A Translation Analysis of Sexual Slangs Found in the Film “The Guru”

A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL SLANGS FOUND IN THE FILM “THE GURU”

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Degree at English Department of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By: ALBERTUS AGUNG YUWONO C0303007

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2010

A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL SLANGS FOUND IN THE FILM “THE GURU”

By: ALBERTUS AGUNG YUWONO C0303007

Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners of English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

Thesis Supervisor:

Dr. Djatmika, M. A NIP. 196707261993021001

Head of English Department

Dr. Djatmika, M. A NIP. 196707261993021001

A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL SLANGS FOUND IN THE FILM “THE GURU”

By: ALBERTUS AGUNG YUWONO C0303007

Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners of English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

Chairperson Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., MCALL (...... ) NIP. 197408182000121001

Secretary Dyah Ayu Nila Khrisna, S.S., M. Hum. (...... ) NIP. 198302112006042001

First Examiner Dr. Djatmika, M. A. (...... ) NIP. 196707261993021001

Second Examiner Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S., M. A. (...... ) NIP. 197105251998022001

Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

Drs. Sudarno, M. A. NIP. 195303141985061001 42

PRONOUNCEMENT

I state whole-heartedly that I myself made this thesis entitled A Translation Analysis of Sexual Slangs found in the film “The Guru”. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. Things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and included in bibliography.

If it is then proved that I cheat, I am ready to take the responsibility, including withdrawal of my academic title.

Surakarta, June 2010

The researcher

Albertus Agung Yuwono

MOTTO

“You’ve got to get to the stage in life where going for it is more important than winning or losing” Arthur Ashe

“Enjoy the journey, enjoy ever moment, and quit stop worrying about winning or losing” Matt Biondi

“Whether you're winning or losing, it is important to always be yourself You can't change because of the circumstances around you” Cotton Fitzsimmons

“Winning isn't everything to me, but it's a close second. Losing isn't something that I can just brush off and fake a smile to hide my frustration. It's that will and determination that I hope will get me where I want to go” Dale Earnhardt, Jr.

“If you can react the same way to winning and losing, that is a big accomplishment. That quality is important because it stays with you the rest of your life” Chris Evert

DEDICATION

I whole heartedly dedicate this thesis to:

Mom and Dad, for the everlasting patience and understanding

My Little Brother, for the jokes, and peaceful guitar melody

Those who have a special place in my heart

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First, I thank my God, Jesus Christ, for the blessing and guidance, so that I can finally complete this thesis. I also want to express my gratitude to some people around me for their unflagging supports during my thesis completion. My deepest gratitude goes to:

1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Sudarno, M. A., for

approving this thesis.

2. The Head of English Department and also my thesis supervisor, Dr.

Djatmika, M. A. I thank him for his patience and wisdom during the

consultation.

3. Prof. Drs. M. R. Nababan, M. Ed, M.A., Ph. D, my lecturer and academic

supervisor. I thank him so much for teaching me more about translation.

4. Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S., M. A., for giving me valuable suggestions and inputs

for my thesis.

5. The guest lecturer from America, Sarah Pearsall, M. TESOL. I thank her

very much for her assistance in validating my data.

6. Dyah Ayu Nila Khrisna, S.S, M. Hum. I thank her for being my rater and

lecturer and at the same time, a good sister for me.

7. My other two raters, Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S, M. Hum. and Bayu Budiharjo, S.

S., for being so attentive and cooperative in completing the assessment of my

questionnaires.

8. All lecturers of UNS English Department. I thank them for every lesson,

experience, and knowledge that they have shared. 46

9. My beloved family, Mom and Dad and also my little Brother. I will not be

able to finish my final project without their prayers.

10. Sr. Birgitta Ginung, OSU and the big family of Regina Pacis Junior High

School. I should say ‘thank you’ for her prayers and good wishes. May God

bless her and the Ursuline family.

11. Mr. Hartoto’s family, especially for Mrs. Heni Kartini, S. Pd., M. Pd., for

being a nice and lovely mother for me. She never gets bored to remind and

support me to complete my thesis soon. Thanks a lot, Mommy!

12. Mrs. Naning Susilo’s family, for providing me with such comfortable

boarding house where I can pleasantly continue writing my thesis and finally

complete it. I would also like to express my gratitude to “Xto” who has never

stopped motivating me to finish my thesis. Be ready for the coming vacation

with The Susilos!

13. Mr. Slamet Gunandar’s family, especially for Awan “Krebo” for being a nice

pal and at the same time, my fashion consultant, for recommending me what

to wear and not to wear. Thanks a lot, Brother! Good luck with Enpi!

14. Groovies (Gideon, Syarqi, Salman, Marisa, Ira, Ari, Arum, and Ganing), for

being the first comfortable community to share and for the never-ending

friendship. “True friendship is like sound health; the value of it is seldom

known until it be lost”- Charles Caleb Colton.

15. All of my friends at UNS English Department 2003, especially those who

take translation class. I cannot mention their names one by one here, but I

thank them for whatever we have ever shared during the class. 47

16. Voca Erudita Student Choir of Sebelas Maret University, as a pleasant place

for me to sing and learn how to solve a problem. There are so many happy

and sad experiences at VE which I hope they can turn me into a wiser, better,

and more mature individual. Let me also express my gratitude to each

member of the beloved choir that I cannot mention one by one here. Every

memory I have with them will always stay and live in my heart.

17. Brother Bernard T. R. Sirait, for the unconditional support and

encouragement to pursue my interests. Thanks also go to Karmelita Agni Ayu

Pratiwi, for the chance she gives me to have her as my cute, funny, and

sometimes, insane little sister. “Ipank” Jati K., for believing in me to be his

big brother and as a place to discuss any unsolvable problems.

18. Everyone who has ever drawn his/her colour on my life canvas.

Last but not least, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I look forward for any supporting criticism and suggestions.

Surakarta, June 2010

Albertus Agung Yuwono

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE...... i

APPROVAL OF THE SUPERVISOR ...... ii

APPROVAL OF THE BOARD EXAMINERS ...... iii

PRONOUNCEMENT ...... iv

MOTTO...... v

DEDICATION...... vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x

ABSTRACT ...... xii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. Research Background ...... 1

B. Research Limitation ...... 4

C. Problem Statements ...... 4

D. Research Objectives ...... 5

E. Research Benefits ...... 5

F. Thesis Organization ...... 6

CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 8

A. Definition of Translation ...... 8

B. Meanings in Translation ...... 9

C. Problems in Translating ...... 13

D. Translation Strategies ...... 16

E. Translation Quality Assessment ...... 20

F. Slang ...... 21 49

G. Sexual Slang ...... 25

H. Subtitling ...... 26

I. Summary of THE GURU film ...... 28

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 31

A. Research Type and Design ...... 31

B. Data and Source of Data ...... 32

C. Sampling Technique ...... 33

D. Method of Data Collection ...... 34

E. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 36

F. Research Procedures ...... 37

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ...... 39

A. Introduction ...... 39

B. Research Finding ...... 39

C. Discussion ...... 76

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 88

A. Conclusion ...... 88

B. Recommendation ...... 91

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 94

APPENDICES

ABSTRACT

Albertus Agung Yuwono. C0303007. 2010. A Translation Analysis of Sexual Slangs found in the film “THE GURU”. Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.

This research was conducted to know the types of sexual slangs, the translation strategies to translate them, and the effects of the strategies to the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. This is a descriptive qualitative research and is designed as a single- embedded case study. The researcher used both total sampling technique to collect the primary data and purposive sampling technique to gain the secondary data from the three raters. There are two methods of data collection in this research, namely: (1) content analysis done by selecting all dialogues in the film containing sexual slangs (34 data), and (2) questionnaires distributed to the three raters which are in the forms of closed and open format. The result of the research shows that there are four types of sexual slangs in the film THE GURU, namely (1) sexual slangs referring to sexual organs (10 data or 29.4%), (2) sexual slangs referring to sexual processes (12 data or 35.3%), (3) sexual slangs referring to sexual activities (7 data or 20.6%), and (4) sexual slangs referring to people and their psychological characteristics (5 data or 15.7%). Dealing with the translation strategies, the researcher found four translation strategies, namely: (1) translation using words or phrases of similar referential and expressive meaning (8 data or 23.5%), (2) translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning (19 data or 55.9%), (3) translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning (3 data or 8.8%), (4) translation using loan words (4 data or 11.8%). The most dominant strategy used by the translator is translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning, while the strategy which is rarely used by the translator is translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning. Regarding the level of accuracy of the translation, the researcher found that from the total 34 data, there are 28 data or 82.4% considered to be accurate, 3 data or 8.8% considered to be less accurate, and 3 data or 8.8% considered to be inaccurate. The average of the mean for accuracy is 2.67 meaning that the sexual slangs translation is accurate. The strategies used by the translator producing high level of accuracy are (1) translation using words or phrases of similar referential and expressive meaning, and (2) translation using loan words, because both of the strategies result in 100% accurate translation. However, both of the two strategies are rarely used by the translator. Meanwhile, the strategy producing poor level of accuracy is translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning which has only 3 data or 8.8% and all the three are considered inaccurate. With regard to the level of acceptability, the researcher found that from the total 34 data, there are 27 data or 79.4% considered to be acceptable, 7 data or 20.6% considered to be less acceptable, and 0 data or 0% considered to be unacceptable. The average of the mean for acceptability is 2.77 meaning that the sexual slangs translation is acceptable. The strategy used by the translator 51

producing high level of acceptability is translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning which covers 19 data and 17 data or 89.5% are considered to be acceptable and 2 data or 10.5% are considered to be less acceptable. Meanwhile, the strategy producing poor level of acceptability is translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning which covers only 3 data or 8.8% and all of them are considered to be less acceptable. Translating sexual slangs is a cultural bond activity requiring not only mastering both the source language and the target language but also the cultures of both languages in order to produce high quality of translation.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Nowadays, that the existence of films in our society is very big cannot be denied by everyone in this world. People around the world have ever watched films, at least once during their lives, as films cannot be separated from people’s life. This is in line with Allen and Gomery who state that film is a reflection of social values, interests, and social phenomena and made between social context

(1993:156).

Film is very popular almost in every country in the world, including in

Indonesia. Many films in Indonesia come from foreign countries and use English in the dialogue. However, not all Indonesian people can understand or speak

English well. This condition, of course, has created problems for those who do not have the ability to understand English. Therefore, a film translation is needed to solve the problem, so that people can easily understand and enjoy the film.

Subtitling is one of the solutions for the problem. The dialogue of the foreign film is translated into Indonesian and inserted at the bottom of the screen.

In doing it, a translator cannot only transfer the message of the source language into the target language, but she/he must pay attention to the cultural background of the target audience. Schaffner in Baker says that cultures may have different conventions, and trans-cultural text production may require substitution of elements of the source text by element judged more appropriate to the function target text is to serve (2001: 4). Besides, there are more factors that a translator 53

should consider when doing subtitiling. These conditions also must be fulfilled when a translator is trying to translate sexual slangs.

We can easily find many translation products that contain sexual slangs, for example, a subtitle of a film. It is obvious that film has a great number of audiences, as stated by Gottlieb in Baker (2001: 244) that since 1929 the first sound films have reached an international audience. Not only adults but also children watch film on television every day, so that it is expected that the translation of sexual slangs in a film will be appropriate for the target audience.

Therefore, a translator must apply certain strategies in order to make the translation accurate, acceptable, and readable for Indonesian people without abandoning the value and culture of Indonesian.

This research was conducted to find out the types of sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU, the translation strategies used by the translator to translate sexual slangs, and the effects of the strategies to the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. Below are some examples of sexual slangs translation:

Example 1 Context of Situation Ramu starts his first shooting of his film. Peaches, the make up girl (actually, she is a transvestite) is with him in the make up room. Suddenly, she touches Ramu’s penis and it makes Ramu get mad. Here, Peaches tells him what film Ramu will act.

Peaches: Giving Mr. Happy a shine. Menghangatkan Tn. Happy. 09/A/13:42

The word Mr. Happy above does not merely mean a man who is always happy or glad, or even a man whose name is Mr. Happy, but it has a sexual 54

meaning, which is man’s sexual organ. In the translation above, Mr. Happy is translated into Tn. Happy. It implies that the translator used loan word strategy with a certain purpose. The translation above is accurate in meaning, acceptable in our culture, but it is not readable, as the translator does not give any additional information about Tn. Happy. People who do not have knowledge about sexual slang will not understand the real meaning of Mr. Happy and eventually they will not understand what it is going on the film.

Example 2 Context of Situation After knowing the truth from Peaches, Ramu continues his shooting. As the film director, Dwain explains the story of the film. During the shooting, Ramu finds many difficulties, especially when he cannot reach an erection. In fact, he has to reach it to be able to do a sexual intercourse with Sharrona, his partner in the movie.

Dwain: You see her, you screw her, we go home. Kau melihatnya, bercinta, lalu kita pulang. 11/A/15:43

The site of www.sex-lexis.com notes that screw is a sexual slang referring to sexual intercourse. Screw is then translated into bercinta. Both ST and TT have similar propositional meanings in a way that they both refer to similar thing in the real word. Somehow, they have different degree of expressiveness since screw is more vulgar than bercinta. However, the translation is still accurate since the source text is translated using the term which has the same referent in the target text. It is also acceptable in the target text culture, as bercinta is considered not too vulgar.

Example 3 Context of Situation Sharrona agrees to be Ramu’s teacher and they start their lesson of sex at Sharrona’s apartment.

