International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 14, Number 5 (2019), pp. 541-553 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Impact of Leachates from the Landfill in the () on the Water Resources

L. Mrabet1*, A. Loukili 1,2, D. Belghyti1, B. Attarassi3 1 Laboratoire Environnement & Energies Renouvelables, Equipe: Environnement, Patrimoine & Santé; Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, B.P. 133, 14000 Kénitra, Maroc; 2 Regional center for teaching and training professions, -Salé-Kénitra, , Morocco; 3 Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, Equipe de Microbiologie Appliquée ; Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, B.P. 133, 14000 Kénitra, Maroc. * : Correspondance,

Abstract In recent decades, urban solid waste in Morocco is experiencing a significant change in terms of quantity and quality. These wastes contain high concentrations of inorganic and organic materials; which is a big risk on all components of the environment or storage depot. This waste is diverted from landfill "Ouled Berjal" Kenitra. The latter is installed on an alluvial plain extending over an area of 20 hectares and benefiting or a geological or hydrogeological preliminary study or impact. In addition, the landfill site is 3 km north of the agglomeration of Kenitra, in a loop of the Sebou river which could lead to serious pollution problems. The results, based on analysis of samples showed degradation more or less strong physicochemical water quality of groundwater especially downstream of the landfill. The objective of this work is to highlight the impact of leachate generated by the landfill Kenitra on the degradation of the physicochemical quality of the underlying table, focusing on chemical elements that are recognized as pollution tracers caused by an uncontrolled landfill rehabilitated landfill. The study focused on the temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, organic and inorganic matter and heavy metals. Keywords: Solid Waste, Landfill, Leachates, Heavy metals, Morocco. 542 L. Mrabet, A. Loukili, D. Belghyti, B. Attarassi

INTRODUCTION The production of solid waste has increased enormously, their composition has changed significantly and their misdeeds have increased. In fact, household refuse with a mainly fermentable nature and containing significant amounts of heavy metals and a large microbial load have become increasingly bulky and harmful to humans and the environment (Mrabet, 2016). Some have shown that waste and leachates generated by landfills are extremely dangerous for soils, surface or groundwater and for living animals and plants, if they are not collected and treated (Baun and al., 2000, Chiguer et al., 2016). The risk of pollution and environmental degradation from landfill waste and leachates has been studied for many years. The results of these studies are very varied depending on the type of soil in the region, the characteristics of the waste, climatic conditions and other biotic factors; Disposal of this garbage posed a potential threat to the health of local populations and the environment, the main risks of which are groundwater contamination, soil pollution and air quality (Tazi, 2002). In this context and in order to highlight and evaluate the impact of these pollutants on groundwater resources, the present study aims to monitor some pollutants by carrying out leachate analyzes, Released from the garbage and on the water wells that are located at or around the landfill to emphasize the degree of contamination of these waters. Based on certain chemical elements considered as pollution indicators generated by a discharge namely: pH, electrical conductivity, organic and mineral matter, and heavy metals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The city of Kenitra Located in northwestern Morocco, 10 km from the mouth of the Sebou River, separated from the by a cord of coastal dunes and the estuary of Sebou (Figure 1). The climate is Mediterranean with an oceanic influence. Mean temperatures vary between 13 °C during winter and 27 °C during summer, the annual rainfall is 660 mm in the coastal zone. It is the capital of the Gharb region, The agriculture, forestry, fishing and agri-food industries remain one of the key sectors of economic activity in the region (D.G.C.L., 2015). Impact of Leachates from the Landfill in the Kenitra City (Morocco) on the Water Resources 543

Fig. 1: Location of the study area (Loukili et al., 2016)

The landfill of "Ouled Berjal" is located inside the urban perimeter, 3 km north of the Kenitra conurbation, in a loop of Sebou River which surrounds it on the east, south and west sides. Away from the harbor and the industrial district, the main wind direction is West and Northwest, facilitating the transfer of smoke, odors and plastic bags to the surrounding land and to the city (Figure 2).

