Microsquirt Hardware Manual Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.3.X

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Microsquirt Hardware Manual Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.3.X Microsquirt Hardware Manual Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.3.x Dated: 2015-03-14 Hardware manual covering specific wiring and configuration of your Microsquirt ECU. This version of the documentation applies to: • MicroSquirt V3 as shown above running firmware MS2/Extra 3.3.x Does not apply to other Megasquirt products or other firmware versions. (c) 2014 James Murray Microsquirt Hardware Guide Table of Chapters 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................7 2 Microsquirt System Hardware.................................................................................................9 3 Wiring.....................................................................................................................................11 4 Fuel System...........................................................................................................................36 5 Ignition System - fundamentals.............................................................................................45 6 Ignition system - specific operating modes...........................................................................74 7 Throttles...............................................................................................................................136 8 Optional Hardware..............................................................................................................137 9 Example wiring....................................................................................................................139 10 Further information............................................................................................................140 11 Appendix A Schematics.....................................................................................................140 12 Appendix B: Junkyard guide to finding EDIS....................................................................149 13 Revision history.................................................................................................................154 (c) 2014 James Murray 2015-03-14 Page 2/154 Microsquirt Hardware Guide Contents 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................7 1.1 Emissions and disclaimer................................................................................................7 1.2 Required tools..................................................................................................................7 1.3 How to use this manual....................................................................................................7 2 Microsquirt System Hardware.................................................................................................9 2.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................9 2.2 Microsquirt Installation.....................................................................................................9 2.3 Wiring Harness and fuses..............................................................................................10 2.4 Crank / Cam Inputs........................................................................................................10 2.5 Sensor Inputs.................................................................................................................10 2.6 Outputs...........................................................................................................................10 2.7 Tuning interface..............................................................................................................10 3 Wiring.....................................................................................................................................11 3.1 Best Practices.................................................................................................................11 3.1.1 Wire and connector choice.....................................................................................11 3.1.2 Soldering or crimping..............................................................................................11 3.1.3 Re-pinning AMPSEAL.............................................................................................11 3.1.4 Fusing......................................................................................................................11 3.1.5 Making the harness.................................................................................................11 3.1.6 Four-pin relay pin-out note......................................................................................11 3.1.7 Relay and accessory power routing.......................................................................12 