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Section 2 The Civil War Begins Main Ideas Key Terms and People 1. Texans responded swiftly to the Confederate call to • r e g i m e n t s arms to join the Civil War. • Albert Sidney Johnston 2. Texas prepared for the war by establishing new • Thomas Green industries. 3. The South’s experienced military leaders were an • cotton diplomacy important resource during the first half of the war. • i r o n c l a d s

Why It Matters Today The North and the South debated their differences for years before going to war. Use ­current events sources to learn about peace talks today. Record your findings in your journal.

TEKS: 1B, 1C, 5A, 5C, 9C, 13A, 17C, 20A, 21A, 21B, 21C, 21D, 21E, 22A, 22B, 22D The Story Continues People gathered on balconies and rooftops overlooking myNotebook Charleston Harbor. They watched Fort Sumter, wondering if Use the annotation Bleed Art Guide: the federal soldiers inside would surrender without a fight. All bleeding art should be extended fullytools to the in your eBook bleed guide. to take notes on The soldiers within the fort waited in the early morning early events of the darkness. They wondered if Confederate forces would Civil War. actually fire upon them. They soon found out—at 4:30 a.m. cannons on the shore opened fire. Soon, as a Union soldier noted, “shot and shell went screaming over Sumter as if an army of devils were swooping around it.” Art and Non-Teaching Text Guide: Folios, annos, standards, non-bleeding art, etc. should never go beyond this guide on any side, 1p6 to trim. A Call to Arms The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861 marked the begin- ning of the Civil War. A civil war is a war between factions, or oppos- ing groups, within the same country. The news of war “fell on the land key date 1861 like a thunderbolt,” one person remembered. The day after Fort Sumter The Civil War begins with the Confederate attack ­surrendered, President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to help put onText FortGuide: Sumter in South down the rebellion. In response, , Arkansas, , and Carolina.“Teaching” text should never go beyond this guide on any side. North Carolina seceded from the Union.

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Thousands of Texans responded to the Confederate call to arms. Even many Texas Unionists supported the Confederacy once the war began. “The North will never subdue [conquer] the South. Never, never!” vowed one Texas volunteer. By the end of 1861, some 25,000 Texans were in the Confederate army. Confederate president Jefferson Davis welcomed the first Texas troops in 1861. Analyzing Primary Sources texas voices Identifying Points of View “Texans! The troops from other States have their ­reputation to gain, Why did Davis think that the but the sons of the defenders of the Alamo have theirs to maintain. Texan volunteers were differ- I am sure you will be faithful to the trust.” ent from soldiers of other —Jefferson Davis, address to Texas troops southern states? Texas troops soon gained a reputation for spirit and daring in battle. Texans usually joined regiments—units of around 1,000 soldiers—from their hometowns or counties. The units took the names of the people who organized them. Terry’s Texas Rangers, a cavalry unit organized by B. F. Terry, fought in battles throughout the Civil War. Hood’s Texas , under the command of John Bell Hood, became a lead unit in the Army of Northern Virginia. It fought in some of the most important battles of the war. Ross’s Texas Brigade, headed by Lawrence “Sul” Ross, fought in Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Texas also contributed many officers to the Confederacy. Albert Sidney Johnston was the second-highest-ranking officer in the army until his death in battle. Unionist James W. Throckmorton became a

. Texan Thomas Green was another key ConfederateText Guide: officer who would later rise to the rank of brigadier general. “Teaching” text should never go beyond this guide on any side. Reading Check Making Generalizations and Predictions How do you think the war will affect Texans?

Interpreting Visuals Terry’s Texas Rangers. Texas volunteers were known for their fighting skills and ­daringArt and in Non-Teaching battle. Text What Guide: ­particularFolios, annos, standards,skills non-bleedingdoes this art, etc. should paintingnever go beyond of thisTerry’s guide on anyTexas side, 1p6 to trim. Rangers show?

Bleed Art Guide: All bleeding art should be extended fully to the bleed guide.

