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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BORDER GUARDS’ TRAINING IN UKRAINE AND

Nataliya BHINDER* *Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine

Abstract: An increase in threats to Ukraine’s security has been observed since 2014 and that fact shows the significant role of border agency and professionalism of border guards to ensure security for further economic and socio-political development. This raises the issue of improvement of border guards’ training in Ukraine. The priority national interest of Ukraine in the sphere of foreign policy and military development is to deepen the strategic partnership between Ukraine and NATO. But it is important to research the experience of countries facing similar security threats, including border threats and having common issues in the sphere of economics belong to the group of developing countries. The task is to investigate positive foreign experience of border guards’ training and elaborate recommendations for creative and partial implementation some aspects in Ukraine.

Keywords: border guards, security threats, border agency, professional training, higher military educational establishment, professional competence.

concerns the protection of human 1. INTRODUCTION rights, safe living conditions of citizens, democratic values of According to the Law of society, welfare and sustainable Ukraine On National Security development, constitutional order, ratified in 2018 the notion of sovereignty, territorial integrity, national security means protection and inviolability. Regarding this, of state sovereignty, territory the State Border Guard Service of integrity, democratic constitutional Ukraine plays a significant role in order and other vital important the sphere of national security state interests from real and being an essential component of potential threats both military and the sector of national security and non-military (Verkhovna Rada defense (Verkhovna Rada Ukrainy: 2018). State policy in the Ukrainy: 2015). And it is obvious sphere of security and defense that the effectiveness of

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professional performance of border Rickinson and May: 2009, guards depends entirely on their Davies: 2000) including the level of professional competence. study of publications related to Thus, currently, considering the military education, psychology, profile of threats facing Ukraine, politics, national security of the including those at the state border, country. It is resulted in the border guards’ training is a synthesis of best results and mandatory condition to ensure testing the theory of national security. Regarding the comparative research; necessity of rapid changes in the - observation of the phenomenon sphere of military education, including ordinary, inclusive, Ukrainian experts should pay intensive and extensive (Vasiuk: attention to the foreign experience 2008, Rickinson and May: of countries fighting similar border 2009, Davies: 2000); threats and elaborate steps how to - conversation and interview with implement this experience participants of the process of creatively in the system of professional training (Vasiuk: professional training of border 2008, Rickinson and May: guards. 2009, Davies: 2000); - method of scientific description 2. METHODS of information (Vulfson: 2002); The current study used a wide - comparative method (Vasiuk: range of methods to conduct deep 2008) being a concluding and thorough comparative analysis method of comparative research in the sphere of professional to make proper conclusions and training of border guards. All to explain the efficiency of methods belong to two groups - changes; qualitative and quantitative. - holistic method which describes Among qualitative methods the the links between education and following ones were used: social process (Shykla: 1983); - analysis of official documents - social and anthropological regulating the system of analysis is oriented towards education in general and in microstudy of certain certain educational phenomenon (Shykla: 1983); establishment (Vasiuk: 2008); - historical and political analysis - analysis of academic sources (Shykla: 1983, Vasiuk: 2008) (Vasiuk: 2008, Gale: 2015, relevant to the investigation of

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historical and geopolitical studied in general and in its preconditions of border guards’ certain components; training; - method of additional analysis of - descriptive method (Hantrais: data concerning the process of 1995); follow-up review in order to - inductive and deductive retest results (Arber: 2006, methods (Hantrais: 1995); Gale: 2015); - cross-analysis (Vulfson: 2002) - method of initial information to explain differences of the collecting (during the interview, phenomenon; etc) (Gale: 2015); - demonstration method - sample approach (Gale: 2015) (Hantrais: 1995) to confirm the used to select experts with theory being studied; special knowledge for interview - forecasting methods (Vulfson: to determine central topic and to 2002) to describe the interpret results; possibilities of implementation - method of studying of selected of findings and to describe the object (Gale: 2015, Hakim: prospects of further study. 2000) which is transparent, Besides, quantitative methods stable and objective analysis to were widely used. They were the describe causes and methods of following: phenomenon development in - analysis of statistical data that the current context. In the characterize the current state of sphere of the study of education (Vasiuk: 2008). professional training of border According to Kazamias (2009) guards it helps to interpret and it helps to form further compare the activities of border regulating norms; agencies and higher military - mathematical methods of data educational establishments of processing (Vasiuk: 2008); two countries, to explain the - structural method that means peculiarities of foreign the simultaneous analysis of practices; units (Vasiuk: 2008); - juxtaposition (Hantrais: 1995) - constructive and genetical to find matchings between data method (Vasiuk: 2008) that in accordance with the chosen means the analysis of changes criterion. within the phenomenon being Moreover, it is necessary to follow the requirement of Gale

