DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of the CONGO (THE) Last Updated: 2007-10-25

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency The database on iodine deficiency includes data by country on goitre prevalence and/or urinary iodine concentration

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (THE) Last Updated: 2007-10-25

Goitre Urinary iodine (µg/L) Notes prevalence (%) Distribution (%) Prevalence (%) Age Sample Grade Grade TGP <20 20-49 50-99100-299 >300 <100 Median Mean SD Reference General Line Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex (years) size 1 2 N 2000 -2001 National: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 12.99 1163 1.6 2.2 6.323.7 66.2 10.1 495.0 1095 * SAC by province: Bandundu B 6.00 - 12.99 118 650.0 SAC by province: Bas-Congo B 6.00 - 12.99 193 630.0 SAC by province: Equateur B 6.00 - 12.99 148 630.0 SAC by province: Kasai-Occidental B 6.00 - 12.99 138 595.0 SAC by province: Kasai-Oriental B 6.00 - 12.99 138 570.0 SAC by province: Katanga B 6.00 - 12.99 178 220.0 SAC by province: Kinshasa B 6.00 - 12.99 250 150.0 National: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 12.99 6035 5.7 * SAC by sex F 6.00 - 12.99 2909 6.8 SAC by sex M 6.00 - 12.99 3126 5.1 SAC by age B 6.00 - 9.99 2987 3.5 SAC by age B 10.00 - 12.99 3048 8.1 SAC by province: Bandundu B 6.00 - 12.99 610 5.6 SAC by province: Bas-Congo B 6.00 - 12.99 700 7.6 SAC by province: Equateur B 6.00 - 12.99 1285 3.7 SAC by province: Kasai-Occidental B 6.00 - 12.99 691 4.8 SAC by province: Kasai-Oriental B 6.00 - 12.99 620 10.3 SAC by province: Katanga B 6.00 - 12.99 1122 7.8 SAC by province: Kinshasa B 6.00 - 12.99 1007 3.8

L 1995 SAC by zone: Rutshuru B 6.00 - 14.99 80 368 3601 * SAC by zone: Uvira B 6.00 - 14.99 75 303 SAC by zones: Kalemie and Likasi B 6.00 - 14.99 150 160 SAC by zone: Kalemie B 6.00 - 14.99 75 34.7 * SAC by zone: Likasi B 6.00 - 14.99 75 31.3 SAC by zone: Rutshuru B 6.00 - 14.99 83 32.0 SAC by zone: Uvira B 6.00 - 14.99 80 16.2

L 1991 -1992 PW by province: Bandundu F NS 23 43.6 1377 * PW by province: Bas-Zaire F NS 40 69 PW by province: Equateur F NS 46 32.1 PW by province: Haut-Zaire F NS 45 33.6 PW by province: Kasai F NS 68 47 PW by province: Kivu F NS 51 39.3 PW by province: Shaba F NS 38 28.1

L 1989P Ituri Forest: Efe population: All: Total B NS 224 9.4 0.0 9.4 1396 * © WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency The database on iodine deficiency includes data by country on goitre prevalence and/or urinary iodine concentration

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (THE) Last Updated: 2007-10-25

Goitre Urinary iodine (µg/L) Notes prevalence (%) Distribution (%) Prevalence (%) Age Sample Grade Grade TGP <20 20-49 50-99100-299 >300 <100 Median Mean SD Reference General Line Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex (years) size 1 2 L 1989P Efe population: All by sex F NS 119 10.9 1396 Efe population: All by sex M NS 105 7.6 Efe population: SAC by sex F NS - 14.99 NS 0.0 Efe population: SAC by sex M NS - 14.99 NS 2.9 Efe population: Adults by sex and age F 15.00 - 54.99 NS 13.4 Efe population: Adults by sex and age F 55.00 - NS NS 12.5 Efe population: Adults by sex and age M 15.00 - 54.99 NS 10.9 Efe population: Adults by sex and age M 55.00 - NS NS 0.0 Ituri Forest: Lese population: All: Total B NS 312 26.7 16.8 43.5 1 Lese population: All by sex M NS 170 28.8 Lese population: All by sex F NS 142 59.9 Lese population: SAC by sex F NS - 14.99 NS 47.2 Lese population: SAC by sex M NS - 14.99 NS 36.8 Lese population: Adults by sex and age F 15.00 - 54.99 NS 66.2 Lese population: Adults by sex and age F 55.00 - NS NS 58.6 Lese population: Adults by sex and age M 15.00 - 54.99 NS 25.8 Lese population: Adults by sex and age M 55.00 - NS NS 20.0