Sharrona: So the way I look at it is...my pussy is the door to my soul. Jadi menurutku…alat kelaminku adalah pintu ke jiwaku. 26/A/38:18

Pussy is a slang for vagina (www.sex-lexis.com). Pussy is then translated into alat kelamin which is the direct term to refer to genitalia, both penis and vagina. Translating pussy into alat kelamin is accurate in a way that both terms refer to vagina. The translation is also acceptable since alat kelamin is a common word to refer to genitalia.

Based on these premises, the researcher is interesting in investigating the translation of sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU.

B. Research Limitation

This study is limited to sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU and the

Indonesian subtitle. The focus of analysis includes the types of the sexual slangs, the translation strategies used by the translator, and the effects of the strategies to the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

C. Problem Statements

Considering the research background, the problems are formulated as follows:

1. What are the types of sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU?

2. What strategies are the translator used to translate sexual slangs?

3. What are the effects of the strategies to the translation quality in terms of

accuracy and acceptability?

D. Research Objectives

The objectives of this study are as follows:

1. To find out the types of sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU.

2. To find out the strategies used by the translator to translate sexual slangs.

3. To find out the effects of the strategies to the translation quality in terms of

accuracy and acceptability.

E. Research Benefits

It is expected that the study will be beneficial to:

1. Translators

The activity of translation is not only transferring the message from the source

text into the target text, but also considering the cultural background of the

target readers/audiences. In order to produce a good translation, a translator

must have an ability of speaking at least two languages, mastering translation

theories, and knowing the cultural background of the target readers/audiences.

From this research, it is expected that translators will get an input or additional

knowledge, so that they will pay more attention and be more careful to

translate sexual slangs.

2. Lecturers

Many people are reluctant to talk about sexual matters since these kinds of

topics are considered impolite and sometimes, rude. Actually, some of them

use these words unconsciously while they are talking to other persons in their

daily conversation. We can also find sexual slang in many literary works and

popular products nowadays. From this research, it is expected that lecturers 57

can get additional information about sexual slangs that can be used as a

material source to teach their students, especially those who take translation

study. Besides, they can encourage their students to conduct a further research

on translation of sexual slangs.

3. Students and other researchers

Conducting a research to investigate the translation of sexual slangs is an

interesting activity since this topic brings a challenge for the researcher

himself. From this research, it is expected that this research will inspire other

researchers to conduct a further research on translation of sexual slangs and

take this research as an input or a reference.

F. Thesis Organization

The thesis organization of the research is as follows:

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION which consists of Research

Background, Research Limitation, Problem Statements,

Research Objectives, Research Benefits, and Thesis

Organization.

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW which consists of Definition of

Translation, Meanings in Translation, Problems in

Translating, Translation Strategies, Translation Quality

Assessment, Slang, Sexual Slang, Subtitling, and

Summary of THE GURU film.

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY which consists of

Research Type and Design, Data and Source of Data, 58

Sampling Technique, Method of Data Collection,

Technique of Data Analysis, and Research Procedures.

CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION which

consists of Introduction, Research Finding, and

Discussion.

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Definition of Translation

Many definitions of translation have been proposed by some experts.

Newmark (1981: 7) states translation as “a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”. The above definition only focuses on how to replace the meaning of a written message or statement from a source text into a target text. Another definition is given by Brislin (1976:1) who states that

“translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form...”. From Brislin’s definition about translation, it can be referred that translation is not only in the written form, but also in the oral form.

Nida and Taber state that “translating consists in reproducing in the

receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language

message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style” (1974:14). In

line with the previous definition, Roger T. Bell (1991: 5) states that translation

is the expression in another language or target language of what has been

expressed in another source language preserving semantic and stylistic

equivalence. From both of the definitions, it can be said that the equivalence

existing in the target language is not only in term of the meaning (semantic),

but also in term of the style of the source text. 60

Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is a

process of transferring a written or oral message from one language (source

text) to another language (target text) in terms of the meaning and the style.

B. Meanings in Translation

According to Cruse (in Baker 1992: 13), there are four types of lexical meaning in words and utterances, namely: (1) propositional meaning, (2) expressive meaning, (3) presupposed meaning, and (4) evoked meaning.

1. Propositional meaning

Baker (1992:13) states that

“The propositional meaning of a word or an utterance arises from the relation between it and what it refers to or describes in a real or imaginary world, as conceived by the speakers of the particular language to which the word or utterance belongs. It is this type of meaning which provides the basis on which we can judge an utterance as true or false”.

For example, Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2005 gives the

definition of the word stud as a man considered to be sexually active or good at

sex. It will not be appropriate to use the word stud to refer to a woman who is

sexually active or good at sex.

2. Expressive meaning

“Expressive meaning cannot be judged as true or false. This is because

expressive meaning relates to the speaker’s feelings or attitude rather than to

what words and utterances refer to.” (Baker 1992: 13). The difference between

the word fuck and copulate does not lie in their propositional meanings, but in

their expressive meanings. Both fuck and copulate refer to a sexual intercourse 61

activity, but the word fuck has stronger emotive meaning than the word

copulate.

3. Presupposed meaning

“Presupposed meaning arises from co-occurrence restrictions, i.e. restrictions

on what other words or expressions we expect to see before or after a particular

lexical unit.” (Baker 1992: 14). There are two types of restrictions, namely:

a. Selectional restrictions

Selectional restriction is a function of propositional meaning of word. For

example, we expect a human (male) subject for the adjective masculine

(for example, masculine boy), and an inanimate one for the adjective erect

(for example, erect penis).

b. Collocational restrictions

These restrictions are semantically arbitrary restrictions which do not

follow logically from the propositional meaning of a word, and because

they are arbitrary, they tend to show more variation across languages. For

example, teeth are brushed in English, but in German and Italian they are

polished. In Polish they are washed, and in Russian they are cleaned

(Baker 1992: 14-15).

4. Evoked meaning

Evoked meaning arises from two types of variation: dialect and register.

Andersson and Trudgill state that slang is neither a dialect nor a register. A

further explanation will be given below:

a. Dialect

A dialect is a variety of language which has currency within a specific

community or group of speakers. It may be classified based on one of the

following bases:

1. Geographical, for example: the difference between American English

and British English in naming lift and elevator. (Baker 1992: 15)

2. Temporal, words and structures used by members of different age

group within a community, or words used at different periods in the

history of a language, for example: verily and really (Baker 1992: 15).

In line with Baker’s opinion, the site of

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse states that verily (at 1250) is

older than really (at 1400).

3. Social, words and structures used by members of different social

classes, for example: the word scent and perfume. (Baker 1992: 15).

Slang refers to a general phenomenon common to the whole language

community, while dialect is restricted to one region or social class within

the language community (Andersson and Trudgill, 1990: 73). Further,

they state that slang is not a dialect, because slang is used to express sense

of belonging to a particular group within a community which is not

specific to any geographic location. For example, English has the slang

cool and is spoken in English-speaking countries such as America and

England at the same time.

b. Register

According to Baker (1992: 15), register is a variety of a language that a

language user considers appropriate to a specific situation, and that register

variation arises from variations in the following:

1. Field of discourse

“This is an abstract term for ‘what is going on’ that is relevant to the speaker’s choice of linguistic items. Different linguistic choices are made by different speakers depending on what kind of action other than the immediate action of speaking they see themselves as participating in” (Baker 1992: 16)

2. Tenor of discourse

This is an abstract term for the relationships between the people taking

part in the discourse. (Baker: 1992: 16)

3. Mode of discourse

This is an abstract term for the role that the language is playing

(speech, essay, lecture, instructions) and for its medium of

transmission either written or spoken. (Baker 1992: 16)

Andersson and Trudgill define register as a technical term from linguistics

simply refers to vocabulary and other linguistic characteristics associated

with particular topics and activities (1990: 171). Doctors and lawyers may

have their own registers (technical terms) that can be understood by those

who are in the same professions and that they use the registers in a specific

situation, for instance while they are working. This will be different from

slang which has no limitation of specific situations or professions.

However, slang may borrow from registers. Bump off, knock off, to ice

meaning kill are borrowed from criminal registers. 64

Besides the above four meanings in translation, there is also one more meaning called referential meaning. Eugene Albert Nida and Charles Russell

Taber in their book, The Theory and Practice of Translation (1974: 56), define referential meaning as the meaning of the words as symbols which refer to objects, events, abstracts, and relations.

C. Problems in Translating

Some problems may occur during the translation activity. One problem usually faced by a translator is to find the appropriate equivalence in the target language. Baker (1992: 21) mentions some common types of non-equivalence at word level, namely:

1. Culture-specific concepts

The source-language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in

the target culture. The concepts in question may be abstract or concrete; it may

relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. For

example, chicken tikka masala is a name of Indian food found in the film THE

GURU. The food contains culture-specific term which has no equivalence in

Indonesian.

2. The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language

The source-language word may express a concept which is known in the

target culture but simply not lexicalized, that is not ‘allocated’ a target-

language word to express it, for example, oral sex is known in Indonesian

culture. However, oral sex is not lexicalized in Indonesia but it is borrowed

into mengoral or melakukan oral seks. 65

3. The source-language word is semantically complex

The source-language word may be semantically complex. This is a fairly

common problem in translation. Words do not have to be morphologically

complex to be semantically complex (Bolinger and Sears in Baker 1992: 22),

for example, the word petting. Petting is a sexual activity done by repeatedly

rubbing one’s genital into others’ for sexual pleasure and may also be done by

touching, squeezing, kissing others’ body part, but does not include sexual

intercourse.

4. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning

“The target language may make more or fewer distinctions in meaning than the source language. What one language regards as an important distinction in meaning may be the otherwise in another language. For example, Indonesian makes a distinction between going out in the rain without the knowledge that it is raining (kehujanan) and going out in the rain with the knowledge that it is raining (hujan-hujanan)” (Baker, 1992:22).

5. The target language lacks a superordinate

The target language may have specific words (hyponyms) but no general word

(superordinate) to head the semantic field. For example, Russian does not have

a ready equivalence of the word facilities, although Russian has some words

that can be thought as facilities, such as sredsiva peredvizheniya (means of

tranpsort), and neobkhodimye pomeschcheniya (essential accomodation)

(Baker, 1992: 23).

6. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym)

More commonly, languages tend to have general words (superordinates) but

lack specific ones (hyponyms), since each language makes only those

distinctions in meaning which seem relevant to its particular environment. For

example, if we have English as the source language and Indonesian as the 66

target language, then cunnilingus, fellatio, mutual oral sex, analingus, and

rimming will only be possibly translated into mengoral or melakukan oral

seks.

7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective

“Physical perspective may be of more importance in one language than it is in another. Physical perspective has to do with where things or people are in relation to one another or to a place, as expressed in pairs of words such as come/go, take/bring, arrive/depart, and so on” (ibid.: 23).

For example, Javanese has six equivalences for the word give, depending on

who gives to whom: maringke, ngaturke, nyaosi, ngekeki, nyukani, and

menehi.

8. Differences in expressive meaning

There may be a target-language word which has the same propositional

meaning as the source-language word, but it may have a different expressive

meaning. For example, the sexual slang screw is translated into bercinta in

Indonesian. The word bercinta may have the similar propositional meaning as

the word screw, but it has dissimilar (less) expressive meaning than the word

screw.

9. Differences in form

“There is often no equivalent in the target language for a particular form in the source text. Certain suffixes and prefixes which convey propositional and other types of meaning in English often have no direct equivalent in other languages. English has many couplets such as employer/employee, trainer/trainee, and payer/payee…it is most important for translators to understand the contribution that affixes make to the meaning of words and expressions…to coin new words for various reasons… (Baker 1992: 24).

For example, greenish book does not merely mean buku hijau, but it means

buku yang berwarna kehijau-hijauan (less green).

10. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms

Even when a particular form does have a ready equivalence in the target

language, there may be a difference in the frequency with which it is used or

the purpose for which it is used. For example, English has many continuous –

ing forms which are often used to bind clauses (such as in: She is singing, he

is crying, father is walking, etc) than other languages. Rendering –ing form in

a German, Danish, or Swedish target text would result in unnatural style

(Baker, 1992: 25).

11. The use of loan words in the source text

The use of loan words in the source text poses a special problem in translation,

since their meanings are often lost in translation because it is not always

possible to find a loan word with the same meaning in the target language. For

example, the slang duck is borrowed in Thai, but it has slight difference in

meaning from the slang duck in America. Duck in Thai is usually used to

describe a transvestite prostitute in Thailand. Duck is used to differ Thai

female prostitutes (chick) from Thai transvestites, who are well-known to have

a sexy body (they also have boobs) and beautiful face like a real woman.

Meanwhile, duck in America means a male prostitute or a gigolo.

D. Translation Strategies

There are some definitions for translation strategies. Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as “translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task.” 68

While, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as “a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it.”

Dealing with translation strategies, Baker (1992: 26) proposes several strategies that can be used, especially in translating non-equivalence at word level.

Those strategies are as follows:

1. Translation by a more general word (superordinate)

This is one of the commonest strategies for dealing with many types of non-

equivalence, particularly in the area of propositional meaning (ibid.: 26). In

this strategy, a translator changes the source text word by finding its more

general word in the target text.

Example ST: So the way I look at it is...my pussy is the door to my soul. TT: Jadi menurutku…alat kelaminku adalah pintu ke jiwaku.

The word pussy meaning female’s genital organ is translated using its

superordinate into alat kelamin.

2. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word

This strategy deals with finding the equivalent word of the source text in the

target text which is considered to be more neutral/less expressive. Applying

this strategy may reduce or even remove the expressive meaning of the word.

Example SL : You see her, you screw her, we go home. TL : Kau melihatnya, bercinta, lalu kita pulang.

The word screw meaning having a sexual intercourse is then translated into

bercinta in Indonesian. This strategy makes the expressive meaning of the

source text lost in the translation.