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(2015) Hakim (2000) and Hantrais with phenomenon being analysed; (1995) to use these methods in availability of data. These criteria combination (so-called combined allowed to compare at different approach) for deeper analysis of levels. the problem. Detailed analysis of the According to Hans (2012), there selection of countries is described is no universal method to conduct by Vulfson (2002). These factors comparative research; at the same are the following: countries used to time, Chopyk (2016) admits that occupy the territory of one selection of methods should be country; countries located in one adequate to the topic of research continent; countries having similar and correspond to processes and population; countries phenomena being analyzed. characterizing by certain economic and socio-political indices; 3. DISCUSSION countries having a similar system of state government; countries 3.1. Criteria to select countries having similar religious, cultural or for comparative analysis language peculiarities. The main problem to conduct Also, Vulfson (2002) comparative research is to select determines the group of proper countries for comparative educational indices: level of analysis as, according to Hantrais centralization/decentralization of (1995), the comparability of system of education; similarity of objects influences the quality of historical and cultural traditions; research. Of course, in fact, there factual basis to compare the set of are no ideally comparable objects. factors; peculiarities of science and Even the EU countries differ from technology development; reforms each other in economic and social within the system of education; development, systems of cultural ways of reproduction of labor values, military potential, etc. force; economic efficiency of While choosing countries for education (duration, costs, etc.). comparative analysis, we used the Besides while conducting findings of Green (2003) and comparative analysis in the sphere Smelser (1976) who admitted that of border guards’ training it is main criteria for selection are the necessary to consider security following: compliance to the factors of countries being theoretical problem; causal linkage compared: military alliance

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membership, level of military and border, existence of border economic development, ranking of agencies, diverse borderline. Table military power, amount of military 1 shows the criteria to prove the budget, content of military necessity to compare border doctrine determining security guards’ training in Ukraine and vector of national policy, and India and their interpretation. security threats including at the

Table 1. Criteria of comparison border guards’ training in Ukraine and India Criterion of comparison Ukraine Republic of India Economic and sociopolitical Developing country Developing country development Military budget 3 % of GDP (1) 2.5 % of GDP (1) Ranking of the army 30th in the world 10th 4th in the world (2) in Europe (2) Border agencies (3) State Border Guard Service of Ukraine which includes Indian Indo- Marine Guard Tibetan Border Police Length of the state border 6 993 km including 15 107 km including 7 517 1355 km of marine km of marine borders (5) borders (4) Alliance membership No No Diverse terrain Yes Yes Multinational population, Yes Yes especially in border areas Security threats Terrorism Terrorism Separatist movement Separatism Armed aggression Armed aggression Hybrid war (6) Nuclear threat Biological threat Chemical threat Hybrid war (7) Threats at the border Penetration of armed Separatists movements crime groups Low-intensity conflict Separatism Poaching Low-intensity Penetration of armed groups conflict Arms smuggling Arms smuggling Trafficking in counterfeit

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Criterion of comparison Ukraine Republic of India Trafficking in goods currency Illegal migration Drugs trafficking Transborder crimes Natural calamities Increase of Border clashes transborder movements of Rough terrain and porous people, vehicles, and border areas (7) goods Poaching in exclusive marine zone Line of control with occupied area (6) Border conflicts/occupied Yes Yes areas Fenced border (in some border Yes Yes areas) Presence of shared and Yes Yes undemarcated borders Military doctrine – main Ensuring military Safeguarding the nation from mission security and any type of internal and prevention of external threats/aggression exterior aggression (Ministry of Defense, (Verkhovna Rada Government of India: 2017) Ukrainy: 2015) Higher military educational Yes Yes establishments for training border guards Agency-specific training Yes Yes centers

Thus, we can conclude that Let us analyze the in Ukraine and India have common accordance with specified features of national security and components. threats profile. Also, both countries have separate educational 3.2. Agency-specific establishments for training border educational establishments and guards. The problem is to analyze training centers the systems of border guards’ Both countries have higher training, find out common features military educational establishments and reveal differences. and training centers oriented