Fig. 2: Planting Water Sampling Sites

Its area when it was commissioned in 1970 did not exceed 6 ha, which have been saturated for several years already. Currently, in the absence of a development plan for a new site the landfill was rehabilitated in 2012, which favored its exploitation 544 L. Mrabet, A. Loukili, D. Belghyti, B. Attarassi beyond the areas initially affected with overflows on neighboring lands; the new dump covers practically more than 20 ha and receives, on average, 510 tons per day, ie some 186,000 tons per year. This waste is characterized by a typological variability reflecting the agricultural, industrial and artisanal characteristics and activities of the region (D.G.C.L., 2015).

MATERIAL AND METHODS Leachate: is collected in flexible and waterproof plastic bags in three different points of the landfill (center and peripheries). Global physicochemical analyzes (temperature, conductivity, pH) are carried out on site using rapid analysis kits. Recovered leachates are then coded and stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C and in the dark so as to limit any biological reactions and activities.

Waters: Three wells are chosen close to the landfill: Well 1 (P1) located at a distance of 100 m; Well 2 (P2) at a distance of 800 m; and Well 3 (P3) at a distance of 1100 m. The water taken from each well is stored in 250 ml glass vials. The flasks are kept at low temperature after in-situ pH analyzes, temperature and electrical conductivity have been performed. Water samples for metal element analyzes are acidified with 65% concentrated nitric acid (Rodier, 1984).

BOD5 is determined by the breathing method using a BOD-meter (WTW mark, Model 1020T). Potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium (K, Na, Mg, Ca) are extracted with a solution of ammonium acetate adjusted to a pH = 7 and then assayed by flame spectrophotometer. For heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Na, Ca, K and Mg), the sampling was carried out in polyethylene bottles specially washed with hydrochloric acid. (10%) and then rinsed with distilled water. The samples are subsequently fixed with 2% nitric acid and transported at low temperature (4 °C) to the laboratory. The assay is then performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Rodier, 1984). Samples are taken at the rate of one sample per week in the morning during a period of 4 months.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Leachate and water samples taken from the wells around the landfill were subjected to physicochemical analyzes. The results obtained and corresponding to the average values are recorded in both Tables 1 and 2. 1- Leachate composition The composition of leachates depends on several factors, including the nature of the waste, the technique of exploitation, the climatic conditions and the degree of evolution of the organic matter, the age of the landfill (Heyer and Stegmann, 2005). Renou and al., 2008). Table 1 presents the main physicochemical parameters of the leachate of the city of Kenitra. Impact of Leachates from the Landfill in the Kenitra City (Morocco) on the Water Resources 545

Table 1: Physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of Kenitra leachates Parameters Values (means) The ranges of leachate variation Color Brownish - Odor fecaloid - T ( °C) 29 - pH 7.9 - Conductivity electric (µs/cm) 23800 -

DBO5 (mg/l) 617 100 Sodium (mg/l) 2831 - Calcium (mg/l) 820 - Magnesium (mg/l) 539 - Potassium (mg/l) 1890 - Cadmium (µg/l) 40 - Cobalt (µg/l) 197.5 5-1500 Chromium (µg/l) 440 20-1500 Copper (µg/l) 231.5 5-1.104 Iron (µg/l) 3240.1 3000-55.106 Nickel (µg/l) 205.2 15-1.3.104 Plumb (µg/l) 125 --- Zinc (µg/l) 1340 30 – 1.106 Manganese (µg/l) 1100 30-1.4.106

The color and smell of leachate are the first indicators of pollution; the leachates analyzed have a brownish color and a fecaloid odor. The chemical analyzes reveal a basic pH with a value of 7.9, this value coincides with the high temperature (29 °C) recorded during the study period (April). The value of the electrical conductivity is 23800 μs/cm, this value reflects the high saline load of the landfill leachate. This is a common feature of all garbage dumps (Khattabi, 2002).