3. Translation by cultural substitution

“This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with target-language item which does not have the same propositional meaning but is likely to have a similar impact on the target reader. The main advantage of using this strategy is that it gives the reader a concept with which s/he can identify something familiar and appealing.” (Baker, 1992:31)

Example SL : The lovemaking art of Kama sutra is believed to be the solution of our problem. TL : Seni bercinta Serat Centhini adalah solusi masalah kita.

Kama Sutra and Serat Centhini have different propositional meaning. Serat

Centhini is used as the equivalence of Kama Sutra to give Indonesian readers

a concept with which they can identify and get the similar impact.

4. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation

Baker says that this strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-

specific items, modern concepts, and buzz words. Following the loan word

with an explanation is very useful when the word in question is repeated

several times in the text. Once explained, the loan word can be used on its

own; the reader can understand it and is not distracted by further lengthy

explanations (ibid.: 34).

Example ST : Giving Mr. Happy a shine. TT : Menghangatkan Tn. Happy.

5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word

This kind of strategy tends to be used when the concept expressed by the

source item is lexicalized in the target language but in a different form, and

when the frequency with which a certain form is used in the source text is

significantly higher than would be natural in the target language (ibid.: 37).

Example ST : The lipstick makes her performance sexier. TT : Pewarna bibir membuat penampilannya lebih seksi.

6. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words

This strategy can still be used in some contexts if the concept expressed by the

source item is not lexicalized at all in the target language. Instead of a related

word, the paraphrase may be based on modifying a superordinate or simply on

unpacking the meaning of the source item, particularly if the item in question

is semantically complex (ibid.: 38).

Example ST : Roni is a real stud that he made Susi come twice last night. TT : Roni benar-benar perkasa. Ia membuat Susi mencapai puncak kenikmatan sampai dua kali tadi malam

7. Translation by omission

“This strategy may sound rather drastic, but in fact, it does no harm to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts. If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translator can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question” (ibid.: 40).

Example ST : What the fuck are you doing here? TT : Apa yang kau lakukan di sini?

8. Translation by illustration

This strategy is a useful option if the word, which lacks an equivalent in the

target language refers to a physical entity, which can be illustrated,

particularly if there are restrictions on space and if the text has to remain short,

concise, and to the point” (ibid.: 42).

Example ST : Unplug the cable from socket. TT : Cabut kabel dari stopkontak.

E. Translation Quality Assessment

Nababan says that assessment toward a translation is needed since it will give benefit to the translator, the publisher, and the target readers (2003: 85). This assessment should be done in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

Accuracy in translation refers to the meaning in both of the source and target text. “The essence of translation lies on the preservation of ‘meaning’ across two different languages” (House, 1977: 25). A translation is called accurate if the message of the target text reveals the same message of the source text without having distortion, addition, or deletion of the original message.

Acceptability of a translation refers to the naturalness of the translation in relation to the target language system. Before translating, a translator should firstly consider the target readers’ culture in order to produce a natural translation.

Thus, a translator may in some extent reconstruct, adapt or even rewrite whatever stated in the source text, not only translate it (Dewi, 2000: 22).

Richards et al (in Nababan) states that readability of a translation refers to how easily written materials can be read and understood (2003:62). He also mentions that the level of readability depends on average sentence length, number of new words, and grammatical complexities of the language used. Meanwhile, 72

Nababan says that there are some factors which make the level of readability of a text become poor. They are (1) the use of new words, (2) the use of foreign and regional words, (3) the use of ambiguous words, (4) the use of foreign language sentences, (5) the use of ambiguous sentences, (6) the use of incomplete sentence,

(7) the average sentence length, (8) the use of complex sentence, (9) unwell- arranged or illogical source text, (10) the other factors (2003: 64-78).

F. Slang

Lars G. Andersson and Peter Trudgill define slang as words or uses of words or expressions which are extremely informal and which are very often fashionable and therefore rather temporary-they may come into the language, be very popular, and then die out again fairly rapidly (1990: 16). Paul Roberts (in

Andersson and Trudgill 1990: 69) says that slang is one of those things that everybody can recognize and nobody can define.

Meanwhile, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered "true slang" if it meets at least two of these following criteria: (1) it lowers the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing,

(2) the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people who are familiar with it and use the term, (3) it is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility, (4) it replaces a well-known conventional term (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/slang).

Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2005 gives the definition of slang as words, phrases, expressions, and usages that are casual in speech or writing, vivid, racy, or playful replacements for standard ones, are often short-lived, and 73

are usually considered unsuitable for formal contexts. Slang is a form of language used by a particular group of people, often deliberately created and used to exclude people outside the group.

As stated in the above definition, slang is used to exclude people outside the group. It can be referred from the definition that slang can be used as an identity whether one belongs to a certain group or not. Slang may thus contribute to a sense of group identity and may convey to the listener information about the speaker's background (Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005). Another function of slang is to make your speech vivid, colorful, and interesting

(Andersson and Trudgill, 1990: 16).

Not only mention the function of slang, Andersson and Trudgill also state some characteristics of slang. The characteristics are as follows: a. Slang is language use below the neutral stylistic level

Neutral stylistic level here refers to the standard language used in the formal

situation. “…slang is a relative concept. Since slang is relative, changes in

neutral or formal usage will lead to changes in what is seen as slang”

(Andersson and Trudgill, 1990:69). They also give some examples of slang

which are nowadays considered as neutral or formal language. They are bus,

bike, and phone which are actually slangy words of omnibus, bicycle, and

telephone. Bus, bike, and phone are now considered to be part of neutral

language. This phenomenon shows that slang changes through time. What is

slang for one person, generation or situation may not be slang for another

(ibid.: 70).

b. Slang is typical of informal situation

Andersson and Trudgill give an interesting example dealing with this

characteristic: You hire a man to work for you and it has been a half of year

you hire him. One day, while you are having a conversation with your

worker, he uses more sloppy kind of language, with slang and swearing, for

no special reason. From the example above, it can be noticed that there is a

change of stylistic level of language and it can be interpreted as a friendly

gesture, even as sign of respect. Language used between equals or near-equals

tends to be less formal (ibid.: 71-72). c. Slang is typical of spoken language

Most of us will act more formal in a situation in which we write than in a

situation in which we talk (ibid.: 72). For example, when we watch a football

match, we will hear a lot of slangs from the crowd around us, and in the next

morning, we will find less slang in the newspaper reporting about the football

match we watched. However, there are also written materials containing quite

a lot of slangs, such as novels and short stories. We can find slang especially

in the dialogue existing in the novels or short stories, as the author wants to

describe the characters are like (Andersson and Trudgill, 1990: 72). d. Slang is creative

“The creative aspect of slang is important. The point of slang words is often to be startling, amusing or shocking. Something must be done to make them stand out against the other, more ordinary lexical items” (ibid.: 78).

If slangs are heard over and over again, they soon lose their impact.

Therefore, groups using slangs will then turn to other words and create a new

slang which is not recognized by others in order to maintain the identity of 75

the groups. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005 gives further explanation on how to form a new slang as the following:

 Slang expressions may take form as metaphor (for example, brown eye

means anus) and simile (for example, like a dog with two dicks means

happy).

 Words may acquire new meanings (for example, cool, originally it is used

to describe weather condition-somewhat cold, usually pleasantly so, later it

means very good, excellent).

 A narrow meaning may become generalized (for example, fink, originally

a strikebreaker, later it means a betrayer or disappointer) or vice versa (for

example, heap, a run-down car).

 Words may be clipped, or abbreviated (for example, mike from

microphone), and acronyms may gain currency (for examples, VIP-very

important person, AWOL,-absent without leave, SNAFU-messed up as

usual).

 A foreign suffix may be added (the Yiddish and Russian -nik in beatnik

means literary works written by American writers in 1950s. They also

called themselves as the Beat Generation) and foreign words adopted (for

example, baloney from Bologna means nonsense).

 A change in meaning may make a vulgar word acceptable (for example,

jazz, which originally has sexual connotation, later it means to enliven) or

an acceptable word vulgar (for example, raspberry, a sound imitating

flatus; from raspberry tart in the rhyming slang of Australia and Cockney

London). 76

 Words are newly coined (for example, oomph, sex appeal, and later,

energy or impact).

G. Sexual Slang

When slang is used to refer to sexual things, then it will be sexual slang.

The site of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_slang gives the definition of sexual slang as a set of linguistic terms and phrases used to refer to sexual organs, processes, and activities and generally considered impolite or improper.

As stated in the definition above, slang can be used to refer to sexual organs both penis for male and vagina for female. Some sexual slangs referring to penis are johnson, dick, beaver cleaver, baloney pony, pork sword, button mushroom, etc. While pussy, bloom pudding, cock hotel, crack of heaven, cheese factory, double doors, etc are usually used to refer to vagina (www.sex- lexis.com).

Slangs can be also used to refer to sexual intercourse and masturbation as both of the two are part of sexual activities. Bang, boff, screw, bonk, laid, nooky, pork, shag, etc are the examples of sexual slang used to refer to sexual intercourse

(http://www.slangsearch.com). Meanwhile, sexual slangs for masturbation are divided into two categories, namely: (1) slangs for male masturbation and (2) slangs for female masturbation. The examples of the first category are beating the snake, beating the stick, beating your meat, buffing the banana, buffing the wood, charm the cobra, jack off, wax the dolphin, etc. While beat the beaver, brushing the beaver, teasing the kitty, pussy soccer, rubbing the donut, playing with her 77

pineapple, making soup, muffin buffin’, etc are some sexual slangs used to refer to female masturbation (http://nowscape.com/mast/slang_mast.htm).

H. Subtitling

Henrik Gottlieb in Baker (2001: 244-245) gives the definition of

subtitling as follows:

“Subtitles, sometimes referred to as captions are transcriptions of film or

TV dialogue presented simultaneously on the screen. Subtitles usually

consist of one or two lines of an average maximum length of 35

characters. As a rule, subtitles are placed at the bottom of the picture and

are either centred or left-aligned.”

In line with the above definition, the site of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitling defines subtitling as following:

“Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films and television

programs, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be

a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign language, or a written

rendering of the dialog in the same language, with or without added

information to help viewers who are deaf and hard-of-hearing to follow the

dialog”.

From the two above definitions, it can be concluded that subtitling is

the transcription (textual version) of the dialogue in the films and television 78

programs which is usually displayed simultaneously at the bottom of the

screen. Subtitling can be done by: (1) writing the dialogue in the original/same

language (with or without added information) as the language used in the film

or television program (intralingual subtitling), which is primarily aimed for

deaf people or those who cannot hear well, or (2) writing the dialogue in a

foreign language (interlingual subtitling), allowing a subtitler to change or

translate the original language into another language.

Subtitling has two features that differentiate it from translating a

common. The two factors are (1) semiotic composition, and (2) time and

duration.

1. Semiotic composition

In subtitling, when a translator translates dialogue in the film, he/she will be

supported by auditory and visual channel of the film. This will be different

when a translator is translating a book without any illustration in it. Gottlieb

in Baker (2001: 245) states that:

“Any translated text must function within a specific communicative

situation. Monosemiotic texts use only one channel of communication and

the translator therefore controls the entire medium of expression. A good

example would be an unillustrated book where the medium of expression is

restricted to writing. In polysemiotic texts, by contrast, the translation is

constrained (or supported) by the communicative channel: visual and

auditory.”

Any further, he states that there are four simultaneous channels that a

translator must consider:

a) the verbal auditory channels, including dialogue, background voices, and

sometimes lyrics.

b) the non-verbal auditory channel, including music, natural sound, and

sound effects.

c) the verbal visual channel, including superimposed titles and written signs

on the screen.

d) the non-verbal visual channel: picture composition and flow.

2. Time and Duration

The notion of time covers two phenomena: (1) time of text production and (2)

time of text presentation in the target language audience (ibid.)

I. Summary of THE GURU film

THE GURU begins with Ramu, a dance instructor in New Delhi, who wants to move to America to pursue a better life and reaches his dream. He wants to be like Vijay, his cousin, who has moved there and told Ramu that he has already had a red Mercedes and lived in a penthouse apartment in New York City.

Having arrived in New York, Ramu is disappointed as he finds Vijay’s lies about having a red Mercedes and living in an expensive apartment. Vijay’s red

Mercedes is actually a cab he usually drives and the apartment where Vijay lives is just a cheap apartment on the top floor of a cinema in Queens. Ramu finally works as a waiter in an Indian restaurant, but it does not run well when he makes one of his guests angry and he is fired by his boss. 80

Ramu does not give up to pursue his dream as he then joins an audition to be a film star in a production house without knowing that it actually produces a porn movie. He finally gets the job as the main actor in the movie as Dwain, the director of the movie, likes his performance and that Ramu is suitable with his next film project. Ramu is really happy and tells his friends in the apartment that he is now an actor.

When the shooting day has come, Ramu has just realized that the film which he will act in is a porn movie, and it is also too late for him to pull back. He meets Sharrona, a sexy and beautiful porn actress, as his partner in the shooting area and then Dwain commands to start the shooting of the porn film. The shooting does not run well because Ramu is unable to reach an erection due to the crowd around him (the cameraman, soundman, Dwain, etc) and it causes the shooting to be repeated over and over again. Sharrona gives him some advices dealing with sex matters and Ramu finally asks her to be his private teacher of sex.

Sharrona agrees to be Ramu’s sex teacher as she wants to help Ramu to act in a porn film and that Ramu has promised her not to tell anyone about her advices. She does not know that Ramu has misused her sex advices by pretending to be a guru of sex and gives Sharrona’s sex advices to unhappy ladies, men, and couples. Ramu starts to pretend as a guru of sex when he is coincidentally asked to be a Swami Bu at Lexi’s birthday party. He delivers a speech in that occasion containing Sharrona’s thoughts about sex. The impact is unpredictable that almost all the audiences like his speech, including Lexi who is really interested in spiritual activity. This leads Ramu to have a sexual intercourse with Lexi and 81

finally she introduces Ramu to all her friends as a guru of sex who is available for a sex consultation.

