1

A

ABBM­ (abbrev.): Anorganic bovine bone purulent infection that involves the marginal matrix. gingiva or interdental papilla. Pericoronal a.: ABM­ (abbrev.): Anorganic bone matrix. A localized purulent infection within the tissue aberrant­ : Varying or deviating from the surrounding the crown of a partially erupted usual or normal course, form, or location. tooth. Periodontal a. (Parietal a.): Localized ­ : The hypothetical process lead­ purulent inflammation in the periodontal tis­ ing to the loss of cervical tooth structure due sues, also called lateral periodontal abscess. to a combination of abrasion, erosion, and/or Pulpal a.: Inflammation of the dental pulp occlusal forces; data supporting this term as characterized by the formation of purulent a discrete clinical entity is equivocal. See: exudate. Residual a.: Abscess produced by the Abrasion, Erosion. residues of a previous inflammatory process. abrasion­ : The wearing away of tooth struc­ Wandering a.: Abscess in which purulent ture or restorative material through an material flows along a course of decreased abnormal mechanical process. resistance and discharges at a distant point. abscess­ (Latin: abscessus): An immunologi­ absorbable­ : See: Bioabsorbable material. cally contained and controlled lesion that is absorbed­ radiation dose (also known an accumulation of pus (neutrophils) in a as total ionizing dose, TID): The quantity of pocket found in tissue. Caused by inflamma­ ionizing radiation (measured in joules [unit tion induced by either (1) a localized infection of energy] per kilogram or gray [GY] units) caused by bacteria or parasites or (2) foreign that a patient absorbs during diagnostic or materials lodged in the tissue. It is a defensive therapeutic radiation. The absorbed dose is mechanism to prevent the dissemination of dependent upon (1) the incident radiation the infection to other parts of the body. and (2) the absorbing material (i.e., an X‐ray abscess­ : Acute a.: An abscess of relative beam may deposit four times the radiation short duration, typically producing pain and dose in bone as that deposited in air, or none local inflammation. ApicalCOPYRIGHTED a.: Inflammatory may beMATERIAL deposited in a vacuum). condition characterized by formation of absorption­ : 1. Passage of a substance into purulent exudate involving the dental pulp or the interior of another substance. 2. Passage pulpal remnants and the tissues surrounding of fluids or substances through tissues. the apex of a tooth. Chronic a.: 1. Abscess of 3. Attenuation of radiation energy by the comparatively slow development with little ­substance through which it passes. evidence of inflammation. There may be an ­abutment: 1. The component that inter­ intermittent discharge of purulent matter. faces with the implant fixture (implant 2. Long‐standing collection of purulent exu­ body) and the prosthetic entity. It may be date. It may follow an acute abscess. See: constructed to accept screw‐ or cement‐ Abscess, Residual. Gingival a.: A localized retained prosthetics and be made of

Glossary of Dental Implantology, First Edition. Khalid Almas, Fawad Javed and Steph Smith. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

0003347317.INDD 1 1/2/2018 9:06:20 PM 2 ­abutmen analo

­titanium, alloyed metals, ceramic, zirconia; abutment‐level­ impression: The impres­ be custom made; or be uniformly produced sion of an abutment either directly, using by manufacturers. The abutment may have conventional impression techniques, or indi­ one or multiple pieces and can be straight rectly, using an abutment impression coping. or angled. Pier a.: An abutment positioned See: Implant‐level impression. between adjacent abutments. 2. Tooth, abutment­ mount: Prefabricated device, tooth root, or implant component that usually packaged with an abutment, used for serves as support and/or retention for a the transfer of an abutment to a dental dental prosthesis. Screw design of a.: implant intraorally. Prosthetic implant component manufac­ abutment­ post: That component of a dental tured with threads at the apical portion of implant abutment which extends into the the element. This term refers to the manu­ internal structure of a dental implant and is facture of a specific thread pattern unique used to provide retention and/or stability to to a particular implant company. Tightness the dental implant abutment. of a.: Amount of clamping force present abutment­ screw: A threaded fastener within the body of an abutment screw fol­ used to connect an abutment to a dental lowing placement. See: Preload. implant. It is usually torqued to a final ­abutment analog: A replica of the dental seating position,­ or single‐piece implant implant abutment that is used when making component with a threaded apical portion an impression for the laboratory fabrication that can be connected directly to the of the definitive implant abutment. The implant. No additional screw is required to implant abutment may be made of brass, alu­ connect and secure the abutment compo­ minum, steel, or plastic. nent, or that component which secures the abutment­ clamp: Forceps used to assist in dental implant abutment to the dental the positioning of an abutment on a dental implant body. implant platform, or any device used for abutment­ selection: A step in the prostho­ positioning a dental implant abutment upon dontic treatment whereby a decision is the dental implant body. made regarding the type of abutment to be abutment­ connection: The act of fastening used for the restoration based on dental an abutment to a dental implant, or of con­ implant angulation, interarch space, soft necting an abutment to an endosseous ­tissue (mucosal) height, planned prosthesis, implant. occlusal factors (e.g., opposing dentition, abutment­ driver: Instrument or device para­function), esthetics, and phonetic used to assist in the delivery and tightening consi­derations. of an abutment to a dental implant. abutment­ swapping: See: Platform switching. abutment­ healing cap: Any temporary abutment­ transfer device: See: Orienta­tion jig. cover used to provide a seal over the superior access­ hole: Opening in a replacement portion of a dental implant; most such covers tooth’s occlusal or lingual surface of an are metallic and are intended for interim implant‐retained prosthesis that provides usage following exposure of the dental entrance for abutment or prosthesis screw implant’s superior surface. placement or removal. abutment­ holder: Instrument that provides accessory­ ostium: Occasional opening of abutment retention for extraoral preparation the maxillary sinus either into the infundibu­ and polishing procedures. lum or directly in the wall of the middle abutment–implant­ interface: Common ­meatus. See: Ostium (maxillary sinus). contact surface area between an implant accretion­ : An accumulation of plaque, cal­ abutment and the supporting implant. culus, or material alba on teeth or dental abutment­ impression coping: See: Impression implants. coping. ­acellular: Devoid of cells.

0003347317.INDD 2 1/2/2018 9:06:20 PM ­acyclovi 3

­acellular dermal allograft: Allogenic skin ­mammalian microflora. This bacterium has graft, derived from a human cadaver, consist­ been associated with periodontal infections ing of a thin split‐thickness of dermis, devoid and, in particular, early‐onset, aggressive of cellular content following a tissue prepara­ forms of . See: Aggregati­ tion process. bacter actinomycetemcomitans. acetaminophen­ : Amide of acetic acid and Actinomyces­ israelii: A gram‐positive, non­ p‐aminophenol, a nonopioid analgesic and motile, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic antipyretic drug, which may be administered bacterium. It is commonly found in the soil orally or rectally. but can also be found in dental plaque and acid‐etched­ implant: External surface of an the intestinal tract of mammals. It is typically implant body that has been modified by a commensal bacterium. the chemical action of an acidic medium. The Actinomyces­ naeslundii: A gram‐positive, subtractive surface is intended to enhance nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, pleomor­ osseointegration. phic bacterium found in marginal and acid‐etched­ surface: Treatment of a surface interproximal plaque of healthy individuals. with an acid in order to increase its surface area Cell morphology is often curved or branching by subtraction. See: Subtractive surface rods. An early colonizer of the tooth surface. treatment. Actinomyces­ viscosus: A pathogenic bacte­ acid­ etching: Act of modifying an implant rial species that is catalase positive, gram surface by exposure to an acidic medium with positive, facultative anaerobic, nonmotile, the intention of enhancing osseointegration. filamentous, and pleomorphic. It is an indig­ acquired­ centric: See: Occlusion, centric. enous microflora that colonizes the mouth of acquired­ immunity: Specialized form of humans and is often affiliated with , immunity involving antibodies and lympho­ periodontitis, and root caries. cytes. Active immunity develops after expo­ actinomycosis­ : A subacute to chronic bacte­ sure to a suitable agent (e.g., by an attack of a rial infection caused by Actinomyces. A com­ disease or by injection of antigens), and pas­ mon form is cervicofacial (i.e., lumpy jaw). sive immunity occurs with transfer of anti­ activating­ tool: Instrument used to increase body or lymphocytes from an immune donor. or reduce the retention of an attachment. acquired­ immunodeficiency syndrome: See: See: Attachment. AIDS. active­ eruption: See: Eruption, dental. acrylic­ crown: See: Acrylic restoration. actual­ implant length/diameter: The exact acrylic­ resin: Any of a group of thermoplas­ measurement of the length and diameter of a tic resins made by polymerizing esters of dental implant. See: Nominal implant length/ acrylic or methyl methacrylate acids. diameter. acrylic­ resin veneer: Usually referring to acute­ : 1. Sharp, severe. 2. Denoting the swift fixed dental prosthesis, the veneering or lam­ onset and course of a disease. ination of the facial and/or buccal surfaces of acute­ abscess: Abscess of relatively short a crown or fixed dental prosthesis using duration, typically producing local swelling, acrylic resin. The intention of such veneering inflammation, and pain. is to provide a natural tooth color to the acute­ infection: Infection with a rapid onset viewable portions of the restoration. and usually a severe course. acrylic­ restoration: Tooth or other pros­ ­acyclovir: A synthetic acyclic purine thetic restoration fabricated from acrylic ­nucleoside that may be used systemically. resin, such as an acrylic crown. Drug of choice in simple mucocutaneous Actinobacillus­ actinomycetemcomitans: , in immunocompromised Gram‐negative, fermentative, nonmotile, patients with initial herpes genitalis. Also coccoid or rod‐shaped bacterium of the active against herpes virus including H. zoster ­family Pasteurellaceae, part of the normal and H. varicella.

