DRAFT PROJECT REPORT REHABILITATION OF LOGGED-OVER FORESTS IN ASIA/PACIFIC REGION
COUNTRY STUDIES
ANNEX DI. PHILIPPINES
PREPARED BY
PATRICK C. DUGAN VALERIO C. MENDOZA PATRICK C.H. DUGAN JR. MARLO B. MENDOZA JOSE CABANAYAN ... ~ .. ,.., 3.2.3 Management Approaches Government Implementation •••••••••••••••••••• 33 Implementation by Resource Users ••••••••••••• 34 Implementation by Contract •••••••••••••••••• 35
4. RESEARCH ON REHABILITATION OF "LOGGED-OVER" FORESTS
4.1 An Overview ••••••• 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 4.2 Completed Research ••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 40 4.3 Ongoing Research •••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• 43
5. GAPS BETWEEN RESEARCH AND ON-SITE REHABILITATION
5.1 Major Gaps ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45 5.2 Why These Gaps Exist ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46
6. A PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAM ...... 48
7. MANUAL OF TREATMENTS AND ACTIVITIES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF
LOGGED-OVER FORESTS •••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••• 0 ••• 57
8. CONCLUSION 63
LIST OF ANNEXES
No. Title
1 • DENR Organizational Chart
2. Summary Findings of the FRI Project
Land Use Data from the SPOT Project
4. List of Completed Research
5. Ongoing Research (Summary List)
6. Assisted Natural Regeneration:
'... -. Concept Paper and Cost Estimates Table of Contents
Section Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••• 11 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
(i) Description of the Report •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
(H) Re levance ...... 0 ...... (Hi) A Definition of "LOGGED-OVER FORESTS" ••••••••••••••••••••
(iv) Implications ••••••••• a •••••••• & ...... 3
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
., Definition of Forest Lands 4 1 .2 Historical Background of "Forest Lands" and Land
Ownership •••.•••••••••••••.•••••••••.••••••.• et • • • • • • • • • 4 1 .3 Forest Lands Administration •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 1 .4 Classification of Forest Lands •••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 1 .5 Early Forest Inventories •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 1.6 First Nationwide Forest Inventory ••••••••••••••••••••• 7 1 .7 Natural Resources Management Center Inventory (NRMC) 7 1 .8 Second Nationwide Forest Inventory •••••.•••••••••••••• 9 1.9 The SPOT Inventory Project •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9
2. EXTENT OF AREAS IN NEED OF REHABILITATION 14
3. REHABILITATION OF "LOGGED-OVER" LANDS
Governing Policies and Approaches 17
Rehabilitation Methods and Results ••••• ., •••••••• 0 ••••• 17
Obj ecti ves 11 ••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••• 17 Methods and Results by Forestland Type ••••••••• 20 Forestland Type Dipterocarp Residual Forest •••••••••••••••••• 20 Pine Forest, Open ~ •••••••.••••••••••••. e •••• 23 Submarginal Forests ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 Brushland ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 Unoccupied Grasslands 28 Grasslands Occupied by Settlers 30 Grasslands Occupied by Ranchers ...... 30 Logged over Mangroves ...... 31 List of Figures
No. Title Page
1. Philippines: Land Use Map
2. Piechart: Forestland Status per FRI Project ••••••••• 11
List of Tables
No. Title
1 • Classificati9n System Used in the First Nationwide Forest Inventory (1965-1969) 8
2. Classification System Used by the Natural Resources Management Center(1972-1976) •••••••••••••• 10
3. The Philippine-German Forest Resources Inventory project (1979-1988): Area by Forest Type/La,nd Use 10
4. Land Cover Statistics and Classification System Used in the SPOT Project (1987-1988) •••••••••••••••• 13
5. Estimated Extent of Logged Over Forests in Need of Rehabilitation Classified by Rehabilitation Objective and Type of Forestland •••••••••••••••••••• 16
6. Comparative Data on Tree Marking, Residual Inventory and Timber Stand Improvement FY 1964-1965 to CY 1987 (in thousand hectares) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 36
7, Classification of ongoing and compelted Research as of June 1989 (ERDB) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39
lAND COVER STATISTICS PHILIPPINES LAND USE MAP ""'''' ~ .. -. -.... - '- '" ~~.- J). ' ' . . ~, .-.... - ' Summary of 43 Lend Cover Maps Oft • ICIN rA ...GCOt. ~ ... ..- . 1:250 000, .,.."...0 April 1987· April 11l1li"'11>0 '."~ Wol1d Bank by Iho S...... Spoco Coopot_ 1ft •~~ . Co,O.,.,.. "O,.. with the o-partl'MnI 0' EnvkOmftent and Natural RolCOfOIS. the Phlippines.
Interpretation from SPOT mulll(MC1r" ut.lit:e imo agn '987-1988, ac:ale 1:100 000. Ground tf'Uth 'rom May -Jun,. 1987.
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 0 The Philippines has a total land area of about 30 million hectares (ha) • Approximately 15.9 million ha are officially classified as forest lands, but only 6.4 million ha of these lands actually con tain forests. A mere 2.4 million ha are old growth forests (dipterocarp 0.9; pine 0.1; mossy 1.3; mangrove 0.1) and roughly 9.5 million ha consist of grasslands, brushlands and other non-forested categories. About 13.5 million ha of all officially classified forestlands are in need of rehabilitation.
2. The appropriate rehabilitation treatments will vary by forest type and current land use. The most prevalent non-forest land use is slash-and-burn agriculture. This primitive farming method is prac ticed on an estimated 7.0 million hectares or roughly 23% of the total land area of the Philippines. Most of these lands are severely degraded and require a variety of treatments that are generically characterized as "agroforestry". However, an estimated 2.0 million ha in the non-forest land use category are relatively fertile brushlands that have a high potential for development into timber, fruit, beverage and other types of plantations.
3. The second largest category of land needing rehabilitation consists of dipterocarp residual forests (3.3 million ha) that were pre viously logged but still contain ample vegetative cover. Timber Stand Improvement (T.S.I.) enrichment planting, and protection against fire are t.he principal acti vi ties required to rehabilitate these lands.
4. One of the most problematic land-use types consists of those areas leased out for pasture. Records indicate that only 0.5 milli.on ha have been leased to pasture permittees but unofficial estimates are much higher. In general, pasture lands are grossly-mismanaged and have been identified as the most abused and degraded of all land-use types, even surpassing the damage done by slash-and-burn farmers. Pasture rehabilitation treatments are well known and relatively simple to apply. However, the enforcement of appropriate pasture management methods is made difficult by the fact that man~ pasture leases are owned by influential politicians and military officers.
5. Submarginal forests comprise approximately 0.5 million ha and are used extensively for firewood production, to grow bamboo and as free-range pastures. Enrichment planting, fire prevention, and measures that enhance natural regeneration, would seem to be the appropriate rehabilitation treatments for these lands. However, informal land claims and widespread occupancy imply the need for various social interventions as well.
6. Mangroves, although the smallest in area among various land types requiring rehabilitation (0.08 million ha), are extremeiy important because of their impact on nearshore fish production. The technical requirements of mangrove rehabilitation are simple, but concomitant social issues are quite complex. A high degree of success in com muni ty organization is a precondition to effective restoration of vegetative cover on currently denuded mangrove lands.
7. Effective rehabilitation methods have been successfully applied on all of the land types mentioned above. But the scale of application has been meagre when compared wi th the vas t areas tha t requi re treatment. To help expedite rehabilitation the Philippine govern ment has announced its intention to gradually phase out direct implementation and rely on private contracto~s. Approximately 4,000 such contracts have been awarded since late 1988 and new contracts are being concluded daily. This contracting initiative is receiving support from external donors, principally the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF).
8. Recent studies conducted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) indicate that rehabilitation data pre viously published by the government and the private sector are highly unreliable. Reported accomplishments are often inflated by as much as 400%. Only one-fourth of the land alleged to have been reforested actually has tree cover.
9. Government-funded research that is relevant to rehabilitation has been carried out. Unfortunately however, this research has usually been fragmented into discrete studies of single topics. This has created gaps in the desired continuum between research and the application of results in the field.
10. The major gaps exist in the areas of site preparation, species-to site suitability, insufficient attention to endemic species, com patibility of various species (i.e. eco-system relationships), market studies, plantation maintenance methods and the use of soil additives. Fragmentation and gaps were due primarily to implemen tation of a commodity-oriented strategy, top down planning and a highly centralized decision-making structure. These problems might be overcome by recent DENR ini tiati ves in decentralization and a new emphasis on systems-based rather than commodity-oriented research.
11. Private sector research has furnished useful information in several key areas of forest plantation establishment. However, very few private sector companies have invested in research relevant to rehabili tation. 'rhe bulk of private sector research pertains to utilization of forest products.
12. Out of the total 582 completed research studies already published, 239 have been found relevant to rehabilitation. Abstracts and a comprehensive listing of all relevant studies are annexed to this report. Meanwhile there are 205 ongoing studies. These are also identified by topic and researcher in the annexes.
13. There is an urgent need to upgrade the quality of research, both for the assistance it can provide and also because the credibility of the research community has been eroded by deficiencies that characterized research strategy in the past. These deficiencies relate to gaps and fragmentation, and the causes thereof, that were mentioned earlier (9. and 10.).
14. This report recommends a research programme designed to overcome previous shortcomings, help restore the credibility of the research communi ty , and conform wi th DENR' s new emphas i s on s ys tems based research. This programme would consolidate a number of closely related studies under three (3) principal topical headings and would require funding on the order of U8$15.0 million -to implement over a period of three (3) years. The programme would focus on applied research and would link directly with on-going DENR field operations at 114 sites nationwide.
15. The principal topical headings of this research programme would be (i) "Assisted Natural Regeneration", (ii) "Community-Based Implemen-tation of Timber Stand Improvement", and (iii) "Multiple Use Rehabilitation in Philippine Grasslands and Brushlands". All of these topics are - matters of high priority in the current opera tional agenda of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) which is the agency responsible for administration of forests. Thirty one (31) individual studies are proposed for inclusion under the topical headings. Brief descriptions of the proposed studies are furnished in this report. Validation across different regions of the country would be a major feature of the programme.
16. Proposed Institutional and Administrative arrangements for the research programme envision the contracting out of studies to pri vate sector implementors (e.g. professional forestry consultant organizations). Contractors would work in close collaboration with the DENR. Each principal topic and the individual studies included therein, could be entrusted to a different organization. Private sector participation is proposed in order to ensure timely provi sion of funds and sustained operations. This has been a problem in the past due to annual budgeting procedures of the Philippine government which do not ensure continuity.
17 • Finally , the report provides a summary manual of proposed treat ments for each type of land in need of rehabilitation. This sum mary directs special attention toward treatments that are well-known and proven effective, but that have often been ignored in the past. j
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j j INTRODUCTION
(i) Description of the Report
This report provides an overview of previously-completed and on going research that deals with rehabilitation of logged-over forests in the Philippines. Additionally, the report describes the current status of logged-over forests, the rehabilitation technologies that have bli!en or are being applied, and the results thereof. The report further discusses the issue of bridging gaps between research and the on-site implementation of rehabilitation activities. It also furnishes recom mendations pertinent to this issue. Rehabilitation treatments for the various categories of logged-over fores t lands, and sugges tions for a programme that would strengthen and support research, are included in the recommendations.
(ii) Relevance
(1) The Philippines was formerly a major supplier of timber and other forest products. Over the last three decades however, forest resources have been severely depleted.
(2) A partial logging ban covering several regions of the country was instituted in the mid-to-late 1970's. There is mounting pressure wi thin the Philippines Legislature, the media and from various environmen-tal organizations to extend this ban to include addi tional regions or to enforce a nationwide logging ban.
(3) There is an urgent need for technologies and approaches that would help restore -the productivity of logged-over forest lands. Research can play a maj or role in this regard if it is carefully targeted toward urgent problems that require pragmatic solutions. This report seeks to provide guidance and insights on how this might be achieved.
(iii) A Definition of "LOGGED-OVER FORESTS"
(1) The term "logged-over forests" is often misunderstood. To the layman, "logged-over" usually implies the total removal of all trees as a direct result of commercial loggingo Thus, the term conjures up a vision of bald mountainsides completely devoid of vegetation after logging has occurred. Based on this simplistic view, the solution would seem merely to require (i) a ban on logging, (i i) the replanting of new trees to replace those that were cut, and (iii) the tending of these trees up to maturity. In reali ty, the situation is infinitely more complex. When it does occur, the total denudation of a tropical forest is usually the result of a sequence of events.
(2) Philippine forests contain a diverse mixture of commercial and non commercial species, with trees ranging in size and age from small newly-sprouted seedlings to larg.e trees that may be one or more centuries old. In a virgin forest, the sequence of deforestation events normally begins with commercial logging which removes the large .trees of premium species that command a high price in local and export markets. Recently completed research in the Philippines indicates that after the commercial logging phase has been completed, an average of 2,000-3,000 trees per hectare will still be left in place 1 ). . If undisturbed, this residual vegetation will grow to maturity in from 35-80 years thus rehabilitating the forest via natural processes.
(3) Unfortunately, landless migrant farmers normally follow the commer cial loggers. Using roads previously constructed to transport the large premium-species trees, the migrant farmers enter the forest, clear and burn the residual trees, and plant food crops.
In some instances the residuals are sold as firewood or converted to charcoal. In any case, the forest is cut down, the residual vegetation is completely destroyed by fire, and natural regenera tion is aborted. Occasionally, some trees growing in steep gullies and stony patches of land not sui table for farming may escape destruction. But the intense heat generated by the burning of lands in order to plant food crops usually destroys everything in its path.
(4) In earlier times when population pressure was minimal, migrant settlers would normally farm a parcel of land for two or three years and then move on to clear and burn new lands. Since the land was left undisturbed after the farmers moved on, the forest would gradually regenerate from seeds dispersed by wind, animals, birds and other natural forces.
(5) Where parcels were large enough to accommodate a fallow system, natural regeneration/rehabilitation was feasible. For example, indigenous hill tribes have occupied the same lands for centuries. The traditional systems they employ provide a fallow period of from 10-15 years during which natural rehabilitation/regeneration can occur.
(6) However, with increasing population pressure, the option to move along becomes more limited and therefore the opportunity for natural regeneration of forests to occur becomes more restricted. The migrant settler tends to remain on and continue farming the same parcel of land year after year.
( 7) There are now very few sites in the Philippines with sufficient space and time (in relation to population) to accommodate an effec tive fallow system. Thus, the same parcel of land may be planted annually for two (2) to three (3) years then abandoned for another 2-3 years before it is once again cleared, burned and planted. This does not provide adequate time for fertility restoration and
1) The German-government assisted Forest Resources Inventory Project (FRI) conducted from 1979-1988. regrowth of trees. Productivity declines rapidly until such time that farming is no longer profitable and the land becomes infested wi th various species of grass such as Imperata cylindrica and Saccharium sppntaneum.
(8) When crop production is no longer feasible because of grass infestation, the general trend is toward conversion of the grass lands into pastures. Annual burning of the pastures is the normal practice because this eliminates old grass and induces fresh new growth for the lives tock. Clearly, however the practice of annual burning cancels out any possibility of natural regeneration or rehabilitation. Fertility continues to decline and eventually the land reaches a totally unproductive state.
(9) In this report, the term "logged-over" will apply to all of the successive stages of deforestation described above:
- newly logged land with residual forests; - land subjected to one or two slash-and-burn cycles then abandoned to fallow; - land subjected to several slash-and-burn cycles and converted to pasture; or - land subjected to slash-and-burn and still occupied.
Each of these successive stages may be occurring on adjacent par cels of land on the same hillside. Additionally, the sequence of deforestation events does not always follow the pattern described above (e.g. slash-and-burn often occurs on lands that have not pre viously been logged).
(iv) Implications
(1) Various degrees or successive stages of deforestation imply the need for different sets of treatments. Consequently, this situation presents different sets of challenges for researchers. The complexity becomes even more pronounced when one considers the importance of mangrove forests and the unique characteristics of tropical pine forests, mossy forests and the like ••• all of which occupy separate niches in the overall forest environment.
(2) To the extent that research and the application of research data can be verified, this report seeks to provide updated information relevant to all of the above. The report has furthermore been designed as a framework for exploring new areas of research and on-site field implementation that can assist in the formulation of plans for the rehabilitation of "logged-over" forests. 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.1 Definition of Forest Lands
(1) The Government of the Philippines ,segregates land into two (2) general categories:
- forest land - alienable and disposable land (A & D)
(2) The term "forest land" refers to all property owned by the national government that is still part of the public domain. The term "forest land" is a legal definition. It is not a botanical description. In reality, much of whc;t is defined as "forest land" does not actually contain forests. On the other hand, alienable and disposable (A & D) comprises all land which the national government has segregated from the public domain and made available or deeded over to private ownership. There are a number of sub categories under each of these two general categories.
(3) It is important to differentiate between legal definitions and botanical descriptions when referring to forest lands. Moreover, it is useful to review briefly the historical background of the legal definition (of forest lands) because of its relevance to the formulation of rehabilitation programmes.
1.2 Historical Background of "Forest Lands" and Land Ownership
(1) Prior to the Spanish colonial era, which began in the sixteenth century, land ownership took several forms. Where local chieftains had established control, lands were considered the private property of the chieftain. Use of . the land required the chieftain's per mission, often accompanied by the payment of tribute. Alternative ly, the land was considered tribal property and usufruct privileges were either controlled by tribal councils or legitimized by common consent. In other situations, land was perceived as common-access property subject to free, uncontrolled usage by whoever established occupancy. Gi ven the absence of any centralized authority, the delineation of property boundaries was generally informal or non existent. Nonetheless, tribal rights and private claims to common access land were established, generally respected and defended.
(2) With the advent of the Spanish colonial era, all of the Philippines was proclaimed "Crown lands" and therefore property of the King of Spain. Usufruct privileges were granted at the discretion of colo nial administrators acting on behalf of the King. _However, despite nearly four hundred (400) ye~rs of Spanish sovereignty, the tradi tional forms of control by chieftains, tribal administration and private claims to common-access property prevailed over most of the country. (3) The American colonial era (from 1900-1946) introduced a new dimen sion in land ownership. The concept of "crown lands" was replaced by the concept of "public domain" whereby ownership was vested in the central (i.e. colonial) government. The American colonial government introduced the Torrens Title system through which the central government ceded ownership over portions of the public domain to the private sector. A pre-requisite to transfer was the classification of such lands into the category of alienable a,nd disposable property (A & D). In effect, this signified a central government perception that public interests were best served by surrendering government ownership. All lands not reclassified from public domain to A & D status were (and still are) identified generically as "forest lands." In theory, no one could/can occupy or utilize these "forest lands" -without government permission.
(4) However, neither the Spanish concept of "crown lands" nor the American concept of "public domain" were ever effectively enforced throughou t the coun trys ide. Moreover, nei ther of these concepts adequately addressed the issues of (i) tribal rights or (ii) privately-asserted claims over common-access property. This con di tion still persists under a sovereign Philippine Government, independent since 1946. Thus, extensive areas of "forest lands" purportedly controlled by' the government, were and still are occupied and managed by tribal, individual and other common-access claimants. Compounded with pressure from an expanding population, this condi tion has resulted in the conversion of about nine (9) million hectares of "forest lands" into permanent cultivations, grass lands and other land use categories1 ). In reality, it is the occupants and not the government, that decide how these lands will be used. This situation is a major factor to consider in planning the development and rehabilitation of "logged-over forests".
1.3 Forest Lands Administration
The Philippines has a total land area of approximately thirty (30) million hectares and is broken down into thirteen (13) administra tive regions of which one, the National Capital Region, is purely urban. (See Figure No. 1, the map of the Philippines.) Jurisdic tion over forest land is vested in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This department is administered by a Cabinet Secretary and is responsible for all resources located in the public domain including timber, land and minerals. The depart ment' s line functions are carried out through Regional Executive Directors (RED) at the regional level, Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Officers (PENRO's) at the provincial level, and Community Environment and Natural Resources Officers (CENRO's) at the sub-provincial level (e.g. one or more municipalities).
1) FMB-ISF and Forest Protection Division 1.4 Classification of Forest Lands
(1) Governing Policies
At present, all lands in the Philippines above 18% slope which have not been classified as alienable and disposable, are legally defined as forest lands and therefore part of the public domain. However, classification based on slope categories was not for malized until the 1970's. Prior to the 1970's, forest land classi fication was governed at different times by different political and socio-economic priori ties of the central government. From. 1946 to around 1960, the primary objective was to determine which lands out of the total thirty million hectares shoul~ be allocated for dgri cultural purposes. After the 1960's and up to the mid-1970's, the major objective was to verify the extent of productive forests that could be the source of logs, lumber and other wood products.
( 2 ) Ra ti ona le
In the first case (1946-60), governmen-c prioritized food production. In the latter (roughly 1961-1975) it was concerned with maximizing export income from the forests. Since the mid-1970's, the emphasis has gradually shifted to classification based on environmental parameters such as the 18% slope factor mentioned above. The current emphasis is on the delineation of permanent forests of adequate quality and coverage to ensure water supplies, prevent erosion and provide other environmental benefits. This latest con cern is expected to result in more forest lands being set aside as protected zones and has implications for the strategies and tech nOlogies that would be applied in rehabilitation programmes.
1.5 Early Forest Inventories
(1) After the Philippines was ceded to the United States of America, the American Occupation Forces formed reconnaissance parties under the Bureau of Forestry to conduct surveys and studies of the existing forests. The primary emphasis of these studies was to identify and then to segregate lands deemed sui table for agri culture. This emphasis prevailed from the early 1900's to around 1935.
(2) From 1935 to 1941, the government continued to conduct forest sur veys to locate more areas suitable for agriculture. However, there was an increasing emphasis on delineation of areas for logging due to the needs of an increasing population and the start-up of lumber exports to the US and Europe.
(3) After the Second World War, the government moved towards broader rationalization of objectives in the conduct of forest land studies and surveys. Among other things, it became imperative to identify forest lands that should be designated for wood production, environ mental protection, recreation, and other non-agricultural purposes. This required a nationwide forest inventory so that a programme to implement sustained-yield forest management could be initiated. (4) Earlier partial inventories had focused on the delineation of various types of forest based on species composition and elevation. Initially, the five (5) generally accepted forest types were cate gorized into (i) beach or mangrove, (ii) Molave (iii) Dipterocarp (iv) pine and (v) mossy. Although the Molave and Dipterocarp types often exhibited similar characteristics, the former were distin guished by the predominance of non-dipterocarp species and were located in the lower elevations. Over time however, forested la~ds on the lower elevations were converted to other uses and the remaining "Molave" forests no longer warranted a distinct classifi cation.