Ramu’s life gradually changes after that time and soon he becomes rich.

He realizes that he should keep having Sharrona as his teacher to get her sex thoughts more. He keeps lying to Sharrona until someday he feels so guilty of being a fake guru and wants a remedy. However, Vijay forbids Ramu to stop his intention as he also enjoys the luxurious life as Ramu’s manager and that he does not want to lose it very soon.

Ramu starts feeling worried and guilty and the most important thing is that he starts falling in love with Sharrona. He has no guts to tell his feeling to

Sharrona for she will get married soon with her fiancé, Rusty. He also wants to confess his mistakes to Sharrona for breaking the promise he made with Sharrona before. Unfortunately, Sharrona uncovers Ramu’s lies first before he makes a confession. She is so angry that she feels so stupid of believing in Ramu’s promise. Ramu chases her and tries to explain but she does not want to hear anything from Ramu. It makes Ramu upset and finally he says that she has done the same thing as him by pretending to be a good school teacher to Rusty and denying that she is actually a porn star. It makes Sharrona angrier and hates Ramu much more. Even, she does not want to meet him again.

When Sharrona’s wedding day has come, she feels that there is something wrong on her. She does not know whether she actually loves Rusty or not, and that she realizes that she cannot stop thinking about Ramu’s words. In the church where the wedding day will be declared by Father Flamagan, Ramu suddenly shows up and utters his objection toward the wedding. At the same time, there is a 82

man named Randy who also does the same things. Then, Ramu encourages himself to tell about his feeling and that he wants Sharrona to be his couple. Later,

Randy makes a shocking statement for all the audience in the church by saying that Rusty is his boyfriend and that they are a gay couple, so that he does not want

Rusty to marry Sharrona. After hearing Randy’s words, Rusty starts crying while running for Randy and then they hug and kiss each other. The same action is done by Ramu, he runs for Sharrona and then they kiss each other passionately.

The end of this film is marked by Father Flamagan commanding Ramu and Sharrona to stop kissing each other and then all of the people in the church start performing Indian dance to celebrate the happy event.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Type and Design

This is a qualitative research. According to Creswell, qualitative research is a research conducted based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry, which rely on text and image data without establishing prediction and generalization of findings (Creswell, 1998: 15). In line with the definition of qualitative research, Blaxter, Hughes, and Tight define qualitative research as follows:

Qualitative research is concerned with collecting and analyzing information in as many forms, chiefly non-numeric, as possible, smaller number of instances or examples which are seen as being interesting or illuminating, and aims to achieve ‘depth’ rather than ‘breadth’. (Blaxter, Hughes, and Tight, 1996: 60).

In this research, the researcher applied a descriptive method. Bogdan and

Biklen state that one feature of qualitative research is that it is descriptive (1982:

28). According to Bogdan and Biklen (in Creswell, 1994: 171) descriptive method is collecting the qualitative data, analyzing them, and writing the result. It means that a researcher only describes a phenomenon by collecting, classifying, analyzing, and drawing a conclusion, based on the condition or the characteristic of the data. According to Rakhmad, descriptive research only describes situations or events. This research does not search for or explain any relationships, does not test hypothesis or make predictions. (1984: 24). 84

This research is a single embedded-case study, since this research is focused on certain characteristics of a particular case: (1) the types of sexual slangs found in the film, (2) the translation strategies used by the translator to translate sexual slangs, (3) the effect of the translation strategies on the quality of translations. Creswell states that a specific case is examined in a case study

(1998: 38). Case study may employ embedded analysis of particular aspects of a case, or holistic analysis of the entire case (1998: 63). In line with Creswell,

Sutopo also states that a research can be called as a single embedded case study if it focuses on one characteristic (2002: 112).

Data and Source of Data

Source of data refers to the subject from which the data of the research are obtained. Sutopo states that source of data in qualitative research can be informant, event, place, and document (2002: 50-54). In conducting a qualitative research, a researcher is allowed to make use of quantitative data, as Sutopo states that both qualitative and quantitative research recognize two kinds of data, which are quantitative data (related to quantity) and qualitative data (related to quality).

A researcher is allowed to analyze qualitative data quantitatively and use it as supporting phenomena (of qualitative analysis) for the final conclusion of the research (2002: 48).

Specifically, this research has three kinds of source of data. They are document, informant, and video.

1. Document 85

Document is a written source of data. The data used in this research are

sexual slangs which are in the form of a single word and a phrase found in

THE GURU film.

2. Informants

In this research, informants are considered as source of data. They have an

important role since they provide information as a contribution to the

research (Sutopo, 2002: 50). There are three raters assessing the quality of

translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

3. Video

In this research, video is included in the source of data since the researcher

needs to watch the actions on the movie in order to determine and

understand the sexual slangs found in the film.

Meanwhile, the researcher took the data by taking all sexual slangs found in THE GURU film, and collecting the result of the questionnaires distributed to the raters which are in the form of scores and comments. Then, the researcher focused the analysis on the types of the sexual slangs, the strategies used by the translator to translate sexual slangs, and the effects of the strategies on the accuracy and acceptability of the translation.

Sampling Technique

Creswell states that the idea behind qualitative research is to purposefully select sites, documents, visual materials or participants that will help researcher understand the problem and research question (2003: 185). In line with the 86

previous definition, Sutopo says that the researcher has to select source of data

(documents and informants) that can give important information about the problems of the research (2002: 36). In this research, the researcher used both total sampling technique and purposive sampling technique. The researcher used the total sampling technique in order to collect the primary data by taking all data containing sexual slangs in THE GURU script and the Indonesian subtitle.

Meanwhile, the researcher used the purposive sampling technique to collect the secondary data which are in the form of scores and comments given by the raters.

Considering the important role of the raters toward this research, they should fulfill some criteria below: 1. Having good ability in mastering

both English and Indonesian

2. Having good knowledge about translation

3. Having practical experiences in translating texts

4. Having good willingness in taking part of the research

Method of Data Collection

In collecting the data, the researcher employed two methods, which are:

1. Content Analysis

Weber (in Moleong, 1989: 220) states that content analysis is research

methodology that uses a number of procedures to draw valid conclusions 87

from a book or document. In this research, the researcher carried out content

analysis by (in order to collect the primary data): (1) watching the movie, (2)

analyzing the original script and the Indonesian subtitle, (3) and giving notes

on the dialogues containing sexual slangs.

2. Questionnaire

The researcher also used questionnaire to collect the secondary data.

Questionnaire is the list of questions for data collection in research (Sutopo,

2002:70). There are two kinds of questionnaires which are employed in this

research, namely: (1) closed format, (2) and open format. The closed format

is in the form of scaled questionnaire. It is given to the raters and they are

asked to assess the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. Meanwhile,

the open format is in the form of column for the raters’ comment.

The scale and description to assess the sexual slangs translation are adapted from the scale to assess accuracy proposed by Nagao, Tsuji and

Nakamura (in Nababan, 2004: 42). The scale and description are as follows:

Scale Level Description

The message of the source language is accurately conveyed 3 Accurate into the target language. The intention of the speaker of using the slang can be rendered well. The message of the source language is not so accurately 2 Less Accurate conveyed into the target language. The intention of the speaker of using the slang is not really rendered well. The content of the source language is not accurately conveyed to the target language or it can be that the source 1 Inaccurate text is not translated at all into the target text, i.e. it is omitted or deleted.

Meanwhile, the scale and description for assessing the acceptability of the translation of sexual slangs are adapted from the scale for assessing acceptability proposed by Machali (2000: 119-120). The scale and description are as follows:

Scale Level Description

The translation is culturally acceptable, sounds natural and 3 Acceptable almost does not feel like a translation. There are no problems with the choice of lexical items.

The translation is not so culturally acceptable and sounds 2 Less Acceptable clumsy. There are problems with the choice of lexical items The translation is culturally forbidden, extremely sounds 1 Unacceptable like a translation and is extremely clumsy or is not translated.

Technique of Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the researcher used some steps as follows:

Analyzing the sexual slangs

The primary data were taken from the dialogues containing sexual slangs.

Analyzing the translation strategies

After determining the types of sexual slangs, the researcher analyzed the

strategies applied and classified the data based on the translation strategy used.

Distributing questionnaires to the raters

The researcher distributed questionnaires containing the scales of accuracy and

acceptability to the raters. They were asked to assess the questionnaires based

on the provided scale and were allowed to give comments on them.

Classifying the data

After the raters have finished assessing the questionnaires, the researcher took

and then used them to classify the data based on the accuracy and acceptability.

Calculating the percentage of each classification

This step was done by recording and calculating the scores given by the raters.

Afterwards, the researcher made the percentage of each classification based on

the result of the calculation of the data.

Drawing conclusion

F. Research Procedures

In conducting this research, the researcher followed the following steps:

1. Determining the movie

The researcher looked for a suitable film to analyze, i.e. it should contain

sexual slangs.

2. Watching movie

After determining the film, the researcher watched it and analyzed the dialogue

in the film and the Indonesian subtitle.

3. Collecting the primary data

The researcher collected the primary data by selecting words, phrases, clauses,

or sentences in the film containing sexual slangs.

4. Encoding the primary data

After collecting the primary data, each datum was given number and code in

order to make it easier to analyze. The data codification was done as follows:

Dwain: How big are you hard? Kalau tegang seberapa besar? 01/A/10:49

a. 01 refers to the number of the datum

b. A refers to the side of the compact disc

c. 10:49 refers to the time of emergence of the datum (at minute 10 second

49)

5. Collecting the secondary data

The secondary data were obtained from the questionnaires which are in the

form of scores and comments given by the raters. 91

6. Analyzing the data

The data were analyzed to find out the effect of the translation strategies

toward the quality of the translation in terms of the accuracy and acceptability.

7. Classifying the data

From the result of the analysis, the data were put into classifications. Then,

each classification was calculated to get percentage.

8. Drawing conclusion

Based on the data analysis, the researcher drew some conclusions and proposed

some recommendations.

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

A. Introduction

This chapter presents the research finding of the study and the answers to the problem statements which are mentioned in the first chapter. Therefore, this chapter consists of three parts, they are: (1) Part one clarifies the types of the sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU and the Indonesian subtitle, (2) Part two deals with the translation strategy used by the translator to translate sexual slangs, and (3) Part three discusses about the effects of the translation strategy on the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

B. Research Finding

1. Types of Sexual Slangs

That there is only a small number of researches concerning about sexual slangs made the researcher find difficulties in classifying the data. After analyzing the sexual slangs found in the film, the researcher decided to put the sexual slangs into four categories based on what they refer to in the real world. They are: (1) sexual slangs referring to sexual organs, (2) sexual slangs referring to sexual processes, (3) sexual slangs referring to sexual activities, and (4) sexual slangs referring to people and their psychological characteristics.

Table 3

Types of Sexual Slangs found in the film

Percentage No Type of Sexual Slang Datum Number Total (%) Sexual slangs referring to 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 1 10 29.4% sexual organs 07, 09, 17, 26, 28 01, 13, 14, 15, 16, Sexual slangs referring to 2 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 12 35.3% sexual processes 30, 33 Sexual slangs referring to 08, 10, 11, 12, 23, 3 7 20.6% sexual activities 29, 34 Sexual slangs referring to people and their 4 19, 20, 22, 31, 32 5 14.7% psychological characteristics

1. Sexual slangs referring to sexual organs

The site of http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_organ gives the definition of sexual organs, which are also scientifically known as genitalia or genitals, as the parts of the body that allow sexual reproduction. Males and females have different sex organs. Sex organs belonging to males are penis, testicles, seminal vesicles, prostate, and Cowper’s glands. Meanwhile, female sex organs cover vagina, vulva, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. However, most sexual slangs found in this research refer to penis and vagina only.

Here are the examples of sexual slangs referring to sexual organs:

Example 1 Context of Situation Ramu is joining an audition in a production house. He hopes that he can be an actor in a film. Unfortunately, he goes to a wrong audition, because the audition he is joining now is held to find an actor to act in an adult (porn) movie, not like what he wants. Dwain, the director, asks him some questions about Ramu’s abilities at sex.

Dwain: No. Your Johnson. How big is your Johnson? Tidak. Johnson-mu. Berapa besar ukuran si Johnson? 02/A/10:54

Johnson is a sexual slang referring to penis. It is originally derived from a name of a person and it is usually used by old people as a euphemism for penis.

Younger people prefer to use the word dick instead of Johnson as they consider it is an old-fashioned slang. Dwain uses the word Johnson instead of penis since he does not directly want to mention the word penis in front of Ramu. He wants to minimize the expressive meaning of the word. From the dialogue above, it is also clear that we need to consider about the context of the situation first to understand the exact meaning of the word Johnson, instead of directly looking it up in a dictionary.

Example 2 Context of Situation Due to an appointment with his new client, Ramu wants to see Sharrona to get more knowledge about sex. He stalks behind Sharrona to persuade her to be his teacher of sex.

Sharrona: So the way I look at it is...my pussy is the door to my soul. Jadi menurutku…alat kelaminku adalah pintu ke jiwaku. 26/A/38:18

The site of http://www.slangsearch.com/female_sex.html gives three definitions for the slang pussy: (1) vagina, (2) a disparaging term for a woman, and (3) a man regarded as weak, timid, or unmanly. However, from the situational context of the film, we know that the word pussy here refers to the first definition since it is said by Sharrona when she is teaching sex to Ramu. She wants to emphasize that her vagina is the door to her soul.