Image Credit: (bl) ©Terry’s Texas Rangers, c.1845 (oil on canvas), Iwonski, Carl von (1830-1912) / Private Collection / Peter Newark American Pictures / The Bridgeman Art Library Bridgeman The American Pictures / Newark Collection / Peter Carl von (1830-1912) / Private Iwonski, c.1845 (oil on canvas), Rangers, Texas (bl) ©Terry’s Image Credit: Texas and the Civil War 377 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A

#Texas Cities# Texas Readies for War Many of the Texas troops were ill-equipped, reporting with a variety of weapons, uniforms, and supplies. One Texas soldier remembered that “most of our blankets were pieces of carpets taken from floors.” The Texans needed all the supplies they could get. Even before the state had officially seceded, the Texas government moved to seize federal property. In February 1861 a force led by Ben McCulloch surrounded Brownsville the U.S. commander’s headquarters in San Antonio. U.S. Army general History: Spanish settlers David E. Twiggs quickly surrendered all federal property in Texas. arrived in the area of Without firing a shot, the Texas militia captured more than $1 million Brownsville in the late in military supplies. 1700s. In 1846 the U.S. Army established a post Texans also established new industries to get ready for the war. there. During the Civil Thomas Anderson ran a gunpowder mill near Austin. A factory in War, Brownsville pros- Tyler made cannons and ammunition, while iron foundries opened pered as an important trading post. in ­Jefferson and Rusk. Prisoners at Huntsville made 3 million yards of Population in 2012: cloth during the war. Texas businesses made saddles, tents, uniforms, 180,097 (estimate) and wagons. The state’s plentiful resources of cattle, cotton, and food Relative location: Southern crops such as corn were also a great help to the ­Confederacy. edge of the South Texas Plains Reading Check Summarizing How did preparation for war affect the Texas economy? Region: South Texas Plains County: County seat of Cameron County Special feature: Brownsville has a twin Resources and Strategies city—Matamoros—across Bleed Art Guide: the Rio Grande in Mexico. The North had a number of advantages at the beginning of the con- All bleeding art should be Originextended fully of to the name: Originally flict. With a larger population, it could recruit more soldiers. Because bleed guide. a fort named Fort Brown, the North had more railroads, it could move troops and supplies more established at the begin- ­easily. The North had far more factories than the South did, so it could ning of the Mexican War produce more weapons and supplies. The North also had an established Economy: Brownsville’s economy is based on government ready to conduct and raise money for the war. ­agriculture, shipping, The South did have some advantages. It had experienced military tourism, and the manufac- ture of a variety of goods, leaders, many of whom had served in the U.S. Army during the Mexican including transportation War. Many southerners, particularly Texans, were experienced in rid- Art and Non-Teaching Text Guide: equipment, metal goods, ing horses and using firearms. By the end of 1861, two thirds of Texans Folios, annos,and standards, ­petrochemicals. non-bleeding art, etc. should never go beyond this guide on any side, 1p6 to trim. serving in the Confederate army were in the cavalry. A British observer Amarillo noted Texans’ preference for fighting on horseback. “No Texan walks a Lubbock yard if he can help it.” Ft Worth Dallas El Paso Midland At the beginning of the war, the Confederacy planned to stay on Odessa Austin ★ Houston San Antonio the defensive and wear down the Union’s will to fight. The South hoped Galveston Laredo Corpus Christi to maintain its ability to fight by getting war supplies from Europe. Brownsville Southern leaders tried to gain foreign support, particularly from Great Text* Guide: * * * * Britain, through the use of cotton diplomacy. The Confederacy with- “Teaching” text should never go beyond this guide on any side.held cotton shipments to British textile mills, hoping to force Britain to offer help. This strategy failed, partly because European storehouses had been fully stocked before the war.

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The North faced the difficult task of having to conquer large amounts of enemy territory. The Union used a naval blockade to cut off southern seaports and prevent the Confederacy from importing war supplies. The blockade eventually extended from Virginia to Florida on the Atlantic coast and from Florida to the southern tip of Texas on the Gulf Coast. At the same time, Union forces planned to take control of the and cut the Confederacy in two. This would separate the important food-producing areas of Arkansas, Texas, and most of from other southern states. Union forces also planned to capture ­Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederacy. These strategies resulted in three theaters, or regions, of war. The first theater was in the East, centered around Washington and Richmond. A second developed in Tennessee and Mississippi, and the third was west of the Mississippi River. Texans fought in all three ­theaters. Reading Check Evaluating How do you think the northern strategy of taking control of the Mississippi River would affect Texas?