1.6 First Nationwide Forest Inventory
(1) The first nationwide forest inventory was conducted from 1965-1969 utilizing 1: 15,000 scale aerial photographs. This scale of pho tographs allowed detailed mapping of the different forest cate gories and segregation into several levels (see Table 1). This inventory did not include alienable and disposable lands (A & D).
(2) However 1 the senior government officials responsible for admi nistration of the forests, and the researchers conducting the inventory I could not agree on the preliminary findings of this exercise. The administrators expressed the view that forests were more extensive in area than data provided by the researchers would indicate. Because of this controversy, the forest administrators withheld financial support for the inventory, with the result that researchers were unable to complete their work.
Hence data on the number of hectares per forest type as determined
by the first nationwide forest inventory I have never been offi cially published.
1.7 Natural Resources Management Center Inventory (NRMC)
(1) In late 1977, the then Natural Resources Management Center (NRMC) introduced satellite imagery (Landsat) as an additional source of data for conducting forest inventory and mapping. This mapping acti vi ty was conducted in cooperation wi th the General Electric Company of the United States. Thirty (30) Landsat computer com patible tapes (CCT's) taken between 1972 to 1976, were digitally processed and analyzed to determine the extent and geographical distribution of the different forest types in the country. This exercise did not have the official status of a nationwide forest resources inventory. However, it tended to confirm the unofficial trends indicated in the 1965-69 inventory.
(2) The NRMC exercise classified forest lands into the categories indi cated on Table 2. Table 1 Classification System Used in the First Nationwide Forest Inventory (1965-1969)
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
1. Forest
1 .1 Dipterocarp
1 .1 .1 Virgin
1.1.1.1 High volume 1.1.1.2 Medium volume 1.1.1.3 Low volume
1 .1 .2 Residual (Logged-over)
1.1.2;1 High volume 1.1.2.2 Medium volume 1.1.2.3 Low volume 1.2 Pine
1 .2.1 High volume 1 .2.2 Low volume
1 .3 Mossy! Unproductive 1 .4 Mangrove
1 .4.1 Virgin 1 .4.2 Residual (Logged-over) 1 .4.3 Reproduction
1 .5 Brushland
2. Non- forested
2.1 Open 2.2 Cultivated 2.3 Inland water bodies 2.4 Marshland 2.5 Pasture land 1.8 Second Nationwide Forest Inventory
(1) The second nationwide forest resources inventory was a German government assisted special proj ect conducted from 1979-1988 and officially identified as the RP-German Forest Resources Inventory Project or FRI. The FRI project covered 75% of all areas falling within the legal definition of "forest lands", (whether forested or non-forested). This project utilized aerial photographs and satellite imagery. It also included field sampling in economically important forest strata (dipterocarp and pine).
(2) Field sampling in the 1979-88 study expanded the scope of the earlier 1965-69 inventory to include ground truthing of all tree regeneration, rattan, bamboo and erect palms. The objective of this sampling was to he lp de termine on a regional basis (i) the future timber supply, (ii) available minor forest product resources and (iii) the suitability of dipterocarp forest stands for Timber Stand Improvement treatments.
(3) The FRI project adopted most of the basic forest types used in the first (1965-69) inventory. However, the estimation of volume classes based on aerial photographs was eliminated because this methodology was considered unreliable. In common with the First National Forest Inventory, the FRI project focused only on the "forest lands" (i.e. public domain). It did not deal with alienable and disposable (A&D) lands.
(4) Table 3 presents the classification system and summary findings of the FRI project. Data from the FRI project are broken down on a regional basis in Annex 3.
1.9 The SPOT Inventory Project
(1) From 1987 to 1988 the Swedish Space Corporation and the World Bank, in cooperation with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), conducted a classification of land cover as an input to the Forestry, Fisheries and Agricultural Resources Management Study of the World Bank (i.e., the F/FARM Report). This exercise involved visual interpretation of high resolution SPOT (Sa telli t Proba tiore d' Obserba tiore de la Terre) sa telli te data taken from April 1987 to February 1988 covering 98.2% of the country's land area. Ground truthing took place from April to June 1987.
(2) The classification parameters that were applied in the SPOT project included (i) forest types and (ii) current land use on both public domain and A & D lands. Thus, the SPOT inventory project was not limi ted to a description of vegetati ve cover categories on public domain. This limitation had characterized the two previous inven . tories, and the NRMC exercise, none of which dealt with A & D lands. Table 2 Classification System Used by the Natural Resources Management Center (1972-1976)
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
1 • Forest 1 .1 Dipterocarp 1 .1 .1 Full canopy 1 .1 .2 Partial canopy
1.2 Mangrove
1 .3 Brushland 2. Non-forest wetlands
Table ~ The Philippine-German Forest Resources Inventory project (1979-1988): Area by Forest Type/Land Use
Forest Type/Land Use Area in hectares
1 FOREST 6,351,900
1 .1 .1 Dipterocarp Old Growth Fores~ 986,800
1 .1 .2 Dipterocarp Residual Forest 3,332,800
1 .2.1 Pine Forest, Closed 129,600
1 .2.2 Pine Forest, Open 107,100
1 .3.0 Submarginal Forest 535,700
1 .4.0 Mossy Forest 1,137,200
1.5.0 Mangrove 125,700
1 .6.0 Brushland 2,045,100
2 OTHER LAND USE 7,494,913
Total 15,891,913
.- 1 ~/ - Mossy (7%) D~l ResidJd (21%) Mmg-oves (1%)
eru~knd (13%) D~l Od Cwwth (6%)
P~e, C~ (1%) --- Pne, Oosed (1%) SJJt:mcrgno (3%)
Olhers (47%)
Forestland Status per FRI PrOject 15,891,913 hectares (3) Table 4 presents the data that emerged fr.om the SPOT pr.oject. The SPOT pr.oject br.oke d.own the t.otal area .of the Philippines int.o many land use categories. In c.ontrast, the earlier invent.ories used .only a few categ.ories all .of which applied t.o f.orest land. F.or a detailed presentati.on .of the pr.oject's findings .on a regi.onal and pr.ovincial basis, please refer t.o Annex 4.
(4) The SPOT evaluati.on was undertaken m.ore .or less parallel with the last tW.o years .of the 1979-88 FRI project. H.owever, the estimated percentages .of f.orested areas d.o n.ot c.oincide. The German g.overnment assisted FRI pr.oject indicates that'21.5% .of the t.otal land area .of the Philippines is f.orested. Data fr.om the SPOT pr.o ject indicates a 23.7% f.orest c.over. 'rhis discrepancy between the tW.o pr.ojects may be attributed t.o their difference in c.overage and t.o the techniques, meth.od.ol.ogies and classificati.on systems that were applied. Table 4 Land Cover Statistics and Classification System Used in the SPOT Project (1987-1988)
Symbol Land Use Type Area in hectares
FP Pine forest 81,200 .. Fy Mossy forest 245,500 Fdc Dipterocarp forest, closed canopy 2,434,600 Fdo Dipterocarp forest, open canopy 4,194,000 Fm Mangrove vegetation 149,300
Es Cultivated and other open areas in forest 30,300 Eg Grassland 1,812,900 Ec Cultivated area mixed with brushland and grassland 10,114,500
Ipc Coconut plantations 1,132,700 Ipo Other plantations 90,800 lc Arable land, crops mainly cereals and sugar 4,392,300 Imc Crop land mixed with coconut plantations 3,747,800 lmo Crop land mixed with other plantations 365,100 Ifm Fishponds derived from mangroves 195,200 Ifo Other fishponds 10,100
Ne Eroded areas pOO Nq Quarries 8,700 Nr Riverbeds 81,700 No Other barren land 10,400 B I Built-up areas 134,400 M Marshy areas 103,500 L Lakes 205,200
Total land Total classified land area 29,540,800 Unclas- sified Unclassified land area 546,100
S Siltation patterns in lakes or along the coast 28,500 C Coral reefs 352,900
Grand Total classified area 30,468,300 total
Distribution in percentage between: Forest Forest land, classes Fp to Fm 23.7% Extens I Extensively cultivated land, class Es to Ec 40.0% Intens Intensively cultivated land, classes Ipc to Ifo 33.2% 2. EXTENT OF AREAS IN NEED OF REHABILITATION
2.1 Despite the incompatibility of data, all of the previously described inventories indicate an alarming rate of forest deple tion.
2.2 The major causes of forest degradation in the Philippines may be identified as follows:
a) slash-and-burn agriculture (kaingin); b) frequent burning; c) unmanaged pastures; d) unregulated timber harvesting; and e) other incompatible land uses.
2.3 Data from the DENR's Forest Management Bureau (FMB), indicates that 1,294,534 hectares of forest have been lost from 1969-1987 or an average annual loss of 71,918 hectares. On the other hand, the FRI proj ect places the annual average forest loss from 1969-1988 at 210,300 hectares. About 190,000 hectares of this annual loss occurs within the dipterocarp forest type, which is the country's main source of timber and minor forest products (e.g. rattan).
2.4 The remaining old growth forests are estimated to be sufficient to satisfy prevailing timber demand for only nine (9) more years. Therefore, future supply will have to be provided by better manage ment of the residual (logged-over) stands and by new forest plan tations.
2.5 Studies conducted in the RP-German Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) project indicate that sustained application of TSI treatments can increase the average growth rate of harvestable timber in diP: terocarp residual forests by a factor of from 1.0 to 2.0 cu.m./ha/ year. Data from the previously described RP-German FRI project (i.e. th.e Second Natural Forest Inventory) indicates that 1,927,900 hectares of. the existing residual stands are suitable for TSI. However, the FRI proj ect also expressed the view that TSI would only be feasible on an estimated 500,000 hectares where protection of residual stands could bei provided by timber corporations. In the absence of timber corporations it was felt that no effective approach to protection was in place.
2.6 Currently, the principal targets of rehabilitation work in the Philippines are the brush lands and grasslands. As mentioned earlier in this report, most of these lands are cUltivated by occu pants or controlled by claimants. The FRI project estimates the areas of non-forested brushlands and grass lands within the public domain to be 7.5 million and 2.0 million hectares respectively.
2.7 Since brush land soils are generally less degraded than those in grasslands, the former would provide greater opportunities for suc cess in rehabilitation. Assuming therefore that brushlands in the public domain would be prioritized for rehabilitation, the country has an immediate pot,ential of approximately 2.0 million hectares for development into forest plantations.
2.8 Additionally, however, a comprehensive rehabilitation programme would need to address (i) the lands occupied by settlers, tribal groups, ranchers and claimants and (ii) the residual stands where TSI may not be immediately feasible (given the absence of an orga nized system for protection) but where TSI treatments are needed now, or will be needed in the future. In the first category, (i) appropriate rehabilitation treatments would vary depending on the prevailing type of land use and occupancy. Agroforestry, pasture improvement and mangrove rehabilitation would be the principal focus of rehabilitation efforts in these areas. In the second category (ii), TSI is imperative but this will not be effective without adequate provision for protection and management.
2.9 All-in-all, taking into consideration (i) the extent of lands needing rehabilitation, (ii) the types of rehabilitation that seem most appropriate, (iii) the objectives of rehabilitation and (iv) the approaches that seem most feasible to implement, overal:l rehabili tation targets in the public domain may be estimated as indicated on Table 5.
2.10 Considering all factors, approximately 13.5 million hectares or eighty six percent (86%) of all lands in the public domain are in serious need of rehabilitation and only some 2.4 million hectares or about fifteen percent (15%) are in a healthy productive state. Table 5 Estimated Extent of "Logged-over Forests" in Need of Rehabilitation, Classified by Rehabilitation Objective and Type of Forestland
Objective and Type Hectares' )
A. Forest Conservation and Development
a.1 Refores·tation of brushlands in the public domain 2,045,100
a.2 Enrichment planting in open Pine Forests 107,100
a.3 TSI in dipterocarp residual forests inside timber concessions 500,000
B. Others
b.1 TSI under new management systems in dipterocarp residual forests outside timber concessions 1,427,9002 )
b.2 Protection and enrichment planting in dipterocarp residual forests not suitable for TSI 1,404,9003 )
b.3 Agroforestry, tree farm development and pasture improvement on - submarginal forests 535,700 - other land use 7,494,913
b.4 Mangrove rehabilitation 79,1003 )
TOTAL 13,594,713
1) Based on Table 3, data from the RP-German FRI project 2) 1,927,900 ha suitable for TSI minus 500,000 ha inside concessions = 1,427,900 ha 3) 3,332,800 ha total dipterocarp residual forests minus a.3 and b.1 4) 400,000 ha original mangrove forest minus 125,700 ha existing mangrove forests per FRI data and 195,200 ha already in fishponds per SPOT data = 79,100 ha
. +;; ,.. 3. REHABILITATION OF "LOGGED-OVER" LANDS
3.1 Governing Policies and Approaches
(1) The forest policy of the Philippines is embodied in Presidential Decree No. 705 which states (among other things) that government shall priori tize "promotion of sustainable natural resources development through conservation of existing resources and acce lerated renewal and rehabilitation of degraded resources".
(2) Senior policy makers have expressed the intention to place 40% or 12 million hectares of the country's land area under forest cover. Consistent with ,this intention, recent deliberations in the Philippine legislature indicate a growing sentiment toward managing the remaining forests for their environmental benefits rather than for timber production. If promulgated into law this proposal would affect the nature of any rehabi li ta tion programme proposed for forest lands.
3.2 Rehabilitation Methods and Results
The choice among various rehabilitation methods is dictated pri marily by (i) the objectives of rehabilitation, (ii) the types of land that will be rehabilitated and (iii) the management approaches that will be applied.
3.2.1 Obj ecti ves
(1) In the Philippines, there are three (3) general objectives that influence the design of rehabilitation programmes, namely: - environmental objectives; - economic objectives; and - social objectives
(2) Historically, the majority of governmept-funded rehabilitation has been directed towards the restoration of tree-cover on steep, marginal lands in order to improve environmental conditions. This fOcus on environmental objectives has been influenced largely by the fact that most of the better-quality "logged-over" lands are already occupied by settlers or controlled by various claimants. Thus, the tendency has been to initiate rehabilitation on sites where the potential for conflicts with other land uses can be avoided.
(3) Given (i) the desire to avoid conflict, (ii) the marginal con di tions of most government-funded rehabilitation sites and (iii) the pursuit of environmental objectives, one would expect that government-controlled rehabilitation projects would be designed to restore a diverse blend of trees, brush and vines that approximate the features of virgin forests. It is generally accepted that spe cies diversification improves the capability to mitigate the ero sive impacts of rain and to provide conditions suitable for wildlife to flourish. (4) By and large, however, most government-funded reforestation pro jects have applied conventional plantation establishment methods that are characterized by even-spacing, monocultures and the almost exclusive planting of trees. There is no evidence of any deli berate attempt to include brush, vines and other types of vegeta tion in the planting designs of government projects. As a result, most government reforestation projects fail to establish the multi storey, diversified blend of species that is required to achieve environmental objectives.
(5) Over the last two years, the government has gradually revised its basic reforestation strategy. Planners are now encouraged to include both environmental and economic parameters in their planting designs. As a general rule, terrain that has more than fifty percent (50%) slope will be developed into protection forests (i.e. for environmental purposes). Land below the 50% slope would be developed into production forests (i.e., economic objectives). The stimulation of natural regeneration is being encouraged in pro tection forest areas in order to enhance species diversification. New regulations that are currently being formulated envision the eventual harvest of timber from government reforestation projects. In the past, no cutting has been allowed despite the reliance on conventional plantation development methods. Even thinning has been discouraged. Although still in its early stages of develop ment, this new strategy indicates that a more rational approach to rehabilitation may now be pursued.
(6) In contrast with government-funded rehabilitation, most projects implemented by the private sector have been designed to achieve economic objectives. Conventional forest plantation methods have been applied to produce sawlogs, pulpwood, matchwood and firewood. With rare exceptions, these plantations have been developed as monocultures grown to satisfy a specific demand. The results have been mixed.
(7) Where conditions were favorable and suitable species were planted, large monocul tures have been established quite successfully. For example, plantations of Albizia falcataria on the island of Mindanao reportedly produce an estimated 300,000 cubic meters annually or about ten percent (10%) of national timber harvests1 ). Extensive areas planted with Eucalyptus deglupta are nearing maturity (also on Mindanao) and significant production is antici pated within the next five (5) years. Modest harvests of Gmelina arborea have started and should increase soon. Matchwood plan tations of Endospermum peltatum will soon supplement the supplies provided by natural forests.
(8) However, many private sector rehabilitation efforts have failed. This is best exemplified by the dismal results of large-scale Leucaena leucocephala plantations established during the early 1980's, on acidic soils that were not suitable for this mUlti-
1) Data from the Philippine Wood Products Association (PWPA) purpose tree species. Addi tionally I previous attempts to establish plantations of Anthocephalus chinensis and exotic spe cies of Eucalyptus spp. were abandoned because of pest and disease problems. Canker infestations are becoming widespread on Albizia falcataria plantations in Mindanao that have previously escaped serious damage from pests and diseases.
(9) Most private sector rehabilitation projects have not paid suf ficient attention to environmental factors. Quite often, healthy residual stands of indigenous trees have been cut down and replaced bymonocul ture plantations. Only in rare instances have buffer strips of endemic trees been retained to provide windbreaks and reduce the spread of pests and disease that would threaten the plantations. While planting has been avoided in steep gullies and other sites where environmental protection is important, there is little evidence of any deliberate attempt to stimulate natural regeneration in such sites.
(10) In summary, government projects have been theoretically directed towards environmental objectives but have in fact applied rehabi litation methods that imply an economic objectives. Private sector projects understandably have an economic focus but have largely ignored the environmental factors that help ensure long-term sustainability. Given the high variability of bio-physical con ditions, a blending of environmental and economic objectives is imperative in all rehabilitation programmes and projects. Recent government initiatives in this direction may help bring this about.
(11) In rehabilitation projects that pursue social objectives there has generally been a positive blending of methods that take both environmental and economic factors into consideration. Agro forestry has been the major emphasis of rehabilitation projects with a social development focus. Soil conservation activities have usually been the initial entry point for these types of pro jects. This is a relatively recent development, given impetus by the success of several non-government organizations (NGO's) working in upland communities. In the past, the only feature that differentiated socially-oriented projects from conventional reforestation projects was that tree planting was implemented by settlers not by the government or a commercial entity. Formerly, conservation-sensi ti ve production systems for cereals and other food crops were not included in the 'proj ect designs. Fortunately I the new emphasis on soil conservation has corrected this previous deficiency. Most agroforestry projects now begin wi th the planting of erosion-control hedgerows across the slope and food production in between the hedgerows. Tree planting follows once food supplies have stabilized.
(12) However, it has proven difficult to rapidly expand the implemen tation of socially-oriented rehabilitation projects (i .e. agro forestry) because of complicated land tenure problems. An equally serious constraint has been the scarcity of well-trained tech nicians who possess a combination of skills in community organiza- tion, agricultural extension and silviculture. All of these skills need to be applied concurrently in order to achieve success in the implementation of agroforestry projects.
3.2.2 Methods and Results by Forestland Type
(1) The various stages of deforestation were discussed earlier in this report. Additionally, the report has identified the different classification systems used in previous studies and forest resource inventories. These systems break down the total area of forest land into several types or conditions, each of which implies a dif ferent set of rehabilitation treatments. To avoid confusion, it will be useful to select one of these classification systems as the framework for further discussion in this report.
(2) It seems that the German-government assisted FRI Proj ect (1979 - 1988) examined Philippine forest conditions in greater detail than other studies. Furthermore, FRI data provides a suitable framework for planning in the context of rehabilitation. Therefore, this report has adopted the FRI classification system as a basis for discussing rehabilitation treatments.
( 3) The FRI proj ect breaks down the total area of fores tlands (i. e. public domain lands) into the following types and areas:
No. of Hectares
1. Dipterocarp Old Growth Forest 986,800 2. Dipterocarp Residual Forest 3,332,800 3. Pine Forest, Closed 129,600 4. Pine Forest, Open 107,100 5. Submarginal Forest 535,700 6. Mossy Forest 1,137,200 7. Mangrove (relatively undisturbed) 125,700 8. Brushland 2,045,100 9. Other land Use 7,494,913
TOTAL 15,891,912
(4) Among the foregoing types of forest land, rehabilitation is not considered relevant for Dipterocarp Old Growth Forest (1). Pine Forest, Closed (3), and Mossy Forest (6). None of these forest types currently fall into the "logged-over" category. 'l'hey may in the future, at which time the areas involved will fall into one of the other forest types listed above. Meanwhile, the prevailing emphasis would be on conservation and judicious management, rather than rehabilitation. Therefore, the succeeding paragraphs will deal wi th the types numbered 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 above and such further sub-types or sub-categories that may seem warranted.
(5) Dipterocarp Residual Forest (3,332,800 hectares): Forest lands falling within this category consist of areas that have been sub jected to the selective-logging system. This system involves the harvesting of mature, overmature and defective trees while leaving
.~.' 20 ""'" table number of residual trees for natural rehabilitation and future harvests. In brief, loggers are allowed to harvest trees with diameters at breast height (d.b.h) of sixty centimeters (60 cm) and above, thus leaving in place all trees below 60 cm. d.b.h. In some cases, the diameter limit has been set at 70 cm d.b.h. In all cases, loggers are required to pay fines for damage caused to residuals as a result of felling, yarding and other logging activi ties. After logging has been completed, the logger is required ~o implement timber stand improvement (TSI).
(5-1) In practice, the technical standards of the selective logging system have often been violated. Trees below the 60 cm. or 70 cm d .b.h. limit have been cut and many residual trees have been destroyed through carelessness and neglect. Despite these anomalies however, the vegetative cover which has no commercial value (i.e. the small trees and bushes) usually remains in place. Obviously, there is no financial incentive to cut and transport trees that cannot be sold.
(5-2) 'l'he RP-German Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) Project determined tha t an average 2,000-3,000 trees, saplings and seedlings per hectare still remain in place after a site has been logged. Much of this vegetation consists of small seedlings that will not ma ture for 70 to 80 years. Other trees will be larger and may mature sooner (e.g., 20-40 years).