0003347317.INDD 3 1/2/2018 9:06:20 PM 4 ­adaptatio

­adaptation: 1. The act or process of adapt­ be divided into three groups on the basis of ing; the state of being adapted. 2. The act of oncogenicity. purposefully adapting two surfaces to pro­ adherence­ : The act or quality of uniting two vide intimate contact. 3. The progressive or more surfaces or parts. adjusted changes in sensitivity that regularly adhesion­ : Physical process of attachment of accompany continuous sensory stimulation a substance to the surface of another sub­ or lack of stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (1) the stance, usually due to a molecular attraction degree of fit between a prosthesis and sup­ that exists between the surfaces. porting structures, (2) the degree of proxim­ adhesive­ : Intervening substance used to ity of a restorative material to a tooth unite adjoining surfaces. In maxillofacial­ preparation, (3) the adjustment of orthodon­ prosthetics, adhesives are used for border tic bands to teeth. adaptation, marginal seal, and the retention adaptation­ syndrome: The body’s short‐ of facial, auricular, nasal, or orbital pros­ and long‐term response to accommodate theses. Systems commonly used include stress. biphasic adhesive tape and medical‐grade added­ surface: See: Additive surface adhesives. treatment. adiadochokinesia­ : Inability to make oppos­ additive­ fabrication: See: Solid freeform ing movements in quick succession, such as fabrication (SFF). jaw opening and closing. additive­ manufacturing (AM): The “pro­ adipose­ atrophy: Loss of fat tissue. cess of joining materials to make objects adjunctive­ treatment: Supplemental or from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, additional therapeutic treatments used in as opposed to subtractive manufacturing conjunction with the primary treatment. In methodologies, such as traditional machin­ periodontics, it generally refers to proce­ ing,” as defined by the American Society for dures other than scaling and root planing Testing Materials (ASTM). and surgical therapy, such as chemotherapy, additive­ manufacturing file (AMF): An occlusal therapy, and restorative care. open standard file format for describing adjustable­ anterior guidance: The anterior objects for additive manufacturing processes guide portion on a dental articulator that such as 3D printing. The official ISO/ASTM allows for variable (individualized) settings 52915:2013 standard is an XML‐based for­ that provide guidance for the occlusion in pro­ mat designed to allow any computer‐aided trusive and lateral protrusive movements. design software to describe the shape and adjustable­ articulator: A dental articulator composition of any 3D object to be fabri­ that is adjustable in the sagittal and horizon­ cated on any 3D printer. Unlike its predeces­ tal planes to duplicate or simulate recorded sor STL format, AMF has native support for mandibular jaw movements. color, materials, lattices, and constellations. adjustable­ attachment system: Stud‐ additive­ surface treatment: Added surface. shaped attachment in which the stud (easily Alteration of the surface of a dental implant replaced) serves as the patrix and the matrix by addition of material. See: Subtractive consists of a metal housing. The base of the ­surface treatment, textured surface. patrix can be cast to or soldered as part of a adenitis­ : Inflammation of a lymph node or coping, and the matrix can be incorporated gland. into the dental prosthesis. The patrix is adenopathy­ : Pathologic enlargement of adjustable using a special tool to modify the glands, especially lymphatic glands. spread of the patrix width. adenovirus­ : A DNA virus 80–90 nanometers adjustment­ : Modification of a tooth or in size. It can cause respiratory illness and prosthetic restoration to improve its appear­ conjunctivitis in humans. Human adenovi­ ance, fit, or function. ruses comprise at least 31 serotypes that can ­adjustment, occlusal: See: Occlusal adjustment.

0003347317.INDD 4 1/2/2018 9:06:21 PM ­algorithi dena occlusio 5

­ADO (abbrev.): See: Algorithmic dental directed away from the area that is edentulous. occlusion. If they are directed toward the edentulous adsorption­ : The attachment of a substance area, they are called reverse Akers’ clasps. to the surface of another. This clasp was named after its inventor, adult­ periodontitis: See: Periodontitis. Polk E. Akers. aerobe­ : A microorganism that can live and ala­ nasi: The expanded outer wall of carti­ grow in the presence of molecular oxygen. lage on the lateral aspect of the nose. aerobic­ : Environmental conditions that ala‐tragus­ line: A line that runs from the contain atmospheric levels of oxygen. Used inferior border of the ala of the nose to a in reference to microorganisms that grow point on the tragus (usually the tip) of the ear. optimally under these conditions. See: It is often correlated with the tragus of the Facultative. opposite ear. It is used in determining the age­ atrophy: A wasting or decrease in size ala‐tragus plane. The ala‐tragus and occlusal or physiological activity of the body related planes should be parallel. to the normal aging process. albicans­ : Candidiasis attributable to C. trop­ agenesis­ : Failure of a body part to form. icalis, C. parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, Aggregatibacter­ actinomycetemcomitans: and C. stellatoidea have also been cultivated A gram‐negative, nonmotile, facultatively from the oral cavity. anaerobic, rod‐shaped bacterium found in alendronate­ sodium: Oral nitrogen‐contain­ subgingival and marginal plaque of healthy ing bisphosphonate used for the treatment and periodontally diseased individuals. of osteoporosis. It acts as a specific inhibitor aggressive­ periodontitis: See: Periodontitis. of osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption. See: ­ : A growth‐related defect charac­ Bisphosphonate. terized by a severely undersized mandible or algae­ : See: Calcified algae. no mandible. alginate­ : An impression material derived agranulocytosis­ : Neutropenia; can be acute from seaweed that sets in an irreversible rub­ or chronic depending on the duration of the bery mass. illness. algipore­ : See: Calcified algae, Porous AIDS­ : Acronym for acquired immunodefi­ marine‐derived coralline hydroxyapatite. ciency syndrome, caused by HIV (human algorithm­ : An instance of logic written into immunodeficiency virus), that leaves the software by software developers to be effec­ body vulnerable to a host of life‐threatening tive for computer(s) to produce output from illnesses. There is no cure for AIDS, but treat­ given input. An algorithm is a procedure ment with antiviral medication can suppress or formula for solving a problem in a symptoms. finite, ­logical manner. Algorithms are self‐­ ailing­ implant: General term for a dental contained, step‐by‐step sets of operations to implant affected by periimplant mucositis, be performed by the software program. They without bone loss. For some authors, are widely used in 3D digital designing and an ­ailing dental implant is an implant manufacturing. with a history of bone loss that is not ­algorithmic dental occlusion (ADO): ­progressing. See: Periimplant mucositis, Computer algorithms used to establish Periimplantitis.­ ­virtual occlusion and movements. The algo­ air­ abrasion: A wearing away of a material’s rithms encode physical motions and surface due to particulate material carried by responses for each tooth and its respective an air current. antagonists and neighboring teeth. The Akers’­ clasp: The archetypal direct retainer advantage of ADO is that it allows for for removable partial dentures that com­ ­pursuing the goal of optimal occlusion, as prises a rest, guide plate, retentive arm, and defined by clinical standards, with the reciprocal arm. Akers’ clasps are customarily ­untiring effort of a computer.