L 1985 -1986 Ngbaka area: Pre-SAC B 0.00 - 6.99 3831 14.0 1393 * Ngbandi area: Pre-SAC B 0.00 - 6.99 2627 39.0

L 1985 -1986 North Kivu province: 3 villages: Women F 15.00 - 45.99 57 753 * 2 North Kivu province: All: Total B 0.00 - NS 5999 19.9 61.0 * All by sex F 0.00 - NS 3146 28.0 68.5 All by sex M 0.00 - NS 2800 10.8 51.6 Pre-SAC by sex F 0.00 - 4.99 632 1.0 21.0 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.00 - 4.99 621 2.0 23.0 SAC by sex F 5.00 - 14.99 824 24.0 77.0 SAC by sex M 5.00 - 14.99 847 11.0 70.0 Women by age F 15.00 - 24.99 583 49.0 91.0 Women by age F 25.00 - 34.99 408 44.0 91.0 Women by age F 35.00 - NS 699 30.0 72.0 Men by age M 15.00 - 24.99 470 24.0 74.0 Men by age M 25.00 - 34.99 336 15.0 61.0 Men by age M 35.00 - NS 526 5.0 30.0

© WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency The database on iodine deficiency includes data by country on goitre prevalence and/or urinary iodine concentration

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (THE) Last Updated: 2007-10-25

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (THE)

Reference no 1095 General Notes: Cluster sampling with probability proportionate to size in 7 out of 11 provinces, 4 excluded due to war. UI measured in a subsample of 18% of the goitre sample.

Reference no 3601 General Notes: Survey in 4 endemic zones in two regions (Kivu and Shaba), 3 primary schools surveyed in each zone; urinary iodine samples collected from 50-100 children at each school. Reference no 1377 General Notes: Facility based study (antenatal clinics); sample comprised PW selected from 30 antenatal clinics in rural villages all over the country. Reference no 1396 General Notes: The study population consists of two population groups inhabiting the Ituri Forest living in close association with each other, the Lese, village-living Bantu population and the Efe, nomadic Bambuti; no description on sampling; as exact ages were not known with certainty for most of those surveyed, individuals were grouped into broad age-group categories; infants not included. Line note 1 .

Reference no 1393 General Notes: Baseline study of all preschool children in 50 villages (Ngbaka area and Ngbandi area) in the known endemic Northern Ubangi province; 82 children with obvious cretinism excluded from the study. Reference no 753 General Notes: Sample comprised subjects from 23 villages (west of Jomba) in North Kivu province, UI measured in subsample of women from 3 villages; UI expressed in µg/g creatinine, values reported in respective line note; prevalence of cretinism determined, values not included in the database. Line note 2 UI mean (SD): 10.9 (6.8) µg/g Cr

Reference 753 Phillips DI, Lusty TD, Osmond C, Church D. Iodine supplementation: comparison of oral or intramuscular iodized oil with oral potassium iodide: a controlled trial in Zaire. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1988, 17 :142-147.

Reference 1095 Ntambwe K, Banea JP, Lebuki NL, Tusuku N, Mubiala U, Mfumungani M, Kamanda B, Nahimana D. Enqueta nationale sur la lutte contre les troubles dus a la carence en iode en République Démocratique du Congo. Kinshasa, Ministère de la Santé, Programme National de Nutrition PRONANUT, 2001.

Reference 1377 Ngo DB, Dikassa L, Okitolonda W, Kashala TD, Gervy C, Dumont J, Vanovervelt N, Contempre B, Diplock AT, Peach S, Vanderpas J. Selenium status in pregnant women of a rural population (Zaire) in relationship to iodine deficiency. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 1997, 2 :572-581.

