DOCSLIB.ORG

Extreme Events (Optical Rogue Waves) in Self-Pulsing Lasers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extreme Events (Optical Rogue Waves) in Self-Pulsing Lasers Extreme events (optical rogue waves) in self-pulsing lasers Alejandro Hnilo Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones (CEILAP), Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina. Non Linear Optics Annual Contractor Review, October 8th, 2015. Basic Research Innovation Collaboration Center (BRICC), Arlington, Virginia. AFOSR grant FA9550-13-1-0120, “Nonlinear dynamics of self-pulsing all-solid-state lasers” DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 1 Láseres Sólidos Laboratory Andrés López Marcelo Kovalsky Alejandro Hnilo Mariana Toscani Myriam Nonaka Carlos Bonazzola Agostina Villanueva Mónica Agüero Noelia Axel Santos Lacapmesure DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 2 What is a rogue (or freak) wave? •The term comes from Ocean science. •It refers to waves of very high amplitude appearing in calm weather. • Rogue waves appear and disappear suddenly. •They do not propagate far. •They are unusual phenomena, but appear much more often than can be expected in a Gaussian distribution. •For a long time, their existence was put in doubt. •The first reliable observation of a rogue wave was reported by a drilling platform in the North Sea in 1995 (Draupner wave). DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 3 Ocean Rogue Waves Rogue wave estimated at 60 feet moving away from ship after crashing into it a short time earlier. In the Gulf Stream off Charleston, South Carolina, with light winds of 15 knots. Pictures from NOAA ( 2006) Rogue waves hit cruise ships. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 4 The causes of rogue waves are not well understood yet • Some theoretical descriptions of rogue waves assume a Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLSE). • There are many physical systems described by the NLSE. • These systems are easier to study experimentally than the waves in the high seas, and may provide hints on the formation of ocean rogue waves. • In particular, Optical Rogue Waves were observed by Solli et al. in 2007, as fluctuations of the light intensity at the edge of the spectrum produced in a micro-structured optical fiber pumped by femtosecond laser pulses (a system which is usually described by the NLSE). DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 5 Optical rogue waves, or extreme events. After the pioneering work in 2007, optical rogue waves were observed in many optical systems and devices. Most of them were specially designed to produce large fluctuations of the light intensity. Our group reported the first observation of optical rogue waves in a standard laser cavity: (The Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser was customarily described by a NLSE). DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 6 Why studying optical rogue waves (ORW)? • In general, optical systems are advantageous “toy systems” to study the phenomenon (easy change of the control parameters and fast record of large sets of statistical data). • In the particular case of the self-Q-switched all-solid- state laser, controlling the formation of ORW would allow the emission of pulses of high intensity at selected times of interest, without having to scale up the whole device. •This is specially interesting for laser rangefinders or target illuminators aboard small unmanned flying vehicles (which is a standard use of these lasers), where the size and weight of power supplies and heatsinks are critical. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 7 When do I get an optical rogue wave? In Ocean dynamics, A fluctuation is considered “rogue” or “extreme” if its amplitude exceeds twice the “Abnormality index” or 4 (sometimes, 8) times the standard deviation. In Optics, additional criteria are: • A distribution with a long tail towards high intensities (“L shaped”). • Kurtosis > 3 (higher tail than a Gaussian). Our Project involves the experimental study of optical rogue waves in self-pulsing lasers (lasers with a nonlinear, or saturable, absorber): • Self (or Kerr-lens)-mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser (pulses of fs duration at rate 100 MHz); “fast” saturable absorber, λ=808 nm. • Self Q-switched all-solid-state Neodymium laser (pulses of ns duration at rate 10 KHz); “slow” saturable absorber, λ=1064 nm. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 8 Warning Yet, due to time limitations, only the results for the all- solid-state laser will be described in this talk. All the main features of the ORW in the Ti:Sapphire have been explained (and recently published: Phys. Rev. A 91, 013836, 2015). The most important result is that we have established that ORW occur in this laser only if a threshold similar to the Modulational Instability condition is crossed. This result makes this laser attractive as a toy system to study the formation of ocean RW. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 9 ORW in the all-solid-state Neodymium laser This laser is made of a diode-pumped active medium and a crystal saturable absorber. The absorber is slow: some “memory” remains of the features of the previous Q-switch pulse. It is not described by the NLSE, but ORW here have a practical interest: 1” Pump diode 2W, 3 A - No cooling Pump diode 40W, 50 A – Forced air or water needed. Average energy pulse: cooled. Average energy pulse: 0.24 mJ. 0.06 mJ. Echo from a non-cooperative target at 10 Km: OK Even an increase of a factor 4 above the average pulse (what often occurs during a ORW regime) makes the smaller version useful for a rangefinder or target illuminator. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 10 The Nd:YVO4+Cr:YAG prototype to study ORW The Nd:YVO4 active medium fixes a stable linear polarization operation. The V-shape of the cavity makes the mode diameter to vary strongly near mirror M2. Hence, by adjusting the position (x) of the Cr:YAG crystal, the saturation parameter and the dynamical regime are changed. As x→0, the laser output passes from uniform Q-switching to period doubling cascades, chaos, a period-3 stable window and chaos + ORW. The available theory predicts chaos, but no ORW. We observed ORW only if the Fresnel number is relatively high (#F≈5). DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 11 Two types of observed extreme events: Intensity and time. The two time variables associated with a pulse (ORW or not). In the uniform self-Q-switching regime, Δt+= Δt- = constant. Dimension of embedding (dE) and Lyapunov exponents are calculated from recorded time series, for I, Δt+ and Δt-. Average intensity = 100 ORW in Intensity are not preceded by an ORW in time, but an ORW in Intensity is followed by an ORW in time. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 12 Time and spatial complexities are correlated Up: I vs Δt-. Low: color-coded intensity curves of the laser spot. Left: x=7.25mm, dE=7, two positive Lyapunov exponents, complex I vs Δt- diagram, many lobes in the spot. Center: x=7mm, dE=7, period 3, all Lyapunov exponents are negative, period-three window, simple I vs Δt- diagram, few lobes. Right: x=6.75mm, dE=8, one Lyapunov exponent is positive, ORW are observed, complex I vs Δt- diagram, many lobes. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 13 Intensities at two different points in the laser spot. dE=6, two Lyapunov >0, X=17mm. (a-d) Intensity in photodiode B (IBi) vs photodiode A (IAi), for different values of separation (in mm): (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 3 , (d) 8. Red dots indicate ORW of the simultaneously recorded total intensity time series. Note that ORW in total intensity are not ORW in all the points in the spot! Histogram of total intensity Kurtosis= 6.02. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 14 Spatial correlation changes with the dynamical regime Regimes #1 (X=17mm) and #2 (X=5mm) are hyperchaotic with ORW; #3 is periodic. The arrows on the laser spots indicate the initial position and direction the correlation is measured. The horizontal red lines in the series indicate the ORW event threshold. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 15 Phase coherence is lost in presence of ORW Contour plots of laser spot and heterodyne interferograms. Upper row: chaotic regime without ORW (dE = 6, one Lyapunov >0, X= 8 mm). Lower row: with ORW (dE= 6, two Lyapunov >0, X= 6 mm). The region marked with a black line indicates where the fringes blur. Blurring is not observed in absence of ORW even if the regime is chaotic. This suggests the existence of coherence domains and provides further support to the hypothesis that transverse mode interaction is key in the appearance of ORW. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 16 ORW behave more regularly than the average pulse. → Superposition of 112 time traces centered at ORW of a time series. The evolution around an ORW is more predict- ↑ able than around First return maps indicate an average pulse. that ORW are preceded and followed by pulses of rather well defined intensity. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 17 Conclusions for the ORW in the all-solid-state laser • Strong indications that the formation of ORW is related with the nonlinear interaction of several incoherent transversal modes. •Even though this system is not ruled by the NLSE, its basic mechanism seems close to the intuitive idea on the formation of ocean rogue waves (i.e., mode interaction). •The trajectory in phase space before and after and ORW seems relatively well defined, this results encourages the goal of predicting and controlling them. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 18 Future work, planned and possible. •Single-pulse images of the spot (with an ultrafast camera, >104 fps) will determine the features of the patterns associated with an ORW. • Pumping with a VCSEL (instead that a laser diode) will allow determining the value of #F with precision (and hence, its importance).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • High-Throughput Biological Cell Classification Featuring Real-Time Optical Data Compression
    Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, CISS 2015, Baltimore, MD, USA, March 18-20 2015 High-throughput Biological Cell Classification Featuring Real-time Optical Data Compression Bahram Jalali*, Ata Mahjoubfar, and Claire L. Chen Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA Plenary Talk *Email: [email protected] Abstract—High throughput real-time instruments are needed the current gold standard in high-speed fluorescence imaging to acquire large data sets for detection and classification of rare [16]. events. Enabled by the photonic time stretch digitizer, a new class of instruments with record throughputs have led to the discovery Producing data rates as high as one tera bit per second, of optical rogue waves [1], detection of rare cancer cells [2], and these real-time instruments pose a big data challenge that the highest analog-to-digital conversion performance ever overwhelms even the most advanced computers [17]. Driven achieved [3]. Featuring continuous operation at 100 million by the necessity of solving this problem, we have recently frames per second and shutter speed of less than a nanosecond, introduced and demonstrated a categorically new data the time stretch camera is ideally suited for screening of blood compression technology [18, 19]. The so called Anamorphic and other biological samples. It has enabled detection of breast (warped) Stretch Transform is a physics based data processing cancer cells in blood with record, one-in-a-million, sensitivity [2]. technique that aims to mitigate the big data problem in real- Owing to their high real-time throughput, instruments produce a time instruments, in digital imaging, and beyond [17-21].
    [Show full text]
  • Dissipative Rogue Waves Generated by Chaotic Pulse Bunching in a Mode-Locked Laser
    week ending PRL 108, 233901 (2012) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 8 JUNE 2012 Dissipative Rogue Waves Generated by Chaotic Pulse Bunching in a Mode-Locked Laser C. Lecaplain,1 Ph. Grelu,1 J. M. Soto-Crespo,2 and N. Akhmediev3 1Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, U.M.R. 6303 C.N.R.S., Universite´ de Bourgogne, 9 avenue A. Savary, BP 47870 Dijon Cedex 21078, France 2Instituto de O´ ptica, C.S.I.C., Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain 3Optical Sciences Group, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia (Received 14 December 2011; published 5 June 2012) Rare events of extremely high optical intensity are experimentally recorded at the output of a mode- locked fiber laser that operates in a strongly dissipative regime of chaotic multiple-pulse generation. The probability distribution of these intensity fluctuations, which highly depend on the cavity parameters, features a long-tailed distribution. Recorded intensity fluctuations result from the ceaseless relative motion and nonlinear interaction of pulses within a temporally localized multisoliton phase. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.233901 PACS numbers: 42.65.Tg, 47.20.Ky Waves of extreme amplitude, or ‘‘rogue waves,’’ have satisfying the criteria of rogue waves [17,18]. In order to been the subject of intense research activity during the past strongly interact, the multiplicity of pulses should be con- decade [1,2]. Initiated first in the context of oceanic waves, fined within a relatively tight temporal domain. The two where the induced stakes and consequences are the most predictions also stressed the dominant impact of dissipa- critical, the notion of ‘‘rogue waves’’ or ‘‘freak waves’’ is tive effects on the involved nonlinear dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Universal Route to Rogue Waves