(5-3) TSI is a post-logging rehabilitation treatment prescribed for dipterocarp residual forests. The treatment includes (i) protec tion of the trees, saplings and seedlings already in place (ii) supplemental planting (i.e., enrichment planting) in spots where plant density needs to be increased, (iii) removal of vines and other vegetation competing with the residual trees and (iv) thinning out to allow ample space for the growth of trees that will be harvested sometime in the future.
(5-4) All timber companies are required to implement TSI. While many have not fully complied with this requirement, the majority have provided some form of protection by preventing the conversion of residual stands into other land uses (e.g., slash-and-burn farming) • In general however, enrichment plan"ting, removal of competing vegetation and thinning treatments have not been applied. Furthermore, increasing population pressure is making it more difficult to prevent conversion of dipterocarp residual forests into other land uses.
(5-5) Notwi thstanding deficiencies in the implementation of TSI, the protection afforded by timber companies has conserved approxima tely 3.3 million hectares of residual forests that might other wise have been destroyed. Virtually all such forests that are still intact come under some form of protection by timber com panies. Wherever timber companies have been removed through can cellation of their permits, the forests have been invaded by slash-and-burn farmers, and the dipterocarp residuals have been desnroyed. This phenomenon has been well-documented in studies conducted by Philippine and German government researchers. Unfortunately, the results of this research have not been recognized by policy makers and the trend is toward further can cellation of timber concessions. This trend has negative impli cations for .the conservation of the remaining dipterocarp residual forests.
(5-6) There are a few examples of TSI implementation by timber com panies that go beyond mere protection and include the other treatments that are part of TSI. The most recently-documented example is the Aras-Asan Timber Company Incorporated, on the island of Mindanao. Forests logged in the early 1960 I shave regenerated and a second cutting cycle is now under way. The volume of harvestible timber is roughly equivalent to the volumes originally obtained when the forests were still virgin. Addi tionally, the overall volume of commercial and non-commercial forest growth is almost equal to the volume found in unexploited forests.
(5-7) Under the RP-German TSI project, cutting trials were carried out in dipterocarp residual forests to test the commercial viability of small-scale mechanized thinning systems. These trials deter mined that an average of twenty (20) to forty (40) cubic meters per hectare should be cut within five (5) to ten (10) years after the initial logging cycle. This would remove competition with the best specimens of residual trees which would be harvested during the second logging cycle. Most of the wood cut during these trials consisted of low-value timber which, when sold, would not compensate for the expense incurred in mechanized thinning. In brief, mechanized TSI thinning was not commercially viable.
(5-8) However, from a silvicultural perspective, thinning had a very positive impact. Growth rates (i.e., mean annual increment or m.a.i.) increased by a factor of 1.2 to 2.0 cubic meters per hec tare per year as compared to control plots where no thinning was implemented.
(5-9) TSI thinnings were also carried out in the World Bank-assisted Central Visayas Regional Project (CVRP-1). Thinning was done manually by forest residents and the products were sold. Despite the inferior quality of these products (e.g., low-grade handsawn lumber and firewood) the activity was financially viable. This indicated that TSI thinning can be a commercially attractive pro position if labor-intensive systems are applied.
(5-10) Moreover, the forest residents who were involved stopped their previous slash-and-burn activities because thinning was more pro fitable. Thus, there were the added b~nefits of forest conser vation and increased rural income. Drawing on th1.s valuable lesson, the DENR has announced the intention to launch ten (10) new projects based on the CVRP-1 model. Areas covered by can celled or expired timber licenses will be turned over to orga nized communities. The communities will be authorized to exploit these areas by applying selective cutting and labor-:-intensi ve methods. The first phase of such operations will include TSI thinning, enrichment planting, removal of competing vegetation and protection of dipterocarp residual forests.
(5-11) Since TSI thinning in the CVRP-1 project only started in 1986 there has not been sufficient time to determine any impact on growth rates. One can assume however, that the increase in mean annual increment (m.a.i.) reported by the RP-German TSI Project will be replicated in the CVRP-1 project. Even more significant is the initial development of a community-based management system for TSI that may be applied in sites where protection cannot be provided by timber companies.
(5-12) In addition to the Hmi ted TSI work implemented by timber cor porations, CVRP-1 and the RP-German TSI Project, the Natural Resources Development Corporation or NRDC (a government cor poration) has carried out contract thinning operations in several previously-logged sites. Unfortunately, thinning was implemented purely as a commercial harvesting operation and no attempt was made to gather data on subsequent growth rates.
(5-13) To summarize: Where TSI has been carried out on dipterocarp residual forests, the results have generally been favorable. Estimates in the RP-German TSI Project indicate that approxima tely 1'.90 million hectares out of a total 3.3 million hectares of dipterocarp . residual forests are technically sui table for TSI treatment. However, the RP-German FRI Project estimated that TSI would only pe practical to implement on approximately 0.50 million hectares which had sufficient protection due to the pre sence to timber companies. If the Philippines can effectively replicate the CVRP-1 model which transfers the responsibility for protection to communities, the potential TSI target could be much larger than 0.05 million hectares. The CVRP-1 model apparently provides adequate financial incentives for communities to protect dipterocarp residual forests.
(6) Pine Forest, Open (107,100 hectares): The FRI Project and the DENR define "open pine forests" as pure stands of Benguet Pine' (Pinus insularis) or Mindoro Pine (Pinus merkusii with a crown cover of ten to thirty percent (10-30%). Rehabilitation in these forests is based on the "seed trees method". During logging, a specific number of mature trees are spared from harvesting operations so as to provide adequate seeds for a future crop to grow via natural regeneration.
(6-1) In general, the seed tree method has been adhered to more conscientiously than the selective logging method prescribed for dipterocarp forests. Additionally, official data indicates that reforestation has been carried out quite conscientiously in most of the concessions located in pine forests.
(6-2) However, neither the seed tree method nor reforestation. can be implemented with any degree of success unless there is adequate protection against fire. This protection has been difficult to achieve for several reasons. First, the pine forests are located in geographical settings characterized by long dry seasons where fire is a constant threat. Second, many of the lands adjacent to pine forests are used for pastures. stray animals often move into the open pine forests because the previous removal of trees has stimulated the growth of grass. Furthermore, ranchers occupying lands next to the pine forests normally burn their pastures each year to stimulate a fresh crop of grass. These fires spread to the pine forests and kill both natural regenera tion and planted seedlings.
(6-3) Moreover, the problem of insurgency has been serious in the pine forest regions for the last fifteen (15) years. This has made it extremely difficult and often impossible to protect the forests. To a considerable degree, insurgency problems relate to the issue of tribal rights. Virtually all of the pine forests are located on lands occupied by tribal groups that resist central government control. The Philippine government has recently moved . towards relinquishing control over tribal lands in the pine forest regions. But it will take time for these initiatives to have a favorable impact on the insurgency problem and forest pro tection.
(6-4) Recognizing that pine for.ests are highly vulnerable to damage by fire, these has been an attempt to modify the seed tree method and improve rehabilitation strategy by including fire resistant species in the planting designs for reforestation projects. The principal innovation in this regard has been the extensive intro duction of Alnus species. This has met wi th considerable suc cess, {especially on steep slopes where soil and water conservation are the major objectives of tree-planting program mes. Alnus spp. have also been well accepted by the local popu lations because the trees provide a reliable supply of firewood and respond well to coppice-management. Additionally, Alnus spp. have proven to be sui table shade trees for coffee which is grown extensively in the pine forest regions.
(6-5) The major pine-growing regions (Regions and 2) include the catchment areas for' several large hydro-electric power installations1 ). Thus, reforestation is considered a high priori ty investment. However, deforestation is occurring at a much more rapid rate than reforestation. In the 1950' spine forests covered approximately 800,000 hectares. This has been reduced to around 236,700 hectares in 1988 (129,600 ha closed pine forests and 107,100 ha open pine forests).
(6-6) It is worthwhile to mention that Pinus insularis has been planted outside of its original habitat with considerable success. There axe large-scale plantings in Bukidnon Province, Cebu and Agusan
1) Region 1 and 2 have recently been subdivided to make way for the creation of a new region (The Cordilleras Autonomous Region or CAR). The CAR encompasses the tribal lands of Northern Luzon and boun daries are still being defined.
-, 24 ".. del Sur. Growth rates are faster in these areas than in its ori ginal habi,tat.
(7) Submarginal Forest (535,700 hectares): The FRI report defines this forest type as follows: " tropical rain forest dominated by lesser utilized species, mainly restricted to shallow and excessi vely drained limestone soils".
(7-1) Traditionally, this forest type has been considered a low priority target for rehabilitation. In the past, there have been .. no major reforestation programmes implemented in the sub-marginal forests • This is principally because most sub-marginal forests have been released as A & D land or are occupied by claimants. The claimants actively resist reforestation programs, fearing that their tenure will be jeopardized. Additionally, most reha bilitation programmes emphasize the planting of fast-growing and/or high value tree species that grow better in other areas than they do in submarginal forests.
(7-2) Despite their relatively low productivity, the submarginal forest lands are subject to intensive utilization. Many communities harvest firewood and bamboo in the submarginal forests which are often situated near popUlation centers. Whether by design or co incidence, large portions of the submarginal forests are covered by Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.), an exotic legume introduced during the Spanish colonial era. Gliricidia has become an extremely important mUlti-purpose tree species and is now receiving con siderable attention from the international research community.
(7-3) Over the last two years, a large area of sub-marginal forestland located parallel to the Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway leading to Mani la, has been the site of a maj or rehabi li ta tion effort by the DENR2). A long strip of sedimentary rock for mations has been subjected to several treatments. Contoured ero sion control hedgerows were established and trees were planted between the hedgerows.
Gliricidia has been used extensively along with Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and mangoes (Mangifera indica). The spe cial attention given to this project has successfully prevented fire, thus resulting in increased natural regeneration of endemic species, primarily Antidesma ghaesembilla and Pileostigma mala baricum. The site is rapidly being transformed into a showcase for the rehabilitation of submarginal forest lands.
(7-4) In the late 1970's a small parcel of severely degraded sub marginal forest land (about 50 hectares) on the island of Cebu was rehabi li ta ted by the botany department of the Uni versi ty of San Carlos. Rehabili tation was achieved principally by pre venting fire and the entry of stray animals such that natural
2) The Tarlac Impact Project about 90 kilometers north of Manila
- 25 - regeneration of endemic species was very rapid. Enrichment plan tings of Swietenia macrophylla and Leucaena leucocephala supple mented the natural regeneration. After less than five (5) years the site became heavily vegetated and was used as a field laboratory where, botany students could observe the process of plant succession. The results of this project imply that enhan-, cement of natural regeneration can be an effective strategy to apply in the sub-marginal forests.
(7-5) One of the dominant species in submarginal forests is molave (Vi tex parviflora) which is a premium quality wood. Because of its durability and resistance to most forms of decay, molave has for centuries been a species in high demand for building construction, furniture, wharf piles and boat building. Molave has been established in parks and along highways, but only in rare instances has this species been planted in the submarginal forests that are its original habitat.
(7-6) Although the special proj ects mentioned above (in Tarlac and 'Cebu) are small in comparison with the extent of submarginal forest areas, and even if similar examples are rare, the projects do provide a useful model for the rehabilitation of submarginal land. In particular, the emphasis on natural regeneration has pq)duced excellent results. If combined with the deliberate introduction of Gliricidia sepium the development of a practical method for rehabilitation of submarginal forests seems highly feasible.
(8) Brushland (2,045,100 hectares): The PRI report defines brush land as "degraded areas dominated by a discontinuous cover of shrubby vegetation." As mentioned earlier in this report, brushlands are a high priority area for rehabilitation in general and for plantation' developmen t in particular. The presence of brush is usually an 'indication that (i) a, site has not yet reached an advanced stage of degradation or (ii) previous degradation has been partially over come through the natural process of plant succession.
(8-1) Brushland rehabilitation methods applied thus far in the Philippines are almost identical to the methods applied on grasslands. Prior to planting, the brushlands have usually been cleared, stakes placed at regular intervals to mark planting spots, holes excavated and seedlings planted in the holes. There seems not to have been any deliberate attempt to retain the brush as a nurse crop for higher value species that could be plant.ed intermittently between the brush species.
(8-2) The absence of a specific regime of rehabilitation for brushl~nd can be considered one of the most serious deficiencies of reforestation programmes in the Philippines. Clearing has often caused the reversion of brushlands back into grass lands , espe cially when areas are burned after clearing. Grass rapidly inva des a brushland that, has been cleared and the grass vigorously competes with any new species that are planted. When inappropriate exotics are introduced and fail to thrive, the
- 26 - reversion to grassland is accelerated. Unfortunately, this has happened repeatedly over the years.
(8-3) There are no official records that segregate rehabilitation work implemented on brushlands from rehabilitation carried out on grass lands or other, types of "logged-over" forests. All data is lumped into one category and simply identified as "reforesta tion" •
(8-4) Beginning however in 1985, trials were initiated at Jamindan municipality of Capiz province (Region No. 6) on a new rehabili tation method particularly tailored for the brushlands. Building on research conducted in 1976 by the Upland Hydroecology Program (UHP) of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), the DENR tested a method that has since been officially iden tified as "Assisted Natural Regeneration" or ANR. The trials, financed by the United States Agency for International Develop ment (USAID), started off by carrying out liberation cutting of grass and vines that were competing with the brush. This pro moted rapid growth of the various brush species. Wi thin one growing season (about 8 months) the brush cover was no longer "discontinuous". A continuous canopy of broadleaf species covered the intermittant patches formerly dominated by grass. By the end of the second growing season, several tree species emerged through the brush canopy. Exotic species were then interplanted among the emergent endemic tree species and brush. By the end of 1987, the trial site (50 hectares) was completely dominated by trees (mostly endemics) and had .a vigorously growing understory of brush and various broadleaf herbs. In brief, the trial deliberately introduced treatments which accelerated the natural process of plant succession.
(8-5) The record of expenses incurred for carrying out the Capiz trials indicates that rehabilitation was achieved at roughly fifty per cent (50%) of the average costs incurred when conventional plan tation establishment methods are applied. Furthermore, the resulting bio-diversityprovided other benefits that are valuable but difficult to quantify.
(8-6) Encouraged by the Capiz trials, DENR expanded, application of the ANR method to the province of Camarines Norte as part of the USAID-assisted Rainfed Resources Development Project (RRDP). Shortly thereafter ANR was introduced throughout Region 8 comprising the islands of Samar and Leyte. Initial results have been favorable and ANR is now included among the treatments being applied in the provinces of Tarlac and Pangasinan (Luzon island) by reforestation contractors employed by DENR. DENR management is seriously considering nationwide application of the ANR method.
(9) Other .land use (7.5 million hectares): In the context of rehabili tation, it is useful to break down this broad category into several major sub-categories: (i) unoccupied grasslands, (ii) grass lands occupied by settlers, - (iii) grasslands occupied by ranchers, (iv) "logged-over", mangroves. Other sub-categories could be identified,
- 27 - such as townsites, coconut farms on public domain lands and so forth. However, this report will only deal with the sub-categories identified above (i.e.(i) to (iv».
(9-1) Unoccupied grass lands have been the primary target for rehabili tation ever since launching of the first reforestation project in the Philippines in 1916. On page 31 it was pointed out that con ventional plantation development methods have been applied in almost all cases, notwithstanding site specific variables or objecti ves. The unoccupied grass lands are no exception to this general rule. Results of these methods leave much to be desired. Recent DENR studies indicate that forests have only been success fully re-established on approximately 75,000 hectares or a mere 21% of the land that was officially reported to have bpC!l reforested.
(9-2) Admittedly, the degree of success or failure in rehabilitation is not determined solely by the technical features of whatever methods are applied. Other factors also influence the outcome of rehabilitation programmes. However, if the technology is not suitable, failure is almost inevitable. It is therefore impor tant to identify. methods used in special instances. in the Philippines that do not conform with those generally used, and which. have produced favorable results. Site preparation would seem to be of particular importance.
(9-3) !>1ost Philippine grasslands are dominated by Cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and talahib (Saccharum spontaneum). These are very aggressive grass species. Once established they are difficult to eliminate unless (i) their rhizomatous root structures are killed or (ii) they are shaded out by other types of vegetation.
(9-4) Cogon and talahib are both fire-prone grasses. Without a strict regimen of fire prevention these grasses usually burn each dry season, thus destroying other types of vegetation that would eventually overtop and shade them out. The fires do not elimi nate cogon and talahib, both of which quickly resprout from the rhizomes.
(9-5) Farmers who plant annual crops and orchards on flat or gently rolling grasslands deal quite simply with this problem. Cogon and talahib are plowed once at the end of the rainy season when the soil is soft and easy to cultivate, and two or three times thereafter in the dry season. The dry season plowing cycles kill the rhizomes by exposure to the drying action of sunlight and wind.
(9-6) Farmers who plant on land that is too steep to plow, will often eliminate cogon and talahib by sowing perennial leguminous vines (e.g. centrosema, siratro, pueraria) which overtop and shade out the grass within one or two years. Once the grasses have been overtopped, trees can be planted. An added benefit is the reha bilitation of tertility and organic matter brought about by the leguminous vines.
- 28 - (9-7) In recent years, the use of systemic herbicides has become widespread as a supplementary method for eliminating cogon and talahib. Systemics are absorbed by the grasses and kill the rhi zomes. While formerly quite expensive, the price of systemic herbicides has dropped to less than half of their former cost. Meanwhile, labor costs have doubled over the l~st five years, thus improving the cost-effectiveness of herbicides.
(9-8) Only in a few rare cases have the foregoing agricultural methods for eliminating cogon and talahib been applied in forestry pro jects. It is worthwhile discussing these rare cases because of their relevance to the subject matter of this report.
(9-9) At the JICA-assisted Carranglan Reforestation Project in Nueva Ecija (Luzon Island), grass lands scheduled for reforestation were first subjected to ripping operations, using conventional one-and two-pronged rippers mounted behind crawler tractors. While land was not thoroughly cultivated (as in plowing), the results of this method were very encouraging. Trees planted after ripping grew significantly faster than trees planted by conventional methods.
(9-10) At two projects in Babatngon, Leyte and Murcia, Negros Occidental (both in the Visayan Islands), thorough plowing was introduced as a site preparation treatment in grasslands. Trees planted in the plowed fields grew 300% faster than trees in control plots that were not plowed. After one year, complete crown closure was achieved. Consequently, maintenance expenses were minimal and the costs of plowing were more than offset by savings in main tenance. Furthermore, annual crops planted between the trees during the early months of plantation establishment provided an extra source of food and income for laborers employed by the pro ject.
(9-11) At Porac, Pampanga (Luzon Island) in a USAID-assisted species trial project, the systemic herbicide "Round-up" (active ingre dient: Glyphosate) was sprayed on cogon that had infested plan tings of Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium. One treatment was sufficient to eliminate grass 'competi tion. Crown closure was achieved approximately six months after herbicide application.
(9-12) Siratro and centrosema cover crop were planted on grasslands targeted for reforestation in a World Bank-assisted project on the island of Cebu. Not only did trees grow fa$ter than normal, but laborers working on the project also found it possible to grow corn amongst the covercrop and the trees, using zero-tillage methods. The leguminous covercrop vines were simply pressed down at each corn planting spot before the seeds were drilled in. The corn provided a temporary windbreak and shade fox the newly planted trees. The combination of covercrop, corn and trees effectively prevented re-infestation by the cogon. In another project the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is being planted on cogon grasslands after systemic herbicide treatments. This reforesta tion project at Barnban, Tarlac (Luzon Island) is utilizing the Pigeon pea as a nurse crop for various species of trees.
- 29 - Meanwhile, the Pigeon pea seeds are a cheap source of vegetable protein for the project employees.
(9-13) In grass lands occupied by settlers, rehabilitation methods that have proven successful use a combination of treatments. First, contour lines are established at vertical intervals of approxima tely two (2) meters. Furrows roughly fifty centimeters in width are, plowed along the contours and planted to combinations of Cajanus cajan, Gliricidia sepium, Flamengia congesta, Leucaena leucocephala, napier grass and other perennials or semi perennials. Once established, these plants form vegetative barriers against soil erosion. The land between contoured hedgerows is plowed and planted to annual crops and orchard trees. Concurrently, bamboo and timber species are planted wherever it is impractical to establish contoured hedgerows (e.g. adjacent gullies). This combination of treatments is becoming standard practice in agroforestry projects on occupied grass lands. On project sites where occupants own ruminant livestock, the hedgerows are trimmed to provide forage. Otherwise the hedgerows are pruned, with the leaves and twigs being placed at the base of the hedgerows to further arrest soil erosion or used as green manure in the spaces between hedgerows.
(9-14) In general, agroforestry proj ects which merely concentrated on tree planting were not successful in rehabilitating degraded lands. The gestation period for producing any benefit from the trees was longer than most occupants could afford to wait. The combination of treatments just described has the potential to overcome this problem. Outstanding examples of this combined approach are found at Bansalan, Davao del Sur (Mindanao) in the Baptist Rural Life Center; Guba, Cebu (Visayas). in a project funded by the World Neighbors Foundation; and Magdungao, Iloilo .(Visayas) in the DENR' S USAID-assisted Rainfed Resources Development Project. The DENR is currently implementing 760 agroforestry projects nationwide on 400,000 hectares involving 200,000 families. The methods described above are gradually being adopted in these projects. While the area covered by ongoing agroforestry projects is but a small fraction of the occupied grasslands in the Philippines, a significant start has been made in the application of appropriate technical methods.
(9-15) Approximately 0.5 million hectares of the public domain are grasslands occupied by ranchers. who have secured pasture leases or permits, from .the DENR.No data is available on additional areas used for pasture without the benefits of permits, but esti mates range as high as 1.0 million hectares.
(9-16) The government has attempted to introduce a variety of rehabili tation methods for degraded pasturelands. These methods include plowing (to eliminate cogon) followed by re-stocking with napier (Pennisetum purpureum), Kazungula setara (Setaria anceps), Guinea (Panicum maximum), Signal (Brachiara decumbens) and other improved grasses; overseeding of pasture legumes such as Centrosema pubescens and Stylosanthes spp; and. reforestation of lands with more than fifty percent (50%) slope •. Wherever these
- 30 - methods have been applied, the lives tock carrying capacity has increased two and three-fold over conventional methods. When combined with rotational grazing, the results have been even more significant. Rarely however, does one find these methods being applied.