The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) has a high value in the leachate, of the order of 617 mg/l. It is well above the limit value of the Moroccan standard for direct discharges (100 mg of O2 /l). The value of BOD5 reflects the significant amount of organic matter in the solid waste. They give an overall indication of the importance of the organic contamination generated by the waste. 546 L. Mrabet, A. Loukili, D. Belghyti, B. Attarassi

As for the mineral fraction, the leachate produced by the waste is very rich in sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium with values of: 2831 mg/l, 820 mg/l, 539 mg/l, 1890 mg/l respectively. These concentrations, like most inorganic elements, are related to dissolved organic substance content (Bougherira et al., 2017). The examination of the heavy metal results presented in Table 1 clearly shows the important metal load of leachate. Iron is the most abundant metal with a value of 3240.1 μg/l, zinc and manganese also have significant levels of 1340 and 1100 μg/l respectively. The toxic metals have relatively high contents: chromium (440 μg/l), nickel (205,2 μg/l). The concentrations of Cu and Pb found in leachate are of the order of 231.1μg/ l and 125μg/l, therefore relatively low, and are included in the range of values found in the literature (Bougherira et al., 2017 Chtioui et al., 2005). Concentrations of manganese and iron are high, but are included in the range of values found in the literature (Al-Yaqout and Hamoda, 2003). This is due to the fact that the landfill continues to receive waste containing iron, especially industrial waste that is unloaded in the raw state and mixed with household waste. In addition, it is observed that the chromium content of the leachate is 440 μg / l and remains below the concentration (5 mg/l) detected in the leachate of the Mohammedia landfill, but higher than that of the Akrach landfill. (Rabat-Salty) (35-120 μg/l) (Chtioui et al., 2005). This may be due to the large pollution of the Sebou in chrome and the presence of a tannery industrial unit installed in Kenitra. This presence of chromium can come from other types of waste collected with household waste such as cardboard and wood (Total Cr = 25 mg/g of paper and 80 mg/g of wood). According to the literature, nickel and zinc are the most leachable elements in a fresh waste. Both can come from special waste such as batteries, paint pigments, stabilizers or rubbers. Copper, meanwhile, seems to be less dependent on different stages of degradation and can come from printing inks or paints. The metal concentrations are indeed strongly related to the physical composition of the waste. It should be noted that the Ouled Berjal landfill receives all kinds of urban and industrial waste in the absence of a regulation allowing to achieve a rigorous management of a landfill. The results of the physico-chemical characterization of the raw leachates of the Kenitra landfill, allowed us to note a double pollution: an organic pollution translated by a strong load of the BOD5, a basic pH and brownish color and a mineral and metallic pollution translated by the enrichment of leachates in sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and heavy metals. It is therefore essential to treat this discharge juice to avoid any risk of subsequent contamination of the medium by draining this leachate. 2- Assessment of the impact of leachate on groundwater In the study area, surface water is an important source of irrigation and water for residents and livestock. It is therefore imperative in this region to evaluate the effect of the landfill on the physicochemical quality and toxicity of wells water and to compare the quality of these waters with the drinking water quality standards and Impact of Leachates from the Landfill in the Kenitra City (Morocco) on the Water Resources 547 quality standards of irrigation water (DGCL, 2015). The proximity of the wells to the landfill makes them very vulnerable to any form of pollution. This vulnerability is accentuated by the presence of a single superficial sheet that communicates the waters of the region and by the flows that are made from the discharge to the wells studied. Indeed, the position of the discharge on an altitude varying from 8 to 10 meters facilitates the flows towards the downstream zone where the wells P1, P2 and P3 are located (Lebunetel et al., 2014). This trend can be seen in the concentrations of chemical elements obtained on these three wells (Table 2).