0003347317.INDD 5 1/2/2018 9:06:21 PM 6 ­alkaln phosphatas

­alkaline phosphatase: Enzyme found in and hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) pol­ high concentrations in osteoblasts; com­ ymer, or bioactive glass that is derived either monly located on cytoplasmic processes synthetically or from a foreign, inert source. extending into the osteoid. The level of alloplastic­ material: Any nonbiologic alkaline phosphatase in serum is a systemic material suitable for implantation as an indicator for bone formation. alloplast. allele­ : One of two or more different genes alloy­ : A mixture of two or more metals or that may occupy the same locus on a specific metalloids that are mutually soluble in the chromosome. molten state; distinguished as binary, ter­ allergen­ : A substance capable of producing nary, quaternary, etc., depending on the allergy or specific hypersensitivity. number of metals within the mixture. allergy­ : The altered reactivity of a sensitized Alloying elements are added to alter the individual on exposure to an allergen. hardness, strength, and toughness of a metal­ allodynia­ : Pain resulting from a nonnoxious lic element, thus obtaining properties not stimulus to normal skin or mucosa that does found in a pure metal. Alloys may also be not normally provoke pain. classified on the basis of their behavior when allogeneic­ : Antigenically distinct individu­ solidified. als or tissues from the same genetic species. alloying­ element: Metallic or nonmetallic In transplantation biology, denoting individ­ elements added to or retained by a pure uals (or tissues) that are of the same species metal for the purpose of giving that metal however antigenically distinct; also called special properties. homologous allogeneic graft. See: Homograft. all‐polymer­ prosthesis: A nonmetallic or allogeneic­ bone graft: Graft between nonceramic removable or fixed dental pros­ genetically dissimilar members of the same thesis composed of a glass fiber‐reinforced species. Iliac cancellous bone and marrow, composite framework with a particulate freeze‐dried bone allograft (FDBA), and composite resin covering or overlay. demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft altered­ cast: A technique in which a remov­ (DFDBA) are available commercially from able partial denture frame is related to the tissue banks. existing dentition by sectioning the cast on allogenic­ graft: See: Allograft. which the frame was constructed. A new allograft­ : 1. See: Graft, Allograft. 2. A graft overimpression is made and pieced together material used to augment a tissue that is from with the existing cast. the same species but genetically dissimilar aluminous­ porcelain: A ceramic material individuals. with >35% aluminum oxide (by volume) glass allograft­ : (syn): Allogenic graft. Graft tissue matrix phase. from genetically dissimilar members of the ­aluminum oxide: 1. A metallic oxide con­ same species. Four types exist: frozen, freeze‐ stituent of dental porcelain that increases dried bone allograft (FDBA), demineralized hardness and viscosity. 2. A high‐strength freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA), and ceramic crystal dispersed throughout a glassy solvent‐dehydrated mineralized allograft. phase to increase its strength, as in alumi­ alloplast­ : 1. An inert foreign body used for nous dental porcelain used to fabricate implantation within tissue. 2. A material ­aluminous porcelain crowns. 3. A finely originating from a nonliving source that sur­ ground ceramic particle (frequently 50 μm) gically replaces missing tissue or augments often used in conjunction with air‐borne that which remains. particle abrasion of metal castings before the alloplastic­ graft: 1. See: Alloplast. 2. Graft application of porcelain as with metal material consisting of an inert material such ceramic restorations. Aluminum oxide has as hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate been replaced by titanium as the material of (TCP), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) choice for implants.

0003347317.INDD 6 1/2/2018 9:06:21 PM ­alelr ridg 7

­alveolar: 1. Pertaining to an alveolus. See: bone segment. A mechanical distraction Alveolus. 2. The portion of jaw bones that device allows a gradual, controlled displace­ support teeth or that supported teeth at one ment of the mobile bone segment at an ideal time. 3. Related to the alveolar process, the rate of 0.4 mm a day. Following the desired maxillary or mandibular ridge of bone that augmentation, the device is left in place for supports the roots of teeth. 3–4 weeks for consolidation of the newly alveolar­ atrophy: Decrease in the volume of formed bone. the alveolar process occurring after tooth alveolar­ mucosa: 1. See: Mucosa, alveolar. loss, decreased function, and/or localized 2. Lining mucosa. The lining mucosa that overloading from an improperly fitting covers the alveolar process apical to the removable partial or complete denture. mucogingival junction. It consists of a non­ alveolar­ augmentation: 1. See: Augmentation. keratinized epithelium lining a connective 2. Surgical placement of bone augmentation tissue that is loosely attached to the perios­ material(s) to increase or alter the volume of teum and is movable. See: . the alveolar bone. 3. Any surgical procedure alveolar­ nerve: Either of the superior alveo­ employed to alter the contour of the residual lar nerve branches of the maxillary nerve of alveolar ridge. the second division of the trigeminal nerve alveolar­ bone: 1. See: Bone, alveolar. 2. That (rami alveolares superiores posteriores, part of the maxilla or mandible comprising ramus alveolaris superior medius, and ramus the tooth‐bearing and/or supporting part of the alveolaris superior anteriores). Supplies sen­ jawbones. It consists of cortical plates, the sory innervation to the maxillary molars, the vestibular plate being the thinnest, and tra­ premolars, or the canine and incisors, respec­ becular bone. Quantity of a. b.: Of major tively. The inferior alveolar nerve (nervus importance to the outcome of implant place­ alveolaris inferior) is the largest branch of ment, bone volume at a given implant site the mandibular nerve of the third division ideally should be at least 10 mm in vertical of the trigeminal nerve or cranial nerve V, dimension and 6 mm in horizontal dimen­ which supplies sensory innervation to the sion. 3. The bony portion of the mandible or mandibular teeth, lower lip, and chin. maxillae in which the roots of the teeth are alveolar­ preservation: See: Ridge preservation. held by fibers of the periodontal ligament; alveolar­ process: 1. See: Alveolar ridge, also called dental alveolus. Alveolar process, Residual ridge, Ridge. alveolar­ bone proper: The bone lining the 2. The (alveolar) portion of jaw bones com­ alveoli; also called cribriform plate due to the prising the compact and cancellous portion numerous perforating channels (Volkmann’s of bone surrounding and supporting the canals), lamina dura due to the radiographic teeth, or that supported teeth at one time. appearance, fibrous endosteum due to the alveolar­ recess: A cavity in the maxillary fibers of the periodontal ligament, bundle sinus floor formed by a septum. bone due to the large quantity of Sharpey’s alveolar­ reconstruction: Any surgical pro­ fibers. See: Buccal plate, Lingual plate. cedure employed to recreate a severely alveolar­ crest: The most coronal portion of resorbed residual alveolar ridge, or surgical the alveolar process. reconstruction of an atrophic alveolar ridge alveolar­ defect: A deficiency in the contour that does not allow for simultaneous implant of the alveolar ridge in the vertical (apicoc­ placement because of the extent of bone oronal) and/or horizontal (buccolingual, deficiency. mesiodistal) direction. alveolar­ resorption: See: Residual ridge alveolar­ distraction osteogenesis: 1. See: resorption. Distraction osteogenesis. 2. Augmentation ­alveolar ridge: 1. See: Residual ridge. 2. The procedure involving the surgical mobiliza­ ridge portion of the jaw bone that supports tion, transport, and fixation of an alveolar teeth or that supported teeth at one time.