(9-17) With very few exceptions, Philippine ranchers merely burn off the old grass (usually cogon) once or twice annually to induce n~w growth. Progressive soil degradation is the inevitable result of this primi ti ve method. The carrying capacity of almost all pasture lands has decreased to uneconomic levels. The recently concluded Forestry, Fisheries and Agriculture Resources Management Study of the World Bank (F /FARM Study) identified inappropriately pasture lands management as the worst example in the Philippines of upland degradation. The damage done by annual burning, and compaction of soils because of uncontrolled grazing, was considered to be far greater than the already serious environmental damage caused by slash-and-burn farming.
(9-18) The low producti vi ty of the currently-practiced pasture manage ment methods is clearly demonstrated by official data. Free range grazing on large ranches (i.e., pasture lease) produces only a small percentage of domestic meat requirements. The leading regions in cattle production are Regions 1,4 and 7 where raising of cattle is a backyard enterprise. Cattle are kept in stalls or tethered. Forage is cut and fed to the cattle. Alternatively the animals are tethered and graze on newly-harvested ricefields.
(9-19) The prevailing sentiment in government is moving towards can cellation of pasture lease permits and conversion of pasturelands into forests or agroforestry farms. This may prove difficult since many pasturelands are leased to influential politicians and military officers. As an alternative strategy, the government has plans to substantially increase pasture land permit fees. This may induce the lessee to rehabilitate the land in order to improve productivity. Without improvements, the lessee would be forced out of business because, with the increased fees, ranching would no longer be profitable.
(9-20) 'Logged Over Mangroves: In the early part of this century Philippine mangrove forests covered approximately 400,000 hec tares.' Since then, about 195,200 hectares have been converted into brackish water fishponds. Only an estimated 25,700 hectares are still old growth forests without traces of extensive exploi tation. The balance (around 79,100 hectares) comprise mangroves that have been completely denuded or seriously over exploited. It is in these 70,100 hectares that rehabilitation efforts are slowly getting underway.
(9-21) Rehabilitation methods for the mangrove forests have focused pri marily on the planting of trees belonging to the genus Rhizophora spp. and the palm species Nypa fruticans. Leaves of the latter are used as a thatch for building construction in the rural areas. The" itiflourei:;ence is tapped to produce a mildlyintoxi eating beverage ("tuba") and vinegar. The Nypa palm is propa-
- 31 - gated by seed or suckers, and grows best at the mouth of rivers or streams on brackish mudflats. Almost all of the lands sui table and available for Nypa production have already been planted. Consequently, any significant extent of rehabilitation tha t could be achieved with this palm has already been accom plished. Therefore, mangrove rehabilitation has been implemented almost exclusively with Rhizophora spp. Another mangrove tree that has received some attention is a brackish-water Verbenaceae (Avicennia linnaeus).
(9-22) Rhizophora spp. are planted from propagules that develop into complete seedlings while still attached to a mature tree. The propagules are thrust into sandy, muddy and sometimes rocky tideflats after a small hole has been opened with an iron bar or pointed stick. The sides of the hole are pressed tightly against the propagule. The propagules rapidly extend roots into the stratum and under favorable conditions can grow to a height of one meter in one year. From a technical perspective, Rhizophora planting is probably the least complicated of all reforestation systems. 'It does not require seedling propagation, and site preparation consists merely of plunging a bar or stick into the tideflat. Neither weeding nor fire protection are required and water is never a limiting factor.
(9-23) Until the late 1970' s, Rhizophora planting was rare outside of government experiment stations, principally the Mangrove Research Center in Pagbilao, Quezon Province (Luzon Island). There were however, a few exceptional cases wherein Rhizophora planting was initiated by coastal dwellers. The two most worthy of mention occurred on the island of Bohol in the Central Visayas (Region 7). In one case, a public school teacher on a small islet near the Bohol mainland (Pangangnan Island) required students to plant Rhizophora along a causeway connecting the islet to the mainland. This government-constructed causeway had twice. been washed away by typhoons, thus cutting off access to the main island. Rhizophora was planted to s-c.abilize the causeway and protect against wave damage. Planted between 1971 and 1976, many of the Rhizophora trees had by 1982 grown to diameters of approximately fifteen centimeters (15 centimeters) and heights of four (4) meters. The causeway stood firm despite the passage of several typhoons. Furthermore, edible shellfish, shrimps and various crustaceans were thriving under the newly-planted mangroves, and fish catches had increased.
(9-24) On another part of Bohol (Banacon Reef) a fisherman's family began planting Rhizophora to provide a source of firewood and poles. Following this example, neighboring families also started planting Rh:i,zophora. These acti vi ties soon caught government attention. Vacant government tide lands at Banacon were made available to inhabitants who were interested in planting Rhizophora. Meanwhile, the Pangangan experience influenced the design of a World Bank-assisted rural development proJect (CVRP-1 mentioned earlier on page 20 of this report).
". ;,"
- 32 - (9-25) Within two years time, most of the Banacon Reef was planted to Rhizophora. By 1985 when the CVRP-1 project was launched, Rhizophora planting moved ahead rapidly. As of mid 1989, approximately 2,500 hectares have been planted on the islands of Cebu, Bohol, Negros and Siquijor under the CVRP-1 project. The success of this initiative has encouraged the government to include mangrove planting as a major component of two nationwide projects financed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and t,he Overseas Economi~ Cooperation Fund (OECF)3). Financial resources are now lined up to implement approximately sixty thousand hec tares (60,000 hectares) of mangrove rehabilitation over the next five (5) years.
(9~26) Despite the relative simplicity of Rhizophora planting, there are problems that need to be addressed. These problems relate prin cipally to social issues such as tenure, conflicting land use stray animals, and community organization. Additionally, there are technical problems. If planted at the wrong time of the year, many of the propagules may be washed away before they become firmly rooted. Planting must be timed to coincide wi th months when the planting site is on the leeward coast of the pre vailing monsoon (e.g., plant on west-facing coasts during the northeast monsoon and east-facing coasts during the southwest monsoon). Even then, temporary protection is often necessary (e.g., bamboo poles and brush piles on the outer perimeter of the planting site).
(9-27) By and large. however, there are relatively few technical problems to contend with in Rhizophora planting. Nonetheless, it must be recognized that important social issues need to be addressed at each site identified for mangrove reforestation.
3.2.3 Management Approaches
(1) Three (3) different approaches are currently being applied in the rehabilitation of "logged-over" lands:
(i) implementation by government; (H) implementation by the resource user, and (iii) implementation by contract.
(2) Government Implementation: This management approach implies the hiring of government technicians and laborers to carry out rehabi litation on government land, using government funds (including foreign loans and grants). There are currently 185 projects being implemented via this approach. All are reforestation projects and they cover·a tbtal area of 1,087,533 hectares.
As discussed earlier (page 30) I this approach has not been effec tive. Various government reports ciaim'thatanywhere between 250,000 to 59b, 000 hectares have been reforested in government implemented projects. However, recent DENR investigations indicate
3) The Forestry Sector Program Loan and the upcoming Fisheries Sector Program Loan.
- 33 - that these reports are unreliable and grossly erroneous. Verification teams fielded in 1988 discovered that only 21% of the land reported to have been reforested was actually covered by trees. Based on these findings DENR management has announced its intention to gradually phase out government-implemented projects.
(2-1) In addition to the DENR, several other government agencies are currently involved in rehabilitation:
- National Irrigation Administration (NIA) - National Power Corporation (NPC) - Philippine National Oil Corporation (PNOC) - Metropolitan Waterworks Sewerage System (MWSS)
The NIA has demonstrated some success in watershed management and erosion control projects through a combined industrial tree plan tation and agro-forestry approach. The PNOC has focussed pri marily on protection of watersheds around hydro and geothermal power plant sites. MWSS has achieved some headway through contract rehabilitation with professional developers. The PNOC is still in the process of building capability to rehabilitate forest lands. As a general rule, however, NPC, NIA and PNOC tend to rely on DENR for rehabilitation of watersheds affecting their operations.
(2-2) In addition to reforestation projects, DENR is also responsible for supervising tree marking, residual inventory and TSI activi ties of timber corporations. In theory, the number of hectares . subj ected to tree marking is equi valen t to the number of hec tares that are logged. In turn, all the areas that have been logged should be subsequently covered by residual inventory and TSI.
Table 6 indicates a wide disparity between the number of hectares covered by tree marking (1.36 million ha), residual inventory (0.974 million ha) and TSI (0.546 million ha) respectively. For example, TSI in 1976 should have covered all areas on which resi dual inventory was conducted in 1966. However, thirty six thousand hectares (36,000 ha) were reportedly subjected to resi dual inventory in 1966 but only sixteen thousand hectares (16,000 ha) received TSI treatments in 1976. Assuming the data is reaso nably accurate, serious deficiencies are apparent. Moreover, data from the RP-German TSI project give no indication that 546,000 hectares (per data on Table 6) were actually subjected to TSI. Assuming a figure lower than 546,000 ha, the probable extent of deficiencies should be a matter of urgent concern.
(3) Implementation by Resource Users: Rehabilitation work in this category would include (i) reforestation and TSI by. timber licen sees, (ii) reforestation by Industrial Tree Plantation (ITP) deve lopers, (iii) agroforestry development by settlers and (iv) pasture improvement by ranchers,;
(3-1) The nibstrecerttFMB'Annual Report indicates that the private sec tor (i.e., timber licensees and ITP developers) reforested about
- 34 - 260,000 hectares from 1961-1987. This is a much lower figure than areas covered by tree marking and presumably logged (1,360,000 hectares per Table 6). Based on available data, it would seem that the combined areas rehabilitated by timber licen sees and ITP developers are equal to a mere nineteen percent (19%) of the areas that were logged5 ).
(3-2) Government statistics and private sector data do not coincide. The Philippine Wood Products Association (PWPA) reports that pri vate sector reforestation accomplishments as of 1988 are about 200,000 hectares.
(3-3) The extent of pasture rehabilitation and improvement, or more pointedly, the lack of any appreciable accomplishments in this regard, has already been discussed on pages 32 and 33.
(3-4) In terms of area, the larges t sector of resource users consists of upland settlers on the public domain. Recent estimates imply that about ten (10) million settlers reside on the public domain. DENR field reports approximately twelve thousand hectares (12,000 ha) of trees and/or erosion control hedgerows. These reports are being verified as part of a nationwide census of upland settlers now underway.
(4) Implementation by Contract: The awarding of contracts to rehabili tate "logged-over" lands is a fairly recent development. Prior to 1988 no more than three thousand hectares (3,000 ha) of since the end of the Second World War. Virtually all reforestation funds had been used to finance government-implemented rehabilitation pro jects. Beginning in 1988, and drawing on funds provided prin cipally by the Asian Development Bank, over four thousand (4,000) contracts covering fifty thousand hectares (50,000 ha) have been awarded t.o private sector implementors. New contracts are being awarded daily such that the figures just cited must have changed even as this report was being written.
(4-1) The DENR has three (3) types of reforestation contracts: (i) family contracts which have a maximum area of five hectares (5 ha) and are implemented by individual families who reside on public domain lands; (ii) communi ty contracts ranging from more
5) 260,000 ha reportedly planted 19.1 % 1,360,000 ha reportedly marked and presumably logged
- 35. - Table 6 Comparative Data on Tree Marking, Residual Inventory and Timber .. Stand Improvement 1 ) FY 1964-1965 to CY 1987 (in thousand hectares)
Year Tree Marking Residual Inventory Timber Stand Improvement
CY 1987 41 35 28 1986 33 22 13 1985 34 23 16 1984 41 34 27 1983 49 37 34 1982 55 43 56 1981 60 50 49 1980 72 54 53 1979 72 61 44 1978 69 48 43 1977 69 54 33 1976 63 .60 16
FY 1974-75 72 54 6 1973-74 NA NA NA 1972-73 69 48 16 1971-72 84 57 21 1970-71 62 54 22 1969-70 77 46 23 1968-69 85 46 15 1967-68 69 40 8 1966-67 54 34 7 1965-66 68 36 8 1964-65 62 38 8
Total 1,360 974 546
1) Compiled date from FMB records
- 36 - than five (5) and up to one hundred hectares (100 ha) in which several families work communally, often with assistance and tech nical guidance provided by a non-profit foundation; and (iii) corporate contracts implemented by private business firms and other non-government organizations (NGO' s) • There is no upper limi t on the size of corporate contracts but most are in the range of 150-300 ha.
The greatest number of contracts, and the majority of areas contracted, apply the family contract mode. Family contractors have the advantage of already being in place and, as farmers, are well-acquainted with tree planting work. One disadvantage for government however, is the large volume of administrative work required to manage and oversee thousands of small contracts. Over time, DENR anticipates that more foundations and private entities will build up the capability to organize individual far mers into teams or work groups that will implement community and corporate contracts. If this happens, it will reduce the number of contracts that need to be administered and thus simplify contract management.
(4-2) Since contract implementation started only in 1988 it is too early to report on results. Public response to this new oppor tunity has been very encouraging and new applications to imple ment contracts are being submitted daily to DENR Central, Regional, PENRO and CENRO offices. Given DENR's lack of previous experience in contract management on the scale now under way, the major problems thus far have been administrative. DENR is currently conducting crash training programmes designed to improve its contract management capability.
- 37 - 4. RESEARCH ON THE REHABILITATION OF "LOGGED-OVER" FORESTLANDS
4.1 An Overview
(1) In the Philippines, almost all forestry research related to rehabi li tation has been financed by the government and conducted by government-sponsored institutions. With rare exceptions, the bulk of private sector investments in forestry research have been in the areas of wood processing and marketing.
(2) The lead government agency in forestry research is the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB). This is a staff bureau under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The ERDB's predecessor was a semi-autonomous organization called the Forest Research Institute (FORI), established in 1974. As part of a comprehensive reorganization of Philippine government agencies completed in 1988, the FORI was abolished and replaced by the ERDB.
(3) The ERDB's predecessor (FORI) was part of the network of research institutions operating under the umbrella of the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resource Research and Development (PCARRD). Universities and forestry colleges are also included in the PCARRD network.
(4) PCARRD is responsible for coordinating research and priori tizing the allocation of research funds. The defunct FORI held a seat on
the PCARRD Board of Directors and, through PCARRD I was the key decision-maker in the allocation of forestry research funds among members of the PCARRD network. FORI was also responsible for drawing up and approving the forestry research agenda.
(5) Under the reorganized DENR structure, ERDB does not have the inde pendence formerly enjoyed by FORI. While still a member of the PCARRD board and network, ERDB now takes direction principally from DENR management, rather than from the PCARRD Board of Directors. Although PCARRD continues to serve as a coordinator and adviser, DENR now exercises more direct authority over the allocation of funds than it did in the past.
(6) However, the full impact of DENR reorganization is still in the process of filtering down through the ERDB. Moreover, until mid-1989, ERDB was managed by the same administrator that had directed FORI operations since its inception in 1974. It was only in June 1989 that a new administrator was placed in change of ERDB, after the former administrator retired to join the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Thus, given almost fifteen (15) years under the same management and the institutional arrangements prevailing from 1974 to 1988, an updated review of Philippine forestry research is largely a review of FORI acti vi ties during that time.
(7) It should be mentioned that PCARRD! in exercising its coordinative mandate and its influence over the allocation of funds, has pursued a commodity-based research strategy. Reflecting this strategy, the forestry research agenda over the last fifteen (15) years has con-
- 38 - sisted primarily of studies that deal with a single topic (e .g., seed germination treatments for specific reforestation species). The research agenda has not priori tized comprehensive rehabili ta tion studies that examine a variety of treatments, species and interventions applied concurrently on the same site (i.e., a systems-approach research strategy).
(8) In June 1989, DENR management instructed the new ERDB administrator to revise the previous strategy (commodity-based) and to study systems rather than single topics. Given these new directions, it seems likely that future research will be more closely-attuned to "rehabilitation". Meanwhile a quantitative summary of completed and on-going research up to June 1989 has been published by the ERDB. (Table 7).
Table 7 Classification of Ongoing and Completed Research as of June 1989 (ERDB)
Completed Ongoing r Commodity Long Short 'rOTAL Long Total Term Term Term
Agroforestry 13 24 37 7 44 Forestation 124 82 206 8 214 Medicinal, Pesticidal Exudate/Seed/Essential Oil-producing and Wild- Food Plants 22 7 34 0 34 Dipterocarps and Lesser- Used Species 33 65 98 2 100 I Bamboo, Rattan Forest Vines and Other Palms 39 32 71 10 81 Mangrove and Beachtype Species 14 23 37 7 44 i Pines. and Other Softwood I Species 55 29 84 0 84 I i i I Wildlife and Outdoor I I I 1 I i Recreation ! 36 i 10 46 7 53 I Range Management i 12 0 I 12 0 12 I I I I Watershed Management I 39 ! 5 I 44 8 i 52 i I I I I Multiple-use Management I 1 - I 1 0 1 I I I I I I
Total 346 236 582 49 631 I I I I I
- 39 - (9) Short-term studies are funded from ERDB savings within a given calendar year. Long-term studies are funded by regular appropria tions. As indicated on Table 7. ERDB has temporari ly discontinued short-term studies.
4.2 Completed Research
(1) Out of 521 completed research studies carried out by the ERDB and other institutions, a total of 239 were found relevant to rehabili tation. 1 All rehabilitation-relevant studies have been classified by forest type and listed in Annex 5. For consistency with other sections of this report, classification conforms with the categories used in the RP-German Forest Resource Inventory Project (FRI). However, studies on Old Growth Forests, Closed Pine Forests and Mossy Forests, have been excluded from the list because these forest types have not been studied in the context of rehabi litation.
(2) Based on the FRI classification system and the focus of this report, the number of relevant research studies completed so far is as follows:
(i) Dipterocarp Residual Forest 51 (ii) Pine Forest, Open 36 (iii) Mangrove Forest 47 (iv) Brushland and Open lands 105
Total 239
Abstracts for all relevant research work are contained in Annex 5.
(3) Research on the dipterocarp residual fores ts has focused prin cipally on natural regeneration, growth rates and mortality studies in logged-over forests. Research on artificial rehabilitation has been limited to a few dipterocarp species which have so far been successfully propagated. These studies mostly involved seed ger mination and fertilization trials in nursery operation. Plantation-related research studies dealt with spacing, growth hor mone trials, out-planting experiments, maintenance, fungal diseases and the cost of TSI treatment.
Species commonly planted in reforestation projects have been repeatedly studied. Redundancy and overlapping have occurred quite frequently. Rattan and palms were studied in the context of seed germination, nursery operation, fertilization and vegetative pro pagation. Economic surveys of useful vines and medicinal plants that grow in the dipterocarp forests have also been carried out.
Table 7 only refers to ERDB research (582 completed studies). Some do not relate to rehabilitation and therefore were not reviewed. The 521 completed studies reviewed for this report include research by ERDB and other organizations.
- 40 - (4) A significant amount of research has been conducted on pines and other softwood species. In the area of nursery technology, these studies focused on seed extraction and germination, fertilization, potting media trials, inoculation, and vegetative propagation. Plant.a tion technology studies covered spacing, trials with dif ferent types of planting stock and site selection methods. Maintenance and protection related studies covered pest distribu tion, incidence and control, fire control and soil nutrient-pest incidence relationships. There were additional studies dealing wi th growth, forage production in a pine-grass community and the impacts of thinning on the hydrologic regime in pine forests.
(5) Due to their important relationship with fisheries, a substantial amount of research has been carried out on mangroves. During the 1970's mangrove research concentrated on inventory and diversity, ecosystem studies, and taxonomy. In the early 1980's research on the silviculture of mangrove species was given significant atten tion and included germination studies, planting and seed storage techniques. Other research dealt with the planting of wildings, nutrient cycling, transport of organic matter, ecophysical studies and utilization. Research since the mid-80's has been directed towards germination, silviculture and the biological characteristics of various mangrove species.
(6) Approximately fifty percent (50%) of all completed studies focus on reforestation of brushlands and openlands (i.e., grasslands). Most deal with tree species but bamboo culture, agroforestry and plan tations have also received attention. Studies on bamboo have dealt primarily with improved harvesting techniques and optimum cutting cycles. Agroforestry studies have been concerned with short gesta tion crops, fruit trees, animal husbandry, the planting of timber species and socio-cultural conditions in upland communities.
Research on forest plantations became popular when large companies producing plywood, paper and matches started establishing plan tations of fast-growing species to supply their raw materials needs. Some of the most commonly-studied species are kaatoan bang kal (Anthocephalus chinensis), Moluccan sau (Albizia falcataria), Yemane (Gmelina arboreal, bagras ((Eucalyptus deglupta), gubas (Endospermum peltatum) and ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala).
(7) In general, government-funded research has been directed towards the perpetuation of forest resources and the optimization of bene fits. The main emphasis has been on forest regeneration, plan tation management, protection and agroforestry.
(8) Although most forestry research has been administered by ERDB (FORI), several studies conducted outside of the PCARRD network are worth mentioning.
(9) In the private sector, the Paper Industries Corporation of the . Philippines· (PICOP) and the Nasipi t Lumber Company have conducted species trials with a number of endemic and exotic species. Both of these companies have experimented with and developed low-cost, mass-production techniques for nursery operation. Additionally,
- 41 - PICOP has planted rattan on a large scale (over 3,000 hectares) and worked out appropriate methods for seedling production, fer tilization, spacing and site selection. Lately, PICOP has ini tiated vegetative propagation of a first generation cross between Eucalyptus deglupta and E. pelli taG The hybrid seems to combine the fast-growing characteristics of the former and the density of the latter.
(10) Nasipit has worked extensively on natural regeneration techniques suitable for dipterocarp forests and has published the results of 25 years of experience in this area. This company has also con':" ducted successful planting trials of dipterocarps by direct seeding, nursery seedlings and stock transplanted from residual forests. Trial plantings of a fiber producing brush species (Wikstroemia spp.) have been successfully established.
(11) The Aras-Asan Timber Company (ARTIMCO) has done extensi ve work in TSI on dipterocarp residuals and is currently conducting a second cut on stands harves·ted in the early 1960s. Growth rates and yield studies have been published.
(12) Provident Tree Farms, Inc. (PTFI) has developed nursery propaga tion and plantation development regimes for an endemic matchwood species (Endospermum peltatum) and conducted species trials with a number of exotic trees.
(13) Taggat Industries has conducted plantation establishment research with Langosig (Trichospermum involucratum), a promising species for strand-board production.
(14) The Carranglan Reforestation Project, with assistance from the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has conducted applied research in improved site prepatation methods, fireline establishment using various herbicides, dipterocarp planting under exotics (especially Acacia auriculiformis) and mass production techniques for seedling propagation.