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towards professional training of center and Assam Rifles school, border guards. In Ukraine within Sashastra Seema Bal – 3 training the structure of the border agency centers, – 3 there is one higher military naval schools (Ministry of educational establishment (Bohdan Defence: 2016). Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service 3.3. Stages of professional of Ukraine) and 3 training centers training and their duration (Ihor Momot Main Center for In Ukraine, basic training lasts Training of Personnel of the State 8 weeks, while in India it lasts 40- Border Guard Service of Ukraine, 100 weeks that is more than five Canine Training Center of the times. At the same time, training of State Border Guard Service of junior specialist at the Ukrainian Ukraine, Izmail Training training centers lasts up to 3 years Detachment of Marine Guard. depending on specialty. Bachelor’s Due to the number of border training at the Bohdan agencies and strength of personnel Khmelnytskyi National Academy there are nine higher military of the State Border Guard Service educational establishments training of Ukraine lasts 4 years (Bohdan border guards in the Republic of Khmelnytskyi National Academy India (Border Security Force of the State Border Guard Service Academy, Indo-Tibetan Border of Ukraine: n.d.), in Indian higher Police Academy, Indian Coast military educational establishments Guard Academy, Sashastra Seema cadets obtain bachelor’s degree Bal, Indraprastha Defense during 3 years on the basis of Academy, Officers complete secondary education and Training Academy, Indian Coast 1 year on the basis of higher Guard Academy, Naval Institute of education at the civilian Aeronautical Technology, National establishment. Defense University). Besides India Master’s training in Ukraine has several training centers for lasts for 1-2 years, in India border guards designated to certain master’s training which is called border agency. professional military education Thus, Border Security Force lasts 1 year (Sen: 2013, Pama: includes 10 training centers, Indo- 2008). Besides in Indian Tibetan Border Police – 1 training educational establishments and center, Assam Rifles – 1 training training centers certified courses

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are widely used as pre- 2006), activity (Demianiuk: 2014, employment and advanced training Poliuk: 2015) and personal- for border guards on active duty. centered (Voitsekhivskyi: 2011, Torichnyi: 2016) approaches are 3.4. Forms of instruction adopted in the process of In Ukraine daytime instruction professional training of border is applied for all stages of training, guards while in India competence- correspondence instruction is based, activity, andragogical, partially used during master’s ethnoaxiological approaches are training (Bohdan Khmelnytskyi applied (Aggarwal: 1986, National Academy of the State Berestetska: 2016, Banerjee: 2003, Border Guard Service of Ukraine: Bhatia: 1987, Chakraborty: 2003, n.d., Poliuk: 2015). In Indian Dobhal: 2016, Pama: 2008). higher educational establishments, The difference is that system of daytime instruction is most training of border guards’ in common, but distance and Ukraine is oriented towards the correspondence instruction are also formation of professional skills often applied during bachelor’s during training period at the and master’s training (Sen: 2013, educational establishment under Singh: 2015). the supervision of an instructor, Many advanced training while Indian peculiarities mean courses are taught online or that border guards obtain distantly. In Ukraine, the system of professional skills and abilities to distant education is not highly study during training period as developed, but its benefits are well as in the workplace obvious. The establishments are independently. beginning to move in this direction Besides, this be explained that despite these courses are currently Indian cadets are a bit older when used as voluntarily self- entering higher educational development programs. establishments and more intrinsically motivated due to 3.5. Theoretical and highly competitive environment. methodological principles of border guards’ training 3.6. Number of cadets in the In Ukraine competence-based study group (Chmyr: 2011, Veretilnyk: 2016, An average number of cadets in Torichnyi: 2016, Yevsiukov: the study group at the Bohdan

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Khmelnytskyi National Academy (Border Security Force: n.d.), of the State Border Guard Service flexibility of forms of instruction of Ukraine is 25-30 (Bohdan (Narang: 1997), wide application Khmelnytskyi National Academy of distant learning, sophisticated of the State Border Guard Service system of rewards and sanctions, of Ukraine: n.d.). usage of cross-learning, cascade This study group can be learning, horizontal learning, and divided into two subgroups for microteaching, effective usage of practical lessons. Study groups at independent and individual work the Indian educational (Berestetska: 2015). establishments can vary from 5 students doing the master’s course 3.8. Forms of the organization up to 60 cadets at the bachelor’s of training and teaching methods program (Indian Coast Guard: n.d., At the Bohdan Khmelnytskyi ITBP Academy: n.d., Join Indian National Academy of the State Coast Guard: n.d., Pama: 2008). Border Guard Service of Ukraine instructors preferably use lectures, 3.7. Organization of practical lessons, group, pair, and professional training individual work as these forms of In Ukraine we observe fixed organization of training are periodization of professional provided in the regulating training stages (Hriaznov and documents and methodical Usachyk: 2011), absence of recommendations (Borovyk: flexibility of forms of instruction 2018). (Havriluk: 2017), underdeveloped Main forms of organization of algorithm of system of rewards training at the Indian educational and encouragement, absence of establishments are the following: clearly defined system of trainings lectures, practical and and courses in accordance with the demonstration lessons, group, pair, needs of the agency and cadets independent and individual work, themselves (Bohdaniuk: 2013), distant learning, cascade learning, absence of programs of academic horizontal learning, cross learning, mobility. capsule courses (Center for Civil At the same time the Indian Society: 2016, Cheney et al., 2005, system of border guards’ training Nordic Recognition Information is characterized by continuity, Centres: 2006, Torichnyi and diversification of specialties Bhinder: 2017).

