From the PS to the LHC—50 Years of Nobel Memories in High-Energy Luis Alvarez-Gaumé • Michelangelo Mangano Emmanuel Tsesmelis Editors

From the PS to the LHC— 50 Years of Nobel Memories in High-Energy Physics

123 Editors Luis Alvarez-Gaumé Michelangelo Mangano Theory Unit, Physics Department Emmanuel Tsesmelis CERN CERN Geneva Geneva Switzerland Switzerland

ISBN 978-3-642-30843-7 ISBN 978-3-642-30844-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-30844-4 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954382

Ó European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) 2012, except for Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12 included as reprints from and with courtesy of the European Physical Journal H, Ó Springer-Verlag and EDP Sciences 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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Springer is part of Springer Science?Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

In December 2009, the symposium 50 years of Nobel Memories in High-Energy Physics took place at CERN, and many Nobel laureates and distinguished phys- icists and engineers in high-energy physics participated. The symposium com- memorated the 50 years between the commissioning of the CERN (CPS) in 1959, the most important project of the infant CERN lab- oratory, and the start-up of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), CERN’s current flagship accelerator at the forefront of research at the highest energies. This period also included the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), the Super (SPS) and the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP), all of which had a special place in the pantheon of CERN’s machines for discovery. The aim of this publication is to provide a scientific reference for fellow , as well as a primary source of information for people with an interest in the history of science and particularly that of particle physics. The publication provides elegant insights and chronological details when it comes to reconstructing one of the major scientific achievements of the 20th century—the development and testing of the Standard Model of particle physics—and to going further by searching for new physics beyond. Last but not least, the symposium bears testi- mony to the pioneering spirit of those days, thus providing encouragement and guidance for the presently active generation of physicists in their major collabo- rative effort to advance the field decisively again, with the help of the LHC and other particle physics endevours. The talks given at this 2-day event were recorded and eventually transcribed, forming the basis of this publication. The original video recordings can be found as part of CERN’s digital conference archive. Several contributions have subse- quently been significantly expanded and/or rewritten to fit publication in a special issue of the European Physical Journal H—Historical Perspectives on Contem- porary Physics under the title CERN’s accelerators, experiments and interna- tional integration 1959–2009, with the kind assistance of Prof. . The reprints of these articles (rather than the original transcriptions) are included in this volume with the exception of the article by Prof. Jack Steinberger for which

v vi Preface the edited version of the original transcription has been used upon his request for the purpose of this proceedings book. At the time of the symposium, two of the key people during this golden era were already too ill to attend. Georges Charpak, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992 for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multi-wire proportional chamber, and , who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics of 1984, awarded for his decisive contributions to the SPS Collider project and in particular for the invention of stochastic cooling. They have both sadly passed away since the time of the symposium. We are privileged to have had contributions at this symposium from some of the key people of this remarkable 50-year period of CERN. We heard directly from them how the achievements of CERN’s accelerators and experiments were rea- lised, insight that has taught us about the past and that will be of assistance in discovering new aspects relevant to the future of particle physics.

Geneva, April 2012 Luis Alvarez-Gaumé Michelangelo Mangano Emmanuel Tsesmelis Contents

1 Memories of the PS and of LEP ...... 3 J. Steinberger

2 The CERN Proton Synchrotron: 50 Years of Reliable Operation and Continued Development...... 29 Günther Plass

3 A Few Memories from the Days at LEP ...... 49 Emilio Picasso

4 LEP Operation...... 63 Steve Myers

5 Proton-Antiproton Colliders ...... 79 Carlo Rubbia

6 Electron Colliders at CERN ...... 101 Burton Richter

7 The LHC Adventure...... 109 Lyn Evans

8 The Future of the CERN Accelerator Complex ...... 119 Rolf-Dieter Heuer

9 Memories of the Events That Led to the Discovery of the ml .... 129 Leon Lederman

10 The Discovery of CP Violation ...... 137 J. W. Cronin

vii viii Contents

11 Unification: Then and Now ...... 161 Sheldon Glashow

12 Peering Inside the Proton ...... 169 J. I. Friedman

13 QCD: An Unfinished Symphony ...... 189 F. Wilczek

14 The LHC and the Higgs Boson ...... 199 Martinus Veltman

15 The Unique Beauty of the Subatomic Landscape ...... 209 Gerardus ’t Hooft

16 QCD: Now and Then ...... 219 David Gross

17 Test of the Standard Model in Space: The AMS Experiment on the International Space Station ...... 227 Samuel Ting

18 Changing Views of Symmetry ...... 233 Steven Weinberg