3.2 Grounding (Earthing) Schemes.....................................................................................12 3.3 Core Wiring Diagram......................................................................................................14 3.4 Relay Board...................................................................................................................17 3.5 Inputs..............................................................................................................................17 3.5.1 Crank and Cam Tach inputs...................................................................................17 3.5.2 MAP (Manifold Absolute Pressure) sensor.............................................................17 3.5.3 IAT/MAT (Intake/Manifold Air Temperature) sensor................................................18 3.5.4 CLT (Coolant Temperature) sensor........................................................................21 3.5.5 TPS (Throttle Position Sensor)...............................................................................21 3.5.6 O2 (Oxygen) Sensor / Lambda Sensor..................................................................22 3.5.7 MAF (Mass Air Flow) Sensor..................................................................................24 3.5.8 Flex / Switch input...................................................................................................27 3.5.9 Spare ADC / Switch input.......................................................................................28 3.5.10 BOOTLOAD input.................................................................................................28 3.5.11 CAN comms..........................................................................................................29 3.5.12 Knock sensor........................................................................................................29 3.6 Outputs...........................................................................................................................30 3.6.1 Fuel Injector outputs...............................................................................................30 3.6.2 Ignition outputs.......................................................................................................31 3.6.3 Fuel pump output....................................................................................................31 3.6.4 Idle valve.................................................................................................................31 3.6.5 Tacho output...........................................................................................................32 3.6.6 WLED/ALED outputs..............................................................................................32 (c) 2014 James Murray 2015-03-14 Page 3/154 Microsquirt Hardware Guide 3.7 Inputs and Outputs Summary........................................................................................33 3.7.1 Pin vs. feature table................................................................................................34 3.8 Bench test wiring............................................................................................................34 3.8.1 Minimal connection.................................................................................................35 3.8.2 JimStim connection.................................................................................................35 4 Fuel System...........................................................................................................................36 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................36 4.1.1 Existing EFI Vehicle................................................................................................37 4.1.2 Retro-fit EFI Vehicle................................................................................................37 4.2 Single Fuel pump...........................................................................................................37 4.3 Low pressure / high pressure - twin pump.....................................................................37 4.4 Wiring the Fuel Pump.....................................................................................................38 4.5 Fuel Line.........................................................................................................................38 4.6 Fuel filter.........................................................................................................................39
Recommended publications
  • Chevy 350 Engine Kits Ford Engine Kits
