The General Individual Technical‑Tactical Profile of the Multi‑Medallist Judo Athlete Teddy Riner’S

CASE REPORT SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS

The general individual technical‑tactical profile of the multi‑medallist judo athlete Teddy Riner’s

ABCDE ABCDE Authors’ Contribution: Marek Adam , Beata Wolska A Study Design B Data Collection Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Combat Sports, Gdansk, Poland C Statistical Analysis D Manuscript Preparation Source of support: Departmental sources E Funds Collection Received: 02 August 2015; Accepted: 23 November 2015; Published online: 10 March 2016

AoBID: 11170

Abstract

Background & study aim: Analysis of the effectiveness of offensive and defensive actions during the highest rank judo tournaments not only allows execution of individual technical‑tactical profiles (TTP). Indirectly it provides knowledge about individu‑ al properties of training (in general or specific sense). The aim of the study is individual technical‑tactical profile Teddy Riner’s based on general indicators. Material & Methods: The research analyzes consisted of technical elements applied by judokas Tedy Riner during the Olympic Games and the World Championships in period 2007‑2014. The fights were recorded by audio‑visual means and then marked graphically. Selected indices of TTP were determined (versatility, activity, efficiency, effectiveness). The values of TTP indices helped to characterize the athlete’s individual training profile. The scope of techniques applied by him – both effective and ineffective – was specified as well as the frequency of his and his opponents’ attacks. The effi‑ ciency values for both attack and defence were determined. Effectiveness, expressed as the referees’ points award‑ ed for judo techniques used during the fight, was another component of his individual assessment. Results: During all the analysed fights the athlete was characterized by a greater frequency of performed attacks than his op‑ ponents and by 100% efficiency of defence. He did not allow his opponents to effectively implement any technique. The range of applied techniques varied in subsequent meetings. Conclusions: Analysis of selected indices in TTP defining Teddy Riner’s fighting efficiency allows demonstrating his growing‑ ad vantage over the opponents during successive World Championships. The lowest values of indices, achieved during the competition in consecutive Olympic Games, may have been caused by participation of a selected group of ath‑ letes in this event and a greater responsibility resulting from the prestige of this competition. Keywords: activity index • efficiency index • effectiveness index • versatility index Author’s address: Marek Adam, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Górskiego 1, 80‑336 Gdansk, Poland; e‑mail: [email protected]

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Indices of technical‑tactical preparation – describe Introduction Two‑fold Olympic Champions: Hitoshi Saito (Japan) individual features of the competitors taking part in sport Multi‑medallist, French judo athletes Tedy Riner is an 1984, 1988 in category +95 kg (was 23‑, 27 years competitions. The value of those example of the ability to maintain the very high level old), World Champion open category 1983, silver indices allows to determine both dominant features of the of sports mastery in the long‑term cycle (2007‑2014). medallist 1985 category +95 kg; Peter Seinserbacher preparation and its disadvantages. Riner’s sports achievements allow placing him among (Austria) 1984, 1988 (was 24‑, 28 years old) in cat‑ the most prominent representatives of this sport dis‑ egory –86 kg, since 1980 won gold medal World Profile of individual training– individual profile connected with cipline. In his sports career won the gold and the Championship, 1 gold, 3 silver, 4 bronze European technical‑tactical preparation is bronze medal in the Olympic Games, seven gold and Championship; Waldemar Legień (Poland) 1988 an important factor in searching for the model value. Analysis two silver medals at the World Championships, four (–78 kg), 1992 (86 kg) was 25‑, 29 years old, since of judokas’ technical‑tactical European Championship medals, nine gold medals 1985 won 3 bronze medals World Championship, preparation (TTP) allows specifying typical values of at IJF World Tour: Masters/Grand Slam/Grand Prix 1 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze European Championship [4]. TTP indices, whose diagnosis and many other medals in numerous judo competi‑ ensures the validity of special preparation, taking into account tions. His still ongoing sports career suggests that the Registration of fights at the biggest sporting events individuation of TTP. records in the number of medals and titles during the helped determine the values of selected indices of

Waza – a technique or movement World Championships and the Olympic Games set technical‑tactical preparation (TTP) characterizing which is based on a standard by him may be unattainable in subsequent years for the athlete and an objective assessment of how to form and is used to challenge and defeat the opponent [26]. future trainees of this sport. solve the fight during subsequent sporting events.