(15) The Mayantoc Reforestation Project, with assistance from the New Zealand Government and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has perfected bare-root planting systems for several reforestation species and effective fire prevention and control methods. These systems are described in a set of manuals devel oped by the project.
(16) The institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH) of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) has developed low-cost methods for mychorrizal inoculation of pines and Eucalyptus spp.·
(17) The University of the Philippines Upland Hydroecology Program, now absorbed by the Institute of Environmental Science and Management (IESAM) has conducted research in methods for accelerating natural regeneration in denuded grasslands, improved soil conservation methods in agroforestry and community-based participation in reha bilitation projects.
- 42 - 4.3 Ongoing Research
(1) Table 7 indicates 49 ongoing research projects administered by the ERDB. However, a list from PCARRD indicates a total of 205 ongoing research studies including those administered by ERDB, and research being conducted by other agencies. The topics covered by these studies are listed in Annex 6. To a large extent, ongoing studies are characterized by the commodity-type focus which has prevai~ed in the past and it is not yet clear whether the results of these studies will contribute significantly to rehabilitation of "logged,-over" lands.
(2) However, one can anticipate significant changes in the forestry research agenda, given DENR' s intention to shift from cornrnodi ty based to systems-oriented studies. It seems likely that some of the ongoing studies may be revised to conform with this new empha sis. Moreover I research in the forestry sector and agricultural sector are gradually moving towards a common focus on agroforestry in upland communi ties and ecosystems. This is reflected in the 1988-1992 research and development thrusts formulated by the PCARRD, in consul ta tion with the Department of Environment and Nat.ural Resources (DENR) and the Department of Agriculture (DA). Su.bject matter of common interest to both Departments are implied in the topical guidelines drawn up by these agencies and summarized hereunder:
1) Profitable production and cost-production/environment-sensitive technologies focusing on:
a. Development and improvement of existing production systems; b. Development and improvement of tools, equipment, machi neries and structures; and c. Economics of production.
2) Development, rehabilitation, conservation, utilization and management of resources and ecosystems focusing on:
a. Management, conservation, utilization of forestry resour ces; b. pollution and environmental quality; c. Design and construction of soil and water conservation structures.
3) Production, processing, storage and distribution systems for seeds, stocks and other planting materials.
4) Bio-technology in production and post-production systems, including soil inoculation with rhizobia and mychorrhiza.
5) Integrated and community-based approaches towards better food production, nutrition and balanced ecosystems, focusing on:
a. region-specific pil6ting of mature technologies; and b. institutional development studies.
- 43 - 6) Effective and efficient technology transfer systems focusing on evaluation and development of technology delivery models.
- 44 - 5. GAPS BE~NEEN RESEARCH AND REHABILITATION
5.1 Major Gaps: Rehabilitation of "logged-over" forestlands requires the effective implementation of a variety of treatments, some of which must be conducted concurrently and some in step-by-a cep sequence. Al though research has focused on many of these trea t ment.s, several important phases in the rehabilitation process have not been adequately addressed. The following paragraphs identi,fy the major areas that need attention.
(1) Site Preparation: The high rate of mortality in many reforestation projects is often the result of insufficient site preparation. Additionally, the extensive damage caused by fires is often due to deficiencies in site preparation methods. Many of the options that have proven effective in agriculture have not been extensively tested in forestry. For example, there ar'e no comprehensive stu dies comparing the effecti vi ty and cos t-effecti veness of plowing, herbicide treatments and covercropping -- with the methods conven tionally applied in most reforestation projects.
(2) Species/Site Suitability: Soil types, depth, wind velocity, aspect, susceptibility to pests and diseases, altitude, the amount of distribution of rainfall and other factors -- all have effects on growth. However, no guidelines have been published regarding the minimum requirements for successful establishment of many of the species frequent'ly planted in reforestation projects. Implementors of rehabilitation projects do not have easy access to information on how different species can be expected to react to si te-specific variables. This deficiency ·is best illustrated in recent years by the widespread failure of ipil-ipil plantations (Leucaena leucocephala) planted in highly-acidic soils. Significant amounts of money and effort went to waste before it was determined that ipil-ipil was not suited to acidic sites.
(3) Endemic Species: Although approximately 3,500 tree species grow in the Philippines, the basic requirements for planting many of these species are sti 11 unknovm.. In particular, there are a number of fast-growing endemic species that have commercial value or could play a major role in rehabilitation of degraded lands. And yet, even the simple matter of germination techniques has not been investigated or perfected for most endemic species.
(4) Eco-system Relationships: In order to prepare planting designs that combine the best features of various trees and plants, one should have at least a working knowledge of species relationships. However, a review of completed and on-going research has not unco vered any studies that explore this issue in depth. For instance, there seems to be no list of appropriate nurse species for many of the premium timbers.
(5) Marketing Studies: Supply and demand data is not available for many species that play a major role in rehabilitation programmes. In agroforestry projects for example, coffee is often introduced as one of the principal crops. But this crop is highly sensitive to pric~ flu<:;tuations. Reli~ble. supply-deIfand data would indicate
- 45 - whether or not additional planting of coffee should be promoted.
(6) Plantation Maintenance Methods: Almost without exception, brushing is the only form of maintenance applied in reforestation projects. For example, one rarely sees. pressing applied to heavy stands of grass, spot treatments with herbicide or the introduction of legu minous covercrop vines. Very few studies have been conducted on alternative methods that may be more effective or less costly than brushing.
(7) Soil Additives: Research has been conducted on mychorrhiza and rhizobium, with very useful outputs. However, the application of natural or artificial additives to ihcrease water retention capabi lity seems not to have been addressed. This is a serious defi ciency, considering that moisture is the major limiting factor in many reforestation and agroforestry projects.
(8) Others: I terns (1) to ( 7 ) above are the mos t obvious gaps in research that relate directly to the operational aspects of rehabi litation. However, research must also focus on improved planning, site assessment, extension, monitoring and evaluation, policy for mulation and education. These matters have not been adequately addressed thus far in forestry sector research programmes.
5.2 Why These Gaps Exist
Many previous studies have identified gaps in the link between research and forest rehabilitation. The research review conducted to prepare this report has helped pinpoint five (5) major reasons that have caused these gaps to exist. These reasons are discussed hereunder:
(1) Research by commodity-type: In theory, the problem of forest reha bilitation may be broken down and studied independently to produce a combined output. However, this synergy can seldom be achieved. A high degree of coordination would be required to fuse the output of several independent studies into a cohesive regime of treat ments. Independent researchers would have to be operating in simi lar environments, at the same pace and with minimum variability between sites. This is only possible under ideal conditions, and conditions are almost never ideal.
"Research by commodity-type" does not necessarily mean that forest rehabilitation will be broken down into independent uncoordinated studies. But this has in fact been the general practice. For instance, plant spacing studies have not considered different soil types, depths and degrees of fertility. Spacing at the bottom of a slope where there is better fertility and more moisture, may not be appropriate on upper reaches of the slope where soil is degraded.
Unfortunately, "research by commodity type" has generally been interpreted to mean "research by independent topic". This has led to excessive fragmentation of research, the results of which are
often of limi ted practical value. Hopefully, DENR I S new emphasis
- 46 - on systems research will help overcome the problems brought about by a commodity-oriented strategy.
(2) Centralized planning of the research agenda: One assumption preva lent during the martial law era (1972-1986) was that centralized planning would make it possible to allocate scarce resources more efficiently and to direct these resources.into areas where the need was most urgent. What in fact happened was quite the opposite.
Research was affected by this pull towards the center. Promising research opportunities identified by researchers in the field were often ignored. Increasingly, the research agenda moved towards an academic approach and away from the type of field-oriented approach that would support rehabilitation programmes. The creation of ERDB indicates a significant shift towards decentralization. Each DENR region now has an ERDB office that can influence the design of region-specific research. This should help overcome the research gaps brought about by over-reliance on centralized planning.
(3) Inadequate dixoagnostic methods: The methods used to diagnose problems and tailor research to address these problems need to be improved. For example, a considerable amount of funds have been allocated for working on bamboo propagation despite the fact that farmers have long ago developed practical methods. Obviously, lack of a propagation method was· not the main reason for diminishing sources of bamboo.
(4) Deficiencies in monitoring and evaluation: As mentioned earlier in this report, a recent DENR study determined that only 21 % of the area alledged to have been planted in government-implemented reforestation projects actually have tree cover. A more efficient monitoring and evaluation system would have revealed this problem much earlier. Although bad management may have been the major cause of failure, it is also likely that early identification of problems would have indicated some areas that need research sup port.
(5) Short-term funding arrangements: To produce useful outputs, forestry research must be sustained over many years. The Philippine government applies annual budgeting procedures. These procedures make it difficult· to ensure that a forestry research project will be supported for more than one year. Given this si tuation, there is a tendency to concentrate on research topics that produce quick results. In part, this accounts for the large number of germination studies that have been carried out, many of which are redundant. Other illustrative examples of short-range research include seed phenology studies, botanical surveys of a discrete site and so forth. Research that is relevant to rehabili tation cannot prosper without long term· commitment.
- 47 - 6. A PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAMME
6.1 Context:
(1) Section 5 of this report discussed major research gaps from an operational perspective. This focus on operational issues (i.e., applied research) was deliberate considering the urgent need to increase the pace and improve the quality of implementation in ongoing rehabilitation programmes. However, there are also fun damental reasons for concentrating on applied research at this time.
(2) Over the past five (5) years, the forestry and agriculture research communities have been repeatedly criticized for a perceived failure to produce useful and relevant outputs. Whether valid or not, this cri ticism has adversely affected the credibility of the research community. It's major sources of support, namely the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Department of Agricul ture (DA) I have instituted drastic revisions in the admi nistration and funding of research. For example, it was earlier pointed out (page 40) that the former Forest Research Institute (FORI), has been replaced by and Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB). In addition to a reduction of status, the downgrading from a semi-autonomous institute to a staff bureau has other implications. Initially this signifies a perception that research agenda and budgets should be more tightly controlled than they were in the past. While this may help overcome some of the deficiencies discussed earlier (Section 5.1), it is equally possible that bureaucratic controls may stifle innovation and discourage scientific inquiry.
(3) Philippine forestry research has reached an important crossroad. Its constituency has been seriously reduced and its freedom of movement has been curtailed. If research is to fulfill its intended role, this situation needs to be addressed. The forestry research community must move ahead in directions that would restore its credibility and broaden its constituency. This may not be achieved unless the research agenda is deliberately targeted towards clearly-perceived problems that need prompt and pragmatic solutions.
(4) In consideration of the situation just described, this report recommends a programme with a very strong emphasis on applied research. It would seem imprudent at this time to lobby for sup port to basic research except in areas where a very clear re la "tionship with field operations can be established. The immediate challenge is to demonstrate that the research community can produce scientifically validated results, the utility of which are clearly recognized and can be promptly applied in the field.
"- 48 - 6.2 Strategy
(1) The DENR management has already mandated a systems approach to forestry research. This should therefore serve as the guideline for designing a research agenda that deals with the rehabili ta tion of logged-over lands. Uncoordinated/single-issue research projects must be avoided. Plans for each principal topic that will be studied should also include investigation of related matters ttat impact on the principal topic.
(2 ) Granting that forestry research must always have long-term features, all opportunities to produce short-term (i.e., interim) outputs should also be explored.
(3) Redundancy must not be allowed to happen. Previous research that has already provided conclusive results should not be repeated except when the need for re-validation is crucial. A careful review of previous research can help 8l1Sure that unproductive repe tition does not occur.
(4) Research results should be expressed in language that is easi ly understood. In some cases, this may require the preparation .of two abstractsj one for the scientific community and one for laymen. The extra work this implies is an essential part of the credibility and constituency-building process mentioned earlier.
(5) In the near term (i.e., over the next five years), research topics which have the potential for broad applicability across regions should be prioritized.
(6) Wherever possible, research projects should establish operational linkages that help ensure long-term funding support. For example, research sites may be located within a reforestation or agro forestry project. Similarly, a research project may deal with sub topics which can promote private sector support (e.g., marketable intercrops in a tree research study).
(7) It is important to ensure the timely availability of research funds and guaranteed funding throughout the years it may require to pro duce results. This cannot be achieved through the prevailing system of annual appropriations. Research studies should therefore be covered by multi-year contracts between the DENR and the research agency. The latter could ,be a government research agency or a private consulting firm working cooperatively with a govern ment research agency. The total budget required to complete the research should be obligated at the time the contract is signed, wi th funds programmed for expenditure over the duration of the research project.
- 49 - 6.3 A Research Agenda
(1) Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR): The DENR has initiated ANR methods on a number of sites throughout the country. Resources have already been committed for implementation of this approach in recognition of its potential to achieve rapid results at low cost, and alsq because ANR enhances bio-diversity. Given this impetus, there is an excellent opportunity to blend research and operations at a large number of sites and in all regions. The following areas of study can provide valuable information to implementors:
(1-1) Comparative costs and effectivity of various methods for grass suppression (pressing, cutting, herbicide application, strip plowing) ;
(1-2) Distribution and population over time of endemic pioneer tree and brush species in areas subjected to ANR treatment (e.g., initial, after 6 months, one year, two years);
(1-3) Frequency of tree and brush species occurrence over time and in relation to slope, soil depth, altitude and grass suppression methods that are applied;
(1-4) Growth rates of various tree and brush species as affected by ANR treatments;
(1-5) Re-establishment of premium tree species under pioneer tree/brush species as affected by proximity to adjacent forest patches;
(1-6) Appropriate species and methods for enrichment planting amongst pioneer trees/brushes treated by ANR methods under variable con ditions of soil depth, altitude, climatic type, slope, etc.;
(1-7) Time required to achieve crown closure in relation to species, population and distribution of pioneers trees/bushes, and nature of treatm.ents applied;
(1-8) Compatible shade-tolerant food crops, medicinals and commercial vines sui table for interplanting at various stages in the plant succession (ANR) process;
(1-9) Effects of seasonality on ANR treatments in relation to climate and to availability to labor at various times of the year;
(1-10) Labor requirements and costs for various types of grass suppression and fire prevention methods;
(1-11) Advantages/disadvantages of the ANR approach as perceived by upland farmers, reforestation contractors and DENR field staff.
It would be feasible to conduct all of the above-mentioned studies concurrently at each site where the ANR method is being applied. One researcher could cover approximately three (3) study sites in each region (i.e., 39 studies in all 13 regions including the Cordillera Autonomous Region). Background information on the ANR
- 50 - method is provided in Annex 7. Cost estimates are furnished hereunder:
Item Amount (US$)
1. 13 researchers at average $9000/yr. (incl. living allowance/fringe benefits) x 3 yrs. 350,000
2. Travel: 13 researchers x 3 trips/moo x $50/trip (incl. vehicle hire) x 36 mos. 70,200
3. Materials & supplies: 39 sites x $1000 (seeds, seedlings, tools) 39,000
4. Documentation: 39 sites x $500/site/yr x 3 yrs. 58,500
Sub-total 518,700
5. Contingencies (Approx. 15%) 81,300
Total $600,000
(2) Community-Based Implementation of Timber Stand Improvement (TSI): The DENR has announced its intention to award within this year (1989) ten (10) timber license permits to organized communi ties residing within or adjacent to dipterocarp residual forests. This initiative would have two (2) major objectives:
(i) to develop a community-based system for protection and rehabi litation of dipterocarp residual forests; and
(ii) to increase rural income and employment opportunities.
DENR would build on the positive lessons and results of the-World Bank-assisted Central Visayas Regional Project (CVRP-1) discussed earlier in this report (page 24 and 25). Since the probable sites are previously logged forests, TSI is anticipated as the major emphasis during the first three (3) years of operations. Highly relevant integrated research can be conducted on the following topics.
(2-1) Time-motion and cost studies for conducting 100% inventory of residual vegetation in dipterocarp residual forests at ten (10) different sites. Preparation of appropriate TSI and selective cutting/sustained yield management plans;
(2-2) Effects of residual stand density, soil, slope, elevation and climatic type on enrichment planting of dipterocarp wildings and various endemic and exotic species as a component of TSI.
- 51 - (2-3) Time-motion and cost studies of labor-intensive timber production methods considering variable slopes, stand density, skidding distance and products (i.e., handsawn boards/flitches of various dimensions; charcoal and firewood production);
(2-4) Value of minor forest products (i.e., firewood, charcoal, commer cial vines, bamboo, etc.) in relation to value of major forest products (i.e., handsawn boards/flitches) in community-based, labor-intensive timber operations;
(2-5) Baseline data for computation of growth rates after TSI for pre mium and lesser-used species (LUS) in dipterocarp residual forests;
(2-6) Reduction or increase in the incidence of slash-and-burn farming in dipterocarp residual forests covered by community-based timber production operations;
(2-7) Distribution of forest-derived income among communities implemen ting labor-intensive timber production operations;
(2-8) Training needs and approaches required in and suttable for community-based timber production operations, with special empha sis on TSI treatments (including training for community partici- pants and DENR personnel); and
(2-9) Posi ti ve/nega ti ve effects of community-based timber production operations on the rehabilitation of dipterocarp residual forest.
Cost estimates for conducting studies on this subject are pro vided hereunder: Item Amount (US$) 1. Resource inventory sampling (100% inventory) 200 ha/site x 10 sites x $100/ha 200,000
2. 2 researchers/site x 10 sites x aver. $9000/yr {incl. living allowance/fringe benefits) x 3 years 540,000
3. Travel: 20 researchers (2/site) x 36 mos. x $50/mo. 36,000
4. Documentation (incl. photographs) 10 sites x $500/site/yr x 3 yrs 15,000
5. Materials/Supplies: $500/site/yr x 10 sites x 3 yrs. 15,000
Sub-total (806,000)
6. Contingencies (Approx. 15%) 119,000
Total $925,000
- 52 - (3) Multiple Use Rehabilitation in Philippine Grasslands and Brushlands: Wi th assistance provided by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF), the Philippine government has targeted the rehabilitation of approximately 400,000 hectares over the next five (5) years. Rehabilitation will be pursued via several approaches:
(i) government implementation; (ii) implementation by resource users; and (iii) implementation by contract.
Current plans indicate that reforestation and agroforestry will be the major areas of investment. Given the high level of occupancy in the Philippine uplands, it is anticipated that reforestation and agroforestry will have to be implemented side-by-side in most cases. It will therefore be imperative to conduct several types of rehabili tation treatments simultaneously. As described earl.ier in this report, there are a number of research gaps that pertain to the rehabilitation of grasslands and brushlands. The operational implica tions of these gaps will have a direct impact on DENR IS rehabi li ta tion programme. Research to address these gaps should include the following;
(3-1) Time-motion studies, labor demand, cost-effectiveness and effec tivi ty of various site preparation and plantation maintenance treatments in grass lands (i.e., complete plowing, strip plowing, planting of perennial leguminous covercrop species, herbicide application, strip brushing, clear brushing, pressing);
(3-2) Effects of various site preparation treatments on the growth rates of selected species (N.B., studies should deal with at least 20 species of timber, firewood, mUlti-purpose and fruit trees) ;
(3-3) The sui tabili ty and cost-effectiveness of planting non-timber species (i.e., Cajanus cajan, Crotolaria juncea, bananas) and lesser-used species such as nurse crops in reforestation pro jects;
(3-4) Germination methods for fast-growing endemic species adapted to degraded grass lands (N.B. studies should deal with at least 30 species_not previously studied);
(3-5) Comparative growth rates of woody perennials planted in erosion control hedgerows in relation to soil, altitude and climatic type;
( 3-6) The effects of various perennial leguminous vines (e. g. , Macroptilum atropurpureum, Centrosema pubescens, Calopogonium spp., Pueraria javanica, Stylosanthes ~ Desmodium spp.) on grass suppression, organic matter, fertility, nutrient availabi lity and abatement of soil erosion under different conditions.
- 53 - (3-7) Compatibility of various nurse species and climax species in reforestation projects, and appropriate planting densities in relation to soil fertility, slope, altitude and climatic type.
(3-8) Optimum conditions for planting of various timber species and fruit trees considering site-specific conditions, and major indi cations of unsuitability for each species that is studied (N.B., studies should deal with not less than 30 species commonly planted in reforestation and agroforestry projects);
(3-9) Supply and demand studies on fruit, spice and beverage crops suitable for introduction in agroforestry projects;
(3-10) The effects of moisture-retention additives on the growth rates of various timber, fruit, spice and beverage crops in relation to soil organic matter, soil type and climatic type;
(3-11) The effect on technology transfer adoption rates using on-site resident extension agents versus a training and visit approach and prorata cost implications;
The foregoing studies (3-1 to 3-11) can and should be carried out at sites where reforestation and agroforestry projects are already underway or will be launched concurrently with the studies. The DENR has already awaroed approximately 4,000 reforestation contracts and is implementing about 760 agroforestry projects. Thus, there is a wide range of sites available to researchers. Cost estimates are provided hereunder:
Item Amount (US$)
Five (5) sites per region x 13 regions x 3 researchers/site x aver. $9000/yr (incl. living allowance/fringe benefits) x 3 yrs 5,265,000
2. Laborers to conduct various treatments: 10/site x 5 sites/region x 13 regions x $60/laborer/mo. x 36 mos. 1,404,000
3. Materials/Supplies (seeds, tools, chemicals, soil additives, etc.) 5 sites/region x 13 regions x $2000/site 130,000
4. Equipment: 2 vehicles (four-wheel drive)/region x 13 regions x $25,000 650,000
2 motorbikes/site x 5 sites/region x 13 regions x $2,500/motorbike 325,000
Miscellaneous (e.g., measuring tapes, compasses, cameras, etc.) 65 sites x $2,500/site 162,500
- 54 - 5. Travel (incl. vehicle operations costs): 65 sites x $2,500/site/yr. x 3 yrs. 487,500
6. Documentation: 65 sites x $500/site/yr x 3 yrs. 97,500
sub-total (8,521,500)
7. Contingencies (Approx. 15%) 1,278,225
Total $9,799,725
6.4 Administration and Institutional Arrangements: As mentioned earlier (6.2 para. 7), timely funding should be assured and multi year budgets must be guaranteed. Given prevailing financial mana gement procedures in the Philippine government, the most sui table mechanism for ensuring adequate, timely and sustained funding is the contract system. Funds can be obligated for the life of a pro ject, thus precluding premature termination of studies due to non availability of funds. An ideal arrangement would have the following features:
1) A grant from a donor agency to finance the studies;
2) Implementation of the studies at sites where the Philippine government counterpart consists of a long term operational and funding commitment (e.g., reforestation/agroforestry contracts and community-based timber production projects);
3) Joint agreement on the terms of reference by the government and the donor;
4) Inclusion of all direct costs in the contract budget drawn up to support the terms of reference (e.g., researchers, salaries, travel, materials & supplies, etc).