    PHYSICAL REVIEW X 9, 041057 (2019) Featured in Physics Experimental Evidence of Hydrodynamic Instantons: The Universal Route to Rogue Waves Giovanni Dematteis ,1,2 Tobias Grafke,3 Miguel Onorato ,2,4 and Eric Vanden-Eijnden5 1Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy 2Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy 3Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom 4INFN, Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy 5Courant Institute, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, New York 10012, USA (Received 3 July 2019; revised manuscript received 2 October 2019; published 18 December 2019) A statistical theory of rogue waves is proposed and tested against experimental data collected in a long water tank where random waves with different degrees of nonlinearity are mechanically generated and free to propagate along the flume. Strong evidence is given that the rogue waves observed in the tank are hydrodynamic instantons, that is, saddle point configurations of the action associated with the stochastic model of the wave system. As shown here, these hydrodynamic instantons are complex spatiotemporal wave field configurations which can be defined using the mathematical framework of large deviation theory and calculated via tailored numerical methods. These results indicate that the instantons describe equally well rogue waves created by simple linear superposition (in weakly nonlinear conditions) or by nonlinear focusing (in strongly nonlinear conditions), paving the way for the development of a unified explanation to rogue wave formation. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.9.041057 Subject Areas: Fluid Dynamics, Nonlinear Dynamics, Statistical Physics I.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Rogue Wave in Random Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser Jiangming Xu1,2, Jian Wu1,2, Jun Ye1, Pu Zhou1,2,*, Hanwei Zhang1,2, Jiaxin Song1, & Jinyong Leng1,2
    Optical rogue wave in random distributed feedback fiber laser Jiangming Xu1,2, Jian Wu1,2, Jun Ye1, Pu Zhou1,2,*, Hanwei Zhang1,2, Jiaxin Song1, & Jinyong Leng1,2 The famous demonstration of optical rogue wave (RW)-rarely and unexpectedly event with extremely high intensity-had opened a flourishing time for temporal statistic investigation as a powerful tool to reveal the fundamental physics in different laser scenarios. However, up to now, optical RW behavior with temporally localized structure has yet not been presented in random fiber laser (RFL) characterized with mirrorless open cavity, whose feedback arises from distinctive distributed multiple scattering. Here, thanks to the participation of sustained and crucial stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process, experimental explorations of optical RW are done in the highly-skewed transient intensity of an incoherently-pumped standard-telecom-fiber-constructed RFL. Furthermore, threshold-like beating peak behavior can also been resolved in the radiofrequency spectroscopy. Bringing the concept of optical RW to RFL domain without fixed cavity may greatly extend our comprehension of the rich and complex kinetics such as photon propagation and localization in disordered amplifying media with multiple scattering. 1 College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China . 2 Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of High Power Fiber Laser, Changsha 410073, China. J. X. and J. W. contributed equally to this paper. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P. Z. (email: [email protected]). The concept of random laser employing multiple scattering of photons in an amplifying disordered material to achieve coherent light has attracted increasing attention due to its special features, such as cavity-free, structural simplicity, and promising applications in imaging, medical diagnostics, and other scientific or industrial fields [1-3].