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It reflects greater flexibility of In India a range of tools is a little instructors at the Indian bit wider, and they are the educational establishments and following: textbooks, computer their broader set of forms used in means of diagnostics and learning the process of border guards’ control, video materials, audio training, but due to a large number textbooks, electronic database, of cadets in study groups, active programs for distant learning methods of teaching are less (Border Security Force; n.d., ITBP common. Innovation teaching Academy: n.d., Indian Coast methods used at the Indian higher Guard: n.d.), military equipment military educational establishments and simulation model (Chauhan: are the following: independent war 2013), information and games (Sharma: 2017, SSB communication technologies, Academy: n.d.), project method, Internet, massive open online research method, methods of resources (Venkata Reddy: 2002, psychological influence (Singh: Singh: 2010). 2005, Sujatha Devi: 2014), flipped Of course, some advanced tools classroom (Srivastava: 2014), are used by Ukrainian instructors, simulation modeling (Chauhan: but it is not on a regular basis 2013). (Voitsekhivskyi: 2013). At the At the same time, instructors in same time in India, we notice that Ukraine widely apply active and the tools mentioned above are in interactive teaching methods high demand due to larger study except traditional methods groups and lack of instructors. (explanatory, dialogue, Indian experience shows that illustration), being active advanced technical tools help to participants of the training process improve cost-efficiency of training themselves. process over the long term

3.9. Teaching tools 3.10. Assessment and When we speak of teaching monitoring of training tools used during border guards’ At the Bohdan Khmelnytskyi training in Ukraine, we mean National Academy of the State methodical manuals, textbooks, Border Guard Service of Ukraine technical aids, demonstration qualification, ongoing, topical, military equipment (Chmyr: 2011, modular, and final control of Havriluk: 2017, Torichnyi: 2016). learning performance is adopted

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(Yahupov: 2002, Biliavets: 2018). of the State Border Guard Service Indian higher military educational of Ukraine may vary in spite of establishments and training centers specialty. use input, ongoing and final Some of them are the control. Besides, in India exterior following: Tactics of border assessment of learning service, Border control, performance is expected Mechanical means of border (Torichnyi and Bhinder: 2017, control, Fire training, Physical Ministry of Defence, 2016). training, Engineering training, Automotive industry training, 3.11. Content of border guards’ Information and training telecommunication systems, Moral Contents of border guards’ and psychological support, training in Ukraine and India face Tactical medicine, Administrative the biggest difference. Firstly, in activity, Topography (Bohdan Ukraine contents of training is Khmel-nytskyi National Academy divided into two parts: general of the State Border Guard Service training and professional training. of Ukraine: n.d., Borovyk: 2018, General training makes about 28.5 Chmyr: 2011, Havriluk: 2017, % of the total time devoted to Hriaznov and Usachyk: 2011, training and it includes the State Border Guard Service of following subjects: Ukrainian Ukraine: n.d). language, History of Ukraine, Contents of border guards’ Computer science, Philosophy, training in Indian military Foreign language, Sociology, educational establishments consists Ethics and esthetics, Principles of of the obligatory general management, Pedagogics, professional block which is Psychology, Political and common for all border agencies economic systems, Principles of and agency-specific subjects state and law, Principles of natural depending on the tasks designated and technical sciences. to personnel (Bhinder: 2017). Professional training makes Obligatory general professional respectively 71.5 % of the total block includes Drill training, learning time including Marksmanship, Physical training, apprenticeship. Professional Military tactics, Driving, Border subjects at the Bohdan management, Counter-terrorism Khmelnytskyi National Academy operations, Counter-insurgency