There are 10 data embedded within this type as can be seen in the following table:

Table 4

Sexual slangs referring to sexual organs

No Datum Number Source Text Target Text 1 02 Johnson Johnson 2 03 Johnson Johnson 3 04 Johnson Johnson 4 05 wand tongkat 5 06 pork-sword pedang babi 6 07 baloney pony sosis 7 09 Mr. Happy Tn. Happy 8 17 pencil dick penis pensil 9 26 pussy alat kelamin 10 28 pussy alat kelamin

2. Sexual slangs referring to sexual processes

This classification covers the sexual slangs referring to sexual processes.

Sexual process here refers to a condition or process happening to males or females related to their sex organs. Below are the examples of the data:

Example 1 Context of Situation After knowing the truth from Peaches, Ramu continues his shooting. As the film director, Dwain explains the story of the film. During the shooting, Ramu finds many difficulties, especially when he cannot reach an erection. In fact, he has to reach it to be able to do a sexual intercourse with Sharrona, his partner in the movie. Consequently, she must repeat the dialogues and actions over and over due to Ramu’s failure.

Sharrona: We don’t have wood. Tidak bisa tegak. 13/A/16:09

Sharrona stops acting when she realizes that Ramu cannot achieve an erection of his penis. She thinks that it is useless of continuing her acting on the porn movie if her partner, Ramu, cannot make his penis erect. The site of 96

http://onlineslangdictionary.com/definition+of/wood states that wood is a slang meaning an erection or a term used on reference to penile erection. Since erection is a part of sexual process, then this datum is classified into this category. Besides wood, there are more sexual slangs referring to an erection, they are stiffy, boner, chubby, hard on, and jimber.

Example 2 Context of Situation Sharrona agrees to be Ramu’s teacher and they start their lesson of sex at Sharrona’s apartment.

Sharrona: When we come, we let go of our fears. Sewaktu orgasme, rasa takut itu hilang. 25/A/38:08

Another sexual process which can be found in the film is the process of orgasm. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2005 defines orgasm as the climax of sexual excitement, consisting of intense muscle tightening around the genital area experienced as a pleasurable wave of tingling sensations through parts of the body. The word come in the above dialogue is a sexual slang referring to the process of orgasm. The translator has made a perfect decision by translating the word come into the word orgasme. It proves that the translator can understand the context of situation well and does not make any mistranslation of the slang come. Besides come, orgasm can be expressed through other sexual slangs, such as big-O, climax, blast-off, cumming, etc.

There are 12 data embedded within this type, they are as following table:

Table 5

Sexual slangs referring to sexual processes

No Datum Number Source Text Target Text 1 01 hard tegang 2 13 wood tegak 3 14 wood keras 4 15 wood keras 5 16 wood keras 6 18 get hard keraskan 7 21 wood mengeras 8 24 can’t get it up tak bisa tegak 9 25 come orgasme 10 27 come orgasme 11 30 get it up tegak 12 33 get it up tegak

3. Sexual slangs referring to sexual activities

The site of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity states that human sexual activity refers to the manner in which humans experience and express their sexuality. Humans may do sexual activities which involve one person, such as masturbation, or two people, such as sexual intercourse, oral sex, or mutual masturbation to express their sexuality. Sexual activities also include activities which are intended to arousal the sexual interest of another, such as deep kissing in foreplay.

The examples of the data belonging to this classification are as follows:

Dwain: I must say, most guys come in here, they wax the dolphin. Kebanyakan pria yang datang ke sini, mereka hanya beronani. 08/A/12:27

Wax the dolphin is a sexual slang referring to male masturbation. The activity of masturbation which involves only one person can be put into sexual activity since it is done to gain a sexual gratification. Dwain uses the slang wax the dolphin to euphemize the word masturbate which is considered vulgar.

Unfortunately, Ramu, who newly arrives in America, does not know at all about this slang and it leads to a misunderstanding between them. There are some other sexual slangs to refer to male masturbation, they are beat the meat, beat the stick, buff the banana, charm the snake, do the pork sword jiggle, jack off, jerk off, etc.

Dwain You see her, you screw her, we go home. Kau melihatnya, bercinta, lalu kita pulang. 11/A/15:43 The word screw (as a verb) in the dialogue has nothing to do with the activity of tightening a screw (as a noun) onto something. It is a sexual slang for doing sexual intercourse involving at least two people. There are some synonyms for the word screw, such as: fornicate, procreate, jazz, hump, bank, bonk, drill, and rock.

There are 7 data embedded within this type, they are as follows:

Table 6

Sexual slangs referring to sexual activities

No Datum Number Source Text Target Text 1 08 wax the dolphin beronani 2 10 beating meat beronani 3 11 screw bercinta 4 12 screw gesek 5 23 screw bermain cinta 6 29 sucking face berciuman 7 34 swapping spit ciuman

4. Sexual slangs referring to people and their psychological characteristics

This classification refers to people and their psychological condition related to their sexuality both mentally and physically. The sexual slangs which can be found under this classification are usually used to label a person or people due to their performance or sex ability. The examples and the explanations of the data belonging to this classification are as follows:

Ramu: I promise, in India I’m a real stud. Sumpah, di India aku jantan betul. 19/A/17:14

Ramu cannot achieve an erection when the shooting is started. His reason of his failure is that he is not accustomed to have a sexual intercourse while there is a crowd around him. Despite of his failure, he keeps convincing Sharrona that he is a real stud when he was in India. The site of www.sex-lexis.com gives two 100

definitions of the slang stud: (1) a sexually active man, especially one whose masculinity is proven through many sexual conquests, and (2) a man regarded as a prodigious sex partner or one possessing great sexual prowess. From the two definitions, it is clear that the slang stud is usually used to label a man who is good at sex (he is able to reach an erection in order to have a sexual intercourse).

Example 2 Context of Situation Ramu goes home after Rusty reaches Sharrona’s apartment. When he has been at home, he finds his friends watching porn movie in which Sharrona acts on it.

Sanjiv: For Punjabi poontang, press two... Untuk cewek Punjabi, tekan dua… 31/B/06:26

When Sanjiv answers the incoming phone call, he uses the slang poontang to greet the person in the other line. The slang poontang means a woman (or women collectively) regarded as a sex-object or sex partner (www.sex-lexis.com).

The meaning of the slang poontang is similar to hooker, whore, or slut meaning a woman who has no discrimination in choosing a sex partner (promiscuous).

There are 5 data embedded within this type, they are as follows:

Table 7

Sexual slangs referring to people and their psychological characteristics

No Datum Number Source Text Target Text 1 19 stud jantan 2 20 perv makhluk aneh 3 22 perv makhluk aneh 4 31 poontang cewek 5 32 hooker pelacur

101

2. The Analysis of Strategies used in Sexual Slangs Translation

This part describes the translation strategies used by the translator to translate sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU. To analyze them, Mona

Baker’s strategies are used here. It is found four translation strategies to translate sexual slangs in the film. They are as follows:

Table 8

Translation Strategies found in the film THE GURU

Percentage NO Translation Strategy Datum Number Total (%) Translation using word or 01, 08, 10, 17, 18, 1 phrase of similar referential 25, 27, 32 8 23.5 and expressive meaning Translation using word or 05, 06, 07, 11, 13, phrase of similar referential 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 19 55.9 2 but dissimilar expressive 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, meaning 30, 31, 33, 34 Translation using word or 12, 20, 22 phrase of dissimilar 3 8.8 3 referential and expressive meaning 4 Translation using loan word 02, 03, 04, 09 4 11.8 TOTAL 34 100

1. Translation using word or phrase of similar referential meaning and

expressive meaning.

The translator used this kind of strategy to find out a word or a phrase which

has the same referential and expressive meaning in both of the ST and the

TT. The referential meaning should refer to the same thing in the real world

and the expressive meaning should describe the psychological condition of

the speaker at that time.

Here are some examples of the data which are translated using this kind of

strategy: 102

Dwain: And you’ve basically been in the bushes beating your meat your whole life. Dan kau sudah lama di semak beronani sepanjang hidupmu! 10/A/14:36

The site of www.urbandictionary.com states that beating meat is one of sexual slang expressions used to describe the action of masturbating or jerking off and it is done to get off or pleasure. Ramu plays as a native living in a remote island. He never does a sexual intercourse with a girl before, so that he can only beat his meat in the bushes whole of his life to get a sexual satisfaction. The phrase beating meat is translated into beronani. Both of the ST and TT have the same referential and expressive meaning.

Example 2 Context of Situation After being rich, Ramu and his friends move to a new house. There, Lexi and Vijay are debating about the proceeds of every Guru of Sex T-shirt sold.

Vijay: You smell like a Bombay hooker. Baumu seperti pelacur Bombay. 32/B/22:45

An offensive term for a prostitute (slang) is the definition of hooker given by Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2005. The word hooker is translated into pelacur in Indonesian. Here, the translation has the same referential and expressive meaning in a way that they refer to the same thing 103

in the real world which is a woman prostitute or a woman paid for sexual

intercourse. The choice of the word pelacur in the TT exactly fulfills the

expressive meaning of the translation. It will be less expressive if the word

pelacur is translated into wanita nakal, wanita tuna susila, or kupu-kupu

malam.

There are 8 data of sexual slangs translated using this strategy. Table 9

below shows the detail of the data belonging to the classification.

Table 9

Translation using words or phrases of similar referential

and expressive meaning

Type of sexual slangs Datum No ST TT (referring to) Number 1 sexual organ 17 pencil dick penis pensil 2 01 hard tegang 3 18 get hard keraskan sexual process 4 25 come orgasme 5 27 come orgasme 6 08 wax the dolphin beronani sexual activity 7 10 beating meat beronani people and their 8 32 hooker pelacur psychological characteristics

2. Translation using word or phrase of similar referential meaning and

dissimilar expressive meaning.

Dissimilar expressive meaning can refer to either more expressive or less

expressive meaning. However, the researcher found that dissimilar

expressive meaning in this film deals with finding equivalent words or

phrases which are considered less expressive in the TT. This is due to the 104

cultures and social norms existing in the TT’s society which forbid them to do or to speak something obscene, vulgar, or taboo in a public conversation.

Therefore, the translator should make appropriate choices of words which still refer to something in the real world and at the same time, they should also be less expressive. The translator may not entirely abandon the referential meaning of the ST when rendering it into the TT, although s/he is permitted to look for equivalent words or phrases which are considered less expressive. This is in line with Baker’s opinion who says “words which contribute solely to expressive meaning can be removed from an utterance without affecting its information content” (Baker, 1992:14).

Here are some examples of the data which are translated using this kind of strategy:

Dwain: You see her, you screw her, we go home. Kau melihatnya, bercinta, lalu kita pulang. 11/A/15:43

From the above example, we know that screw is translated into bercinta. The translator chose the word bercinta in order to euphemize the expressive meaning of the word screw. The previous explanation has defined the word screw as one of sexual slangs which means doing or having a sexual intercourse. Meanwhile, the word bercinta in the TT means 105

to fall in love with somebody (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 1995:190).

In addition, the word bercinta in the TT’s culture does not always mean to have a sexual intercourse. Therefore, it can be said that the word screw is more vulgar and expressive than the word bercinta. The word bercinta is probably chosen by the translator to solve the problem of acceptability of the TT’s society. Actually, the word bersetubuh or berhubungan intim are more accurate and have the same level of expressiveness as the word screw.

Sharrona: So the way I look at it is...my pussy is the door to my soul. Jadi menurutku…alat kelaminku adalah pintu ke jiwaku. 26/A/38:18

This example also shows us the euphemism used by the translator.

The word pussy is translated into the phrase alat kelamin which has less expressive meaning than pussy. Sharrona explains Ramu that her pussy is the door to her soul. The word pussy which is one of the sexual slangs for vagina has more vulgar and stronger degree of expressiveness than the phrase alat kelamin which actually can refer to both vagina and penis. Here, the translation is not really accurate, but this choice of word is made considering the acceptability aspect of the translation. It will be so impolite and rude to use the word vagina in the TT’s society.

Some data were translated using its superordinates (more general word) to make the translation less expressive. For example, the word pussy which belongs to sexual slang referring to sexual organ is translated using 106

its superordinate, alat kelamin. Actually, alat kelamin can refer to both penis and vagina in the TT. However, the alat kelamin which is being referred in this dialogue is so clear since the target audiences surely know that Sharrona is a woman. The translator has done a good step by using the phrase alat kelamin to replace the slang pussy in a way that it will not create confusion for the target audiences and that alat kelamin is less expressive than pussy. Another example is the slang poontang referring to people and their psychological characteristics is translated into cewek in the TT. On the one hand, it is a right step chosen by the translator as it sounds less expressive for the target audiences and it does not break any social norms in the TT’s society. However, on the other hand, the translation is considered to be less accurate since there is a deletion of the message in the source text when it is rendered into the TT. The word cewek (a girl or woman) cannot deliver the same message of the slang poontang meaning a woman prostitute. An addition after the word cewek is needed to make the translation more accurate, i.e. tuna susila. Besides pussy and poontang, the slangs stud, sucking face, and swapping of spit are also translated using their superordinates.

There are 19 data under this strategy as can be seen in the following table:

107

Table 10

Translation using words or phrases of similar referential

but dissimilar expressive meaning

Type of sexual slangs Datum No ST TT (referring to) Number 1 05 wand tongkat 2 06 pork-sword pedang babi 3 sexual organ 07 baloney pony sosis 4 26 pussy alat kelamin 5 28 pussy alat kelamin 6 13 wood tegak 7 14 wood keras 8 15 wood keras 9 16 wood keras sexual process 10 21 wood mengeras 11 24 can’t get it up tak bisa tegak 12 30 get it up tegak 13 33 get it up tegak 14 11 screw bercinta 15 23 screw bermain cinta 16 sexual activity 29 sucking face berciuman swapping of 17 34 ciuman spit 18 people and their 19 stud jantan 19 psychological characteristics 31 poontang cewek

3. Translating using word or phrase of dissimilar referential meaning and

expressive meaning.