Ne waza – judo fainting in This athlete’s excellent physical conditions facilitated The aim of the study is individual technical‑tactical horizontal posture. his successes while fighting in the heavyweight cat‑ profile Teddy Riner’s based on general indicators. Japanese terms judo techniques egory (+100 kg) and in the open category; they were used in the text: also supplemented by effective technical preparation Leg techniques (sub coming from the long traditions of French judo. Many Material and methods classification: ashi waza): great predecessors did not reach as many successes at During the 10 analysed competitions (the Olympic kouchi‑gari – small inside clip major sports events, even though they also had excel‑ Games and the World Championships) the athlete lent physical conditions and impressed with great and fought 54 fights, of which he won 52 fights (96%). ouchi‑gari – big inside clip effective technical training [1‑3]. Six hundred attacks performed by Teddy Riner (by osoto‑gari – big outside clip means of judo techniques) were registered, includ‑ Angelo Parisi (France, Great Britain) won four ing 55 attacks evaluated by a referee. During these Hip techniques (sub Olympic medals (1972 bronze in category open, 1980 meetings his opponents made 331 attacks that were classification: goshi waza): gold in category +95 kg and silver in open, 1984 sil‑ not scored. His opponents received 63 warnings for daki age –hugging high lift. ver in category +95 kg (was 31 years old then). Dutch breaching the rules of sports judo, while Teddy Riner (forbidden in competition.) multi‑medallist Willem Ruska in the age of 32 has received 14 warnings. The fights were recorded with uchi‑mata – thigh throw won two Olympic gold medals in 1972 in category standard audio‑video means, and then multiple view‑ +93 kg and open, earlier in 1966 he won 2 gold med‑ ing of the registered fights allowed identifying tech‑ soto‑makikomi – big outer wraparound als of the World Championship and 1 silver, 7 gold, nical elements marked with a graphic method [5]. 2 silver and 1 bronze of the European Championship. Hip techniques – (sub classification: te waza): kata guruma – shoulder wheel kibisu gaeshi – one‑hand reversal kuchiki taoshi – single leg takedown morote gari – two‑hand reap obi otoshi – belt drop seoi otoshi – back drop sukui nage – scoop throw tai otoshi – body drop yama arashi – mountain storm Figure 1. Graphic notation of Teddy Riner’s judo fights with Japanese athlete.