    Kits Include • Rering Kits Include: Piston Rings, Rod/Main Bearings and Gasket Set • Master Kits Include: Cam, Lifters, Timing Set, Pistons, Piston Rings, Rod/Main/Cam Bearings, Oil Pump, Frost Plugs and Gasket Set • Cam Kits Include: Cam, Lifters, Timing Set Engine Kits Upgrade Your Engine Kit CHEVY 350 ENGINE KITS q Moly Rings FORD ENGINE KITS Year Rering Master Cam q Plasma Moly Rings Year Rering Master Cam 69-80 75.99 199.99 79.99 q Hypereutectic Pistons 63-68 289 109.99 356.99 159.99 81-85 91.99 239.99 79.99 q Dome Pistons 68-76 302 Car 109.99 289.99 129.99 77-85 302 Car 109.99 289.99 110.99 86-88 Vin M 127.99 259.99 85.99 q Performance Bearings 85-86 302 Car w/o HO 146.99 573.99 338.99 87-95 Vin K 137.99 249.99 85.99 q High Volume Oil Pump 87-88 302 Car w/o HO 146.99 587.99 345.99 96-02 Vin R 172.99 705.99 317.99 q Performance Camshaft 85-95 Car w/ Roller & HO 134.99 581.99 338.99 q High Rev Lifters q Fel-Pro Gaskets q Moly Rings Performance q Performance Timing Set q Brass Freeze Plugs SB Chevy Head Gaskets q Connecting Rods Fel-Pro’s performance head gasket line is the engine repair solu- tion for high-performance engines. They’re specifically designed to q Bolt Kits SB Ford Head Gaskets handle higher compression ratios, special cam timing and higher q Assembly Lube Fel-Pro’s performance head gasket line is the engine repair solu- operating temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Canems Injection ECU Release Version 2.18 ______
    Canems Injection ECU www.canems.co.uk Release Version 2.18 ___________________________________________________________________________ CANEMS INJECTION ECU Programmable Fuel Injection and Ignition Controller Canems Injection ECU www.canems.co.uk Release Version 2.18 ___________________________________________________________________________ Contents 1……………………………………………………................................... Features 2……………………………………………………................................... Specifications 3……………………………………………………................................... Before you get started… 4……………………………………………………................................... Basic terminology 5……………………………………………………................................... Using the software 6........................................................................................................... Password control 8……………………………………………………………………………... Firmware files 9……………………………………………………................................... Starting the engine 12…………………………………………………………………………… Speed sensing 16…………………………………………………………………………… Load sensing 20…………………………………………………………………………… Fueling 31…………………………………………………………………………… Ignition 34…………………………………………………………………………… Coolant temperature 36…………………………………………………………………………… Air temperature 37…………………………………………………………………………… Oxygen sensing / feedback 41........................................................................................................ Barometric pressure 42…………………………………………………………………………… Idle control / feedback 47…………………………………………………………………………… Injection phasing 49……………………………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • MS2/V3.57 Hardware Manual Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.4.X
    MS2/V3.57 Hardware Manual Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.4.x Dated: 2016-02-02 Hardware manual covering specific wiring and configuration of your Megaquirt MS2/V357 ECU. This version of the documentation applies to: • MS2 on a V3.57 mainboard as shown above running firmware MS2/Extra 3.4.x (See the Setting Up manual for more detail on version numbers.) Does not apply to other Megasquirt products or other firmware versions. (c) 2014-6 James Murray MS2V3.57 Hardware Guide (MS2/Extra 3.4.x) Table of Chapters 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................7 2 Megasquirt System Hardware.................................................................................................9 3 Wiring.....................................................................................................................................11 4 Fuel System...........................................................................................................................45 5 Ignition System - fundamentals.............................................................................................57 6 Ignition system - specific operating modes...........................................................................97 7 Throttles...............................................................................................................................161 8 Optional Hardware..............................................................................................................162
    [Show full text]
  • AMC Straight-6 Engine 1 AMC Straight-6 Engine
