensis Not present Occasional visitor Rare Buteoalbigula Not present Spring-Fall migrant Scarce Buteopolyosoma All-yearresident All-yearresident Common Circuscinereus Likely resident Occasionalvisitor Rare Elanus leucurus All-year resident Occasionalvisitor Scarce Geranoaetusmelanoleucus All-year resident All-year resident Common Parabuteounicinctus All-year resident All-year resident Common Falconidae Falcofemoralis Likely resident Occasionalvisitor Rare Falcoperegrinus Occasionalvisitor All-yearresident Frequent Falcosparverius All-year resident All-year resident Common Milvagochimango All-yearresident All-yearresident Abundant Phalcoboenusmegalopterus Not present Regularvisitor Frequent Tytonidae Tytoalba All-yearresident All-yearresident Frequent Strigidae Asioflammeus Not present Occasionalvisitor Rare Athenecunicularia All-yearresident All-yearresident Scarce Bubomagellanicus All-yearresident All-yearresident Frequent Glaucidiumnanum All-yearresident All-yearresident Common Number of species 15 19 Abundancein San Carlosde Apoquindo:abundant = >5 individualsdetected (seen or heard) daily;common = 1-5 individuals detecteddaily; frequent = 1 individualdetected weekly; scarce = 1 individual detectedmonthly; rare = <5 individualsdetected yearly. duced mice (Mus musculus)have become a more ¾•tfiez1979, 1980). The Burrowing Owl (Athene important part of its diet (Schlatter et al. 1980a, cunicularia) is tolerant of the suburban environ- Mendelsohn and Jaksic 1989). Unfortunately, as ment as it is elsewhere (Schlatter et al. 1980c, 1982, the rodents are poisoned and the city engulfssub- Lincer and Steenhof 1997), but seems to be threat- urban areas for housing development,ultimately ened by the rapid conversionof agricultural lands this kite will decline. Among the falcons,the Amer- to high-densityhousing development where it can't ican Kestrel (Pklcosparverius) is only secondto the live. The PygmyOwl (Glaucidiumnanum) is an elu- Chimango Caracara as the most abundant diurnal sive raptor, but it occurs even in small treed gar- raptor in the city. In the urban environment, the dens in the city (Solar 1975). They are difficult to kestrel preys extensively on insects, naturalized see, but easyto hear during the breeding season birds such as House Sparrows (Passerdomesticus), (Jim6nez andJaksic1989b). They seem to take ad- and also on introduced mice. vantage of the ample supply of native birds that Among the nocturnal raptors, the Barn Owl take shelter in urban trees (Jim6nez and Jaksic (Tyto alba) appears to be the most tolerant of hu- 1993b, Estades 1995). mans and it usesbuildings, particularly church bell Only two studieshave been conducted on sub- towers,to nest and roost. It may benefit from the urban raptors for over a year in Chile (Table 3). substantial commensal population of introduced Schlatter's(1979) pioneer studydemonstrated that mice found in the city but not rats (Rattusspp.), in the area of Lo Curro/La Dehesa, there was a which are too large for this owl (see Jaksic and total of 15 raptor speciesfrom February 1973- 156 JA•cSIcV,T AL. Vo•-. 35, No. 2

April 1974, 12 of which were residents.We made only a few daysduring its migratory movementsin observationsof raptors in San Carlos de Apoquin- spring and autumn (Pavez2000b). do, about 4 km south of the area studied by Schlat- Only three or four species(13% or 17% of the ter (1979). Observationswere made monthly be- regional total) may be consideredto be true urban tween 1980-1999. We detected a total of 19 species, raptors that apparentlythrive in the middle of San- 10 of which were residents. Because Lo Curro/La tiago city, wherever adequate shelter and food re- Dehesa was completely engulfed by the city in the sources are available. The Chimango Caracara, late 1970s, most of its raptors have disappeared. American Kestrel,and PygmyOwl are small in size, San Carlosde Apoquindo is representativeof many show a tolerance of human activities, and have om- piedmont areas to the east of