Table 2: Mean concentrations of physicochemical parameters of groundwater at the end of the landfill. Drinking Quality water quality standards of Parameters Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 standards irrigation (OMS) water T (°c) 22 19,4 20 - 35 pH 7,25 7,63 7,57 7-8,5 6,5-8,5 CE (µs/cm) 1350 635 985 1200 8,7 (ms/cm)

DBO5 (mg/l) 5,9 5,1 5 ≤5 - Ca (mg/l) 81,8 91,7 66,79 30-150 - Mg (mg/l) 9,57 8,67 4,45 20-100 - Na (mg/l) 97,64 91 24,05 10-12 69 K (mg/l) 5,83 7,61 0,65 0,10-1,00 - Fe (mg/l) 0,8 0,23 0,2 0,05-1,50 5 Cu (mg/l) 0,09 0,05 0,04 1 0,2 Zn (mg/l) 1,8 0,08 0,03 0,05-0,50 2 Mn (mg/l) 0, 1 0,38 0, 1 0,05 0,2 Pb (mg/l) 0,5 0,04 0,02 0,01 5 Cd (mg/l) 0,03 0,01 0,01 0,005 0,01 Cr (mg/l) 0,08 0,06 0,06 0,05 0,1

The temperature measured in the waters of the analyzed wells oscillates between 19.4°C and 22°C it will allow the development of microorganisms that act on the chemical composition of water. Our results agree with those of Fekri (2007) in Morocco who found temperature values between 17 °C and 21 °C during their work 548 L. Mrabet, A. Loukili, D. Belghyti, B. Attarassi on the quality of well water near the Mediouna landfill, and those of Ben Abbou and al., (2014) who found temperature values between 21.26 °C and 23 °C during their work on the quality of well water near the Taza landfill, and those of Djorfi, and al., (2010) in Algeria. The average pH of the water of the analyzed wells varies between 7.25 at the P1 and 7.63 at the P2 level. These studied waters are therefore relatively neutral (Figure 3).

Fig. 3: Variation of pH in the three wells.

The measured pH values are acceptable according to the Moroccan standards of water quality intended for irrigation. These results are similar to those found in the Mediouna region by Fekri in 2007 (pH between 7.01 and 7.88) and by Rassam et al. in 2012 (pH between 7.5 and 7.9) in the Al-Hoceima region and by Ben Abbou et al. in 2014 (pH between 6.92 and 7.39) in the region of Taza city. Electrical conductivity allows an estimation of the overall mineralization of the water. In groundwater, it varies with the characteristics of rainwater and local lithology, with values between 10 and 1000 μS.cm-1 (Lopes et al., 2012). Since leachates contain concentrations of inorganic compounds that can be 1000-5000 times greater than those of groundwater (Kjeldsen et al., 2001), electrical conductivity is an important indicator of leachate contamination of groundwater. (Lee and al., 2006). Figure 4 shows the variation of electrical conductivity in the three wells. Impact of Leachates from the Landfill in the Kenitra City (Morocco) on the Water Resources 549

Fig. 4: Variation in electrical conductivity.

The maximum value (1350 μS/cm) is recorded at the level of the well 1 adjacent to the discharge. The conductivity values measured are acceptable according to the Moroccan standards of water quality intended for irrigation but above the standards of potability. The origin of this mineralization is due, not only to the contamination of the water by the leachate generated at the level of the landfill, but also by the excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture in the plain of Gharb. Our results are consistent with those of Chofqi (2004), who found conductivity values sometimes exceeding 9.5 mS/cm during their work on well water quality near the Eljadida landfill. And those of Lamrani et al. (2009) who found values exceeding 1500 μS / cm during their work on the well water of Marrakech, and those of El kharmouz et al. (2013) who found values ranging from 1.5 mS/cm to 4.82 mS/cm during their work on the physicochemical quality of groundwater and surface water near the Oujda city discharge, and those of Ben Abbou et al., (2014) who found values ranging from 712.67 μS/cm to 3730 μS/cm during their work on well water quality near the Taza landfill; and those of Bougherira in 2017 in Algeria, which found high electrical conductivity (from 1000 to 6000 μS/cm).