    AMC straight-6 engine 1 AMC straight-6 engine The American Motors Corporation (AMC) straight-6 family of engines was used in AMC passenger cars and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006. 195.6 American Motors' first straight-six engine was the 195.6 cu in (unknown operator: u'strong' L). It was produced from 1958 through 1965 in both overhead valve (OHV) and flathead (L-head) side-valve versions. Sometimes referred to as the 196 engine, this engine was originally designed by Nash in the 1930s as a flathead, and redesigned as an OHV engine in 1956. The flathead version was discontinued for 1956–1957, but reemerged in 1958 as the economy engine for the "new" Rambler American. When the engine was changed to an OHV configuration the water pump was moved from the left side of the engine (driven by a shaft extending from the back of the generator) to the front above the timing chain. When the flathead model was reintroduced it also received the new water pump. Equipped with such high quality parts as forged crankshafts and connecting rods, these engines earned a reputation for remarkable durability. The flathead, however, was prone to the typical flathead problem of overheating under sustained heavy load. This was from the hot exhaust traveling through the cylinder block to the exhaust manifold. American Motors introduced a die-cast aluminum block version of the OHV 195.6 cu in (unknown operator: u'strong' L) engine in 1961. It was produced through 1964. This engine used cast-iron cylinder liners and a cast-iron head.
    [Show full text]
  • JEEP 4.0 PERFORMANCE TECH SPECS\ 4.0 Engine Power Ratings
    JEEP 4.0 PERFORMANCE TECH SPECS\ 4.0 Engine Power Ratings The Jeep 4.0 litre I6 engine is a pushrod overhead valve design with 2-valves/cylinder. The factory power ratings are as follows: '87...... XJ: 173hp at 4500rpm, 220lbft @ 2500rpm, redline 5000rpm '88-'90 XJ: 177hp at 4500rpm, 224lbft at 2400rpm, redline 5000rpm '91-'95 XJ: 190hp at 4750rpm, 225lbft at 3950rpm, redline 5250rpm '96-'99 XJ: 190hp at 4600rpm, 225lbft at 3000rpm, redline 5300rpm '00-'01 XJ: 193hp at 4600rpm, 231lbft at 3000rpm, redline 5300rpm '91-'95 YJ: 180hp @ 4750rpm, 220lbft @ 3950rpm, redline 5250rpm '96-'99 TJ: 181hp @ 4600rpm, 222lbft @ 2800rpm, redline 5300rpm '00-'06 TJ: 190hp @ 4600rpm, 235lbft @ 3200rpm, redline 5300rpm '93-'95 ZJ: 190hp @ 4750rpm, 225lbft @ 3950rpm, redline 5250rpm '96-'98 ZJ: 185hp @ 4600rpm, 220lbft @ 2400rpm, redline 5300rpm '99-'05WJ:195hp @ 4600rpm, 230lbft @ 3000rpm, redline 5300rpm The '87-'90 engines had Renix electronic multipoint fuel injection, electronic ignition, a single 51mm (2.0") throttle body, and a rather inefficient low port cylinder head. In 1991 engines received Chrysler sequential MPFI, a larger 60mm throttle body, revised intake and exhaust manifolds, and a more efficient high port cylinder head. As a result, these engines produced 13hp more than their predecessors and gained the "High Output" designation. In 1996 engines received noise, vibration, and harshness fixes. The blocks were stiffened with extra ribbing, a main bearing brace was added, and lighter cast aluminium pistons were introduced to reduce cold start piston slap. Engines also received revised camshaft timing for more low rev torque. In 2000 a distributorless coil-on-plug ignition system was installed, intake and exhaust manifolds were revised, and a more efficient water pump was included.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsquirt Hardware Manual Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.4.X
    Microsquirt Hardware Manual Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.4.x Dated: 2016-01-19 Hardware manual covering specific wiring and configuration of your Microsquirt ECU. This version of the documentation applies to: • MicroSquirt V3 as shown above running firmware MS2/Extra 3.4.x (See the Setting Up manual for more detail on version numbers.) Does not apply to other Megasquirt products or other firmware versions. (c) 2014-5 James Murray Microsquirt Hardware Guide Table of Chapters 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................7 2 Microsquirt System Hardware.................................................................................................9 3 Wiring.....................................................................................................................................11 4 Fuel System...........................................................................................................................37 5 Ignition System - fundamentals.............................................................................................46 6 Ignition system - specific operating modes...........................................................................75 7 Throttles...............................................................................................................................137 8 Optional Hardware..............................................................................................................138
    [Show full text]
  • Ignition-System-2.5L-With-Renix-Electronic-Ignition