0003347317.INDD 7 1/2/2018 9:06:21 PM 8 ­alelr rde augmentatio

3. The bony ridge of the maxilla or mandible attachment complex held the root of a tooth that contains the alveoli, or the osseous part after the tooth’s removal. of the mandible and maxilla remaining after AM­ (abbrev.): Additive manufacturing. removal of teeth, i.e., alveolar process. See: AMF­ (abbrev.): Additive manufacturing file. Alveolus, Residual ridge, Ridge. aminoglycosides­ : A group of antibiotics ­alveolar ridge augmentation: 1. See: (streptomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin) Augmentation. 2. Surgical augmentation of commonly combined synergistically with the alveolar ridge in a horizontal and/or ver­ penicillins. tical direction using one of several approaches amorphous­ : Having no rigid shape or based on the size and/or location of the organized structure, without crystalline defect. structure; having random arrangement of alveolar­ ridge defect: 1. See: Alveolar atoms in space. defect, Ridge defect. 2. Circumscribed amoxicillin­ : Broad‐spectrum antibiotic, a absence of tissue in a residual alveolar ridge. semi‐synthetic derivative of ampicillin, with Implant placement in a. r. d.: Requires a superior absorption and a bioavailability simultaneous guided bone regeneration of 70–80% with very low toxicity. It is (GBR). Prerequisites for a simultaneous ­effective against gram‐positive and gram‐ approach are: (1) implant placement in a cor­ negative bacteria and may be combined rect prosthetic position, (2) good primary with clavulanic acid to counteract the stability of the placed implant, and (3) an ­beta‐lactamase destruction of penicillin by appropriate defect morphology that allows resistant bacteria. This antibiotic is often for a predictable regenerative treatment out­ used in the treatment of infections caused come. Vertical defects are more demanding by susceptible strains of Haemophilus than horizontal defects, as are one‐wall, two‐ ­influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, wall, and three‐wall defects. Morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, streptococci (includ­ a. r. d.: Classified as horizontal and/or verti­ ing Streptococcus faecalis­ and S. pneumoniae), cal deficiencies. Classification is important and nonpenicillinase‐producing staphy­ for determining the prognosis of bone aug­ lococci of the oral cavity. It is the primary mentation procedures. drug for antibiotic prophylaxis. See: alveolar­ ridge resorption: See: Ridge Clavulanic acid. resorption. amputate­ : The intentional surgical removal alveolar­ septum: See: Interalveolar septum. of diseased tissue; relating to dentistry, may alveolectomy­ : 1. See: Osteotomy. 2. Surgical be amputating a root from a multirooted removal of all or a portion of the alveolar tooth or the removal of a portion of a root. process of the jaw bone(s), usually performed anachoresis­ : A process through which cir­ to achieve acceptable ridge contour in prepa­ culating bacteria, pigments, metallic sub­ ration for construction of a denture or place­ stances, foreign proteins, and other materials ment of an implant. are fixated to areas of inflammation. alveoloplasty­ : 1. See: Osteoplasty. 2. The anaerobe­ : A microorganism that can surgical procedure of altering the alveolar ­survive in partial or complete absence of ridge or its surrounding bony structures by molecular oxygen. cutting, smoothing, or reshaping to correct anaerobic­ : Used in reference to microor­ the alveolar ridge external contour in prepa­ ganisms that can survive and grow in the ration for prosthetic rehabilitation. absence of molecular oxygen. alveolus­ (plural: alveoli): The socket in the analgesia­ : Absence of sensibility to pain, bone into which a tooth is attached by means designating particularly the relief of pain of the periodontal ligament, or one of the without loss of consciousness. cavities or sockets within the alveolar pro­ ­analgesic: 1. An agent that alleviates pain cess of the maxillae or mandible in which the without causing loss of consciousness.

0003347317.INDD 8 1/2/2018 9:06:21 PM ­acoae are 9

Two general categories exist: opioid and anatomic­ crown: The portion of a natural nonopioid. See: Blocking agent, Diagnostic tooth that extends coronal from the cemen­ block. 2. (adj): Relieving pain. toenamel junction; also called anatomical ­analgesic blocking agent: Any analgesic crown. See: Crown. that blocks or prohibits sensory perception. anatomic­ crown exposure: A surgical pro­ analgesic­ diagnostic block: the selective cedure designed to expose the anatomic use of a local anesthetic injection or applica­ crown by removal of soft tissue and, when tion of a topical anesthetic to identify a pain necessary, supporting alveolar bone. See: source. Crown lengthening. analog/analogue­ : Prosthetic component or anatomic­ healing abutment: Prosthetic element, the working surface of which is an implant component that may be cylindrical exact duplicate of a specific surgical and/or in cross‐section but widens in diameter prosthetic component. Typically, it is made towards the coronal surface. The three‐ of brass, aluminum, steel, or plastic and is dimensional design of a healing abutment is used in the fabrication of the dental prosthesis. intended to guide healing of the periimplant This element is typically incorporated in sulcus for a cross‐sectional shape that simu­ dental laboratory procedures to facilitate lates a soft tissue emergence profile. See: fabrication of an accurate master cast and/or Healing abutment. prosthesis and can be incorporated into a anatomic­ landmark: A significant anatomic model for patient education purposes. See: structure that is used as a reference point or Replica. orientation guide. analog­ workflow: Process of performing a anatomic­ occlusion: An occlusal arrange­ task using physical means and materials, ment for dental prostheses wherein the usually carried out by hand as opposed to ­posterior artificial teeth have masticatory using digital technology. surfaces that closely resemble those of the analysis­ of variance (ANOVA): 1. Test natural healthy dentition and articulate with assessing the statistical significance of the similar natural or artificial surfaces; also differences among the obtained means of called anatomical occlusion. two or more random samples from a given anatomic­ teeth: 1. Teeth that have promi­ population. 2. Statistical test to compare nent cusps on the masticating surfaces and three or more groups on the mean value of a are designed to articulate with the teeth of continuous response variable. the opposing natural or prosthetic dentition. anamnesis­ : 1. A recalling to mind; a remi­ 2. Anatomic teeth with cuspal inclinations niscence. 2. The past history of disease or greater than 0° that tend to replica natural injury based on the patient’s memory or tooth anatomy; usage cusp teeth (30–45°) recall at the time of interview and examina­ are considered anatomic teeth. Modified tion. 3. A preliminary past medical history of occlusal forms are those with a 20° cusp a medical or psychiatric patient. incline or less. anaphoresis­ : In electrophoresis, the move­ anatomy­ : 1. A branch of morphology that ment of anions (negatively charged parti­ involves the structures of organs. 2. The cles) in a solution or suspension toward the structural make‐up esp. of an organ or any of anode. its parts. 3. Separating or dividing into parts anaphylactic­ shock: A severe, sometimes for examination, anatomic or anatomical. fatal, immediate allergic reaction, usually ANB­ angle: The angle formed by the ana­ occurring seconds to minutes after exposure tomic landmarks nasion A line and nasion B to an antigen and mediated via histamine. line. The lines and angle are determined with anaphylaxis­ : Immediate hypersensitivity a cephalometric analysis. response to antigenic challenge, mediated by ­anchorage area: That area which, by its IgE and mast cells; typically life‐threatening. ­situation, configuration and/or preparation,