The high value of BOD5 is located at the P1 well (5.9 mg/l) located in the waste accumulation zone and therefore close to the leachate production area. Similarly, a decrease in the BOD5 values of the water of the studied wells is observed while moving away from the source of pollution (discharge) which is at the origin of the proliferation of the organic matter and the microorganisms responsible for its degradation (Table 2). On the hydrochemical level, the waters of the studied wells are strongly mineralized, 550 L. Mrabet, A. Loukili, D. Belghyti, B. Attarassi with calcium values of 81.8 mg/l (at P1 level); 91.7 mg/l (at the P2 level) and 66.79 mg/l (at the P3 level), in magnesium of 9.57 mg / l (P1); 8.67 mg/l (P2) and 4.45 mg/l (P3), sodium of 97.64 mg/l (P1); 91mg/l (P2); 24.05 mg/l (P3), and potassium 5.83 mg/l (P1); 7.61 mg/l (P2); 0.65 mg/l (P3). Comparing these results with the standards of potability recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), these wells show unacceptable values for sodium and potassium but are acceptable for irrigation (Table 2). Our results are consistent with those of Ben Abbou et al. (2014) conducted in Taza.

Fig. 5: Concentration of mineral compounds in well waters.

Analysis of the metallic elements in the wells at the end of the discharge (Table 2), showed that the contents of these elements vary between the three wells. The levels of the heavy metals analyzed revealed a relationship between the discharge and the degrees of contamination recorded. Indeed, the studied area has high concentrations of Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd and Cr (especially at the level of the Well 1 near the discharge). These are respectively 1.8 mg/l; 0.1mg/l; 0.5mg/l; 0.03 mg/l, and 0.08 mg/l at Well 1. And 0.08 mg/l; 0.38 mg/l; 0.04 mg/l; 0.01 mg/l; 0.06 mg/l at Well 2 and 0.03 mg/l; 0.1 mg/l; 0.02 mg/l; 0.01 mg/l; 0.06 mg/l at Well3. These concentrations are acceptable according to Moroccan standards of water quality for irrigation but far exceed the maximum allowable standards (MAC) recommended by (WHO) for drinking water. The presence of such metals with such high concentrations renders the water in these wells very toxic and unfit for consumption. These results are similar to those found in Aljadida by Choufqi in 2004, and to the Oujda region by El Kharmouz et al. In 2013. Impact of Leachates from the Landfill in the Kenitra City (Morocco) on the Water Resources 551

Overall, the hydrochemical analysis showed the poor quality of the waters near the landfill, and the existence of pollution resulting in significant values, organic matter, mineral elements and heavy metals.

CONCLUSION The results of this study highlight the presence of a gradient of metallic contamination of groundwater near the landfill. Pollutants are present at concentrations of varying importance from one sample to another. Nevertheless, the overall results show that the sampling sites located near the dump revealed significant contamination by the heavy metals analyzed. The absence, in almost all cases, of preliminary treatment of solid waste would be largely responsible for the contamination of the study area by the heavy metals analyzed. Similarly, the leachates from the landfill would contribute to the metal pollution, especially since the Kenitra landfill, located in the old quarry, is not designed in the standards of a controlled landfill: sealing, biogas and leachate collector, etc ...). The nature of the region's soil, characterized by marine sandy limestones, probably facilitates the passage of metallic elements through infiltration of water to groundwater. Our study thus contributes to highlighting that groundwater resources in the Kenitra region are facing a serious problem of pollution by heavy metals, including lead, zinc and iron. Heavy metals at low concentrations are also considered due to chronic toxicity and interaction effects. They thus represent certain risks for the health of populations and for the quality of natural resources.

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