Dissimilar referential meaning here means that the equivalence the translator

tried to find does not refer to the same thing in the real world. Meanwhile,

dissimilar expressive meaning in this strategy has to deal with finding an

equivalence which is considered less expressive in the TT due to the problem

of cultural acceptability of the target audiences. In relation to less expressive

meaning, the equivalences found under this strategy cannot deliver the 108

psychological condition or the emotion of the speaker. The words or phrases found under this strategy are translated freely by the translator.

Here are some examples of the data which are translated using this kind of strategy:

Ramu: Skip. Screw. Happy. Got it. Lompat. Gesek. Senang. Aku mengerti. 12/A/15:50

Screw is a sexual slang which means having a sexual intercourse and it is translated into gesek which means to rub something on a surface. From this example, it is clear that the translation does not refer to the same thing and it also cannot deliver the expressive meaning. Therefore, it can be said that the translation is inaccurate. “When the translation is described as ‘inaccurate’, it is often the propositional meaning that is being called into question” (Baker

1992: 13). In addition, there is also a sexual activity called petting which is done by repeatedly rubbing penis onto vagina to get a sexual pleasure. Petting is usually done as foreplay (erotic stimulation preceding sexual intercourse) and it may or may not lead to sex. Kissing passionately, hugging tightly, fondling aggressively, or touching lightly the body are some activities that may occur during petting (www.sex-lexis.com). The translator probably does 109

not want to be so vulgar, so s/he euphemized the word screw and chose the word gesek since gesek can also be found in a sexual activity.

Sharrona: I mean, the universe isn’t run by some big old perv. Maksudku, semesta tidak mungkin dijalankan oleh makhluk aneh 20/A/17:36 The site of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervert states that the word perversion sometimes occurs in abbreviated slang form as “perv” and used as a verb meaning “to act like a pervert”. While the site of www.urbandictionary.com gives the definition of perv as a person who displays behavior suggesting a sexual obsession. In line with the definition, the site of www.sex-lexis.com adds that perv is used as a derogatory name for a man who thinks of little but sex; or a promiscuous male. To conclude, perv is a sexual slang referring to a person (man) who always thinks nothing but sex or have a sexual intercourse with no indiscriminate choice of partners.

Meanwhile, the translation of perv in Indonesian, which is mahkluk aneh

(weird creature), cannot deliver the expressiveness of the word perv and it also does not refer to the same thing in the TT. Perv obviously refers to a human, while makhluk in Indonesian refers to creatures created by God, they are humans, plants, and animals. Therefore, it is not clear which creature is actually being referred. Moreover, the decision made by the translator of choosing the word aneh is not appropriate. Aneh is too general to describe a 110

man who is sexually obsessed. In other words, the translation is inaccurate

and not readable, since the prepositional meaning of the ST and TT does not

refer to the same thing and the audiences do not get clear explanation of the

word perv. Maniak seks can be offered as one of equivalent phrases to make

the translation accurate and readable.

There are 3 data translated using this strategy, they are as follows:

Table 11

Translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential

and expressive meaning

Type of sexual slangs Datum No ST TT (referring to) Number 1 sexual activity 12 screw gesek 2 people and their 20 perv makhluk aneh 3 psychological characteristics 22 perv makhluk aneh

4. Translation using loan word

This strategy borrows the word in the ST and then uses the borrowed word

into the TT. “A word is borrowed from one language and incorporated into

another” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_word). Baker states that loan

word strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items,

modern concepts, and buzz word (1992: 34).

Here are some examples of the data which are translated using this kind of

strategy:

111

movie, not like what he wants. Dwain, the director, asks him some questions about Ramu’s abilities at sex.

Dwain: No. Your Johnson. How big is your Johnson? Tidak. Johnson-mu. Berapa besar ukuran si Johnson? 02/A/10:54

For audiences who do not know the real meaning of the word

Johnson, they will not get the point of the above conversation. Johnson, here, is a sexual slang for penis and usually used by the American

(www.sex-lexis.com). Similar to dick, Johnson is derived from a name of person; the difference is on the user of the two words. Teenagers tend to use the word dick instead of Johnson as they think Johnson is an old-fashioned slang and often used by adult people. As time goes by, the sexual slang

Johnson is used widely and can be used not only in the form of a single word (Johnson), but also in the form of phrases (some names of person using last name “Johnson”). Each name has a sexual different meaning from others and some of them are formed based on the similar pronunciation of the sentences the speakers want to express, but others do not have any connection with the pronunciation. The names are called

Johnson family and here are the members of Johnson family and the meaning of each name: a. Anita Johnson means “I need a Johnson”. It means a woman who needs

to get laid (sexual intercourse) really bad. b. Annie Johnson means “any Johnson”. It indicates that the speaker will

take any Johnson s/he will get. 112

c. Emma Johnson means “I am a Johnson”. It implicates that the speaker is

a “woman” who is really a man, or in other words, she is a transvestite. d. Harry Johnson means hairy Johnson. It refers to a man who does not

trim his bush. e. Johnson and Johnson. This slang has two meanings depending on the

context. The first meaning is that there are two guys (men) looking for a

woman to have a sexual intercourse, and the second meaning is that both

of the two guys (men) are gay or homosexual. f. Lisa Johnson means “lease a Johnson”. It means a woman hiring a male

prostitute or a gigolo. g. Max Johnson. It means a huge penis or a man who has a big penis. h. Sarah Johnson means “is there Johnson (around here)?” It means a

woman hunting for a penis (she wants to have a sexual intercourse with a

man). i. Sharon Johnson means “sharing” Johnson. It means a woman who likes

to have more than one penis in her at the same time. Sharon Johnson has

two alias names; they are Sharon Cox and Sharon Peters.

(The data are taken from www.urbandictionary.com)

Borrowing the word Johnson and using it into the TT make the

translation not readable since the audiences will not understand what the

word Johnson means. The addition of the words penis or kemaluan after

the word Johnson will make the translation readable.

Example 2 Context of Situation Ramu starts his first shooting of his film. Peaches, the make up girl (actually, she is a transvestite) is with him in the make up room. Suddenly, 113

she touches Ramu’s penis and it makes Ramu get mad. Here, Peaches tells him what film Ramu will act in.

Peaches: Giving Mr. Happy a shine. Menghangatkan Tn. Happy. 09/A/13:42

Those who do not know the real meaning of Mr. Happy will probably consider the meaning of Mr. Happy as a man (adult) named Happy, or a man who always be happy with his life. Their understanding may not suit with the situation in the film they are watching, and eventually they will not understand what it is going on the movie. However, this will not happen if they realize that Mr. Happy is a sexual slang which refers to penis. The translator kept the word Happy and only translated Mr. (stands for mister) into Tn. (stands for Tuan). Both Mr. and Tn. are addressing forms used to address a man. The translation above is accurate in meaning, acceptable in our culture, but unfortunately it is not readable to the target audiences. This is because not all Indonesian people speak English and know about sexual slangs. It will be more readable if the translation is added with penis or kemaluan.

The common phenomenon that can be seen after observing the data is that all of the sexual slangs which are translated under this strategy refer to sexual organ (penis). It indicates that the target text lacks of sexual slang vocabulary to refer to sexual organ and probably other types of sexual slangs. The TT’s cultures and social norms may contribute to this problem as they are so sensitive to problems which are considered to be vulgar, obscene, and taboo. 114

There are 4 data translated using this strategy. They are as can be seen

in the following table

Table 12

Translation using loan words

Type of sexual slangs Datum No ST TT (referring to) Number 1 02 Johnson Johnson 2 03 Johnson Johnson sexual organ 3 04 Johnson Johnson 4 09 Mr. Happy Tn. Happy

3. The Accuracy and Acceptability of Sexual Slangs Translation

Three raters have assessed the accuracy and acceptability of the sexual

slangs translation. They were given a questionnaire which is in the form of

closed and open format. This type of questionnaire enables them to rate the

accuracy and acceptability of the translation by giving score on it based on

the scale which has been determined before. It is also possible for them to

give comment or reason why they assess so.

1. The Accuracy of Sexual Slangs Translation

The questionnaire to assess the accuracy of sexual slangs translation uses

the scale and the definition as follows:

Scale Level Description The message of the source language is accurately 3 Accurate conveyed into the target language. The intention of the speaker of using the slang can be rendered well. The message of the source language is not so accurately 2 Less Accurate conveyed into the target language. The intention of the speaker of using the slang is not really rendered well. The message of the source language is not accurately conveyed to the target language or it can be that the 1 Inaccurate source text is not translated at all into the target text, i.e. it is omitted or deleted. 115

The three questionnaires were taken back from the three raters after they have finished assessing them. After that, calculation was done based on the score given by the three raters and finally put them into table. The formula to calculate the mean of the accuracy of sexual slangs translation is presented below:

Mean = Rater 1 + Rater 2 + Rater 3 3

Meanwhile, to get the average and total mean of the accuracy of sexual slangs translation, the formula below is used:

Average = total mean total data

After a detail calculation, the data were classified into three categories as shown below:

Classification A : The sexual slangs translation is accurate. It contains

data with the range from 2.5 to 3.0

Classification B: The sexual slangs translation is less accurate. It

contains data with the range from 1.6 to 2.4

Classification C: The sexual slangs translation is inaccurate. It contains

data with the range from 1.0 to 1.5

116

Table 13

Classification of the Sexual Slangs Translation

Classification Datum Number Total Percentage 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, A 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, (accurate) 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 28 82.4% 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34 B 06, 23, 31 3 8.8% (less accurate) C 12, 20, 22 3 8.8% (inaccurate) TOTAL 34 100%

From the above table, we can see that 28 data (82.4%) are translated

accurately into the target language, 3 data (8.8%) are translated less

accurately, and 3 data (8.8%) are translated inaccurately into the target

language.

The average scale for the accuracy of the sexual slangs translation is

2.67. It means that most sexual slangs in the film THE GURU are

accurately translated into the target language according to the raters’

assessment.

1.1. Classification A

This classification contains 28 data (82.4%) which are translated

accurately into the target language. The definition of accurate here is

that the translation can convey the message in the source text into the

target text well. Three examples of the data belonging to this

classification are as follows:

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Dwain: How big are you hard? Kalau tegang seberapa besar? 01/A/10:49

The word hard is translated accurately into the word tegang.

There are some definitions for the word hard in English, but by looking at the situational context existing in the film, we can conclude that the word hard here describes a condition of a penis when it is erecting. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2005 gives the definition of the word hard as not easily bent: firm, stiff, or rigid and not easily cut, pierced, or bent. The word tegang in the target text can express the same message of the word hard from the source text, so it can be said that the translation is accurate.

Peaches: I’m more woman than you’ll ever have, pencil dick. Aku lebih wanita dari yang kau bisa, penis pensil. 17/A/16:27 118

When the cameraman reveals Peaches’ true identity, she insults him by saying that he is a pencil dick. The site of www.sex- lexis.com gives the definition of the slang pencil dick as a small penis or a man whose penis is small. The slang pencil dick is translated literally into penis pensil in Indonesian. The translation is considered to be accurate since the message of the source text can be preserved well into the target text.

Example 3 Context of Situation Father Flamagan is holding a wedding ceremony of Sharrona and Rusty in the church. Suddenly, Ramu and Vijay enter the church followed by Randy. Both Ramu and Randy are explaining their own objection toward the wedding ceremony. Dwain, the director of porn movie, also comes to the ceremony.

Father Flamagan: Well, enough of this swapping of spit. Baiklah, sudah cukup ciumannya! 34/B/37:28

Ramu and Sharrona are so happy then they kiss each other passionately in the church. Father Flamagan asks them to stop the swapping of spit and then celebrate the happy moment. Matt and

Leela Probert state that swap spit is American slang for kiss, particularly deep kissing (http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com).

The slang swapping of spit is then translated into ciuman in the TT.

The translation is accurate since both the source text and target text contain the same message. Besides swap spit, there are other sexual slangs for deep kissing. They are snog, tonsil-tennis, snogging, pashing, making out, sucking face, smooching, and (in) a lip-lock.

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1.2. Classification B

This classification contains 3 data (8.8%) which are translated less

accurately into the target language. Here are the examples of the data

belonging to this classification:

Example 1 Context of Situation Ramu goes home after Rusty reaches Sharrona’s apartment. When he has been at home, he finds his friends watching porn movie which Sharrona acts on it.

Sanjiv: For Punjabi poontang, press two... Untuk cewek Punjabi, tekan dua… 31/B/06:26

The word poontang is a sexual slang which has three different

meanings depending on the context of situation. The site of

www.sex-lexis.com describes poontang as (1) the female genital or

vagina, (2) a woman (or women collectively) regarded as a sex-

object or sex partner, and (3) sex and fornication (sexual intercourse

with a woman). The most appropriate definition of poontang based

on the situational context of the dialogue above is the second

definition which is a woman regarded as a sex object or sex partner.

Meanwhile, the word poontang in the above conversation is

translated into cewek (woman) in the target text which in this case

cannot totally express the real meaning of the word poontang. The

word cewek in Indonesia does not refer to a woman prostitute or

sexual partner, but it refers only to a girl or a woman. Therefore, it

can be said that the translation is less accurate. The word pelacur can

be used to replace cewek to make the translation more accurate. 120

Example 2 Context of Situation Ramu is joining an audition in a production house. He hopes that he can be an actor in a film. Unfortunately, he goes to a wrong audition, because the audition he is joining now is held to find an actor to act in an adult (porn) movie, not like what he wants. Dwain, the director, asks him some questions about Ramu’s abilities at sex.