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is suitable for the retention of a prosthesis angiogenesis­ : The physiologic process of anchorage component. See: Endosteal dental growth and proliferation of new blood vessels implant body. from preexisting vasculature. The process ­anchorage, bicortical implant: See: Bicortical occurs throughout life, in both health and dis­ stabilization. ease, and plays a vital role in growth, develop­ anchorage­ component: A part or device ment, and wound healing. See: Vascularization. that provides resistance to an imparted force. angiogenic­ : That which promotes or devel­ anchorage­ element: See: Endosteal dental ops blood vessels, or promotes an increase in implant abutment element(s). vascularization. anchor­ pin: Device used to stabilize a surgi­ Angle’s­ classification of malocclusion: A cal or stereolithographic guide. It engages the categorization of malocclusions according to underlying bone through a sleeve incorpo­ the anteroposterior relationship of the dental rated in the guide. arches. ancillary­ prosthesis: A prosthesis that aids ●● Class I malocclusion (neutroocclusion): in treatment and is intended for short‐term Characterized by a normal relationship or special usage. It is not the definitive between the dental arches where the prosthesis. mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first ancillary­ prostheses: One of the three main permanent molar occludes into the buccal categories of dental prostheses made by groove of the mandibular first permanent those in the field of prosthodontics; any pros­ molar. A Class I malocclusion is presented thesis not able to be described as either a as an internal derangement (e.g., crowd­ dental prosthesis or a maxillofacial prosthesis. ing) in one of the arches. Examples may include guides, stents, splints, ●● Class II malocclusion (distoocclusion): conformers, carriers and the like. Most such Characterized by an interarch relationship prostheses are intended for short‐term or where the mandibular dental arch is posi­ special usage. tioned posterior to the maxillary arch. The anesthesia­ : 1. Absence of all sensation. mandibular first molar is distal to the posi­ 2. Loss of feeling or sensation caused by an tion seen in neutrocclusion. anesthetic agent to permit diagnostic and ●● Class II, Division 1 malocclusion: The treatment procedures; also spelled anaesthesia. maxillary incisor teeth are in labioversion. Block a.: Local anesthesia of a nerve trunk. ●● Class II, Division 2 malocclusion: The max­ General a.: Depression of the central nerv­ illary central incisors are in linguoversion. ous system caused by anesthetic agents and ●● Class III malocclusion (mesioocclusion): characterized by simultaneous hypnosis, The mandibular dental arch is positioned analgesia, and varying degrees of muscular anterior to the maxillary arch. The man­ relaxation, including, typically, the loss of dibular first molar is located mesial to the protective laryngeal reflexes. Infiltration a.: position seen in neutroocclusion. Local anesthesia of terminal nerves. Local a.: Loss of sensation in a localized area of the angle­ of gingival convergence: According body, but without central effect. Regional a.: to Schneider, the angle of gingival conver­ Local anesthesia of a regional body area. gence is located apical to the height of Topical a.: Anesthetic effect produced by the ­contour on the abutment tooth. It can be application of an anesthetic agent to a sur­ identified by viewing the angle formed by face area. the tooth surface gingival to the survey line anesthetic­ : Capable of producing anesthesia. and the analyzing rod or undercut gauge angina­ pectoris: Paroxysmal thoracic pain in a surveyor as it contacts the height of with feeling of suffocation and impending contour. death; usually due to anoxia of the myocar­ ­angled abutment: 1. See: Angulated abut­ dium and precipitated by effort or excitement. ment. 2. A dental implant abutment that

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diverges away from the long axis of the When ankylosis is established, the tooth will implant fixture. gradually be replaced by bone replacement angled/angulated­ abutment: Prosthetic resorption. See: Functional ankylosis. implant component designed to change 4. Immobility, fixation, consolidation and/or direction from parallel along the long axis of joining of a joint or tooth due to injury, the implant to a specified angle from ­disease, or a surgical procedure. Also spelled parallel. anchylosis. angled/angulated­ implant: Relative posi­ anneal­ : 1. To heat a material followed by tion of an implant to other adjacent implants cooling in a controlled fashion to improve or natural dentition. the material’s physical properties. The pro­ angular­ : 1. See: Cheilitis, angular. cess results in (1) degassing; (2) removal of 2. Inflammation of the angles of the mouth internal stresses, providing the required causing redness and the production of fis­ amount of toughness, temper, or softness; sures, also called perleche. and (3) driving impurities from the surface of angulated­ abutment: Any endosteal dental the material. 2. To heat a material, such as implant abutment which alters the long axis gold foil, to volatilize and drive off impurities angulation between the dental implant and from its surface, thus increasing its cohesive the angulated dental implant abutment. properties. 3. To homogenize an amalgam angulated­ abutment: (syn): Angled abut­ alloy by heating in an oven. ment. Abutment with a body not parallel anodization­ : Electrolytic passivation pro­ with the long axis of the dental implant. It is cess used to increase the thickness of the used when the implant is at a different incli­ natural oxide layer on the surface of a metal nation in relation to the proposed prosthesis. (e.g., titanium). During the process, a dye See: Nonangulated abutment. may be used to color a dental implant com­ animal­ model: Use of animals in biomedical ponent to facilitate its recognition. research for conducting experiments. The anodizing­ surface treatment: Surfaces of quality, species, and breeding of the animal various implant‐related components (e.g., can help establish the type of animal to be abutments, screws) may be anodized to pro­ used in the experiment. duce coloration, which assists with recogni­ anisotropic­ implant surface: Implant sur­ tion by the clinician. Anodizing titanium face that is not isotropic and may have differ­ with a yellow or golden color is thought to ent characteristics when measured or loaded reduce the tendency for gray show‐through in a different direction. of abutments when placed beneath thin anisotropic­ surface: Surface with a direc­ tissues. tional pattern. See: Isotropic surface. ­ : Rare dental condition charac­ ­ : Partial or complete fusion of terized by congenital absence of all teeth the tongue with the floor of the mouth or the (both deciduous and permanent). Compare: lingual gingiva due to an abnormally short, , Oligodontia. midline lingual frenulum, resulting in anomaly­ : A deviation from the usual form, restricted tongue movement and speech location, or arrangement of a structure. impediments; may be complete or partial. ­anorganic bone matrix (ABM): Xenogenic Also known as adherent tongue, lingua fre­ or allogenic bone substitute derived from the nata, and tongue‐tie. mineral portion of bone and used for ankylosis­ : 1. Joint: fibrous or bony fixation. intraoral grafting procedures. By chemical 2. Tooth: fusion of the tooth and the alveolar and physical processes, sterilized osteo­ bone. 3. Union or fusion between two joint conductive deproteinized particles are components or between a tooth and the alve­ obtained with a porous, crystalline structure, olar bone, often resulting from traumatic and chemical composition is similar to destruction of the periodontal membrane. ­normal bone.

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­anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABBM): that receives the guide pin of the other mem­ Xenogenic bone substitute derived from the ber and establishes a base for recreating mineral portion of bovine bone and used anterior guidance. for intraoral grafting procedures. By chemi­ anterior­ loop: Anatomic phenomenon of cal and physical processes, sterilized osteo­ the mental nerve that is a continuation of an conductive deproteinized particles are anterior loop beyond the mental foramen. obtained with a porous, crystalline structure, Attention should be paid to this potential and chemical composition is similar to anatomic variation during implant treatment ­normal bone. planning. Often anterior loops cannot be ANOVA­ (abbrev.): Analysis of variance. identified by radiographic examination. A antagonist­ : 1. A tooth in one jaw that artic­ distance of 4–5 mm anterior to the mental ulates with a tooth in the opposing jaw, also foramen has been recommended. called dental antagonist. 2. A substance that anterior­ nasal spine: Triangular pointed tends to nullify the actions of another, such projection at the anterior extremity of the as a drug that binds to cell receptors without intermaxillary suture. It may serve as a source eliciting a biologic response. 3. A muscle of autogenous bone for intraoral grafting whose action is the direct opposite of another procedures. muscle. anterior­ open bite: See: Anterior open anterior­ : 1. In front of or the front part; situ­ occlusal relationship. ated in front of. 2. The forward or ventral anterior­ open occlusal relationship: The position. 3. A term used to denote the incisor lack of anterior tooth contact in any occlud­ or canine teeth or the forward region of the ing position of the posterior teeth. mouth. anterior­ open occlusion: An absence of anterior­ guidance: 1. The influence of the contact of opposing anterior teeth or their contacting surfaces of anterior teeth on tooth substitutes in any jaw positions. limiting mandibular movements. 2. The anterior­ programming device: A custom‐ influence of the contacting surfaces of the made device placed between the opposing guide pin and anterior guide table on articu­ anterior teeth to separate them and eliminate lator movements. For usage see: Anterior their influence on the naturally programmed guide table. 3. The fabrication of a relation­ jaw muscles with the intent of deprogram­ ship of the anterior teeth preventing poste­ ming the muscles and, therefore, changing rior tooth contact in all eccentric mandibular the habitual jaw position to a more physio­ movements. See: Anterior protected articu­ logical position. See: Deprogrammer. lation, Group function, Mutually protected anterior­ protected articulation: A form of articulation. mutually protected articulation in which the anterior­ guide: See: Anterior guide table. vertical and horizontal overlap of the ante­ anterior­ guide pin: The rigid part of an rior teeth disengages the posterior teeth in articulator that is attached to one member all mandibular excursive movements. See: and contacts the anterior guide table found Canine protected articulation. on the opposing member. It is used to (1) anterior­ reference point: Any point located establish the predetermined vertical dimen­ on the midface that, together with two poste­ sion, (2) prevent wear and fracture of rior reference points, establishes a reference mounted cast’s teeth, and (3) provide guid­ plane. ance (in conjunction with the guide table and ­anterior superior alveolar nerve: Branch condylar elements of the articulator) for the of the infraorbital nerve arising within the horizontal movements of the articulator’s infraorbital canal. It initially runs laterally separate members. within the sinus wall and then curves medi­ anterior­ guide table: A flat adjustable ally to exit the infraorbital foramen. It sup­ device in one member of the dental articulator plies the maxillary anterior teeth.