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Rogue Waves in Integrable Turbulence
    Optical Rogue Waves in Integrable Turbulence Pierre Suret et Stéphane Randoux Postdoc : F. Gustave PhD : R. El Koussaifi, A. Tikan, P. Walczak (2016) Collaborators : Fast Measurement : S. Bielawski, C. Szwaj, C. Evain (Phlam) Oceanography : M. Onorato (Turin, Italie) Integrable Systems : G. El (Loughbourough, UK) 1. Context 2. Experiments 3. Theoretical approach Optical Rogue Waves in Wave Turbulence Integrable Turbulence ü Waves ubiquitous phenomena in Physics ü Dispersion ü Nonlinearity ü Often, randomness plays a significant role Wave turbulence = nonlinear dispersive random waves hydrodynamics, oceanography, optics, mechanics, plasma physics… Optical Rogue Waves in Nonlinear Statistical OpticsIntegrable Turbulence Statistical Optics (linear) ü XXth century Random / partially coherent light (spatial or temporal fluctuation, coherence / spectrum…) Nonlinear Statistical (fiber) Optics ü 1960s Lasers / nonlinear optics ü 1990s Supercontinuum (ps, cw) : nonlinear + incoherent A.Kudlinski and A. Mussot, Opt. Lett., 33, (2008) J. M. Dudley et al., Opt. Express 17, (2009) ü 2000s Challenge : statistical description of nonlinear random waves A. Picozzi et al., Optical wave turbulence : Toward a unified nonequilibrium thermodynamic formulation of statistical nonlinear optics Physics Reports, (2014) Optical Rogue Waves in “Turbulence” in Optical fibersIntegrable Turbulence Optical fibers : tabletop laboratories of hydrodynamical phenomena ü Turbulence E.G. Turitsyna et al., « The laminar–turbulent transition in a fibre laser », Nat. Photonics,
    [Show full text]
  • Time Stretch and Its Applications Ata Mahjoubfar1,2, Dmitry V
    REVIEW ARTICLE PUBLISHED ONLINE: 1 JUNE 2017 | DOI: 10.1038/NPHOTON.2017.76 Time stretch and its applications Ata Mahjoubfar1,2, Dmitry V. Churkin3,4,5, Stéphane Barland6, Neil Broderick7, Sergei K. Turitsyn3,5 and Bahram Jalali1,2,8,9* Observing non-repetitive and statistically rare signals that occur on short timescales requires fast real-time measurements that exceed the speed, precision and record length of conventional digitizers. Photonic time stretch is a data acquisition method that overcomes the speed limitations of electronic digitizers and enables continuous ultrafast single-shot spectroscopy, imaging, reflectometry, terahertz and other measurements at refresh rates reaching billions of frames per second with non-stop recording spanning trillions of consecutive frames. The technology has opened a new frontier in measurement science unveiling transient phenomena in nonlinear dynamics such as optical rogue waves and soliton molecules, and in relativistic electron bunching. It has also created a new class of instruments that have been integrated with artificial intelligence for sensing and biomedical diagnostics. We review the fundamental principles and applications of this emerging field for continuous phase and amplitude characterization at extremely high repetition rates via time-stretch spectral interferometry. he Shannon–Hartley theorem provides a tool to quantify the in instrumentation have led to new science. We anticipate that a new information content of analog data. The theorem prescribes that type of instrument that performs time-resolved single-shot measure- Tunpredictability — the element of surprise — is the property that ments of ultrafast events and that makes continuous measurements defines information. No information is carried by a periodic signal, over long timescales spanning trillions of pulses will unveil previously such as a sinusoidal wave, because its evolution is entirely predictable.