5) Award of the research contract via competitive bidding or nego tiation to a competent consulting firm or research agency;
6) Submission of periodic reports (e.g., monthly or quarterly) by the contractor to the lead agency of government responsible for research (N.B., Reports would summarize activities, expenditures and results as a pre-condition for approval of progress payments); and
7) Provision for periodic review of activities and results by the government lead agency and the donor, including change orders and revision of the terms of reference whenever appropriate.
- 55 - 6.5 Budget
(1) Section 6.2 furnishes an estimate of direct costs for studies. Assuming that administrative and institutional arrangements described above (Sec. 6.3) would be applied, one or more umbrella contracts would need to be signed. This would imply the need for reimbursement of the contractors' overhead expenses and funds advanced by the contractor to defray costs. If the contractor is a private company (e.g., a consulting firm), a profit margin should be included.
(2) Based on the above and the direct costs indicated in Section 6.2, the overall budget for the researr:::h programme recommended herein would be:
Research Project/Item Amount (US$)
1. Assisted Natural Regeneration 600,000
2. Community-Based Implementa·tion of Timber Stand Improvement 925,000
3. Multiple Use Rehabilitation in Philippine Grasslands and Brushlands 9,799,725
Sub-total (11,324,725)
4. Contractors' overhead (20%), i.e., Manila office, senior consultants, etc.) 2,264,945
Sub-total (13,589,670)
5. Contractors' profit (10%) 1,358,967
Sub-total $14,948,637
Total (Rounded off) $15,000,·000
- 56 - 7. MANUAL OF TREATMENTS AND ACTIVITIES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LOGGED-OVER FOREST
This section of the report lists the various treatments and activi ties that are recommended for inclusion in all rehabilitation programmes. Most of the items listed are self-explanatory. Detailed descriptions of each treatment are included in the stan dard forestry literature. In all types of logged-over forests"it will be imperative to consider the needs, aspirations and percep tions of occupants, and to include appropriate interventions designed to secure their cooperation.
7.1 Dipterocarp Residual Forests
(1) 100% resource inventory and preparation of development plans;
(2) Release cutting to promote the growth of premium crop trees (peT'S);
(3) Enrichment planting;
(4) Supplementary TSI treatments as needed;
(5) Fire prevention including the establishment and maintenance of firebreaks;
(6) Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) in fragile areas;
(7) Planting of rattan, bamboo and useful vines;
(8) Implement sustained yield/selective cutting of mature timber using labor-intensi ve methods and a community-based approach wherever feasible and appropriate, after initial TSI treat ments are completed;
(9) Agroforestry in occupied lands. 1
7.2 Pine Forest, Open
(1) 100% resource inventory and preparation of development plans;
(2) Greenbelt establishment with fire-resistant species (e.g., Alnus spp., wild sunflower);
(3) Where adequate seed trees are available, controlled burning between greenbelts timed to coincide with the appropriate months for seed scarific,ation:
(4) Enrichment planting in the absence of an adequate number and distribution of seed trees, using site-preparation treatments (5), (6) and (7) hereunder;
Further amplified in Section 7.5
- 57 - (5) Suppression/elimination of fire prone grass by plowing on slo pes less than 18% and by covercrop planting, herbicide, fre quent brushing and pressing wherever plowing is not feasible;
(6) Excavation of planting pits before onset of the dry season preceeding the planting months;
(7) Soil improvement in the planting pits, including placement of moisture retention additives, mychorriza inoculants, basal fertilizer application and organic matter (e.g., grass cut and/or manure gathered on site);
(8) Planting of pine and endemic broad leaf species;
(9) Agroforestry on occupied sites.
7.3 Submarginal Forests
(1) 100% resource inventory and preparation of development plans;
(2) ANR treatments;
(3) Enrichment plant.ing with appropriat.e species including bamboo, Vitex parviflora, Gliricidia sepium, Melia dubia, Alphitonia PhIlippinensis, Pileostigma malabaricum and LeilCaeana ~. sifoliai
(4) Fire prevention including the establishment of firebreaks;
(5) Agroforestry in occupied areas.
7.4 Unoccupied Grasslands and Brushland
(1) Delineation of areas for development of production forests and protection forests;
(2) Suppression and/or eradication of fire-prone grass species (e.g., Imperata cylindrical by plowing, herbicide treatments and pressing;
(3) Planting of perennial leguminous covercrop vines;
(4) ANR treatments;
(5) Wherever feasible -- complete plowing on slopes from 0-18% slope and strip plowing on slopes from 19-50%;
(6) Excavation of planting pits before onset of the dry season preceding the planting months;
(7) Soil improvement in the planting pits including placement of moisture retention additives, lime as needed, basal fertilizer application, mychorriza inoculants and organic matter (e.g., grass cut and manure gathered on site);
- 58 - (8) In all production forest sites --planting of nurse species and shade-tolerant intercrops to provide food for the labor force (e.g., Cajanus cajan, bananas, taro, ginger, chili, pepper) ;
(9) Reforestation of protection forest sites with a diversified mixture of endemic species of trees, bushes, palms, bamboo, useful vines and occasional fruit/nut producing trees;
(10) Reforestation of production forest sites with suitable premium tree species (endemics and exotics) planted amongst the nurse species;
(11) Planting of bamboo and Pandanus spp. along all streams and gullies which have adequate moisture;
(12) In all gullies and waterways where slopes are greater than 50% --construction of low-cost brush dams and check dams at ver tical intervals of approximately 15-20 meters, planting \Ii'herever possible a permanent vegetative barrier across the gulley or waterway (e.g., double and triple rows of Gliricidia sepium, bamboo or Pandanus spp.);
(13) Establishment and maintenance of firebreaks not less than 10 meters wide at intervals not exceeding 200 meters.
7.5 Grasslands/Brushlands Occupied by Settlers
( 1) Consul ta tion with settlers to determine acceptable interven tions;
(2) Preparation of development plans based on consultation;
(3) Labor:"'based construction of access trails with gradients that do not exceed 10%, to be implemented by occupants, paid for by the government and supervised by a project manager;
(4) Communal planting of trees, bushes and perennial leguminous vines on both sides of access trails; also implemented by occupants paid by the government and supervised by a project manager;
(5) Construction of box springs using the approach described in (3) and (4);
(6) Building on the organization of work teams as a result of (3), (4) and (5) -- encourage the work teams to establish vegeta tive erosion-control hedgerows at vertical intervals of approximately 1.5 to 2.0 meters, using woody perennials suitable for pollard management (e.g., Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena diversifolia, Flamengia congesta, Cassia spectabilis, Morus alba, Alnus japonica). To the maximum extent possible, rely o~lunteer labor of work teams rotating from farm to farm, and limit project inputs to planting materials, tools and extension. If volunteer labor is not feasible, provide
- 59 - partial subsides (e.g., pay labor at 50% of normal rates and/or supply food-for-work);
(7) Encourage farmers to practice contour plowing between vegeta tive hedgerows and planting annual crops, fruit trees or other perennials on the plowed areas. Provide the farmers with seedlings of fruit trees and other perennials;
(8) Where plowing is not feasible, encourage the planting of perennial leguminous vines that can be pressed down periodi cally and interplanted with annuals or perennials using zero tillage methods. Furnish the farmers with seeds of l~guminous vines and seedlings of perennials;
(9) Analyze soil and apply lime (preferably dolomite) wherever necessary. Furnish the farmers with lime in exchange for maintenance work implemented on the access trails (i.e., payment in kind);
(10) Encourage farmers to practice pollard management of erosion control hedgerows and use cuttings as livestock fodder in cut and-carry feeding operations, or apply the cuttings as green manure on the croplands between erosion control hedgerows;
(11) Implement reforestation under contract with the farmer work groups on lands the occupants agree to set aside for forest development. Apply ANR methods and subsequently interplant wi th perennials that can produce useful commodities via non destructive harvesting (e.g., fruit trees);
(12) Introduce compost pit and basket composting technology in the areas reforested under contract to encourage by demonstration the on-farm adoption of the technology;
( 13) Introduce, through proj ect nurseries, high-value perennials not previously available to the farmers (e.g., black pepper, cinnamon) ;
(14) Introduce improved fallow systems on idle lands farmers intend to plant in the future. Improved systems should priori tize the planting of perennial and semi-perennial herbaceous legu mes (e .g., Crotolaria juncea, Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria javanica, Stylosanthes spp., Calopogonium);
( 1 5 ) Ensure sustained maintenance of access trails, to encourage frequent visits by extension agents and to facilitate marketing and the delivery of social services;
(16) Establish and maintain firebreaks and organize communal fire prevention teams.
- 60 - 7-6 Grasslands Occupied by Ranchers
(1) Plow wherever feasible on lands with less than 18% slope and plant improved grasses and perennial leguminous forage;
(2 ) Where plowing is not feasible -- eliminate fire-prone grass species (e.g., Imperata cylindrica by applying systemic her bicide (e.g., Glyphosate) and introduce improved grass~s/ legumes;
(3) Establish brush and tree forage by planting such species as Pileostigma malabaricum, Acacia spp., Albizzia spp. and Gliricidia sepiumi
(4) Reforest all slopes greater than 50% applying ANR methods and implement enrichment planting with species not attractive to livestock (e.g., Pithocelobium dulce, Acacia farnesiana);
(5) Establish vegetative erosion-control hedgerows with species suitable for pollard management to produce forage, and adopt a cut-and-carry system (N .B. see 7.5 para. (6) for suggested species);
(6) Establish and maintain firebreaks and strictly enforce fire prevention rules and methods;
(7) Practice rotational grazing and delineate paddocks by planting closely-spaced trees that can be established with hi-stump planting stock (e.g., Gmelina arborea) or large branches (e.g., Erythrina orientalis);
(8) Change over from free-grazing methods to cut-and-carry methods as rapidly as possible.
7.7 Logged-Over Mangroves
(1) Carry out appropriate consultation meetings and community organization work;
(2) Delineate planting blocks and assign to families or work groups of coastal dwellers;
(3) Award reforestation contracts to the families/work groups with provision for eventual conversion of contracts to long-term lease and utilization permits;
(4) Plant mature propagules of Rhizobia spp. at intervals of 1 x 1m in planting holes prepared by thrusting a metal bar or har dened stick into the soil;
(5) .Time planting to avoid egg-laying season of major shellfish species that produce spats which would attack themselves to the propagules;
- 61 - (6) Time planting to avoid wave-action caused by prevailing winds;
(7) Whenever necessary, construct brush piles to provide temporary protection against waves (e.g. piles of coconut fronds, bamboo branches or any other available material);
(8) In addition to Rhizobia spp. -- plant other species that can be propagated in nurseries (e.g., Avicennia marina);
(9) Guard against damage by stray animals;
(10) Periodically thin to lower planting densities over time;
( 11) Whenever feasible, set aside part of the site for planting sea-grass and seaweed species.
- 62 - 8. CONCLUSION
8.1 There are several good examples of successfully implemented rehabi litation on logged-over lands :in the Philippines. Although rare, these examples clearly demons·trate that rehabilitation is feasible.
8.2 Where rehabilitation has been achieved the primary reason for suc cess has been sustained effort based on a pragmatic implementation plan with clearly stated objectives.
8.3 By providing scientifically tested and carefully validated options, research can contribute significantly to the success of rehabilita tion programmes. A board menu of options, and new insights gained through research, can provide implementors with the information required to carry out their work effectively under a variety of conditions.
- 63 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ANNEX
Annex DENR Organizational Chart
I_Offl~.ocWj ~I CRI, T~~
N~TURAL r lILD L1&I'oL AND INVI~ONHINT ESOUHI5 HGT. 'HHATION::· MANAGlfHI~T "'ND HSIIHC H OffICI OH IC! oUler OHIU 1
PLIlNNIN6 AND fORllGN ASSIOT1DI' LLGAL ",U.d ~51 H~NAGIHIHT SIR- ! POLIO STUDIIS AND 5PI( 11<1 fRn-, OH!CI VICE Offl~ OTTler VI C T 5 0 rr ~~ __ J L<6AL SrRV I CI PLANNING AND POLIO SERVICE HOvIC T HGT. AND COORDINATION SI~V I et
PROvHT DISlf,N AND PACXAGING SHVICI nOTHTED AHAS AND WILDLifE )RES1 H&1. LAND MANAGEHENT MINES AND G10- !:URIAU ~U~IAU BUREAU SCllNCES ~URIAU
fiELD fIELD r II Lt OPDl PROVINCIAL i HOVINCIH ~ ~Vl'ONMlwr "ND iINVIION~rN! AND: 'oTU~AL RISOU'- II<~TU~~L ~rsou~- I1 ers OHICIS 1....,..-'_" _I_s_o_r_f_l_c_r_~_--,i I, ,------'1~ '-r------'I I 'I_____ J-___~ COMMUNIT~ ~ ! C Ol1MUN 11) r~ COMMUNIT, ~- ENVlRONI1INT AND I £NVi y..ONHII~T ~Nrl I:"" INI! I FONHH.T ~Nr I ~k "ATU'.AL RISOUJ- :N~TU1AL .lSOUI- I j' I ,-Nr"_T_U_~_~_L_~_I_S_O_U_~_-_J' Ill; (IS orflCES II 'L,-_C_I_5_C_' F..,.r_1 _C _I_~_--,J I l ! _ CE Orr:CI: '---1---' LI.-- ______--', ! ! Lr------'I i i c..,1------'1 , '-r,------" , 1 i c==______; L--______ - 65 - Annex 2 Summary Findings of the FRI Project (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) ======~====== FOREST 436,000 1,565.100 239,800 1,184,400 70,700 95,900 Dipterocarp Old Growth Forest 50,900 418,300 25,300 149,100 12,400 1.500 Dipterocarp ReSidual Forest 103,300 630,900 151,700 525,200 46,100 54,900 Pine Forest, Closed 94,500 34.400 700 0 0 0 Pine Forest, Open 88,600 18,800 900 900 0 0 Submarginal Forest 17.300 167.200 18,900 316,800 1.900 100 Mossy Forest 81.300 291.700 42.200 159,000 9,400 35.000 Mangroves 100 3.800 100 33,400 900 4.400 I?RUSHLA.\ll 431.300 264.400 69,300 590,600 58,800 79,800 OTHER LA!'Ill USE 1.289,545 1.810,800 1.513.982 2,981.016 1.633.749 1.846,611 ======7======"======TOT A L 2,156.845 3,640,300 1,823.082 4,756.016 1,763,249 2.022,311 ====== 0'1 -.-J ======LA.'iD USE / FOREST TYPE REGION VII REGION VIII REGION IX REGlON X REGION XI REGION XII TOT A L (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) ======~====== FOREST 38,400 : 364,200 256.100 950,600 : 868,500 390,900 6,460,600 Dipterocarp Old Growth Forest 0 48,400 15,200 126,400 : 118,400 22.400 988,300 Dipterocarp Residual Forest 12.100 302.600 172,600 577,000 601,600 234,800 3,412,800 Pine Forest. Closed 0 0 0 0 0 0 129.600 Pine Forest, Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 109,200 Submarginal Forest 12,500 5,700 3,800 0 0 0 544,200 Mossy Forest 10.300 6,600 0 226,000 142.400 133.500 1.137.400 foIangroves 3,500 900 64,500 21,200 6,100 200 139.100 >- ::I BRUSHLAlIll 7,100 143,500 105,600 235.100 391,100 148,500 2,525.100 t ::I ~ >I OTHER LAlIll USE 1,449,642 1,635.469 1.506.814 1,647,074 1,909.675 1,789,923 21,014,300 N ======TOT/,L 1,495,142 2.143,169 1,868,514 2.832.774: 3,169.275: 2.329.323: 30,000,000: ====== Land Use and Forest Types by Region. (Total Area) ======;z ..z==:=---=====:::::===::z=::::=.s:a.a:s:.: •••• z.: a.=••• aaa:.2a.:a.:aa •• a.=X~=.2= ••aa •• zasaazz~ LAND USE I FOREST TYPE REGION I REGION II REGION III REGION IV REGION V REGION VI (ha) (ha) .: (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) ======::z====zz=====z======z======--======s====~=~z======aax:=.sz====z:=== FOREST 429,200 1,528,600 238,200 1,168.600 67.100 94.300 Diptr~arp Old Growth Forest 50,900 416.800 25.300 149.100 12.400 1.500 Dipterocarp Res idual Forest 99.100 604,100 150.900 513,200 43.200 54.100 Pine Forest, Closed 94.500 34,400 700 0 0 0 Pine Forest. Open 87,600 18.400 900 200 0 0 Subaarginal Forest 15.800 161.700 18.200 316.300 1,900 100 Mossy Forest 61,300 291.300 42,200 159,000 8,900 34,700 Mangroves 0 1.900 0 30,800 700 3,900 BRUSHUli]) 281.500 195,200 51.700 445,700 41,400 17.200 OTHER LAliD USE 401.515 850.280 475,274 932.220 426,683 442.029 ======z======::z:a==z==zzs:===sz=z======_======z:a:=:zaa::==:==s====z======za= TOT A L 1.112.215 2,574,060 171,174 2,546.520 541,183 : 613.529 : a==z=a:==z===== •• =3:K==.zaz====&=.aaz==z.s=.=.==sz==s&a~ •• :a======z:zs==:azzs:z ••s:z ...... 2 ••==ZS===.z:S=:as: (JJ'" ======:3===a======z=====Z======2======:=====::======s==z~======~======zxz======l.AliD USE I FOREST TYPE REGIOli VII REGION VIII REGION IX REGION X REGION XI iEGIDN XII TOT A L (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) ====:s===sz======--===-======--======::::======--======-----====s: FOREST 38,400 355,300 248,000 943.100 861,400 379.700 6.351,900 Dipterocarp Old Growth Forest 0 48,400 15,200 126,400 118,400 22,400 966,600 Dipterocarp Residual Forest 12,100 :" 293,600 170,300 571,700 595,500 224,600 3,332.800 Pine Forest. Closed 0 0 0 0 0 0 129,600 Pine Forest, Open 0 0 0 0 0 0 107,100 Suburginal Forest 12.500 5,700 3,500 0 0 0 535,700 Mossy Forest 10,300 6,600 0 225,700 141.900 132,300 1.134,200 Kangroves 3,500 800 59,000 19,300 5,600 200 125,700 >- ::J : ::J BRUSta.Ak"D " 312,900 130,400 2,045.100 CD 5,900 117,100 95,100 219,000 >: OTHER LAND USE' . 491,595 : 647,054 669,764 603,326 m,535 632,638 7,494.913 I N _======2======Z======2:a:z:a:asa===_===a=_:======z==azz===zas:=::===S:2:s==a:=====a======:z::======--=2===_= TOT A L 535,695 : 1,119,4.54 1,012,864 : 1,765,426 1,956,635 1,342,738 15,691,913: ~======~====z======~======Annex 3 Land Use Data from the SPOT Project 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Annex 3 A LAND COVER STATISTICS BY REGION AREA UNIT . Square Kilometer REGION REGION n REGION I REGION IV REGION V REGION W ILOCOS CAGAYAN CENTRAL SOUTHERN BICOL WESTERN VALLEY LUZON TAGALOG VISAYAS ------Fp 751 61 0 0 0 0 Fy 39 1124 0 1136 0 17 Fde 275 4843 888 6618 108 409 Fdo 1824 8619 2033 5119 966 946 Fm 3 55 15 466 106 29 Es 22 72 24 56 6 5 Eg 3338 4103 2829 1703 1234 780 Ec 9421 9576 3759 14581 4142 9191 Ipe 47 18 4 4873 2522 187 Ipo 3 0 3 0 0 0 le 5006 6492 7427 4150 2737 5837 Ime 185 190 263 5657 5584 2026 Imo 105 83 77 96 5 22 Hm 65 14 516 186 115 552 ~fo 97 0 0 0 1 0 Ne 1 5 0 0 0 0 Ng 13 1 7 10 8 2 Nr 262 265 92 117 9 33 No 39 5 7 1 15 0 B 61 62 233 585 19 61 M 0 3 1 20 8 0 L 12 26 53 1276 50 0 ------_._------Total Land : 21569 35617 18231 46650 17635 20097 Uncla- ssified 0 784 0 1757 0 125 ------..... -- -- .- ... ------. -- - - - _. - - --.- -- -. _. ------_.- .- -- ...... ------ S 61 57 o 19 12 o C 126 71 22 1037 546 100 ------_._------Grand . Total 21756 35745 18253 4770618193 20197 ------_ ..- .------. ------. - - .- _. ------_. -- -"------.- -- - % of : Forest: 13.3 41.1 16.1 28.0 6.5 6.9 Extens : 58.7 38.5 36.2 34.3 29.6 49.4 Intens . 25.3 19.0 45.4 31.4 60.3 42.7 - 69 - Annex 3 B LNAD COVER STATISTICS BY REGION AREA UNIT : Square KiloIDeter REGION W REGION I REGION I REGION X REGION J REGION D CENTRAL EASTERN WESTERN NORTHERN SOUTHERN CENTRAL VlSAYAS VISAYAS MlNDANAOMlNDANAO MINDANAO MlNDANAO ------Fp o o o o o o Fy o 25 6 14 94 o Fde o 1463 582 3496 3213 2449 Fdo 354 3841 2345 6777 6368 2750 Fm 94 263 246 110 79 27 Es 2 21 8 38 39 14 Eg 746 124 79 1452 1073 670 Ee 8504 9834 5133 8951 11419 6632 lpe 214 1655 223 103 974 507 Ipo o o 139 284 412 67 le 1405 1537 968 2903 1683 3777 lme 3415 2593 5687 3384 4874 3622 lmo 32 o 222 353 1276 1377 IfID 83 28 245 46 53 50 Ifo o 4 o o o o Ne o o . 0 o o o Nq 18 2 o 18 8 1 Nr 5 o o 15 18 o No 37 o o o o o B 34 20 39 60 98 45 M o 12 o 135 2 854 L 9 1 8 159 9 448 Total Land : 14952 21423 15930 28298 31692 23290 Uncla-· ssified . o 8 2759 27 o o S 13 o 63 17 27 16 C 678 296 302 111 217 20 Grand Total 15643 21719 16295 28426 31936 23326 ~------% of : Forest 2.9 25.7 19.5 36.6 30.5 22.4 Extens 59.1 45.9 32.0 36.7 39.2 31.4 Intens 32.9 26.8 45.9 24.9 29.0 40.3 - 70 - Annex 4 List of Completed Research RESEARCH ON DIPTEROCARP FORESTS Antone, Meras S. VEGETATION CHANGES AFTER LOGGING IN DIPTEROCARP FOREST Philippine Lumberman (1986) 32 (7): 6-12; Dep. of BioI., Silliman University. Dumaguete City. Balmocena, Rodrigo B. and Eva P. Casa. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ESTABLISHED TOOG (Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr.) PLANTATIONS UNDER FOUR DIFFERENT WEEDING METHODS. Sylvatrop. Philippine Forest Research Journal (1986) 11 (1 & 2): 55-60. Basada, R.M. EFFECT OF SEED SIZE ON GERMINATION, SEEDLING SURVIVAL AND HEIGHT GROWTH OF WHITE LAUAN (Shorea contorta Vidal). (FORI. College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 4(2): 77-80 (1979) En. Basada. R.M. and D.I. Peregrino. GERMINATION OF WHITE LAUAN (Shorea contorta Vidal) SEEDS COLLECTED AT DIFFERENT TIMES DURING SEEDFALL. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines). Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 5(1):55-60 (1980) En. Benson. B.and Parantar, N. 1987. PHENOLOGY OF SELECTED SEEDS AND ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCING SPECIES. Bruzon. J.B. FERTILIZATION OF POTTED MAYAPIS (Shore~ ~gy~~ata) seedlings in Surigao del Sur. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal ~3(3):201-204 (1978) En. Bruzon;-Je'remias B. FERTILIZATION OF POTTED WHITE LAUAN (E~_.Q_t~_cm~ contorta Vidal) SEEDLINGS IN THE NURSERY OF THE DIPTEROCARP FOREST RESEARCH CENTER, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal (1982) 7(1): 21-,25; " Cacanindin, Danilo C. TREE VOLUME, YIELD AND ECONOMIC ROTATION OF KAATOAN BANGKAL (e.'lt_ho_c~.J?_tt~J.J:!?' ~hi_ne.!.1~t? (Lam.) Ri ch ex Walph)'~LANTATIbNS IN NASIPIT LUMBER COMPANY TUNGAO, BUTUAN CITY. PARTii. TREE VOLUME EQUATIONS AND TABLES. Sylvatrop, Philipp'in'e-'Forest Research Journal (1983) 8(2), 3 and 4): 119-131. Cacanindin, Dahilo C.TREE VOLUME. YIELD AND ECO~OMIC ROTATION OF KAATOAN SANGKAL (Bn. .t.b.9J;:ephalus ~hinesis (Lam.) Rich ex Walph) PLANTATIONS IN NASIPIT LUMBER COMPANY, TUNGAO, BUTUAN CITY. PART 11. YIELD PREDICTION MODELS. Sylvatrop, Philippine forest Research Journal (1986) 11(1 & 2): 23-34. - 71 - Cacanindin. Danilo C. TREE VOLUME, YIELD AND ECONOMIC ROTATION OF KAATOAN BANGKAL (Anthocephalus chinensis ) (Lam.) Rich ex Walph) PLANTATIONS IN NASIPIT LUMBER COMPANY. TUNGAO. BUTUAN CITY. PART I I I. ECONOMIC ROTATION. Sylvatrop. PhiLippine Forest Research Journal (1986) 11(1 & 2): 35-42. Calabia. B .A. TWENTIETH YEAR GROWTH AND YIELD OF THE VIRGIN FOREST IN BAHI,BICOL NATIONAL PARK, BASUD. CAMARINES NORTE. (Bureau of- Forestry) (1970) En. Caneda, G.F. THREE-YEAR GROWTH AND YIELD OF RESIDUAL FORESTS IN ABORLAN, PANACAN, PALAWAN. (Los Banos, Forest Experiment Station, Bureau of Forestry) (1963) En. Caneda, G. F. FIVE- YEAR GROWTH AND YI ELD OF RESIDUAL FOREST IN RAPU-RAPU, ALBAY. (Los Banos Experiment Station, Bureau of Forestry) (1963) En. Cerna, P. De La and S. Abarquez. PLANTING WHITE LAUAN (Pentacme contorta Vid. Merr & Rolf~) IN CEBU REFORESTATION PROJECT BY DIRECT SEEDING AND BY NURSERY-RAISED SEEDLINGS. (Bureau of Forestry) En Cruz, Uri, L.V. De La. THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND MULCHING ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF OUTPLANTED KAATOAN BANGKAL (Anthocephalus chinensis) SEEDLINGS AND ON SOME SOIL PROPERTIES OF AN OPEN GRASSLAND. (UP at Los Banos, College of Forestry, College, Laguna) The Pterocarpus 4(1):63-71 (1978) En. Eakle, T.W. and A.S. Garcia. HASTENING THE GERMINATION OF LUMBANG [Bl_~_1,Jrj_t..~?_ ff!QJ1,J_<;:_cana_ CL.) Willd.J seeds_ (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 1 2(4): 291-295 (1977) En. Eusebio, M. A. OCCCURENCE OF HEART ROT IN VIRGIN FORESTS AND DECAY IN LOGGED-OVER AREAS. (FORI, College, Laguna Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. 2(3): 195-208 . (1977) En. Faustino, D.M. and E.M." Bascug. TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT OF BINUANG (Octomeles sumatrana) in natural stands. (FbRI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 2(2): 111-116 (1977) En. Fernandez. L.A. GERMINATION MEDIA FOR IGEM (Podocarpus . imbricatus). (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal .3(4):251-252 (1978) En. Fontanilla. 1981. FERTILIZATION OF NURSERY-RAISED PALASAN (Calamus merilli Becc) SUCKERS AND SEEDLINGS. FORI-CO . . ,,/' - 72 - Garcia. M.U. 1982. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Of SELECTED COMMERCIAL STRAINS OF RATTAN UPLB-Cf. Gianan, Noel So and Divina I. Peregrino, EffECTS Of GIBBERELLIC ACID ON THE SURVIVAL, HEIGHT AND DIAMETER GROWTH Of PLANTED RED LAUAN. MAYAPIS AND TANGUILE WILDLINGS. Sylvatrop, Philippine forest Research Journal 11 (3 & 4): 103-127 (1986), College, Laguna. Generalao, M.L. EffECTS Of PRE-TREATMENT MEDIA ON THE GERMINATION Of PALASAN (Calamus maximus Blanco) AND LIMURAN (~. ornatus Blanco) SEEDS AT PAGBILAO, QUEZON. (fORI, College, Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine forest Research Journal 2(3): 215-218 (1977) En. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE. SPOTLIGHT ON IDRC fUNDED RATTAN PROJECTS, RIC Bulletin (1982) 1(2) 2-3. Jacalne. D.V. fIVE-YEAR GROWTH AND MORTALITY Of BAGTIKAN (Parashorea ~icata Brandis) NATURAL REPRODUCTION, BOOT VALLEY. MAKILING NATIONAL PARK. (Bureau of forestry) (1960) En. Lasmarias, V. T. SURVIVAL AND GROWTH Of AKLE [Albizzia acle (Blanco) Kosterm.] AND SUPA (Sindora supa Merr.) IN VARIOUS POTTING MEDIA. (fORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. for. Res. J. 4(3):161-166 (1979) En. Mamanteo, 8asilio P. and Vicente P. Veracion. COPPICING Of OAK TREES. Sylvatrop, Philippine forest Research Journal 10 (3): 181-186 (1985), College, Laguna. Manit. Raquel 8. EffECT OF SPACING ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Of MALAPAPAYA (Po 1 ys~i a,~ !l9dq~_a, (81 u me) Seem) fOR MATCH WOOD. Philippines Lumberman April 1988 volume XXXIV number 4 pp. 9-11, Quezon City. philippines; North Central Mindanao forest Research Center. ERDB (formerly FORI). Malaybalay. 8ukidnon. Maun, Marcelino M. EARLY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE LAUAN (Pentacme contorta_ Vidal) UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL COVERS. Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal 6(2): 39-48 (1981). College, Laguna. Maun, M.M. GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF MALAYAKAL (;;bQr~~ ~~_mi.!Jj..? (de V r .) V. S 1 00 t .] AND GU I J 0 ( ~JJQIe a____ ..9...u i? Q B 1 a n coB 1 u me) WI LDL INGS TRANSPLANTED IN BRUSH LAND FOREST. (FOR I. College, Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 4(3): 179-182 (1979) En. Mauricio, Florencid P. STUDY CITES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN SELECTIVELY-LOGGED SURIGAO FORESTS. Philippine Lumberman (1984) 30(6): 7-13; ERDB, College, Laguna. N.9t~_: J?art_ 11 - 73 - Micosa. T.L. SAMPLING METHOD FOR INVENTORY OF PHILIPPINE RATTAN AND ITS DISTRIBUTION. (FORI. College, Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Reseach Journal 3(3): 155-170 (1978) En. THREE-YEAR GROWTH AND YIELD OF TREES IN LOGGED-OVER AREAS IN TUNGAO. BUTUAN CITY. (Bureau of Forestry) (1960) En. Nestor •. M. and E.T. Marin. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE STUDY ON GROWTH OF 'TREES IN RESIDUAL FORESTS OF THE PHILIPPINES. (Bureau of Forestry) (1964) En. Nestor. M. N. FIVE-YEAR GROWTH AND YIELD OF RESIDUAL FOREST IN ARAS-ASAN. CAGWAIT. SURIGAO DEL SUR. (Bureau of Forestry) '. (1961) En. Nestor, M. and E.T. Marin. PRELIMINARY RES~LTS OF THE STUDY ON GROWTH OF TREES IN RESIDUAL FORESTS OF THE PHILIPPINES. (Bureau of Forestry) (1964) En. Nestor. M. N. FIVE-YEAR GROWTH AND YIELD OF RESIDUAL FOREST IN ARAS-ASAN, CAGWAIT. SURIGAO DEL SUR. (Bureau of Forestry) (1961) En. Noble. Bartolome F. and Cesar A. Orallo. GERMINATING BURIPALM (Corypha elata Roxb.) SEEDS UNDER DIFFERENT PRE-SOWING TREATMENTS. Sylvatrop. Philipp. For. Res. J. 8 (2, 3 & 4): 145-150 (1983), College, Laguna. Paa. N .• J. Blando and F. Milan. RAUWOLFIA SERPONTINA (Benth) AND ITS INTRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES. (Bureau of Forestry) (1968) En. Padua. Ludivina S. De, B.C. Lugod, J.V. P~ncho. HANDBOOK ON PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS. University of the Philippines a t Los Banos Technical Bulletin' Vol. 11 No. 3 1977 64 pp. Book review by S.C. Halos (FORI. College, Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 3(2): 135-136 (1978) En. Penonia. C. O. FIFTEEN-YEAR GROWTH AND MORTALITY OF WHITE LAUAN (Pentacme contorta) Vid.Merr & Rolfe) WILDLINGS PLANTED BAREROOT IN IMPALUTAO, IMPASUGONG. BUKIDNON. (Bureau of Forestry) 1972 En. Peregrino, D.I. INFLUENCE OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON LONGEVITY OF TANGUILE [Shorea polysperma (Blanco) MERRILLE SEEDS. (FORI, College. Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 4(3):147-150(1979) En. Ramos. V.J.S. YIELD AND GROWTH PREDICTION OF GUBAS (Endosbermum peltatumMerr.) IN NATURAL STANDS. (Up at Los Banos.Ccillege of Forestry, College, Laguna). Unpublished M.S. Thesis. (1977) En. - 74 - Rojo J. P. NOTES ON THE NATURAL REGENERATION OF TOOG (Petersianthus guadrialatus (Merr.) (FORPRIDECOM, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 2(4):277-286 (1977) En. Tagana, R. SURVEY OF THE STAND DISTRIBUTION AND USES OF "BAMBAN" IN CAGAYAN VALLEY. ERDB. 1987. Tamari, C.; Jacalne. D.V. FRUIT DISPERAL OF DIPTEROCARPS. Bulletin, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan (1984) No. 325. 127-140 (En, 22 Ref.. 1 plo) ColL For .• Univ. Philippines. Los Banos, College. Laguna. Philippines. Tomboc. C. EVALUATION OF VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN LOGGED OVER DIPTEROCARP FOREST UNDER FOUR CUTTING REGIMES. ERDB. 1987. Tomboc, C.C. and J.B. Bruzon. TEN-YEAR DYNAMICS OF LOGGED-OVER FORESTS IN SURIGAO DEL SUR. (FORI. College. Laguna, Philippines) Syl vatrop Phi lipp. For. Res. J. 4 (3) : 103-122 (1979) En. Tomboc, C.C. and R.M" 8asada. WHITE LAUAN (Pentacme contorta) IN THE OPEN AND UNDER SECOND-GROWTH FOREST CANOPY. (FORI, Collge. Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 3(4): 205-210 (1978) En. UDDIN. SEED COLLECTION OF DIPTEROCARPS (ERDB). Uriarte, Monina T. and Felizardo D. Virtucio. GROWTH AND YIELD OF RESIDUAL FORESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES, Occasional Paper #1 (1988), 75 pp .• Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau-DENR. College, Laguna. Uriarte. Monina T. and Felizardo D. Virtucio. REPRODUCTIONS IN LOGGED-OVER DIPTEROCARP FORESTS FOLLOWING SELECTIVE LOGGING IN FOUR CLIMATIC TYPES, Occasional paper #4 (1988) 22 PP. Ecosystems Research and Development Bu reau-DENR • College. Laguna. Virtucio, F.D. L.S. Micosa and L.C. Mabilangan. SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SOME ASPECTS OF STAND STRUCTURE OF NEWLY LOGGED DIPTEROCARP FOREST. (FORI, College, Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 2(2): 73-109 (1977) En. Weigelt. H. J .• Leo V. Yambao and B. Von Der Heyde. THE COST OF TSI-COMPATIBLE TIMBER HARVESTING IN SECOND-GROWTH DIPTEROCARP STANDS: A PRELIMINARY APPROACH, Philippine Lumberman, November 1987 volume XXXIII, no. 11, pp. 9-15 & 37 Quezon City. Philipines; RP-German TSl Project, FMB, Diliman, Quezon City. PINE FOREST RESEARCH Agpaoa, Alfredo C. and Rogelio A. Zamora. AGRIFORM SLOW-RELEASE TABLET FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya). Yemane (Gmelina arboreal and KALANTAS (Toona calantas) SEEDLINGS. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 1(2)= 135-137 (1976) En. Agpaoa. Al fredo and Erlinda Pulmano. SEED TREATMENTS OF Pinus kesiya FOR GERMINATION. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 3(4):241-242 (1978) En. Barangan, F. SPACING OF BENGUET (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) IN LAPARAN, MALAYBALAY. BUKIDNON. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 3(1):47-50 (1978) En. Boado, E. L. and Victoria T. Lasmarias. EXTRACTION OF SEEDS OF GREEN AND GREEN-BROWN MINDORO PINE (Pinus merkusi i) cones soaked in lacquer thinner. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 1(1):15-20 (1996) En. Cadiz, Rafael T. and Remilio C. Atabay FERTILIZATION OF Pinus caribea, P. eliotti AND P. oocarpa NURSERY SEEDLINGS. (FORI. College, Laguna, PhilippinesO Sylvatrop. Philippine Forest Research Journal 4(2): 81-85 (1979) En. Costales, E.F. DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF EMERGENCY MEASURES FOR QUICK REHABILITATION OF NEWLY RURNt:D WATERSHED AREAS IN THE PINE FOREST. Paper pre~ented at the ASEAN-US Watershed Project Seminar on Watershed Research and Management Practices Towards More Effective Watershed Management, Selangor, Malaysia, October 28-November 1. 1985. 10 1. Costales. Egidio F. Jr. and Adelaida B. Costales. EFFECTS OF PLANT COMBINATIONS ON THE PROTECTION/STABILIZATION OF MINED WASTE AREAS. Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal 19)3): 187-202 (1985). College, Laguna. Costales, Adelaida B. and V.P. Veracion. GERMINATION OF BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya) SEEDS AT VARIOUS INTERVALS OF WATERING. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(4):243-245 (1978) En. Costales, Adelaida B. and V.P. Veracion. GERMINATION OF BENGUET PINE (einu~ kesiya) SEEDS AT VARIOUS INTERVALS OF WATERING. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(4):243-245 (1978) En. - 76 - Cruz. Reynaldo E. De La; Severina L. Llanto and Lorna M. Teodoro. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NUTRIENT CONTENT IN SOILS AND TISSUES AND THE INCIDENCE OF NEEDLE BLIGHT AND SHOOT MOTH IN BENGUET PINE. Sylvatrop. Philippine Forest Research Journal volume 9, #'sl & 2, January~June 1984, pp. 1-20., College, Laguna. Dalmacio. Marcelino V. and Florendo Barangan. DIRECT SEEDING OF Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon AS AFFECTED BY TIME OF SEEDING. StTE PREPARATION AND SEED COATING. (FORI, College. Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 1(3):215-222 (1976) En~ Eusebio. M.A. and M.J. Quimio Jr. NEW DISEASE OF BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya) SEEDLINGS. (FORI, College. Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(2): 159-161 (1977) En. Florido. Levi V. and Severo R. Saplaco. SURFACE RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN A THINNED NATURAL BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) STAND, Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal 6(2): 55-60 (1981). College, Laguna. Florida, Levi V. CHECK DAMS FOR THE CONTROL OF GULLY EROSION IN THE PINE FOREST WATERSHED. Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal 10 (1): 9-16 (1985). College. Laguna. Halos, S.C.; Quinones. S.S.; Guzman. E.D. De; Lapis, E.B.; Lucero. R.M. TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED CONTROL MEASURE AGAINST SHOOT MOTH AND NEEDLE BLIGHT AFFECTING PINES. PCARRD Monitor (1985) ]3 (8): 6-8 (En). Lapis. Eraneo B. OBSERVATION ON THE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF IPS CALLIGRAPHUS GERMAR, BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES. Sylvatrop. Philipp. For. Res. J. 11 (1 & 2): 61-68 (1986). College. Laguna. Lapis. Eraneo B. GEOGRAPHICAL AND ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SIX-SPINED ENGRAVER BEETLE. lJ2..:~ calligraphus. (Germar), (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN THE PHILIPPINES. Sylvatrop, Philipp. For. Res. J. 10(3): 211-218 (1985). College, laguna. Lapis, E.B. and H.D. San Valentin. FIELD RESPONSES OF IPS (lR~ calligraphus GermerJ TO SYNTHETIC AGGREGATION PHEROMONES AND OTHER ATTRACTANTS. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(4): 223-229 (1977) En. Lapis. Eraneo B. EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE PINE SHOOT MOTH Dioryctria rubella Hamps. IN THE PHILIPPINES. Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal 10 (2): 77-85 (1985), College, Laguna. _, 1'-;: Lapis, A.B. and V.C. De La Cruz. TEN YEAR GROWTH OF NATURAL BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya) STANDS. (FORI. College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 2(4):269-276 (1977) En. Lasmarias. Victoria T. and Aida Baja-Lapis. SEED FUMIGATION OF BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya) AND MINDORO PINE (Pinus merkusi i) . (FORI, College. Laguna, Phil ippi nes) Syl va trop Philippine Forest Research Journal 2(1):49-53 (1977) En. Noble, Bartolome F. SEED VIABILITY AND SEEDLING-HEIGHT GROWTH AS AFFECTED BY TAPPING BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) TRiES. Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal 6(4): 219-223 (1981). College, Laguna. Noble, Bartolome F. and Basilio P. Mamanteo. TRIAL PLANTING OF PETROLEUM NUT (Pittosporum resiniferum Hemsl.) WILDLINGS UNDER BENGUET PINE TREES. Sylvatrop, Philipp. For. Res. J. 8 (2, 3 & 4): 151-155 (1983). College. Laguna. Noble, Bartolome F. and Cesar A. Orallo. PRE-GERMINATION TREATMENT AND SURVIVAL OF PETROLEUM NUT (Pittosporum resiniferum Hems!.) Sylvatrop. Philipp. For. Res. J. 8(1): 39-45 (1983), College. Laguna. Noble, Bartolome F. COMPARATIVE COSTS AND SURVIVAL RATES OF DIRECT SEEDING, GERMINANT AND SEEDLING PLANTINGS OF BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) IN DENUDED AREAS, Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal-IO (4): 259- 270 (1985), College, Laguna. Orallo, Cesar A. THINNING IN NATURAL SAPLING STAND OF BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon), Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal 10(1): 1-8(1985). College, Laguna Orallo, Cesar A. HEIGHT GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF BENGUET PINE (Pinus insularis Endl.) GROWN IN VARIOUS POTTING MEDIA. (FORI, College. Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine forest Research Journal 4(2):93-96 (1979) En. Penafiel, Samuel R. GROWTH OF JAPANESE ALDER (Alnus japonica Nutt) UNDER TWO METHODS OF INOCULATION. Sylvatrop, Philippine Forest Research Journal 10(2): 69-76 (1985), College, Laguna. Penafiel, S.R. and B.F. Noble. GERMINATION OF BENGUET PINE (pinus kesiya) SEEDS GATHERED FROM DIFFERENT CROWN EXPOSURES. 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Sargento. J.O.; Barker. J.E. VEGETATIVE PRODUCTION OF Pinus Caribea Var. Hondurensis Horelet AND Pinus Oocarpa Schneide BY MEANS OF NEEDLE FASCICLES. Pterocarpus (1978) 4(1): 52-61 (En, 20 ref.) UPLB ColI. For., College. Laguna, Philippines. Veracion. V.P. and L.F. Frias. COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF ALNUS PLANTED IN SHADED AND OPEN AREAS. (FORI. College. Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 3(4):247-248 (1978) En. Veracion. V.P. and A.C.B. Lopez. RAINFALL INTERCEPTION IN A THINNED BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya) FOREST STAND. (FORI, College, Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 1(2):1280-134 (1976) En. Yeracion. Y. P. DIAMETER GROWTH OF TAPPED BENGUET PINE. (FORI. College, Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 2(2): 127-130 (1977) En. Zamora, Rogelio A. and Alfredo C. Agpaoa. AGES OF BENGUET PINE (Pinus kesiya) SEEDLING AND SEASON OF PLANTING. (FORI, College. 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J. 3(1):1-7 (1978) En. - 90 - Mendoza, V.B. and R.E. De La Cruz. ADAPTABILITY OF SIX TREE SPECIES TO COGONAL AREAS. Ill. FIELD EXPERIMENT AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):95-106 (1978) En. Moog. F. A. Valenzuela. F.G. and Cabaccan. C. REGIONAL EVALUATION TRIALS FOR PASTURE,CROPS. STUDY 1. EVALUATION TRIALS FOR PASTURE CROPS IN ILAGAN, ISABELA. BAI-OA, 1986. Ongoing. Moog, F.A. REGIONAL EVALUATION TRIALS FOR PASTURE CROPS. Study 2. EVALUATION TRIALS FOR PASTURE CROPS IN SORSOGON. SORSOGON. Moog. F. A. and Castillo. A.C. REGIONAL EVALUATION TRIALS FOR PASTURE CROPS. STUDY 4. EVALUATION TRIALS FOR PASTURE CROPS IN UBAY. BOHOl. BAI-DA, 1987. Ongoing. Moog, F.A. and Banticila, C. REGIONAL EVALUATION TRIALS FOR PASTURE CROPS. STUDY 5. EVALUATION TRIALS FOR PASTURE CROPS IN MALAYBALAY. BUKIDNON. BAI-DA. 1987. Ongoing. Mondola. C.A. DEPTH AND POSITION OF SOWING LARGE-LEAF MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla) SEEDS. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(2):131-137 (1977) En. Ogbilen, E. The Philippines: SHIFTING CULTIVATION. AGROFORESTRY: AN ABSTRACT BIBLIOGRAPHY. Edited by Aterrado. V.R.; Rares, f.R. and Suson. J .C. College, Laguna: Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study in Agriculture (SEARCA). 