Santiagocity, which nivorous diets (Y•tfiez and Nfifiez 1980, Nfifiez et have been and are being affected by urban expan- al. 1982, Y•tfiezet al. 1980, 1982,Jim•nez andJaksic sion. There is an important altitudinal gradient 1989b, 1993b). They differ in that the Chimango from 1050-1915 m elevation. The area has several Caracara is gregarious,whereas the American Kes- degreesof human impact, from recently-urbanized trel and PygmyOwl are territorial. The Barn Owl areas in the lower elevationstoward Santiagocity, may be added to this group, but its large size, to high mountainous areaswith scarcehuman dis- broad hunting range, and more extensiveterritory turbance. For this reason, the most important im- inhibits it from becoming as common as the other pactson the local raptor assemblagehave been in three species.We know very little on how these the lower confines. In 1981, the Short-eared Owl raptors cope with the urban environment. Studies disappearedfrom the lower area as an all-yearres- dealing directly with the ecology of these urban ident, where it lived in pasturesthat were replaced raptors are needed if we are to understand how by housingdevelopments. Similarly, the Burrowing these raptors deal with humans and the environ- Owl and White-tailed Kite decreased due to habitat ment they generate ( et al. 1996). reduction and urban encroachment. The White- CONCLUSIONS tailed Kite disappearedfrom the lower area as an all-year resident around 1985, and since then it is Based on our assessment,of the 24 speciesof scarce at higher elevations.The Burrowing Owl raptors that occur in the Metropolitan Region, still persistsas a year-roundresident, but at higher four have been increasingover the last 30 years, elevations than before and in smaller numbers. In sevenhave been decreasing,11 have remained un- contrast, the American Kestrel and especiallythe changed, and for two there are no data to make Chimango Caracara have become more abundant an assessmentof the current status.All of the spe- in the low-lying and altered areas. cies that are decreasingare doing so becauseof At mid-altitudes,ravines and gentle slopesthat habitat deterioration brought about by human ac- support secondary schlerophyllous scrub have tivities including the clearing of native vegetation large populationsof Magellan Horned Owls, Pyg- for agricultural and urban development.The four my Owls, Barn Owls, and Harris' Hawksin places speciesthat are increasinghave been benefitted by with densevegetation cover and Black-chestedBuz- the same processesthat affect the remaining spe- zard Eaglesand American Kestrelsin more open cies. They are thriving in the new habitatscreated areas.Areas with low scrub and large cliffs situated by humans, apparently because of increasesin to the east of the site where elevations are •<1800 commensal species,such as introduced mice and are good habitatsfor Peregrine Falconsand Red- naturalized birds, that serve as new prey. backed Hawks, and are also regular wintering sites ACKNOWI,EDGMENTS for Andean Condors and Andean Caracaras. The BlackVulture, Chilean Accipiter,Cinereous We thank two anonymousreviewers for helping us im- prove this papen Harrier, White-tailed Kite, Aplomado Falcon, and Short-earedOwl, are only occasionallyseen in San LITERATURE CITED Carlos de Apoquindo, and may be migrants (see AGUIRRE,J. ANDH. SEEGER.1995. Nuevo registro de 5gui- Zalles and Bildstein 2000). Although Red-backed la pescadoraPandion haliaetus (Linna, 1758) en la Re- Hawks, Chilean Eagles,and Peregrine Falconslive gi6n Metropolitana. Bol. Chil. Ornitol.2:25-26. in the area, their populationsswell with migrants AOU (AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION). 1998. Check- during winter (Zalles and Bildstein 2000). Another list of North American birds, 7th ed. American Or- migrant, the White-throated Hawk, is seen here nithologists'Union, Washington,DC U.S.A. JUNE 2001 RAPTORSOF THE METROPOLITANREGION, CHILE 157

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