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­anterior teeth: The maxillary and mandibu­ causing or facilitating the antigen’s lar incisors and canines. ­neutralization. See: Immunoglobulin. anteroposterior­ curve: The anatomic curve anticoagulant­ : Any substance or agent that established by the occlusal alignment of the inhibits or prevents the coagulation of blood. teeth, as projected onto the median plane, antigen­ : Any substance recognized by the beginning with the cusp tip of the mandibu­ immune system that induces antibody lar canine and following the buccal cusp tips formation. of the premolar and molar teeth, continuing antiinflammatory­ : The property of a sub­ through the anterior border of the mandibu­ stance or treatment that reduces inflamma­ lar ramus, ending with the anterior most tion. See: Corticosteroids, Nonsteroidal portion of the mandibular condyle. antiinflammatory drug. anteroposterior­ (AP) spread: Distance antimicrobial­ therapy: The use of specific from a line drawn between the posterior agents for the control or destruction of edges of the two most distal implants in an microorganisms, either systemically or at arch and the midpoint of the most anterior specific sites. implant in the arch. This measurement is antiplaque­ agent(s): Chemical compounds used to calculate the maximum posterior that alter plaque formation by either directly cantilever length of the prosthesis, which is killing bacteria within biofilms or by modu­ usually 1.5 times the AP spread. lating pathways associated with biofilm Ante’s­ Law (Irwin H. Ante): Eponymous formation. term that postulates that the in‐bone root antirotation­ : A structural feature of some surface of the supporting teeth for a fixed endosteal dental implant components that partial denture should be equal to or greater prevents relative rotation of fastened parts. than the in‐bone surface area of the missing This feature may exist between a dental tooth or teeth being replaced. Additionally, implant body and the dental implant abut­ the in‐bone root surface of a removable par­ ment, and/or the dental implant abutment tial denture abutment tooth or teeth plus the and dental implant abutment element(s). mucosal area of the supporting soft tissue See: Stack. should equal the in‐bone surface area of the antiseptic­ : An agent that inhibits the growth teeth being replaced. and development of microorganisms. antibacterial­ spectrum: The range of bac­ antral­ floor: Inferior bony wall of the maxil­ terial species that is susceptible to a drug lary sinus cavity. See: Maxillary sinus floor. (natural, semi‐synthetic, or synthetic), result­ antral­ floor grafting: See: Maxillary sinus ing in bacterial cell death or inhibition of floor elevation. bacterial growth. antral­ mucosa: See: Schneiderian mem­ antibiotic­ : Molecules or agents produced by brane, Maxillary sinus membrane. microorganisms that have the capacity to kill or antral­ polyp: Multilocular, pendulous, inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. irregularly shaped edematous space usually antibiotic­ prophylaxis: Administration of associated with rhinosinusitis. an antibiotic prior to a surgical procedure antral­ septum: See: Septum (maxillary (e.g., sinus graft) in order to prevent or sinus). reduce the incidence of postoperative infec­ antrolith­ : Calcified mass found in the max­ tion. In patients with a risk of endocarditis, a illary sinus, resulting from the complete or standard protocol is recommended for cer­ partial encrustation of a foreign body (e.g., tain dental procedures. See: Antibiotic. retained root). antibody­ : Serum proteins that are antroscope­ : An instrument for illuminating induced following interaction with an and examining the maxillary sinus. antigen. They bind specifically to the anti­ ­antroscopy: Inspection of an antrum using gen that induced their formation thereby an antroscope.

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­antrostomy: The surgical opening of an formation of cytoplasmic blebs, and frag­ antrum for purposes of drainage or grafting. mentation of the cell into membrane‐bound See: Sinus graft. apoptotic bodies that are eliminated by antrum­ : Based on Greek antron meaning phagocytosis. “cave,” a cavity or chamber in the body, often appliance­ : See: Device, Restoration, Prosthesis. within bone. See: Sinus: Maxillary cavity of appositional­ bone growth: See: Bone Highmore. modeling. antrum­ of Highmore: See: Maxillary sinus. approximation­ : The state of being near or apatite­ : Calcium phosphate of the composi­ close together, as in root approximation. tion Ca5(PO4)3OH; one of the mineral con­ AP­ spread (abbrev.): Anteroposterior spread. stituents of teeth and bones (with CaCO3). arachidonic­ acid: A 20‐carbon essential apertognathia­ : An occlusal relationship fatty acid that contains four double bonds where opposing teeth are not in contact (i.e., (5, 8, II, 14‐ eicosatetraenoic acid); the pre­ an anterior open bite). cursor of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, aperture­ : An opening or orifice. thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. apex­ : Anatomic end of a tooth root or root‐ arch­ : Bony arc formed by the maxillary or form implant. mandibular teeth or residual ridge when aphagia­ : Inability to swallow; abstention viewed occlusally. from eating. arch­ bar: A rigid bar or wire used to stabi­ aphasia­ : Defect or loss of the power of lize teeth and implants and used for intraarch expression by writing, speech or signs, or of fixation in the treatment of fractures of the comprehending written or spoken language maxilla or mandible. due to disease of or injury to the brain. arch­ , dental: The curved composite struc­ aphonia­ : Loss or absence of voice as a result ture of the natural dentition and the alveolar of the failure of the vocal cords to vibrate ridge, or the residual bone after the loss of properly. some or all of the natural teeth. aphtha­ (plural: aphthae): An ulcer of the arch­ form: The outline of the dental arch as oral mucous membrane occurring exclu­ viewed from a horizontal plane (i.e., ovoid, sively on movable tissue. square, or tapered). apical­ : Referring to, or in the direction of, a arch­ length discrepancy: An incongruent root apex. See: Apex. relationship between the arch size of the apical­ (retrograde) periimplantitis: See: maxilla or mandible and the teeth present as Implant periapical lesion. viewed from the occlusal plane. apical­ abscess: A localized collection of pus architecture­ : A term with an appropriate and inflamed tissue located at or around the modifier, commonly used in periodontics apical end of a tooth. to describe gingival and/or bony form. apical­ curettage: See: Curettage. Physiologic a.: A concept of soft tissue or apically­ positioned flap: A flap sutured in a bony form that includes positive architecture direction apical to its original presurgical in a vertical dimension, buccal‐lingual con­ position. See: Coronally positioned flap. tours devoid of ledges and exostoses, and apicoectomy­ : Intentional surgical excision interradicular grooves. Positive a.: When the of the apical end of a tooth root. crest of the interdental gingiva or bone is aplasia­ : Incomplete development of an located coronal to its midfacial midlingual organ or tissue. Congenital absence may be margins. Reverse a.: When the crest of the characteristic. interdental gingiva or bone is located apical aplastic­ : Without development; not forming. to its midfacial and midlingual margins. apoptosis­ : Morphologic pattern of cell ­archwire: Wire attached to two or more death affecting single cells and marked by teeth or implants, generally used to guide or ­shrinkage of the cell, condensation of chromatin, retain teeth during orthodontic therapy.