    IGNITION SYSTEM - 2.5L W/RENIX ELECTRONIC IGNITION 1 988 Jeep Cherokee Distributors & Ignition Systems JEEP RENIX ELECTRONIC IGNITION 2.5L TBI: Cherokee, Comanche, Wagoneer, Wrangler DESCRIPTION The Renix electronic ignition system consists of a solid- state Ignition Control Module (ICM), a distributor, a Top Dead Center (TDC) sensor, and an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). OPERATION IGNITION CONTROL MODULE (ICM) The ignition control module is located in engine compartment, just left of battery. The ICM consists of a solid-state ignition circuit and an integrated ignition coil that can be removed and serviced separately. Electronic signals from the electronic control unit to the ICM determine the amount of ignition timing or retard needed to meet various engine requirements. The electronic control unit provides an input signal to the ICM. The ICM has only 2 outputs: a tach signal to the tachometer and diagnostic connector, and a high voltage signal from the coil to the distributor cap. TDC SENSOR The TDC sensor senses TDC and BDC crankshaft positions as well as engine RPM. Sensor is located on left rear side of engine and is not adjustable. Sensor is secured by special shouldered bolts to flywheel/drive plate housing. TESTING 1) Disconnect ignition coil wire from center tower of distributor cap. Using insulated pliers, hold coil wire about 1/2" (13 mm) away from engine block. Crank engine and check for spark between wire and engine block. 2) If spark occurs, reconnect coil wire to distributor cap. Remove spark plug wire from one spark plug. Using insulated pliers, hold wire about 1/2" (13 mm) away from engine block.
    [Show full text]
  • Acronimos Automotriz
    ACRONIMOS AUTOMOTRIZ 0LEV 1AX 1BBL 1BC 1DOF 1HP 1MR 1OHC 1SR 1STR 1TT 1WD 1ZYL 12HOS 2AT 2AV 2AX 2BBL 2BC 2CAM 2CE 2CEO 2CO 2CT 2CV 2CVC 2CW 2DFB 2DH 2DOF 2DP 2DR 2DS 2DV 2DW 2F2F 2GR 2K1 2LH 2LR 2MH 2MHEV 2NH 2OHC 2OHV 2RA 2RM 2RV 2SE 2SF 2SLB 2SO 2SPD 2SR 2SRB 2STR 2TBO 2TP 2TT 2VPC 2WB 2WD 2WLTL 2WS 2WTL 2WV 2ZYL 24HLM 24HN 24HOD 24HRS 3AV 3AX 3BL 3CC 3CE 3CV 3DCC 3DD 3DHB 3DOF 3DR 3DS 3DV 3DW 3GR 3GT 3LH 3LR 3MA 3PB 3PH 3PSB 3PT 3SK 3ST 3STR 3TBO 3VPC 3WC 3WCC 3WD 3WEV 3WH 3WP 3WS 3WT 3WV 3ZYL 4ABS 4ADT 4AT 4AV 4AX 4BBL 4CE 4CL 4CLT 4CV 4DC 4DH 4DR 4DS 4DSC 4DV 4DW 4EAT 4ECT 4ETC 4ETS 4EW 4FV 4GA 4GR 4HLC 4LF 4LH 4LLC 4LR 4LS 4MT 4RA 4RD 4RM 4RT 4SE 4SLB 4SPD 4SRB 4SS 4ST 4STR 4TB 4VPC 4WA 4WABS 4WAL 4WAS 4WB 4WC 4WD 4WDA 4WDB 4WDC 4WDO 4WDR 4WIS 4WOTY 4WS 4WV 4WW 4X2 4X4 4ZYL 5AT 5DHB 5DR 5DS 5DSB 5DV 5DW 5GA 5GR 5MAN 5MT 5SS 5ST 5STR 5VPC 5WC 5WD 5WH 5ZYL 6AT 6CE 6CL 6CM 6DOF 6DR 6GA 6HSP 6MAN 6MT 6RDS 6SS 6ST 6STR 6WD 6WH 6WV 6X6 6ZYL 7SS 7STR 8CL 8CLT 8CM 8CTF 8WD 8X8 8ZYL 9STR A&E A&F A&J A1GP A4K A4WD A5K A7C AAA AAAA AAAFTS AAAM AAAS AAB AABC AABS AAC AACA AACC AACET AACF AACN AAD AADA AADF AADT AADTT AAE AAF AAFEA AAFLS AAFRSR AAG AAGT AAHF AAI AAIA AAITF AAIW AAK AAL AALA AALM AAM AAMA AAMVA AAN AAOL AAP AAPAC AAPC AAPEC AAPEX AAPS AAPTS AAR AARA AARDA AARN AARS AAS AASA AASHTO AASP AASRV AAT AATA AATC AAV AAV8 AAW AAWDC AAWF AAWT AAZ ABA ABAG ABAN ABARS ABB ABC ABCA ABCV ABD ABDC ABE ABEIVA ABFD ABG ABH ABHP ABI ABIAUTO ABK ABL ABLS ABM ABN ABO ABOT ABP ABPV ABR ABRAVE ABRN ABRS ABS ABSA ABSBSC ABSL ABSS ABSSL ABSV ABT ABTT
    [Show full text]
  • Visit for an Automatic Parts Lookup for Your Vehicle
    Issue 88 northernautoparts.com Northern Auto Parts Warehouse, Inc. 2008 Crankshafts & Connecting Rods Stock Replacement Cranks Other For Both Late and Early Model Blocks applications available call us • Scat 9000 Series Material for yours. • Stronger than cast! 383 Chevy Forged • New-not reground • Std/Std bearing sizes Rotating Assembly 910400 400 Chevy 2-pc rear main 5.70 rods, 3.750 Stroke Racing Rotating Assembly includes the following: . .$179.99 • Scat 4340 Forged Crankshaft. 910526 350 (one piece rear seal) . .$164.99 • Scat 5.7" 4340 Forged Pro Comp I Beams Rods with 910442 350 (two piece rear seal) . .$164.99 ARP 7/16 cap Screws 910454 454 (two piece rear seal) . .$243.99 • Keith Black Forged flat top pistons 942810 428 Ford 6.490" Rods, 3.980" stroke not Balanced • Speed Pro Moly Rings. • Clevite "H" series Rod and Main bearings. .$699.99 Street/Strip Rotating Assemblies Note: These kits are not balanced assemblies, balancing is 9351W05 351W with 5.955" rods 3.50" stroke . .$299.99 Northern Auto has a complete line of rotating assemblies that can strongly recommended for maximum performance and engine 936010 360 Chrysler 6.123" rods, 3.580" stroke not suit every need. We offer a wide variety of crankshaft and rod longevity. balanced . .$349.99 designs for most makes... Just tell us what you need and we’ll put 1803RJ . .$1,318.99 910454L 454 Chevy 1-pc rear main 6.135" rods, a package together for you. 4.000" stroke . .$242.99 The following stroker kits include: (Check for clearance • Clearance work may be required) • SCAT 9000 Series Crankshaft • SCAT 5.7” 4340 forged I-Beam rods with ARP Wave Loc bolts • Speed Pro Hyperutectic Pistons SCAT Chevy Forged 4340 Standard • Hastings moly rings Weight Crankshafts Chevy 350 Claimer Scat’s Standard weight forged crankshaft is Best 1802 .