Dwain: Your wand. Your pork-sword. Your baloney pony. Tongkatmu. Pedang babi-mu. Sosismu. 06/A/11:00

The site of http://www.slang-dictionary.com/definition/pork- sword.html states that the slang pork sword is a term referring to the penis and is used particularly by American college students on the same lines as mutton dagger or beef bayonet. The translator translated literally the slang pork sword into pedang babi in the target text. The translation is considered to be less accurate and it will be more accurate if the word babi is omitted, so the translation will only be pedang.

Example 3 Context of Situation Ramu tells his experience to Vijay while walking downtown. Vijay persuades Ramu to act like a guru of sex and earn some money from that profession.

Vijay: These guru-types don't just put on turbans and screw chicks. Guru seperti itu tidak memakai surban dan bermain cinta. 23/A/31:33

Vijay is having a conversation with Ramu in a street. They are talking about Deepak Chopra, a man who is well-known as an Indian motivator. Vijay explains that Deepak Chopra is famous for his wisdoms and wise words to pursuit a prosperous and wealthy life. 121

Vijay wants to emphasize that what Deepak Chopra has done is

really different from Ramu (of being a fake guru of sex and having a

sexual intercourse with Lexi). The slang screw meaning having a

sexual intercourse is translated into bermain cinta in the target text.

The translation is considered to be less accurate since bermain cinta

cannot deliver the same message of the source text (screw). It will be

more accurate if the word screw is translated into bersetubuh or

berhubungan intim,

1.3. Classification C

This classification contains 3 data (8.8%) which are translated

inaccurately into the target language. The definition of inaccurate here

is that the translation cannot convey the message in the source text

into the target text well due to mistranslation done by the translator.

Two examples of the data belonging to this classification are as

follows:

Ramu: Skip. Screw. Happy. Got it. Lompat. Gesek. Senang. Aku mengerti. 12/A/15:50

The word screw in the dialogue above is a sexual slang which

means doing or having a sexual intercourse with, but the translator 122

translated it into gesek (to rub something on a surface). The translation cannot express the message that the speaker wants to express, so it can be concluded that the translation is inaccurate. The translation will be more accurate if the word screw is translated into bersetubuh or berhubungan intim.

Example 2 Context of Situation Mrs. Von Austerberg celebrates Lexi’s birthday by holding an Indian feast in her house. Lexi is her daughter who is really interested in spirituality. Therefore, Mrs. Von Austenberg asks Rasphal to find a Swami Bu (someone who has expertise at religiosity in India) to be the speaker in the party. Unluckily, the Swami is drunk and collapsed before he tells his wisdoms. To save the party, Rasphal asks Ramu to be the Swami and tell his wisdoms in front of the audiences.

Ramu:

Because the universe isn’t run by a big old perv. Karena semesta tidak dijalankan oleh makhluk aneh. 22/A/23:41

The site of www.urbandictionary.com gives the definition of perv as a person who displays behavior suggesting a sexual obsession.

While the site of www.sex-lexis.com adds that perv is used as a derogatory name for a man who thinks of little but sex; or a promiscuous male. The slang perv is translated into makhluk aneh

(weird creature) in the target text. The translation is considered to be inaccurate since perv and mahkluk aneh refer to different things in the real world. Mahkluk aneh is too general to refer to perv and it cannot deliver the same message as perv. Maniak seks can be offered to make the translation more accurate.

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2. The Acceptability of Sexual Slangs Translation

The questionnaire to assess the acceptability of sexual slangs translation

uses the scale and the definition as follows:

Scale Level Description

The translation is culturally acceptable, sounds natural 3 Acceptable and almost does not feel like a translation. There are no problems with the choice of lexical items.

The translation is not so culturally acceptable and 2 Less Acceptable sounds clumsy. There are problems with the choice of lexical items The translation is culturally forbidden, extremely 1 Unacceptable sounds like a translation and is extremely clumsy or is not translated.

After a detail calculation, the data were classified into three categories as

shown below:

Classification A : The sexual slangs translation is acceptable. It contains

data with the range from 2.5 to 3.0

Classification B: The sexual slangs translation is less acceptable. It

contains data with the range from 1.6 to 2.4

Classification C: The sexual slangs translation is unacceptable. It

contains data with the range from 1.0 to 1.5

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Table 14

Classification of the Sexual Slangs Translation

Percentage Classification Datum Number Total (100%) 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 07, 08, 10, 11, 13, A 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 27 79.4% (acceptable) 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34 B 06, 09, 12, 17, 20, 7 20.6% (less acceptable) 22, 31 C - - - (unacceptable) TOTAL 34 100%

From the above table, we can see that 27 data (79.4%) are

acceptable, 7 data (20.6%) are less acceptable, and none of the data is

unacceptable.

The average scale for the acceptability of the sexual slangs

translation is 2.77. It means that most sexual slangs in the film THE

GURU are acceptably translated into the target language according to the

raters’ assessment.

2.1. Classification A

The data belonging to this classification are those which are

culturally acceptable, sound natural, and almost do not feel like a

translation. There are 27 data (79.4%) found in the film. Here are the

examples of the data belonging to this classification:

Example 1 Context of Situation Sharrona agrees to be Ramu’s teacher and they start their lesson of sex at Sharrona’s apartment.

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Sharrona: So the way I look at it is...my pussy is the door to my soul. Jadi menurutku…alat kelaminku adalah pintu ke jiwaku. 26/A/38:18

The word pussy which is a sexual slang for woman’s sexual organ is translated into alat kelamin in the target text. All three raters gave score 3 for this datum. It means that they agree to say this translation is acceptable. The translator chose alat kelamin instead of vagina to avoid the expressive meaning of the word pussy (in order to make it acceptable in the target audiences), although actually alat kelamin can refer both to man’s sexual organ and woman’s sexual organ in the target text. However, it will not make the audiences confused which sexual organ that is being discussed, because they exactly know that it is Sharrona (a woman) who is speaking in the scene.

Dwain: Your wand. Your pork-sword. Your baloney pony. Tongkatmu. Pedang babi-mu. Sosismu. 05/A/10:59

Wand is a sexual slang meaning penis. The slang wand is then translated into tongkat in the target text. The translation is acceptable for the target audiences since tongkat is sometimes used to refer to the penis in the target language. The slang wand and the word 126

tongkat are usually used to refer to penis because they probably have

the similar shape to an erect penis which is thin and long.

Example 3 Context of Situation After knowing the truth from Peaches, Ramu continues his shooting. As the film director, Dwain explains the story of the film. During the shooting, Ramu finds many difficulties, especially when he cannot reach an erection. In fact, he has to reach it to be able to do a sexual intercourse with Sharrona, his partner in the movie. Consequently, she must repeat the dialogues and actions over and over due to Ramu’s failure.

Dwain: And you’ve basically been in the bushes beating your meat your whole life. Dan kau sudah lama di semak beronani sepanjang hidupmu. 10/A/14:36

Beating meat is a sexual slang referring to male masturbation.

The slang is then translated into beronani in the target text. The word

beronani in the target text is actually loaned from the word onanism

(English) and then is naturalized into onani in Indonesian. The

translation is considered to be acceptable since the target audiences

will not find any difficulties to catch the meaning of the word

beronani.

2.2. Classification B

The data belonging to this classification are those which are

translated not so culturally acceptable (less acceptable). There are 7

data (20.6%) in this classification. Below are three examples of the

data belonging to this classification:

Example 1 Context of Situation Ramu is joining an audition in a production house. He hopes that he can be an actor in a film. Unfortunately, he goes to a wrong audition, 127

because the audition he is joining now is held to find an actor to act in an adult (porn) movie, not like what he wants. Dwain, the director, asks him some questions about Ramu’s abilities at sex.

Dwain: Your wand. Your pork-sword. Your baloney pony. Tongkatmu. Pedang babi-mu. Sosismu. 06/A/11:00

Pork-sword is translated lexically into pedang babi in the

dialogue above. Actually, the slang pork-sword refers to man’s

sexual organ which is a penis. The choice of the phrase pedang babi

in the TT is not so acceptable and it sounds clumsy, because it is not

common to use pedang babi to refer to a penis in Indonesia. It will

be more acceptable if the word babi in the TT is eliminated, so the

translation will be just pedang, considering the similar shape of an

erected penis and a sword (pedang). As another option, if the

translator wants to preserve the body part of an animal, the word

torpedo can also be used to refer to a penis.

Peaches: I’m more woman than you’ll ever have, pencil dick. Aku lebih wanita dari yang kau bisa, penis pensil. 17/A/16:27

Pencil dick is a sexual slang meaning a small penis or a man

whose penis is small. The translator translated literally the slang 128

pencil dick into penis pensil in the target text. The translation is

considered to be less acceptable in a way that Indonesian will not use

the term penis pensil to refer to a small penis. It will probably create

problems for some target audiences. The translation will be more

acceptable if the slang pencil dick is translated into penis kecil.

Example 3 Context of Situation Ramu starts his first shooting of his film. Peaches, the make up girl (actually, she is a transvestite) is with him in the make up room. Suddenly, she touches Ramu’s penis and it makes Ramu get mad. Here, Peaches tells him what film Ramu will act.

Peaches: Giving Mr. Happy a shine. Menghangatkan Tn. Happy. 09/A/13:42

Mr. Happy which is a sexual slang referring to penis is then

translated into Tn. Happy in the target text. The translator used loan

word strategy by maintain the word Happy and converting the word

Mr. (mister) into Tn. (tuan). The translation is considered to be less

acceptable since it may sound unnatural for some target audiences,

especially those who do not speak English. To make the translation

more acceptable, the translator can directly convert Mr. Happy into

penis or if s/he wants to maintain the phrase Tn. Happy, s/he can add

additional explanation in a parenthesis after the phrase Tn. Happy,

i.e. kemaluan or alat kelamin.

2.3. Classification C

This classification should contain a datum (or data) regarded as an

unacceptable translation. We can put the datum (or data) in this 129

classification if the translation is culturally forbidden, extremely

sounds like a translation and is extremely clumsy or is not translated.

There is no data belonging to this classification after a detail

calculation of the scores given by the three raters.

C. Discussion

This part deals with the explanation of the research finding in order to answer the problem statements in the first chapter. There are three problem statements in this research: (1) the types of sexual slangs found in the film THE

GURU, (2) the translation strategies used by the translator to translate sexual slangs, (3) the effects of the strategies on the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

1. The Types of Sexual Slangs

There are four types of sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU. The

type of the sexual slangs was determined based on what they refer. They are:

(1) sexual slangs referring to sexual organs, (2) sexual slangs referring to

sexual processes, (3) sexual slangs referring to sexual activities, and (4) sexual

slangs referring to people and their psychological characteristics.

2. The Translation Strategies to translate Sexual Slangs

There are four translation strategies, proposed by Mona Baker, found in

the film. They are as follows:

(1) Translation using words or phrases of similar referential and expressive

meaning. It covers 8 data or 23.5% from all of the data. 130

(2) Translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar

expressive meaning. It covers 19 data or 55.9% from all of the data.

(3) Translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive

meaning. It covers 3 data or 8.8% from all of the data.

(4) Translation using loan words. It covers 4 data or 8.8% from all of the data.

From the data above, translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning is the most common strategy used to translate sexual slangs in the film THE GURU. Dissimilar expressive meaning here refers to finding the equivalences of the source text in the target text which is considered to be less expressive. There are 19 data or 55.9%

(more than a half of the total data) which are translated using this strategy. It can be concluded that the translator is really aware of the culture of the target language, since s/he really considers the cultural acceptability of the target audiences. Words or phrases which are considered too vulgar, obscene, or even taboo in the target language are euphemized by the translator, so that the translation will sound politer and more appropriate in the target language. This kind of strategy tends to reduce or even drop the expressive meaning of the source language for the sake of cultural acceptability of the target language.

Rendering the sexual slangs into its superordinates is a step taken by the translator to lessen the expressive meaning of the source text.

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3. The effects of the translation strategies on the quality of translation in

terms of accuracy and acceptability

(1) The accuracy of sexual slangs translation

From the previous explanation, it is known that the sexual slangs

translation in the film THE GURU is accurate. Below is Table 15 showing

the translation strategies and the accuracy level of the sexual slangs

translation.

(See Table 15 on the next page)

Table 15

Translation Strategies and the Level of Accuracy

Types of sexual slangs Datum Level of Percentage NO Translation Strategy ST TT (referring to) Number Accuracy (%) sexual organ 17 pencil dick penis pensil Translation using words or 01 hard tegang phrases of similar referential 18 get hard keraskan sexual process and expressive meaning 25 come orgasme 27 come orgasme wax the Accurate 08 beronani 1 sexual activity dolphin 100% (8 data or 23.5% from the total 10 beating meat beronani Accurate 34 data) people and their psychological 32 hooker pelacur characteristics - - - - Less Accurate - - - - Inaccurate 05 wand tongkat Accurate Translation using words or 06 pork-sword pedang babi Less Accurate phrases of similar referential sexual organ 07 baloney pony sosis but dissimilar expressive 26 pussy alat kelamin meaning 28 pussy alat kelamin 2 13 wood tegak Accurate 84.2% 14 wood keras Accurate (19 data or 55.9% from the sexual process 15 wood keras 80

total 34 data) 16 wood keras 21 wood mengeras 24 can’t get it up tak bisa tegak 30 get it up tegak

33 get it up tegak

11 screw bercinta 23 screw bermain cinta Less Accurate sexual activity 29 sucking face berciuman swapping of 34 ciuman spit Accurate people and their 19 stud jantan psychological 15.8% characteristics 31 poontang cewek Less Accurate Less - - - - Inaccurate Accurate Translation using words or - - - - Accurate phrases of dissimilar - - - - Less Accurate referential and expressive sexual activity 12 screw gesek 100% 3 meaning people and their 20 perv makhluk aneh Inaccurate Inaccurate (3 data or 8.8% from the total psychological 22 perv makhluk aneh 34 data) characteristics 02 Johnson Johnson Translation using loan words 03 Johnson Johnson sexual organ Accurate 04 Johnson Johnson 100% 4 (4 data or 11.8% from the total 09 Mr. Happy Tn. Happy Accurate 34 data) - - - - Less Accurate - - - - Inaccurate 81

Table 15 clearly describes the effects of each strategy on the accuracy

of the sexual slangs translation. As can be seen, translation using words or

phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning is the most

dominating strategy used by the translator. This strategy was used to

translate 19 data of the total 34 data (55.9%) in which 16 data (84.2%) are

considered to be accurate translation, and 3 data (15.8%) are considered to

be less accurate. None of the data is considered to be inaccurate within this

strategy.