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­arc of closure: An elliptical or circular arc articulation­ : 1. The contact relationships of representing the mandibular path of closure. mandibular teeth with maxillary teeth in arcon­ : Term derived from the words “artic­ excursive movements of the mandible. 2. A ulator” and “condyle” describing a type of junction or union between two or more articulator that simulates temporomandibu­ bones. 3. A skeletal joint. lar anatomy. articulator­ : Apparatus designed to mechan­ arm­ prosthesis: Artificial replacement for part ically orient the essential elements of masti­ or all of the human arm. See: Somatoprosthesis. cation (i.e., temporomandibular joints, jaws, arrow­ point tracer: A device that traces the and teeth) in their simulated spatial relation­ pattern of mandibular movement typically ship outside the mouth. The design is based parallel to the occlusal plane. on the degree of mandibular movement sim­ artery­ : Blood vessel that carries oxygenated ulation desired for the development of an blood from the heart to tissues and organs. occlusal scheme. Fully adjustable a.: arthralgia­ : Pain in one or more joints. Articulating instrument permitting the sim­ arthritis­ : Inflammation of a joint or joints. ulation of three‐dimensional mandibular arthrodial­ joint: A joint that allows for a movement and capable of accepting three‐ sliding motion between surfaces. dimensional jaw registration records. arthrodial­ movement: Gliding joint Nonadjustable a.: Hinge‐type instrument movement. capable of retaining maxillary and mandibu­ arthrography­ : 1. Roentgenography of a lar jaw casts in an established vertical rela­ joint after injection of an opaque contrast tionship while providing possible vertical material. 2. In dentistry, a diagnostic tech­ motion in an arcing pattern. Semi‐adjustable a.: nique that entails filling the lower, upper, or Instrument capable of simulating vertical both joint spaces of the temporomandibular and horizontal movement with or without joint with a contrast agent to enable radio­ temporomandibular joint orientation. Joint graphic evaluation of the joint and surround­ articular references are commonly reversed ing structures; used to diagnose or confirm with condylar guidance developed according disk displacements and perforations. to mechanical equivalents based on ana­ arthropathy­ : A disease of a joint. tomic averages. Some semi‐adjustable artic­ arthroplasty­ : Surgical formation or restora­ ulators provide for temporomandibular joint tion of a joint. orientation and may be either non‐Arcon arthrosis­ : A degenerative disease of a (condylar elements in the upper member) or joint. Arcon (condylar elements in the lower mem­ articular­ capsule: The fibrous ligament that ber, as in the human situation). encloses a joint and limits its motion. It is artifact­ (imaging): Any feature not present lined with synovial membrane. in the original imaged object but that appears articular­ cartilage: A thin layer of hyaline in a displayed image. An image artifact is cartilage located on the joint surfaces of sometimes the result of incorrect operation some bones, not found on the articular of the imager, and other times a consequence ­surfaces of the temporomandibular joints of natural processes or properties of the which is covered with an avascular fibrous human body. It is important to be familiar tissue. with the appearance of artifacts because they articular­ disk: A ring of fibrocartilage that can obscure, and be mistaken for, pathology. separates the articular surfaces of a joint. Artifacts may also result in a misfitted pros­ articulating­ paper: Ink‐coated paper strips thesis. Therefore, image artifacts can result used to locate and mark occlusal contacts. in false negatives and false positives. articulating­ tape: Ink‐impregnated paper ­artificial crown: A metal, plastic, or ceramic or silk ribbon used to identify contacting restoration that covers three or more axial occlusal or incisal surfaces. surfaces and the occlusal surface or incisal

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edge of a tooth artificial denture: See: nonstimulation, pressure, or nutrients. See: Complete denture. Atrophic, Disuse atrophy, Ridge atrophy. ­artificial limb: Artificial replacement for attached­ gingiva: Firm, dense, and often part or all of a human arm or leg. See: stippled soft tissue that is tightly bound to Somatoprosthesis. underlying periosteum, bone, or a natural asaccharolytic­ : The inability of an organism tooth. See: Gingiva, attached. to catabolize carbohydrates. Generally attachment­ : 1. A mechanical device used relates to sugar metabolism. for fixing, retaining, and stabilizing a dental asepsis­ : 1: Free from infection. 2: The pre­ prosthesis. 2. A retainer that is made of a vention of contact with microorganisms. metal receptacle and a part that fits precisely. aseptic­ : Free from infection or septic material; The former (the female [matrix] component) sterile, free from pathogenic microorganisms. is most often contained inside the normal or asleep­ : See: Sleeper implant. extended crown contours of the abutment Aspergillus­ : Fungus responsible for maxil­ tooth and the latter (the male [patrix] com­ lary sinus fungal infections (aspergillosis). ponent) is attached to the denture frame­ astringent­ : An agent that causes contrac­ work or a pontic. Consists of one or more tion of the tissues, arrests secretion, or con­ parts, made of titanium, gold, or plastic. trols bleeding. attachment­ activating tool: See: Activating asymmetrical­ : Characterized by or pertain­ tool. ing to asymmetry. attachment­ apparatus: The anatomic asymmetry­ : Absence or lack of symmetry ­complex around a tooth consisting of the or balance; dissimilarity in corresponding cementum, alveolar bone, and periodontal parts or organs on opposite sides of the body. ligament. atherosclerosis­ : Form of arteriosclerosis attachment­ element: Part of the prosthetic characterized by the deposition of atheroma­ component made as a separate unit fitting tous plaques containing cholesterol and onto the transmucosal element. “If there is lipids on the innermost layer of the walls of no separate attachment element, the restora­ large‐ and medium‐sized arteries. tion is part of and fabricated with the reten­ atraumatic­ : Not inflicting or causing dam­ tive element.” It is the element onto which the age or injury. restoration is fabricated as cast‐to, cemented, atraumatic­ extraction: The extraction of a or screwed into position. tooth with minimal damage or injury to the attachment­ level: Relative distance from a surrounding hard and soft tissues. fixed reference point on a tooth or dental atresia­ : Absence or closure of a natural body implant to the tip of the periodontal probe passage. May also refer to loss of a body part during soft tissue diagnostic probing. Health through degeneration. See: Congenital atresia. of the attachment apparatus can affect the atrophic­ : Reduced both in volume and sub­ measurement. See: Clinical attachment level. stance. Bone loss in volume can be a reduc­ attachment­ level, clinical: When a clini­ tion both in width and height, and loss of cian is performing a periodontal diagnostic substance can mean reduction in thickness probing, it is the distance measured from the of cortical bone and width and number of end of a periodontal probe to the cementoe­ trabeculae. namel junction of the tooth being examined. atrophic­ alveolar bone: Alveolar bone The measurement is an indicator of the characterized by resorption after tooth health of the supporting soft tissue attachment removal. When functional stimulus disap­ apparatus. The health of the attachment pears, the alveolar bone will atrophy. apparatus can affect the measurement. See: atrophy­ : 1. A wasting away. 2. Decrease in Attachment level, relative. size of a cell, organ, tissue or part, a loss of ­attachment level, relative: When a clini­ tissue from an anatomic site due to nonuse, cian is performing periodontal diagnostic