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Below is presented a description of Teddy Riner’s way of fighting: (1) versatility index; (2) activity graphically recorded fights during the World index; (3) efficiency index; (4) effectiveness index. Sutemi‑waza – sacrifice techniques: Championships finals in 2014 (Figure 1). JPN (Japanese athlete) performs an attack with right foot Determination of versatility indices Ma‑sutemi –forward sacrifice on ouchi gari and then a dangerous attack on osoto Setting about an individual assessment of TTP dur‑ projections: gari; FRA athlete attempts to implement kouchi gari. ing sports competitions the range of techniques was sumi gaeshi – corner reversal JPN athlete attempted another ouchi gari with the right determined using indices of overall, effective and foot, not very correctly joining this attack with soto faked versatility. Determining the scope of analysed obi‑tori‑gaeshi – corner reversal with shank belt makikomi, in response to which FRA athlete takes judo techniques, which would provide a fixed denom‑ a dominant position for a few seconds in ne‑waza – inator for the presented formulas, was of vital impor‑ tawara gaeshi rice – bag this is the first minute of the fight. In the second min‑ tance for the value of this index. Based on Kodokan reversal throw ute FRA athlete attempts soto makikomi to the right; Judo classification of techniques [9, 10], one may Yoko‑sutemi – side sacrifice defending JPN athlete takes the fight to the ground. For enumerate 94 techniques (67 throws and 27 grap‑ projections: an incorrect defence the referee leading the fight gives plings). However, the sports rules and the practice of kani basami – crab or scissors JPN representative the first shido warning in 1’34” sports competition while fighting limits the number of throw minute of the fight. FRA athlete makes an impressive techniques used during sports competitions, e.g. there kawazu gake – one‑leg attempt to execute the uchimata throw with the right is a ban on such techniques as: kani basami, kawazu entanglement leg, then JPN athlete makes another attempt at ouchi gake, daki age, dojime, morote gari, kuchiki taoshi, Katame‑waza – grappling gari with the right leg. FRA athlete attacks osoto gari kibisu gaeshi, kata guruma, sukui nage, and negligi‑ techniques that include holds, with the right leg, and then, already after stopping the ble presence of such techniques as: yama arashi, obi locks, and joint manipulation action by the referee, he correctly performs sumi gaeshi otoshi, tawara gaeshi and others. [26] (obi tori gaeshi). Starting the third minute of the fight Osaekomi‑waza – pins or JPN athlete receives another penalty from the referee, In the present paper the techniques analysed during matholds shido for incorrect defense (in 2’25”). By the end of the the competition were limited to fifty, and this value kesa‑gatame – scarf hold third minute of the fight FRA athlete attempts to per‑ was the fixed denominator of the determined versa‑ form an attack on kouchi gari, and JPN athlete attacks tility indices. The value of versatility indices was cal‑ Shime‑waza – chokes or strangles: on kouchi gari and ouchi gari. JPN athlete begins the culated on the basis of the formulae: fourth minute of the fight with an attack on tai otoshi do‑jime – trunk strangle made on one knee (seoi otoshi), after which FRA ath‑ Vo = Xo/50·100% Kansetsu‑waza – joint locks lete tries to take over the initiative of fighting on the ground (ne‑waza). JPN athlete yet again (third time) and: juji‑gatame – crossmark hold receives a shido warning for another incorrect defence Tokui‑waza – “favourite” or in 3’33”. The fourth minute fight and the beginning Ve =Xe/50·100% ”best” technique. It’s the throw of the fifth minute are FRA athlete’s fake attacks by that fits naturally to athlete body type. kouchi gari, then JPN athlete performs a very danger‑ Vf = Vo – We ous attack on ouchi gari, which is close to scoring, Ippon – one point. Achieved then FRA athlete makes an attack on sumi gaeshi, after where: Vo – overall versatility index; Ve – effective through the execution of a valid technique on the opponent [26]. which JPN athlete takes the initiative to fight on the versatility index; Vf – faked versatility index; Xo – ground. In the last seconds of fighting attacking on the number of applied techniques (in practice, there Waza‑ari – a judo term for a technique that cannot be regarded osoto gari FRA athlete passes to soto makikomi. is also a combination of certain varieties of throws as a full ippon, but is very close or grapplings such as seoi nage, kosoto gari or kesa [26]. Registration was carried out by two experienced judo gatame; Xe – the number of effectively used tech‑ Yuko – effective/moderate coaches by making comparisons and adjustments in niques; We – efficiency versatility index; 50 – the advantage refers to a point which is awarded in accordance with the recorded technical elements on the basis of the number of analysed techniques. the judgment of a technique. In adopted rules for objective observation of fighting the case of an osae komi waza Determination of activity indices (hold‑down techniques), a yuko is to get the most reliable data [6, 7]. Discrepancies awarded when a contestant pins between the registrants did not exceed 0.91 and 0.92 The next of the analysed indices was activity, which the opponent for 20 seconds or longer, but less than 25 seconds. of the kappa index [8]. The study excluded an analy‑ allows determining the differences in the frequency sis of indices from the World Championships in 2007 of attacks performed by the studied athlete and his Shido – instruction/light penalty due to lack of full film registration of all fights. opponents. The value of this index can depend on (penalties for rules violations are ranked in the following the athlete’s performance and his fitness preparation ascending order of severity: chui, The collected results observation allowed determining [11‑13]. The activity index was determined on the keikku, hansoku make). selected indices of TTP characterizing the athlete’s basis of the formulae:

Aa = sum of A / n ippon); M – the number of effective attacks carried Ao = sum of a / n out by the studied athlete; n – the number of analysed A = Aa – Ao fights; So – the opponent’s effectiveness of attack index (effectiveness of defence); m – the number of where: Aa – attack activity index; sum of A – the effective attacks carried out by studied athlete’s oppo‑ number of the athlete’s registered attacks; n – the nents; S – the effectiveness index (final effectiveness). number of analysed fight; Ao – the opponents’ activ‑ ity index (activity of defence); sum of a – the num‑ Judges’ penalties used during sports competitions ber of registered attacks performed by opponents; were determined just as the effectiveness of the attack A – activity index. and defence (Sa and So), based on the point value of the received penalties. Spelling and naming of judo Determination of efficiency indices techniques are presented based on English‑Japanese The frequency of the efficiently used techniques can Kodokan dictionary [14]. be evaluated by means of other TTP indices. The effi‑ ciency of attack and the efficiency of defence were defined as proportions between undertaken attempts Results to implement a technique and the successful attacks An assessment of the values of overall, effective and (attacks for which judges’ points were awarded). The faked versatility allowed specifying the range of tech‑ values of these indicators should be determined by niques used by Teddy Riner while fighting. The high‑ analysing actions in attack and in defence with appli‑ est values of overall and faked versatility were recorded cation of the formulae: during the Olympic Games in 2008 and the World Championships in 2010 (in both the heavyweight and Ea = sum of AE /sum of AT·100% the open category). The lowest values of these two indi‑ ces were found for the World Championships in 2014, where: Ea – the efficiency of attack index; sum of AE 2011 and 2013. The widest range of efficiently used – the sum of the analysed athlete’s efficient attacks; techniques (efficient versatility) characterized the ath‑ sum of AT – the total sum of the attacks carried out lete during the World Championships in 2008, the World by the analysed athlete Championships in 2010 (in fighting in the 100 kg cate‑ gory) and the World Championships in 2013. The lowest and: values of this index were identified during the Olympic Games in 2012, the World Championships in 2009 and Ed = 1 (100%) – sum of Ae / sum of At·100% 2010 in the open category (Figure 2).

where: 1 (100%) – the value of defence before the Evaluating the activity index of the athlete and his start of fight; Ed – the efficiency of defence index; opponents, it was found that the highest values for the sum of Ae – the sum of efficient attacks carried these indices were achieved in the initial period of out by the studied athlete’s opponents; the sum of At sports rivalry (between 2008‑2010) and the lowest – the total sum of all attacks carried out by the stud‑ values were found during the World Championships ied athlete’s opponents. in 2011, 2013 and 2014 (Figure 3).

Determination of effectiveness indices Also during the World Championships in 2011, Effectiveness indices were determined based on the 2013 and 2014 the highest values of the efficiency judges’ points awarded for effectively executed tech‑ of attack index were found, while the lowest values niques and the lost points (techniques effectively of this index were specified for the Olympics Games performed by opponents) calculated per one fight. in 2012 and the World Championships in 2009 and Calculations were made as follows: 2010 (in the open category). In all the analysed com‑ petitions none of Teddy Riner’s opponents could per‑ Sa = 5·M + 7·M + 10·M / n form a successful attack, which allowed specifying So = 5·m + 7·m + 10·m / n 100% value of the efficiency of his defence (Figure 4). S = Sa – So The effectiveness of attacks was determined by the where: Sa – effectiveness of attack index; 5, 7, 10 value of points awarded for performed techniques, – points values of effective attacks (yuko, waza‑ari, and it reached the highest ratings during the World

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Figure 2. The values of versatility indices in subsequent competitions (Vo, Ve, Vf)

* the World Championship in the open category

Figure 3. The values activity indices in the subsequent competitions (Aa, Ao, A)

Championships in 2008, 2010 (+100kg category) and received at the initial stage of sports competition 2014. The lowest values of this index were found dur‑ (Figure 6). ing the Olympic Games in 2008 and 2012, and the World Championships in 2009. The highest values During competitions in subsequent World of points received for the opponents’ penalties were Championships the overall time of all fights and the during the World Championships in 2009 and 2010 average time of one fight decreased, also the time of and the Olympics in 2012 (Figure 5). fights and the average time of fights fought during the Olympic Games in which Teddy Riner participated The points lost by Tedy Riner had low values of the extended (Table 1). So index and they resulted from the few penalties

Figure 4. The value of efficiency indices in subsequent competitions (Ea, Ed)

Figure 5. The value of the effectiveness of attack index and Tedy Riner’s opponents’ penalties (Sa).

Figure 6. The value of penalties received by Tedy Riner (So).

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Table 1. The World Championships and Olympic Games in which Tedy Riner participated

Subsequent years of the analysed World Championships Subsequent and the Olympic Games fights 2007 2008 2008* 2009 2010 2010* 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of fights 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 Total time 18’27” 34’44” 13’43” 18’47” 20’28” 25’43” 11’15” 24’19” 11’37” 8’34” Average time of 1fight 3’41” 5’47” 2’47” 3’45” 3’25” 4’17” 1’53” 4’52” 2’20” 1’43”