Meanwhile, 8 data (23.5%) were translated using words or phrases of

similar referential and expressive meaning. All of the data within this

strategy are considered to be accurate translation (100%). The same

phenomenon can also be found in the loan words strategy. There are 4 data

(11.8%) which are translated using this strategy and all of them are

considered to be accurate translation (100%).

The table also shows us that translation using words or phrases of

dissimilar referential and expressive meaning only covers 3 data (8.8%) of

the total 34 data and all of the data are considered to be inaccurate

translation (100%)

(2) The acceptability of sexual slangs translation

The previous explanation also tells us that the sexual slangs translation in

the film THE GURU is acceptable. Below is Table 16 showing the

translation strategies and the acceptability level of the sexual slangs

translation.

Table 16

Translation Strategies and the Level of Acceptability

Types of sexual slangs Datum Level of Percentage NO Translation Strategy ST TT (referring to) Number Acceptability (%) sexual organ 17 pencil dick penis pensil Less Acceptable Translation using words or 01 hard tegang phrases of similar referential 18 get hard keraskan sexual process and expressive meaning 25 come orgasme 87.5% 27 come orgasme Acceptable wax the 08 beronani 1 dolphin Acceptable (8 data or 23.5% from the total sexual activity 34 data) 10 beating meat beronani people and their 12.5% psychological 32 hooker pelacur Less characteristics Acceptable - - - - Unacceptable 05 wand tongkat Acceptable Translation using words or 06 pork-sword pedang babi Less Acceptable phrases of similar referential sexual organ 07 baloney pony sosis but dissimilar expressive 26 pussy alat kelamin meaning 28 pussy alat kelamin 2 13 wood tegak 89.5% 14 wood keras Acceptable Acceptable (19 data or 55.9% from the sexual process 15 wood keras 83

total 34 data) 16 wood keras 21 wood mengeras 24 can’t get it up tak bisa tegak 30 get it up tegak

33 get it up tegak

11 screw bercinta 23 screw bermain cinta sexual activity 29 sucking face berciuman 34 swapping of spit ciuman people and their 19 stud jantan psychological 10.5% characteristics 31 poontang cewek Less Acceptable Less - - - - Unacceptable Acceptable Translation using words or - - - - Acceptable phrases of dissimilar sexual activity 12 screw gesek 100% referential and expressive people and their 20 perv makhluk aneh 3 Less Acceptable Less meaning psychological 22 perv makhluk aneh Acceptable (3 data or 8.8% from the total characteristics 34 data) - - - - Unacceptable 02 Johnson Johnson 75% Translation using loan words 03 Johnson Johnson Acceptable Acceptable sexual organ 4 04 Johnson Johnson 25% (4 data or 11.8% from the total 09 Mr. Happy Tn. Happy Less Acceptable Less 34 data) - - - - Unacceptable Acceptable

Table 16 describes the effects of each strategy on the acceptability level of the sexual slangs translation. It can be referred from the table that the translator used translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning so frequently, since it has more data than other strategies. This strategy was used to translate 19 data of the total 34 data (55.9%) in which 17 data (89.5%) are considered to be acceptable translation, and 3 data (10.5%) are considered less acceptable translation.

Meanwhile, 8 data (23.5%) were translated using words or phrases of similar referential and expressive meaning. Among 8 data, 7 data (87.5%) are considered to be acceptable translation and 1 datum (12.5%) is considered to be less acceptable translation.

The table also shows us that (1) translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning and (2) translation using loan words are rarely used by the translator. Translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning only covers 3 data (8.8%) of the total 34 data in which all of the three data (100%) are considered to be less acceptable translation. Meanwhile, translation using loan words only covers 4 data (11.8%) of the total 34 data in which 3 data (75%) are considered to be acceptable translation and 1 datum (25%) is considered to be less acceptable translation.

Below is table 17 showing the correlation between the accuracy and the acceptability of the sexual slangs translation. The table is provided to explain more about the effects of the translation strategies on the accuracy and acceptability. 85

Table 17

Correlation between Accuracy and Acceptability Types of sexual slangs Datum Level of Level of NO Translation Strategy ST TT (referring to) Number Accuracy Acceptability sexual organ 17 pencil dick penis pensil Translation using words or 01 hard tegang phrases of similar referential 18 get hard keraskan sexual process and expressive meaning 25 come orgasme 87.5% 27 come orgasme Acceptable 08 wax the dolphin beronani 100% 1 Accurate sexual activity (8 data or 23.5% from the total 10 beating meat beronani 34 data) 12.5% people and their Less psychological 32 hooker pelacur Acceptable characteristics 05 wand tongkat Translation using words or 06 pork-sword pedang babi phrases of similar referential sexual organ 07 baloney pony sosis but dissimilar expressive 26 pussy alat kelamin meaning 28 pussy alat kelamin 2 13 wood tegak 84.2% 89.5% sexual process 14 wood keras Accurate Acceptable (19 data or 55.9% from the 15 wood keras total 34 data) 16 wood keras 21 wood mengeras 86

24 can’t get it up tak bisa tegak 30 get it up tegak 33 get it up tegak 11 screw bercinta 23 screw bermain cinta 29 sucking face berciuman sexual activity swapping of 34 ciuman spit 15.8% 10.5% people and their Less 19 stud jantan Less psychological Accurate Acceptable characteristics 31 poontang cewek Translation using words or sexual activity 12 screw gesek phrases of dissimilar 20 perv makhluk aneh 100% referential and expressive people and their 100% 3 Less meaning psychological Inaccurate 22 perv makhluk aneh Acceptable (3 data or 8.8% from the total characteristics 34 data) 02 Johnson Johnson Translation using loan words 03 Johnson Johnson 75% 04 Johnson Johnson Acceptable 100% 4 sexual organ Accurate (4 data or 11.8% from the total 25% 09 Mr. Happy Tn. Happy 34 data) Less Acceptable In the case of accuracy, there are two strategies used by the translator which produce sexual slangs translation with the highest level of accuracy, namely (1) translation using words or phrases of similar referential and expressive meaning, and (2) translation using loan words, because both of the strategies result in 100% accurate translation. Although both of the above strategies have the highest level of accuracy, they are rarely used by the translator to translate sexual slangs. Most of the data are translated using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning which are considered 84.2% accurate and 15.8% less accurate. Meanwhile, the strategy producing sexual slangs translation with the poorest accuracy level is translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning, because it results in 100% less accurate.

In the case of acceptability, the strategy used by the translator resulting in the highest level of acceptability is translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning. It has 19 data of the total 34 data which are considered 89.5% acceptable and 10.5% less acceptable. The next strategy having high level of acceptability is translation using words or phrases of similar referential and expressive meaning. There are 8 data belonging to this strategy with 7 acceptable data

(87.5%) and 1 less acceptable datum (12.5%). In the mean time, the strategy producing the poorest level of acceptability is translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning as it covers only 3 data and all of them are considered less acceptable.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. CONCLUSION

This chapter provides the conclusion of the analysis and recommendation for the translators, lecturers, students, and other researchers dealing with translating sexual slangs. The conclusion of the analysis refers to the three problem statements in the first chapter. Therefore, this part will consist of three main points as follows:

1. Dealing with the first problem statement, two types of sexual slangs in the

film THE GURU are found:

a. Sexual slangs referring to sexual organs (10 data or 29.4%).

b. Sexual slangs referring to sexual processes (12 data or 35.3%).

c. Sexual slangs referring to sexual activities (7 data or 20.6%).

d. Sexual slangs referring to people and their psychological characteristics (5

data or 14.7%).

2. Regarding the second problem statement, four strategies to translate sexual

slangs found in the film THE GURU are:

a. Translation using words or phrases of similar referential and expressive

meaning (8 data or 23.5%).

b. Translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar

expressive meaning (19 data or 55.9%).

c. Translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive

meaning (3 data or 8.8%).

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d. Translation using loan words (4 data or 11.8%).

As can be seen, translation using words or phrases of similar referential but

dissimilar expressive meaning is the most dominating strategy used by the

translator to translate sexual slangs found in the film THE GURU. It covers

more than a half of the total data (19 data of the total 34 data). Dissimilar

expressive meaning in this research refers to reducing or even dropping the

expressive meaning of the source text due to the cultural acceptability of the

target text. It seems that the translator is aware of the target text culture, since

s/he used this strategy as the main strategy to translate sexual slangs by

euphemizing the source text.

3. With regard to the third problem statement, it is found that:

a. Dealing with the accuracy of the sexual slangs translation, the researcher

found 28 accurate data or 82.4%, 3 less accurate data or 8.8%, and 3

inaccurate data or 8.8% from the total 34 data.

The average scale for the accuracy of the sexual slangs translation is

2.67. It means that most sexual slangs translations in the film THE

GURU are accurate.

In addition, there are two strategies used by the translator which

produce sexual slangs translation with the highest level of accuracy,

namely (1) translation using words or phrases of similar referential and

expressive meaning, and (2) translation using loan words, because both

of the strategies result in 100% accurate translation. Although both of the

above strategies have the highest level of accuracy, they are rarely used

by the translator. Most of the data are translated using words or phrases

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of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning. This strategy

contains 19 data of the total 34 data which are considered 84.2% accurate

and 15.8% less accurate. Meanwhile, the strategy producing sexual

slangs translation with the poorest accuracy level is translation using

words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning. It

covers 3 data (8.8%) from the total 34 data and all of them are considered

to be inaccurate translation.

b. Dealing with the acceptability of the sexual slangs translation, the

researcher found 27 acceptable data or 79.4% and 7 less acceptable data

or 20.6% from the total 34 data.

The average scale for the acceptability of the sexual slangs translation is

2.77. It means that most sexual slangs translations in the film THE

GURU are acceptable.

In addition, the strategy used by the translator to translate sexual

slangs resulting in the highest level of acceptability is translation using

words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning.

It has 19 data of the total 34 data which are considered 89.5% acceptable

and 10.5% less acceptable. Meanwhile, the strategy producing the

poorest level of acceptability is translation using words or phrases of

dissimilar referential and expressive meaning, as it covers 3 data and all

of them are considered less acceptable.

Based on this research, there are two strategies which can be offered to translate sexual slangs with high level of accuracy and acceptability, namely (1) translation using words or phrases of similar referential and expressive meaning

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and (2) translation using words or phrases of similar referential but dissimilar expressive meaning. Rendering the sexual slangs into its superordinates (more general words) is a step that can be taken to make the translation less expressive.

Meanwhile, the strategy which is not recommended to translate sexual slangs is translation using words or phrases of dissimilar referential and expressive meaning, as it results in poor level of both accuracy and acceptability.

Last but not least, the translator has succeeded to maintain the balance between the aspect of accuracy and acceptability of the sexual slangs translation.

It is proved with the gap between the total mean of accuracy and acceptability which is only 0.1.

B. RECOMMENDATION

After drawing the conclusion, the researcher would like to offer recommendation for the translators, lecturers, students and other researchers:

1. Translators

Before translating sexual slangs, it is expected that translators fully understand

the context of situation of each dialogue in the film. It is also a must for them

to enrich their knowledge about sexual slangs, so that they will not make any

mistake in recognizing sexual slangs in the film. This research found that the

translator euphemized most of the sexual slangs in the film due to the cultural

acceptability of the target audience. On the one hand, it is a good choice made

by the translator as the translation will not sound too vulgar, obscene, or taboo

to the target audience. On the other hand, it will prevent them of knowing the

real expressive meaning behind the sexual slangs and eventually they will not

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experience the same emotive impact as the speakers do. Therefore, the

researcher suggests the translator not to use too many euphemistic expressions

in translating sexual slangs for the sake of educating the target audience, so that

they can learn the real culture of the source text.

2. Lecturers

Feeling hesitative of talking about sexual slangs is a common phenomenon in

our society as Indonesia’s culture seems to avoid this topic as a subject of a

conversation. The researcher expects that lecturers can be more open to discuss

such kind of topic and consider this topic as a material source to learn other

cultures, especially dealing with language. Motivating their students to conduct

further research on sexual slangs is also an expectation of the researcher for

lecturers to do, since sexual slangs will develop fast from time to time.

3. Students and other researchers

This research only focused on the accuracy and acceptability of the sexual

slangs translation without investigating the level of readability of the

translation. This is due to the limitation possessed by the researcher. Therefore,

the researcher encourages students and other researchers to conduct broader

research on the readability level of the sexual slangs translation in order to

check whether the target audience can understand the translation well or not.

The researcher also hopes that there will be a student or another researcher who

will analyze sexual slangs translation found in the film THE GURU DVD

version, and then s/he can compare it with this research (THE GURU VCD

version) in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and even readability. The

researcher also recommends students and other researchers to conduct a new

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research concerning about sexual slangs translation using different media, such as novel, short story, or even comic.

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