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probing, it is the distance measured between attenuation­ of radiation: The reduction in the end of the periodontal probe and a set intensity of radiation as a result of scattering reference point on the tooth of interest or a and absorption of radiation. stent. The measurement is an indicator of the ­ : 1. The action of weakening and/or health of the supporting soft tissue attach­ wearing down by rubbing or friction. 2. The ment. The health of the attachment appara­ mechanical deterioration and erosion of tus can affect the measurement. See: the occlusal surfaces of the teeth as a conse­ Attachment level, clinical. quence of chewing or parafunction. ­attachment, new: The union of connective atypia­ : Not conforming to type; irregular. tissue or epithelium with a root surface that atypical­ facial pain: A painful syndrome has been deprived of its original attachment characterized by dull aching or throbbing, apparatus. This new attachment may be epi­ rather than paroxysms of pain, such as seen thelial adhesion and/or connective adapta­ in trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, or posther­ tion or attachment and may include new petic neuralgia, occurring in areas supplied cementum. by various nerve groups, including the fifth attachment‐retained­ : Use of a mechanical and ninth cranial nerves and the second and device for the retention of a prosthesis to an third cervical nerves. The distribution of abutment or transmucosal portion of a one‐ atypical facial pain does not follow the part implant. See: Attachment, Cement‐ established pathways of innervation of the retained, Friction‐retained, Screw‐retained. major sensory nerves, however (i.e., trigemi­ attachment­ screw: Any component used to nal neuralgia). Attacks last from a few days to secure a fixed dental prosthesis to the dental several months and often occur after dental implant abutment(s), an element directly care or sinus manipulation, but examination relating to the specific prosthetic component of the teeth, nose, sinuses, ears, and tempo­ to which it attaches. Typically, the prosthetic romandibular joints seldom reveals any component is seated, and the attachment abnormalities. A psychogenic or vascular screw is threaded through the prosthetic ­etiology has been suggested. component into another component in the augment­ : To make greater, more numerous, implant system, such as the implant. It can be larger, or more intense. manufactured of various materials, such as augmentation­ : 1. The act of enlarging or gold alloy or titanium. See: Abutment screw. increasing, as in size, extent, or quantity, attachment­ selection: A step in the pros­ beyond the existing size. See: Bone augmen­ thodontic treatment whereby a decision is tation. 2. Grafting procedure designed to made regarding the type of attachment to be increase the volume of existing tissues, usu­ used in the prosthesis based on implant ally referring to bone for the purpose of ade­ angulation, interarch space, soft tissue quate bony support around implants and/or (mucosal) height, and amount of retention improving tissue contours for esthetic pur­ needed. poses; also in alveolar ridge augmentation, attachment­ system: Design of a particular bone grafts or alloplastic materials are used type of retentive mechanism employing to increase the size of an atrophic alveolar compatible matrix and patrix corresponding ridge. components. Matrix refers to the receptacle auricular­ prosthesis: Fixed/removable arti­ component of the attachment system, and ficial replacement for all or part of a human patrix refers to the portion that has a ear. ­frictional fit and engages the matrix. ­auriculotemporal syndrome: A congenital Corresponding components are passive once or acquired condition (especially after sur­ engaged and offer resistance to displacement gery on the parotid gland) characterized by either through a direct mechanical mecha­ sweating and flushing in the periauricular and nism or a frictional fit. temporal areas when certain foods are eaten.

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Also known as Frey’s syndrome, Baillarger’s autologous­ mixed lymphocyte reaction: A syndrome, or Dupny’s syndrome. proliferative reaction of normal typical T ­auscultation: The process of determining lymphocytes when co‐cultured with autolo­ the condition of various parts of the body by gous HLADR‐positive non‐T lymphocytes. listening to the sounds they emit. autopolymer­ : A resin polymerized by a autocrine­ : Transfer of chemical compounds chemical reaction that occurs by adding an as hormones and growth factors within the cell. activator and a catalyst without adding heat. autogenous­ : Originating or derived from autopolymerizing­ resin: Resin capable of within the same subject; not derived from an polymerization via a chemical activator and external source; self‐produced, autologous, catalyzing agent. Also called cold‐ or self‐ endogenous. curing resin. autogenous­ bone graft: Bone graft, taken autoradiography­ : Photographic recording from an intraoral or extraoral site and placed of radiation from radioactive material in the same individual. Origin of the graft will obtained by placing the surface of the radio­ determine whether it is cortical, corticocan­ active material in proximity to a detector cellous, or cancellous in nature. Particulate sensitive to the emitted spectrum, most com­ grafts may be harvested with hand instru­ monly X‐ray film or a charge coupled device. ments or prepared by introducing chips into a available­ bone: Portion of an edentulous bone mill. Block grafts can be harvested when ridge that can be used for the placement of a a cortical component exists (i.e., symphysis, dental implant. ramus buccal shelf, calvarium, or iliac crest), avascular­ (nonvascular): Lacking in blood when volume is not sufficient, and/or if there or lymphatic vessels. Avascular tissues may is a need to retard resorption. Autogenous be normal, such as tooth enamel or some bone grafts are often mixed with allografts, forms of cartilage, or may be a consequence alloplasts, or xenografts. Also called autograft of disease. or autotransplant. avascular­ necrosis: Cell death that occurs autogenous­ graft: Tissue taken from the as a result of inadequate blood supply. patient’s own body and moved to a different average­ axis facebow: A device that trans­ site from its origin. Also called autograft or fers the relationship of the maxilla and the autotransplant. See: Autogenous bone graft, mandibular axis of rotation to an articulator Bone graft, Soft tissue augmentation. by recording standard anatomic landmarks autoglaze­ : The creation of a glazed surface for determining the transverse horizontal on a ceramic restoration by increasing the axis of the face. firing temperature to generate surface flow. average­ value articulator: An articulator Also called overglaze. that permits motion based on three mean autograft­ : A tissue graft taken from a site mandibular measurements: an intercondylar that is different from the recipient site of the distance of 10–11 cm, a condylar guidance of same individual receiving it. Also called 33°, and an incisal guidance of 9–12°. Also autochthonous graft, autologous graft, known as a mean value articulator or Class III autotransplant, and autoplast. See: Graft. articulator. autoimmunity­ : An immune response to an avulsion­ : A forced and aggressive separa­ organism’s own tissues or components. tion from the body; the action that results in autologous­ : 1. Pertaining to self; defining a separation of a body part surgically or acci­ products or components derived or trans­ dentally. See: Evulsion. ferred from one anatomic location to another avulsion­ fracture: A separation of bone (or within the recipient. 2. Autogenous. portion of bone) from its naturally occurring autologous­ bone: See: Autogenous bone position by trauma or unintended force(s). graft. ­axial contour: The shape of a body in the autologous­ graft: See: Autogenous graft. dimension of its long axis. For teeth, it is the

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outline of the vertical portion of a tooth from axis­ of preparation: The prepared or the cementoenamel junction to its height of intended path of insertion and removal for a contour. dental restoration as it relates to its axial ­axial inclination: 1. The relationship of the surface. long axis of a body to a designated plane. 2. In axis­ orbital plane: The horizontal imaginary dentistry, the angle made by the long axis of a line or plane determined by the transverse tooth, dental implant, or other object (i.e., horizontal axis of the mandible as it corre­ implant guide pin) as it relates to a specified lates with the palpated lowermost point horizontal plane, such as the supporting found at the inferior margin of either bone or occlusal plane. the left or right bony orbit (orbitale). This axial­ loading: Application of load, usually plane is used as a horizontal orientation by the forces of occlusion, in the direction of point to position teeth and/or dental the long axis of an implant body or tooth. implants in the ideal horizontal position in Compare: Nonaxial loading. relation to the temporomandibular joint axial­ reduction: Removal of tooth structure and face. or its prosthetic equivalent (i.e., implant axonotmesis­ : Nerve injury with loss of abutment) along its ideal long axis. The loca­ axonal continuity, but with maintenance of tion and amount of reduction depend on the the myelin sheath. Sensory and/or motor reason for altering or preparing. Compare: functions are impaired. Recovery may Incisal reduction, Occlusion reduction. occur after 1–3 months. It may be caused axial­ slice: A thin section from computed by a drill violating the mandibular canal, an tomography scan data (usually 0.125–2.0 anesthetic needle penetrating the nerve millimeters thick) transverse to the patient’s trunk, or excessive reflection. See: length axis, ideally parallel to the plane Neurapraxia, Neurotmesis. of occlusion. See: Cross‐sectional slice, azalide­ : New generation of macrolide deriv­ Panoramic reconstitution. atives with improved pharmacokinetic prop­ axial­ surface: The exterior of a body that is erties, tissue penetration, and activity against oriented in its long axis. many gram‐positive and gram‐negative bac­ axial­ wall: 1. The side of a body that is in its teria. See: Azithromycin. long axis. 2. In dentistry, the surface of a ­azithromycin: An azalide antibiotic which tooth preparation that is in its long axis. inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, and is axis­ : 1. A real or imaginary straight line effective against a wide range of gram‐­ passing through the center of a body, such as positive, gram‐negative, and anaerobic bac­ the mandible. 2. Long axis of a tooth – the teria. It is used in the treatment of mild to central lengthwise line through the crown moderate infections caused by susceptible and the root. 3. A real or imaginary straight organisms, and may be administered orally line around which a body may rotate. and intravenously. See: Azalide.

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