    [Show full text]
  • Megasquirt-2 Setting up Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.4.X
    Megasquirt-2 Setting up Megasquirt-2 Product Range MS2/Extra 3.4.x Dated: 2019-01-11 Instructions for setting up your Megasquirt-2 ECU. This version of the documentation applies to the Megasquirt-2 range of products which includes: • MS2 on V3.0 or V3.57 mainboard; • MicroSquirt; • Products derived from the MicroSquirt Module (e.g., DIYPNP and MSPNP2). and running firmware MS2/Extra 3.4.x. (See section 2.10.3 for more detail on version numbers.) Not covered: • Megasquirt-2 products running "Bowling and Grippo" firmware. • Megasquirt-2 products on a V2.2 mainboard. • MegaSquirt-1; • EMS-Pro • MegaSquirt-3; • MS3-Pro or products using MS3-Pro module • MS3-Gold (c) 2014-9 James Murray Megasquirt-2 Setting Up 0:QuickStart Guide - in brief 0: QuickStart Guide - in brief This list is provided as the bare essentials that you must read. Full details of each step are provided within the body of the manual. 1. Buy or build your Megasquirt! 2. Select and assemble your fuel and ignition systems. 3. Setup your vehicle wiring harness ensuring it is fused. 4. Connect MAP hose to full vacuum source. (Speed Density only.) 5. Install TunerStudio and Megalogviewer software onto you computer. 6. Connect your Megasquirt to a 12V fused supply either in the vehicle or on the bench. 7. Get the serial comms set up. 8. Install the firmware if required. 9. Get your tuning computer to talk to the ECU. 10. Setup sensor calibrations to match hardware. (TPS, O2 sensor, temp sensors.) 11. Check all sensor inputs are reading sensibly in TunerStudio.
    [Show full text]
  • Ms3base/V3.57 Hardware Manual Megasquirt-3 Product Range MS3 1.4.X Dated: 2016-11-13
    MS3base/V3.57 Hardware Manual Megasquirt-3 Product Range MS3 1.4.x Dated: 2016-11-13 Hardware manual covering specific wiring and configuration of your Megaquirt MS3/V357 ECU. This version of the documentation applies to: • MS3 on a V3.57 mainboard without MS3X as shown above running firmware MS3 1.4.x See the Setting Up manual for more detail on version numbers. Does not apply to other Megasquirt products or other firmware versions. (c) 2014-6 James Murray MS3base/V3.57 Hardware Guide Table of Chapters 1: Introduction.............................................................................................................................8 2: Megasquirt System Hardware..............................................................................................10 3: Wiring...................................................................................................................................12 4: Fuel System..........................................................................................................................61 5: Ignition System - fundamentals............................................................................................71 6: Ignition system - specific operating modes........................................................................109 7: Throttles..............................................................................................................................178 8: Optional Hardware.............................................................................................................179
    [Show full text]
  • Air Intake Cooling Motor Vehicle Performance Enhancement
    Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Articles School of Mechanical and Design Engineering 2003 Air Intake Cooling Motor Vehicle Performance Enhancement James Brunton Technological University Dublin, [email protected] David Kennedy Technological University Dublin, [email protected] John D. Kelleher Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engschmecart Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Brunton, J., Kennedy, D.M. & Kelleher, J. (2003). Air Intake Cooling Motor Vehicle Performance Enhancement. The Engineers Journal, May, 2003. doi:10.21427/jmz1-b108 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Mechanical and Design Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License AIR INTAKE COOLING MOTOR VEHICLE PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT *James Brunton, David Kennedy, John Kelleher Faculty of Engineering DIT, Bolton Street Abstract This research examined the practical effects of cooling the intake air, on the combustion characteristics of a modern motor vehicle operating under simulated road conditions as well as its subsequent impact on the environment. The cooling effect was achieved by taking a typical air conditioning rig as fitted to a modern motor vehicle and incorporating it into the induction system of the car. The test vehicle used was a 1993 Renault Safrane 2.0Vi standard passenger car that was modified as part of the research to facilitate the extraction of the required test information.
    [Show full text]