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operations, Joint operations, Service regulations, Military law, 3.12. Output level of English, Hindi, History of India, professional competence Military campaigns of India According to the tasks facing (Bhinder: 2017, Border Security the State Border Guard Service of Force (n.d.).). Agency-specific Ukraine and analysis of subjects are the following: Border professional training at the Bohdan Security Force (Use of means of Khmelnytskyi National Academy fortification, Use of heavy of the State Border Guard weapons, Horse and camel riding, Academy the output level of Survival in swamps, Solo professional competence of border patrolling) (Border Security Force guards is oriented towards (n.d.).); Indo-Tibetan Border appropriate level of development Police (Hand-to-hand fighting of skills, personal qualities, service (judo), Horse riding, Chinese readiness, professional mobility language Mandarin, Tibetan during solving professional tasks language) (CNTV: 2017, ITBP: in peacetime and while conducting n.d., ITBP Academy: n.d.); Assam combat operations at the border Rifles (Jungle war, Horse riding, area. Survival in mountains and jungles, The output level of Use of hot-air balloon) (Assam professional competence of Indian Rifles: n.d., Sharma: 2001, border guards means a high level Talukdar: 2010); Sashastra Seema of professional qualification, Bal (Reconnaissance, Rescue acquisition of professional skills, operations, Escort of civil modern and effective methods of populations through mountains, professional tasks solving, and Work with local communities and implies the readiness to perform a indigenous people, Smuggling professional agency - specific prevention, Detecting of activity with high productivity counterfeit notes) (Chakravorty: considering security factors. 2016, Sashastra Seema Bal: n.d., SSB Academy: n.d.); Indian Coast 4. CONCLUSIONS Guard (Poaching prevention, Smuggling prevention, Protection Thus, professional training of of inclusive marine economic border guards in Ukraine and India zone) (Indian Coast Guard: n.d., have the single task – to prepare Join Indian Coast Guard: n.d.). experts in the sphere of border security to effective performance

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of professional activities and to 40 to 100 weeks, is full daytime train them to counteract the training of border guards to existing threats in the border area. perform professional tasks. The Having analyzed the training content of training also differs. In process in both countries, we Ukraine, it includes general found out a wide range of fundamental and professional similarities which concern stages subjects while in India border of training, usage of conventional guards’ training is narrow methodological approaches, specialization oriented towards traditional teaching methods and specific agency tasks. regular tools. Having studied the problem However, the main differences and considering the security issues touch upon implementation of Ukraine has been facing since innovative methods. Indian higher 2014, it is necessary to say that military educational establishments some steps are taken in the and training centers are more direction to strengthen military flexible to use various forms of component of border guards’ instruction, having applied training, but still some certified training courses including improvements are required. They capsule course in civilian are the following: educational establishments, 1. Further modernization of formally adopted independent and system of professional training at individual work, distant learning, the Bohdan Khmelnytskyi cascade learning, horizontal National Academy of the State learning, and cross-learning. Border Guard Service of Ukraine Also, the difference is in accordance with current manifested in teaching methods standards, adoption of advanced choice: in Ukraine instruction is foreign experience. more concentrated upon active and 2. Extension of usage of interactive methods, while in India innovative teaching methods flipped classroom, simulation including those oriented towards modeling, and proactive methods independent learning of cadets. are used. The main difference is in 3. Development of online the duration of basic training being learning environment to obtain an evidence that in Ukraine it is additional knowledge or refresh more like induction course but in skills. India basic training, lasting from

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4. Wide implementation of 243, last retrieved 3 February innovative teaching tools 2019. (information and communication [5] Borders of India, available at technologies, simulation modeling, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bord etc.). ers_of_India, last retrieved 1 5. Reformatting of February 2019. organization of training process, [6] Zahrozy natsionalnii i making it more flexible and derzhavnii bezpetsi Ukrainy adjustable. (Threat of national and state 6. Extension of hours for security of Ukraine), available at practical and demonstration https://ssu.gov.ua/ua/pages/33, last lessons, including apprenticeship retrieved 8 February 2019. directly at the border units. [7] India facing complex security 7. Increasing of self- challenges, threat to territorial motivation of cadets. integrity, internal stability: Army Chief, available at ENDNOTES https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com /india/india-facing-complex- [1] Military expenditure (% of security-challenges-threat-to- GDP), available at territorial-integrity-internal- https://data.worldbank.org/indicato stability-bipin- r/ms.mil.xpnd.gd.zs, last retrieved rawat/articleshow/67336909.cms, 6 February 2019. last retrieved 8 February 2019. [2] 2018 Military strength ranking, available at https://www.globalfirepower.com/ countries-listing.asp, last retrieved 8 February 2019. [3] List of national border guard agencies, available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_ of_national_border_guard_agencie s, last retrieved 2 January 2019. [4] Derzhavnyi kordon Ukrainy (State Border of Ukraine), available at http://proukraine.net.ua/?page_id=

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