Reference 1393 Van den Broeck J, Eeckels R, Van Loon H, Van Miert M, Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx M. Growth of children in a iodine-deficient area in northern Zaire. Annals of Human Biology, 1993, 20 :183-189.

Reference 1396 Dormitzer PR, Ellison PT, Bode HH. Anomalously low endemic goiter prevalence among Efe pygmies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1989, 78 :527-531.

Reference 3601 WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Review of findings from 7-country study in Africa on levels of salt iodization in relation to iodine deficiency disorders, including iodine induced hyperthyroidism. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997

Reference 326 Hauron D. Zaire plans IDD control. IDD Newsletter, 1988, 4 :7-8.

Reference 329 Thilly CH, Delange F, Golstein-Golaire J, Ermans AM. Endemic goiter prevention by iodized oil: a reassessment. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1973, 36 :1196-1203.

Reference 330 Thilly CH, Vanderpas J, Bourdoux P, Lagasse R, Lody D, Smitz J, Ermans A. Prevention of Myxedematous cretinism with iodized oil during pregnancy. In: Ui N, Torizuka K, Nagataki S, Miyai K, eds. Current problems in thyroid research. Proceedings of the Second Asia and Oceania Thyroid Association Meeting; 1982 Aug 19-22; Tokyo, Japan. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1983 :386-389.

Reference 334 Vanderpas JB, Rivera-Vanderpas MT, Bourdoux P, Luvivila K, Lagasse R, Perlmutter-Cremer N, Delange F, Lanoie L, Ermans AM, Thilly CH. Reversibility of severe hypothyroidism with supplementary iodine in patients with endemic cretinism. New England Journal of Medicine, 1986, 315 :791-795.

Reference 340 Ermans A, Tonglet R, Tshilembi MM, Pierre B. Control of iodine deficiency through oral administration of small doses of iodized oil. In: International Symposium on Environment, Genetics and Thyroid Disorders; 1989 March 5-8; New Delhi, India. 1989. :45.

Reference 341 Vanderpas JB, Contempre B, Duale NL, Goossens W, Bebe N, Thorpe R, Ntambue K, Dumont J, Thilly CH, Diplock AT. Iodine and selenium deficiency associated with cretinism in northern Zaire. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1990, 52 :1087-1093.

Reference 353 Thilly C, Lagasse R, Roger D, Bourdoux P, Ermans AM. Impaired fetal and postnatal development and high prenatal death rate in a severe iodine deficient area. Canberra, Australian Academy of Science, 1980.

Reference 1395 Brown R, Seyfarth S, Brown RC. A twelve year follow-up of iodine deficiency in Bulape, Zaire. Annales de la Société Belge de Médecine Tropicale, 1989, 69 :251-255.

Reference 1397 Thilly CH, Delange F, Ramioul L, Lagasse R, Luvivila K, Ermans AM. Strategy of goitre and cretinism control in Central Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1977, 6 :43-54.

Reference 1398 Delange F. Endemic goitre and thyroid function in Central Africa. Monographs in Paediatrics, 1974, 2 :1-171.

Reference 1399 Delange F, Ermans AM, Stanbury JB. Endemic cretinism in Idjwi Island (Kivu Lake, Zaire Republic). Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1972, 30 :87-113.

Reference 1406 Phillips DI, Osmond C. Iodine supplementation with oral or intramuscular iodized oil: a two-year follow-up of a comparative trial. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1989, 18 :907-910.

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Reference 3676 Cornu A, Delpeuch F, Simondon F, Goma I, Massamba JP, Tchibindat F, Bailey KV. Enquête nutritionnelle en République du Congo: résultats de l'enquête nationale réalisée en 1987 [Nutrition survey in the Republic of the Congo: results from a national survey conducted in 1987]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1991, 69 :561-571.

Reference 4614 Barclay DV, Mauron J, Blondel A, Cavadini C, Verwilghen AM, Van Geert C, Dirren H. Micronutrient intake and status in rural Democratic Republic of Congo. Nutrition Research, 2003, 23 :659-671.