    [Show full text]
  • Extreme Value Phenomena in Optics: Origins and Links with Oceanic Rogue Waves
    Extreme value phenomena in optics: origins and links with oceanic rogue waves John Dudley1, Go¨ery Genty2, Fr´ed´eric Dias3, & Benjamin Eggleton4 1Institut FEMTO-ST, Universit´ede Franche-Comt´e, Besan¸con, France 2Optics Laboratory, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland 3Centre de Mathematiques et de leurs Applications, ENS Cachan, Cachan, France 4CUDOS, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected] Abstract. We present a numerical study of the evolution dynamics of “optical rogue waves”, statistically-rare extreme red-shifted soliton pulses arising from supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear fibers. 1 Introduction A central challenge in understanding extreme events is to develop rigorous mod- els linking the complex generation dynamics and the associated statistical be- haviour. Quantitative studies of extreme value phenomena, however, are often hampered in two ways: (i) the intrinsic scarcity of the events under study and (ii) the fact that such events often appear in environments where measurements are difficult. In this context, highly significant experiments were reported by Solli et al. in late 2007, where a novel wavelength-to-time detection technique has allowed the direct characterization of the shot-to-shot statistics in the extreme nonlinear optical spectral broadening process known as supercontinuum (SC) generation when launching pulses of long duration into a fiber with high nonlin- earity [1]. Although this regime of SC generation is known to exhibit fluctuations on the SC long wavelength edge [2], it was shown that these fluctuations contain a small number of statistically-rare “rogue” events associated with an enhanced red-shift and a greatly increased intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • Rogue Waves – Towards a Unifying Concept?: Discussions and Debates
    Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 185, 5–15 (2010) c EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag 2010 THE EUROPEAN DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2010-01234-y PHYSICAL JOURNAL SPECIAL TOPICS Regular Article Rogue waves – towards a unifying concept?: Discussions and debates V. Ruban1,a,Y.Kodama2,b, M. Ruderman3,c, J. Dudley4,d,R.Grimshaw5,e, P. McClintock6,f ,M.Onorato7,g, C. Kharif8,h,E.Pelinovsky9,i,T.Soomere10,j, G. Lindgren11,k, N. Akhmediev12,l,A.Slunyaev9,m, D. Solli13, C. Ropers14, B. Jalali13,n, F. Dias15, and A. Osborne16,17,o 1 L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics RAS, 2 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia 2 Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 3 School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Hicks Building, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK 4 Depart´ement d’Optique P. M. Duffieux, Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174 CNRS-Universit´ede Franche-Comt´e, 25030 Besan¸con, France 5 Loughborough University, UK 6 Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK 7 Dipartimento di Fisica Generale, Universit`a di Torino, Via P. Giuria, 1, 10125 Torino, Italy 8 IRPHE, 49 rue F. Joliot-Curie 13384 Marseille Cedex 13, France 9 Department of Nonlinear Geophysical Processes, Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 10 Centre for Non-linear Studies, Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 21, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia 11 Mathematical Statistics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden 12 Optical Sciences Group, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia 13 Photonics Laboratory, UCLA, 420 Westwood Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1594 14 Courant Res.
    [Show full text]
  • Instabilities, Breathers and Rogue Waves in Optics
    Instabilities, breathers and rogue waves in optics John M. Dudley1, Frédéric Dias2, Miro Erkintalo3, Goëry Genty4 1. Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174 CNRS-Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France 2. School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland 3. Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 4. Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Optical rogue waves are rare yet extreme fluctuations in the value of an optical field. The terminology was first used in the context of an analogy between pulse propagation in optical fibre and wave group propagation on deep water, but has since been generalized to describe many other processes in optics. This paper provides an overview of this field, concentrating primarily on propagation in optical fibre systems that exhibit nonlinear breather and soliton dynamics, but also discussing other optical systems where extreme events have been reported. Although statistical features such as long-tailed probability distributions are often considered the defining feature of rogue waves, we emphasise the underlying physical processes that drive the appearance of extreme optical structures. Many physical systems exhibit behaviour associated with the emergence of high amplitude events that occur with low probability but that have dramatic impact. Perhaps the most celebrated examples of such processes are the giant oceanic “rogue waves” that emerge unexpectedly from the sea with great destructive power [1]. There is general agreement that 1 the emergence of giant waves involves physics different from that generating the usual population of ocean waves, but equally there is a consensus that one unique causative mechanism is unlikely.