* World Championships in the open category

Discussion Similarly, the efficiency of attacks during the last In assessing the level of technical‑tactical prepara‑ three World Championships reached the highest val‑ tion, actions both in attack and in defence were taken ues, proving that, more than in the previous period, into consideration and the fact that the scope of the the performed attacks produced measurable referee’s applied judo techniques which Tedy Riner used dur‑ points for the used techniques, as his opponents could ing the successive analysed competitions may also not effectively neutralize his attacks. have been influenced by his opponents’ predisposi‑ tions and preparation [15‑22]. The athlete’s sports successes during the largest com‑ petitions were also due to his exceptional skills in The values of overall, effective and faked versatil‑ effective defence. Throughout the whole analysed ity indices did not have a permanent nature due to period of participation in these competitions, he the different conditions that resulted from fights with did not lose any points for effectively made attack different opponents. One can, however, note that in in fights with many strongest fighters from all over the early years of rivalry the athlete more often and the world. Therefore, throughout the whole period to a greater extent used techniques known as second‑ of analysed competitions the value of his defence ary or opening, which did not produce point value efficiency index was 100%. The quality of attacks, and only made way to perform a decisive attack. This expressed as the value of referees’ points awarded phenomenon is illustrated by high values of overall for effectively performed judo techniques, defined and faked versatility indices found during the Beijing as the effectiveness of attack index allowed finding Olympics in 2008 and the World Championships in that he received the most referees’ points for effec‑ Tokyo 2010. With passage of time and stabiliza‑ tively performed judo techniques during the World tion of athletic achievement, the athlete used a much Championships in 2010 and in 2008 (in the +100 kg smaller range of techniques that did not provide effec‑ category). High values of this index were also identi‑ tive point ratings. During the World Championships fied during the last registered World Championships. in 2011, 2013 and 2014 overall and faked versatil‑ The athlete received lower values in the effective‑ ity indices had the lowest values, which meant that ness of attack during the Olympic Games and the for an effective attack he did not need the application World Championships in 2009. His increasing tac‑ of a wide range of so‑called preparatory techniques tical maturity during successive competitions is also or those opening way for a decisive attack (bringing proved by a dropping number of points lost through a specific point value). judges’ penalties, little received in the early years of rivalry. During the analysed period there were sev‑ Also in the same period there was certain stabiliza‑ eral changes in the rules of sports judo fight [23‑25]. tion of the frequency of performed attacks, which affected a decrease in the values of activity indices. Teddy Riner’s dominance in subsequent competi‑ The frequency of attacks performed by the athlete tions also relied on imposing the pressure of fight and his opponents during the World Championships that led to his gaining advantage also by penalties in 2011, 2013 and 2014 decreased in comparison to against his opponents. As a result of constantly grow‑ the analysed period in which he won his first great ing advantage over other opponents, also the time of successes. However, in all the analysed competitions the fights to defend consecutive World Championship he had a positive balance of attacks, dominating over titles shortened. The total time of all the fights his opponents also in the number of judo techniques. fought by Teddy Riner during the last three World

Championships was a little over eleven minutes, and the Olympic Champion Paweł Nastula (Poland) in he won these fights, on average, before half of the 1991‑1992 from 59 ippon eight times made seoi nage regular time fight. The extended time of his fights and eight times juji gatame [18]. during the Olympic Games may have been caused by a far more even level of his opponents, who needed to qualify to participate in the Olympics in preced‑ Conclusions ing eliminations. Analysis of selected indices in TTP defining Teddy Riner’s fighting efficiency allows demonstrating his Teddy Riner constantly takes part in sports competi‑ growing advantage over the opponents during suc‑ tion, and he himself will have to decide when to fin‑ cessive World Championships. The lowest values of ish his professional career, because now one cannot indices, achieved during the competition in consecu‑ point to an athlete who can break a streak of his great tive Olympic Games, may have been caused by par‑ successes. Of course, one should not forget that the ticipation of a selected group of athletes in this event course of a sports career is influenced by many other and a greater responsibility resulting from the pres‑ objective factors and the athlete’s health. Further tige of this competition. The changing values of indi‑ observations of Teddy Riner will raise emotions and ces were caused by factors coming from the way of admiration for his mastery of the martial art – judo. fighting and the opponents’ TTP.

The detailed profile would consist to combinations of specific techniques, preferred by athlete tokui‑waza( ) Conflict of interest including the degree of the effectiveness. For example The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Cite this article as: Adam M, Wolska B. The general individual technical‑tactical profile of the multi‑medallist judo athlete Teddy Riner’s. Arch Budo Sci Martial Art Extreme Sport 2016; 12: 37‑44

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