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Feb. 1862 T Antietam N A Sept. 1862 M R M E G A c D Shiloh TN C Chattanooga S L E April 1862 P E AR Nov. 1863 N o L Memphis L TextI Guide: t A MD r o n e A r N T en es iv e m A N T se T “Teaching”v text should never go beyond this guide on any side. Corinth e R Ri a r A N c R r JO k HN Chickamauga GA WV R a G e STON U h ive n v Sept. 1863 a r s i (Admitted o R as R Atlanta O d iv n e to Union M a r i Sept. 1864 n p e L Washington p June 1863) h E i Birmingham N S E s SH DISTRICT OF s i ER IA

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r June 1864 y New Orleans Richmond Y o N Folios, annos, standards, non-bleedingr art, etc. should April 1862 k 0 50 100 150 Miles LEE never go beyond this guide on anyR side, 1p6 to trim. F iv A e R Gulf of r WE RA 0 10050150 Kilometers Appomattox GU Mexico Courthouse T Albers Equal-Area Projection S GRAN 90W 85W T Petersburg Confederate Union Confederate N Five Forks Union state state forces forces April 1865 Union West Virginia Union Confederate WE occupied victory victory 0 25 50 Miles (Separated from S Virginia in 1861) 0 25 50 Kilometers Albers Equal-Area Projection

Major Battles of the Civil War Bleed Art Guide: Interpreting Maps Union forces tried to divide the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi River. Meanwhile,All bleeding art should be extended fully to the Union forces in the East tried to capture the Confederate capital. bleed guide. Physical Systems How did rivers affect the location of battles?

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GLOBAL The Battles of the Civil War CONNECTIONS The major battles of the war took place east of the Mississippi River. In July 1861 a marched south to capture Richmond. Confederate Global Trade and the forces stopped the advance at the First Battle of Bull Run. Confederate Civil War troops held off Union attacks the following year, eventually driving most Before the Civil War, the South had traded Union troops from Virginia. In late September 1862 General Robert with European nations E. Lee’s army clashed with a Union force in Maryland. The ­Battle of for many items it did Antietam was an important Union victory. In late June 1863 Lee moved not ­produce. The Union blockade greatly limited north again and battled Union forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on the South’s ability to July 1–3. They suffered heavy losses and retreated on July 4. The Battle obtain supplies during of Gettysburg was a turning point—Lee was on the defensive for the rest the war. Texas, how­ever, bordered Mexico, and of the war. the Union navy could Meanwhile, Confederate and Union armies battled for control of the not block Mexican ports. Mississippi River valley. Union general Ulysses S. Grant gained the upper ­Texans took cotton across the Rio Grande to trade hand in April 1862 in the Battle of Shiloh. It was a costly battle for both for supplies. Hundreds sides. General Albert Sidney Johnston of Texas was among those killed. of ships from Europe brought military supplies Grant pressed on toward Vicksburg, Mississippi, which controlled traffic to Mexico to trade for on the river. A Texas soldier noted the town’s importance. the cotton. How did the ­location of Texas affect texas voices the South in the Civil “Even if I could get leave of absence now I would not accept it when War? every man . . . will be so much needed in the coming contest before Vicksburg—which I regard as the hinging point in the destiny of our nation.” —J. C. Bates, quoted in A Texas Cavalry Officer’s Civil War, edited by Richard Lowe Grant began the six-week Siege of Vicksburg, supported by a fleet of Bleed Art Guide: All bleeding art should be extended fully to the ironclads—ships heavily armored with armored plates. When the town bleed guide. surrendered on July 4, 1863, the Confederacy was split in two. It became very difficult to get supplies from Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas to the battlegrounds in the East. Reading Check Drawing Inferences and Conclusions In addition to Gettysburg, what other battle could be considered a turning point, and why?

Art and Non-Teaching Text Guide: Folios, annos, standards, non-bleeding art, etc. should Section Review ONLINE QUIZ never go beyond this guide on any side, 1p6 to trim. 2

1. Define and explain: 3. Summarizing 4. Finding the Main Idea • regiments Copy the chart below. a. How did Texans respond to news that war • cotton diplomacy Use it to describe the had begun? • ironclads major battles of the b. What did Texans do to prepare for war? Civil War and their 2. Identify and explain ­significance. 5. Writing and Critical Thinking the historical Analyzing Information Write a paragraph Textsignificance Guide: of: Battle Significance describing each side’s main ­strategies in “Teaching”• Albert text should Sidney never go beyond this guide on any side. the Civil War. Johnston Consider the following: • Thomas Green • cotton diplomacy • the blockade

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