    [Show full text]
  • Rogue Waves and Their Generating Mechanisms in Different Physical Contexts
    Physics Reports 528 (2013) 47–89 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Physics Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physrep Rogue waves and their generating mechanisms in different physical contexts M. Onorato a,b, S. Residori c,∗, U. Bortolozzo c, A. Montina d, F.T. Arecchi e,f a Dipartimento di Fisica Generale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy b INFN, Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy c INLN, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS, 1361 route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France d Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 2Y5 Canada e Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Firenze, Italy f CNR-INO, largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy article info a b s t r a c t Article history: Rogue waves is the name given by oceanographers to isolated large amplitude waves, Accepted 19 December 2012 that occur more frequently than expected for normal, Gaussian distributed, statistical Available online 14 March 2013 events. Rogue waves are ubiquitous in nature and appear in a variety of different contexts. editor: G.I. Stegeman Besides water waves, they have been recently reported in liquid Helium, in nonlinear optics, microwave cavities, etc. The first part of the review is dedicated to rogue waves in the oceans and to their laboratory counterpart with experiments performed in water basins. Most of the work and interpretation of the experimental results will be based on the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, an universal model, that rules the dynamics of weakly nonlinear, narrow band surface gravity waves.
    [Show full text]
  • Bright-Dark Rogue Wave in Mode-Locked Fibre Laser Rogue
    Conference 10228: Nonlinear Optics and Applications amplification. Under beam shaping technique, achieving high energy We present the results of an experimental and theoretical study of square pulses can be realized by exploiting the dissipative soliton the complex nonlinear polarization dynamics leading to rogue wave’s resonance theory where the energy is not limited by the soliton area emergence. The theoretical model consists of seven coupled non-linear theorem and it increases proportionally with allows the pulse width to equations and takes in account both orthogonal states of polarizations widen linearly. (SOPs) in the fiber [1, 2]. The model predicts the existence of seven Dissipative soliton resonance square pulses were experimentally observed eigenfrequencies in the cavity due to polarization instability near lasing in setups consisting on the nonlinear polarization evolution mechanism in threshold. By adjusting the laser parameters (the power and the SOP normal and anomalous dispersion regimes. It has also been demonstrated of the pump wave and in-cavity birefringence) we can tune some in mode-locked figure-of-eight fiber lasers using optical circulators and eigenfrequencies from completely different (non-degenerate states) to dual pumping. These results highlighted the fact that the high non- coinciding (degenerated states). The experiments were performed with a linearity plays an important role in widening the pulse. passively self-mode-locked erbium-doped fiber oscillator implemented in a ring configuration and operating near the lasing threshold. The obtained In this work, we present a widely adjustable high energy square pulse experimental results are in a good correspondence with the theory. laser operating in dissipative soliton resonance in a passively mode- Moreover, it was observed that non-degenerate states of oscillator lead locked figure-of-eight fiber configuration using dual Er:Yb co-doped to L-shaped probability distribution function (PDF) and true rogue waves double clad amplifiers.
    [Show full text]
  • An Adaptive Filter for Studying the Life Cycle of Optical Rogue Waves
    An adaptive filter for studying the life cycle of optical rogue waves Chu Liu1, 2, 4, Eric J. Rees2, 4, Toni Laurila2, Shuisheng Jian1, and Clemens F. Kaminski 2, 3,* 1Institute of Lightwave Technology, Key Lab of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network of EMC, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China 2Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, CB2 3RA, UK 3SAOT School of Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich Alexander University, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany 4These authors contributed equally to this work *[email protected] Abstract: We present an adaptive numerical filter for analyzing fiber-length dependent properties of optical rogue waves, which are highly intense and extremely red-shifted solitons that arise during supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber. We use this filter to study a data set of 1000 simulated supercontinuum pulses, produced from 5 ps pump pulses containing random noise. Optical rogue waves arise in different supercontinuum pulses at various positions along the fiber, and exhibit a lifecycle: their intensity peaks over a finite range of fiber length before declining slowly. 2010 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.5530) Fiber optics and optical communications: Pulse propagation and temporal solitons; (190.4370) Nonlinear optics: Nonlinear optics, fibers. References and links 1. J. M. Dudley, and J. R. Taylor, Supercontinuum Generation in Optical Fibers, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010) 2. J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1135–1184 (2006). 3. J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, “Visible continuum generation in air-silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm,” Opt.
    [Show full text]