1982. Ordinaria, Felix F. and Domingo V. Jacalne. THE EFFECT OF LAND CONFIGURATION, SITE PREPARATION AND DEPTH ON SOIL MOISTURE BUILD UP IN THE GRASSLANDS OF CARRANGLAN, NUEVA ECIJA. Sylvatrop. Philipp. For. Res. J. 8 (2, 3 & 4): 99-118 (1983), College, Laguna. Paa. N.F. and C.C. Ursua. THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MALASILI (Chromolaena odorata Linn.) WITH THE USE OF TORDON 10-K PELLETS. (Bureau of Forestry) (1970) En. Palijon, A.M. 1983. NURSERY PROPAGATION AND FIELD PLANTING OF KAUAYAN-TINIK (Bambusa Blumeana Schul tes) branch cutting. UPLB-CF. Pameran. ESTABLISHMENT OF SCHOFIELD STYLO (Stylosanthes gyyanensis) AND CENTROSEMA (Centrosema) LEGUMES AROUND NEWLY OUTPLANTED TREE SEEDLINGS AS A BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER (1982. FORI-CO) . Pameron. ESTABLISHMENT OF SCHOFIElD STYLO AND CENTROSEMA AT ANGAT GRASSLAND FOR FORAGE EVALUATION UNDER NPK LEVELS (1981. FORI-Cd) . Patricio, H. EFFECTS OF SITE PREPARATION AND WEEDING FREQUENCY IN PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT OF SEED AND ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCING SPECIES. ERDB, 1987. Completed. Perino. J .M. REHABILITATION OF DENUDED WATERSHED THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF KAKAWATE (Gliricidia sepium Jacq.) (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 4(2):49-67 (1979) En. Perino, J .M. REHABILITATION OF DENUDED WATERSHED THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF KAKAWATE (Gliricidia sepium Jacq.) (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philippine Forest Research Journal 4(2):49-67 (1979) En. Penafiel, S.R. AVAILABLE USABLE COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY FOR INCREASING STABILITY OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS. Philippine Lumberman (1986) 32 (10) 9-10, 12-51, 17 (En, 14 ref.) West Central Luzon Forest Research Center, FORI, Baguio City, Philippines. Penafiel. Samuel R. and G. B. Doctolero. COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT METHODS OF FIREBREAK CONSTRUCTION. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines). Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. 3(2): 123-130 (1978) En. Ogbilen. E. The Philippines: SHIFTING CULTIVATION. AGROFORESTRY: AN ABSTRACT BIBLIOGRAPHY. Edited by Aterrado, V.R.; Rares, E.R. and Suson, J.C. College, Laguna: Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study in Agriculture (SEARCA). 1982. Penafiel. Samuel R. DEPTH OF PLANTING MULBERRY CMorus alba Linn.) CUTTINGS. (FORI. College, Lagu-na, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1(2):142-144 (1976) En. Penafiel. Samuel R. NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A Pinus GRASS COMMUNITY. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(3): 167-177 (1979) En. Principe, Eduardo B. MULCHING AND FERTILIZATION OF OUT PLANTED YEMANE (Gmelina arborea Roxb) SEEDLINGS. (FORI, College. Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1(3):223-236 (1976) En~ Quinones. Sebastian S. and Rogelio A. Zamora. FOREST PESTS AND DISEASES IN THE PHILIPPINES. In: Proceedings of a Symposium on the "Status of Forest Pests and Diseases in Southeast Asia". May 13'-15. 1985, Institute of Forest Conservation, Univ. of the Phils. at Los Banos College of Forestry, College, Laguna BIOTROP Special Publication - 92 - Quinones. S.S. PARTICULAR FAST-GROWING SPECIES USED IN REFORESTATION IN THE PHILIPPINES. Nitrogen-fixing Tree Research Reports (1983) 1, 12, Forest Research Institute (now Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau). College, Laguna. Philippines. Quinones. Sebastian S. and Maria P. Dayan. FUNG~ ASSOCIATED WITH IPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) SEEDS. Sylvatrop. Philipp. For. Res. J. 10(3): 143-162 (1985), College. Laguna. Quiniones, Sebastian S. NEW DISEASE OF IPIL-IPIL Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Witt] IN MUNOZ. NUEVA ECIJA. (FORI, College. Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. for. Res. J. 3(2): 131-133 (1978) En. Robillos. Y.. 1984. TREATMENT OF KAUAYAN-TINLK (Bambusa blumeana Schultes) CLUMPS FOR SUSTAINED YIELD. FPRDI. Ronquillo. S. ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM: THE CASE OF SECOND GROWTH TROPICAL RAINFOREST-RATTAN-COFFEE ASSOCIATION. ERDB. 1987. Racelis-Alvarez. E. and A.P. BAGALOYOS. GERMINATION OF Leucaena leucocephala SEEDS UNDER VARYING TEMPERATURES AND LENGTH OF SOAKING IN WATER. (FORI. College. Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(1): 65-66 (1977) En. Rimando. Rhodora M. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME FUELWOOD SPECIES IN DIFFERENT POTTING MEDIA. Sylvatrop, Philipp. For. Res. J. 6(3): 91-100 (1981). College, Laguna. Rimando. E.F. and M.V. Dalmacio. DIRECT SEEDING OF IPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala). (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(3): 171-175 (1978) En. Saplaco, Severo R. "SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION STUDIES." Paper presented at the ASEAN-US Watershed Project Seminar on Watershed Research and Management Practices Towards More Effective Watershed Management, Selangor", Malaysia, October 28-November 1, 1985 81. Semana, J.A. and F.R. Siriban. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE GROWTH RATES OF GIANT IPIL-IPIL [Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) de Wit] IN BATANGAS. Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commision. College, Laguna. (1976) En. Siababa, Nelly S. AND Reynaldo E. De La Cruz. HOW DO MYCORRHIZA AND RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION AFFECT THE GROWTH OF .lPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) SEEDLINGS. NSTA Technology Journal volume XI. #4, October-December 1986; pp. 12-17 (Bicutan, Taguig. Metro Manila). Sielbert. S.F.; Belky. J.M. SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF FOREST USE BY LOWLAND FARMERS IN LEYTE, PHILIPPINES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOREST MANAGEMENT. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society (1985) 5113 (5964) 282-296 (En, 28 ref.) From Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture 12, 2, 57614. Torres. Filomeno, Raintree. J.B.; Dalmacio, M.V.; Darnhofer, T. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR SMALL HOLDER UPLAND FARMERS IN A LAND REFORM AREA OF THE PHILIPPINES: THE TABANGO CASE STUDY. Working Paper, International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Kenya (1984) #18, 25 pp. (En, 21 ref.) Tumaliuan. Benjamin T. and S.C. Halos. SCREENING HERBICIDAL PREPARATIONS AND MIXTURES FOR CLEARING REFORESTATION AREAS. (FORI, College, Laguna,Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res~ J. 4(3):151-159 (1979) En. Umali. Cesario G. and Felipe Pameron. CONDITION AND TREND OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN LUZON RANGELANDS. (FORI. College,' Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp.For Res. J. 1(2): 150-155 (1976) Eh. Umali. C.G. and Felipe P. Pameron. MAJOR RESEARCHES IN RANGE MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES, (FORI. College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(1):23-30 (1977) En. Umali-Garcia. M. EFFECTS OF PERICARP REMOVAL ON THE GERMINATION OF MOLAVE (Vi tex parvi flora JUss.) SEEDS. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 5(1):61-66 (1980) En. Uri de la Cruz, L.V.; Cruz, R.E. de la; Montecillo, L. A. RESPONSE OF OUT PLANTED KAATOAN BANGKAL AND MULCHING TREATMENTS: I. SURVIVAL AND GROWTH. Pterocarpus (1978) 4 (1) 62-72 (En, ref., 2 pI.) UPLB College, Forestry, College, Laguna, Philippines. Uri de la Cruz, L.V.; Cruz, R. de la; Montecillo. L.A. RESPONSE OF OUTPLANTED KAATOAN BANGKAL (Anthocephalus chinensis Rich. ex. Walp.) SEEDLINGS TO NITROGEN FERTILIZATION MULCHING TREATMENTS: 2 SOIL PROPERTIES. Pterocarpus (1978) 4 (1) 86-99 (En, 22 ref.), UPLB College of Forestry, College, Laguna. Philippines. - 94 - Uri de la Cruz. L.V.; Cruz. R. de la; Montecillo, L.A. RESPONSE OF OUTPLANTED KAATOAN BANGKAL (Anthocephalus chinensis Rich. ex. Walp.) SEEDLINGS TO NITROGEN FERTILIZATION MULCHING TREATMENTS: 2 SOIL PROPERTIES. Pterocarpus (1978) 4 (1) 86-99 (En, 22 ref.), UPLB College of Forestry. College, Laguna. Philippines. Villamar, C.A. SILVI-PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT FOR RANGE-TYPE PRODUCTION OF WATER BUFFALO. (FORI, College, Laguna, Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(1): 17-21 (1979) En. Yao, Calixto E. EFFECTS OF PUDDLING MATERIALS ON THE SURVIVAL OF "BANSALAGIN .. WILDINGS IN THE, NURSERY ERDB, 1987. Yao, Calixto E. SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF MAHOGANY (Swietenia macroohvlla King.) SEEDLINGS UNDER FERTILIZED GRASSLAND CONDITION, Sylvatrop, Philipp. For. Res. J. 6(4):203-217 (1981), College, Laguna. Zamora, Rogelio A. and Alredo C. Agpaoa. MONTHS FOR PLANTING Gmelina arborea STUMPS FOR DIFFERENT AGES. (FORI, College, Laguna. Philippines) Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1(1):38-43 (1976) En. - 95 - Annex 5 Ongoing Research (Summary List) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 OIIGOIIG RESEARCH as of Oet. 1988 A. Dipterocarps and Lesser - Used Species ------TITLE RESEARCHER IIIPLEIIEHTIHG SOURCE OF AGENCY FUND ------_ .... ------.--.------.-.--. Detertination of growth, Virtucio, F. EROB structure, and cOtposition of logged-over dipterocarp and pine forests under different cliaatic types Yield perforlance of allaciga TUlaliuan, B. EROB ~ildlings collected frot different sources Planting Oipterocarps Garcia, Pepito R. DE HR Region VII DE HR Region VII in coconut plantations for production of poles and piles Growth and develop.ent of third Bruzon, Jerelias S. DEHR Region XI DENR Region XI growth logged-over forest Growth &developlent of selected Enriquez, Erico T. OEHR Region VIII DEHR Region VIII dipt. wildlings under lixed Gerlano, Ella spp. in establihed plantation in Region VII I Insect pests and diseases Gianan, Noel So OEHR Region XI DEHR REgion XI associated with dipterocarp trees in Agusan, Surigao and Caliguin provinces Effect of density and site Bautista, Eugenia H. DEHR Region VIII DE HR Region VII preparation on the growth and Gerlano, EIU survival of lancono seedlings Enrichlent planting of sOle Atabay, Relillo C. DEHR Region III DEHR Region III established plant,tions - 97 - Resources inventory of Raja, Justo P. Forest Products Research Forest Products Research lesser-known tree species and Develop.ent Institute and Develop.ent (LKS) in recently logged-over Institute forests of the Philippines Mycorrhiza in the growth and Dela CruI, Reynaldo E. UPlBCF-Depart.ent of United States Agency for developent of dipterocarp and Forest Biological International eucalyptus seedlings Sciences Develop.ent Survival and growth of Gianan, Hoel So DEHR Region XI DEHR Region XI Philippine lahogany wildlings as affected by storage tile after potting at various sites Effects of light intensity and Gianan, Hoel So DEHR Region XI DEHR Region XI frequency of watering on the growth and developlent of stored Philippines aahogany liildlings Rainfall interception of .ixed Vendiola Edgardo DE HR Region IV Ecosystels Research and dipterocarp forest stand Developlent Bureau within the Iultiple area in Oriental Mindoro Studies of forest seedbed Cataluna, Zosilo P. DEHR-Eastern ~indanao Ecosystels Research and preparation on the natural Forest Research Center Development Bureau regeneration of preliuM Bislig, Surigao del Sur dipterocarp species Collection, culture and Gianan, Hoel So DEHR Region XI DEHR REgion XI establishMent in plantations of Philippines Mahogany . wildlings Assessment of the different Balmocena, Rodrigo B. DEHR Region XI OEHR Region XI collection Methods of Philippine lahogany wildlings Evaluation of the vegetation Decipulo, Myra S. OEHR Region X DEHR Region X dynalics of a selectively logged over dipterocarp forest in Bukidnon - 98 - ~tificial regeneration of Bueno, Aguinaldo J. DEHR Region VII DEHR Region VII iipterocarp species in nellly bandoned kaingined areas in Iyungon. Negros Or iental ille of flowering and seed Uddin, Alia S. DEHR Region XI Phil. Council for ipening of selected Agriculture, forestry & ipterocarp species in Davao Natural Resources Research and Dev't eter_ination of growth Uriarte, l10nina Ecosystels Research and Ecosystels Research and tructure and species Developlent Bureau Developlent Bureau o.position of logged-over ipterocarp and pine forests nder different elilatic types ffects of residual and Srulon, Jerelias B. DEHR Region XI OEHR Region XI eproduction densities on the reNth and developlent of ipterocarp reproduction of urigao del Sur rONth and developlent of Srulon, Jerelias B. DE HR Region XI DEHR Region XI anggasinoro and tanguile nterplanted lIith lolluean sau lantation !lith different pacing uccessional Sequences of Dalmacio, Roberto V. UPlBCF-Oepartlent of Phil. Council for ioneer species planted in Silviculture and forest Agriculture, Forestry Iperata delinated grasslands: influences Natural Ressources ffects on soil and Research and Dev't icrocli.ate properties and on rONtn psrforaanee of planted ipterocarps llparative study of nursery Allado, Oscar S. DEHR Regi on II DEHR Region II '0.0 dipterocarp species ldsr different site lndi tions lfluence of cover types Sususco, Ignacio DE HR Region X DEHR Region X )lantihg species) and size ~ planting stock on the !rfor.ance of Calalus laxiaus Id Cala.us lanillensis - 99 - Effect of fertilizer on the Tao, Calixto DEHR Region VII Central Visayas Research growth of palason Progral Effect of potting ledia age Parantar, Helesia DE HR Regi on YII Central Visayas Research classes on the growth and Prograllt survival of outplanted seedlings of palason National Research Progral on Raja, Justo P. Ecosystels Research and Phil. Council for rattan (Phase II) Oeveloplent Bureau Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Developlent Research Centre UPlB-College of [conolics Phil. Council for and l1anageient Agriculture, Forestry & Hatural Resources Research &Dev't International Developlent Research Centre UPlBCF-Departlent of Phil. Council for Forest Biological Agriculture, Forestry & Sciences Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Develop.ent Research Centre UPLBCF-Departlent of Phil. Council for Forest Resources Agriculture, Forestry & Managellent Hatural Resources Research &Dev't International Developlent Research Centre UPLBCF-Institute of Phi 1. Counci I for Forest Conservation Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Development Research Centre Silvicultural and harvesting Pollisco, Filiberto S. [cosystels Research and Phil. Council for studies of sOle rattan species Develop.ent Bureau Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resources Research &Dev't - 100 - International Develop.ent Research Centre UPLBCF-Departlent of Phi 1. Counci 1 for Forest Biological Agriculture, Forestry & Sciences Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Oevelop.ent Research Centre UPLBCf-Institute of Phil. Council for forest Conservation Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Develop.ent Research Centre enology of the cOIMercial Fernando, Edwin S. UPLBCr-Departlent of Phil. Council for ecies of Philippine rattans Forest Biological Agriculture, Forestry & Sciences Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Developlent Research Centre tritional light and water Dela Cruz, Loreto UPLBCf-Departlent of Phil. Council for ~quireMent of sale Forest Biological Agriculture, Forestry & IlImercial rattan species Sciences Natural Resources Research &Dev't International DevelopMent Research Centre 'owth asseSSMent of rattan in Cadiz, Rafael 1. Ecosystels Research and Phil. Council for :isting natural stand and Development Bureau Agriculture, Forestry & In-Iade plantation Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Develop.ent Research Centre 'ial planting of Philippine Sargento, Jose O. UPLBCF-Institute of Phil. Council for )lIlercial rattans under Forest Conservation Agriculture. Forestry & In-Iade forest plantation, Natural Resources lricultural plant & Research &Dev't ~cond growth forest :osystems International Develop.ent Research Centre 3tablishlent of rattan gene Gonzales, Lucas L. Ecosystems Research and Phi!. Council for lnk Development Bureau Agriculture, Forestry & - 101- Hatural Resources Research &Dev't International Develop.ent Research Centre Econo.ics of rattan production Revilla, Adolfo Jr. V. Ecosyste.s Research and Phil. Council for and distribution systems Develop.ent Bureau Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Development 'Research Centre UPlB-College of Econolics Ph i 1. Counci 1 for and "anagelent Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Development Research Centre UPlB-College of forestry Phil. Council for Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resources Research &Dev't International Development Research Centre Co.parative cost analysis of Racelis, Diomades UPlB-College of forestry Phil. Council for the propagation and plantation Agriculture, Forestry & establishlent using tissue Hatural Resources culture deri~ed clones versus Research &Dev't wildlings of tagiktik, ditaan, palis, sika, palason &liluran International Development COlparative effect of selected Corpuz, Oanilo P. Tarlac College of Tarlac College of legulinous trees and bamboos Agriculture Agriculture in controlling erosion in kaingin areas in Central Luzon Trial planting of rattan Enriquez, Erico T. DEHR Region VIII Departlent of Environment under different reforestation Doydora, Urbano B. and Natural Resources plantation canopies in Region 8 - 102 - Illi-Iocation trials of Garcia, Pepito R. DENR Region V Depart.ent of Environment .fferent species of rattan in and Natural Resources .col Region iveloplent of appropriate [usebio, Elvero C. DENR Region VI Depart.ent of Environment lvicultural techniques for and Natural Resources antation establishlent of Ittan ,nagelent scheles for tikog Doydora, Urbana B. DEHR Region XIII PCARRD-Rainfed ilbristylis spp.) in selected Resources Develop_ent ~p sites in Region 8 &10 Project, US Agency for Int'l Dev't udies on the cultural Ig_t. & Bautista, fugenia N. DEHR Region VIII PCARRD-Rainfed owth perfor.ing of tikog in Resources Develop.ent ,hatngon, Leyte & Basey, Project, US Agency for .I!ar Int'1. Dev't. udies on the cultural Cacanindin, Danilo C. DEHR Region X PCARRD-Rainfed .nage.ent and grollith Resources Develop_ent rfor_ance of tikog in Project, US Agency for lakag, Cosina, Bukidnon Int'l. Dev't. nage_ent schele for natural Gerlano, fila DEHR Region VIII PCARRD-Rainfed plantation grown tikog Resources Develop_ent iabristylis spp.) in Project, US Agency for lected RR~P sites In t ' 1. Dev't. nage_ent sche_es for natural Decipulo, Myrna S. DEHR Region X PCARRD-Rainfed ands and plantations of tikog Resources Develop_ent Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. onolics of plantation Diaz, Alicia DE HR Region VIII PCARRD-Rainfed tablishlent in Babatngon, Resources Develop_ent yte a~d Basey, Salar Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. onolics of plantation Manit, Raquel B. DEHR Region X PCARRD-Rainfed tahlishlent in Talakag Resources Develop_ent sina, Bukidnon Project, US Agency for Int'l Dev't - 103 - Application &verification of PinoI, Agustin Ecosystels Research and PCARRD-Rainfed production technologies for Develop.ent Bureau Resources Develop.ent sale non-tilber forest Project, US Agency for products Int'l Dev't Application and verification Umali, Paulino A. Ecosystels Research and PCARRD-Rainfed of production technologies for Developlent Bureau Resources Developlent sale cO.lercial vines in Project, US Agency for Region 5 and 6 Int'l Dev't Studies on seed production Palaypayon, Willia. R. Ecosyste.s Research and PCARRO-Rainfed technology and pilot DevelopMent Bureau Resources Develop.ent plantation establishMent of Project, US Agency for commercial rattan in Region 6 Int'l Dev't (Devt. of seed prod. tech. and estab. of pilot plantation of co •• ercial rattan) Verification of propagation Sususco, Ignatio DEHR Region X PCARRD-Rainfed techniques and plantation Resources Developlent establish.ent of rattan Project, US Agency for species in Talakag, Cosina, rnt'1 Dev't Bukidnon Seed technology of co~~ercial Bagaloyos, A. ERDB rattan species ACIAR - Australian Center for International Agricultural Research BSU - Benguet State University CLSU - Central Luzon State University CMU - Central Mindanao University CSSAC - CaMarines Sur State Agricultural College CVRP - Central Visayas Research Program DEHR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources DMMMSU - Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University ERDB - Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau FPRDI - F.orest. Produ.cts .. Rf!search and DevelopMent Institute lORe - International DevelopMent Research Center ISU - Isabela State University HAMRIA - Hational Mapping and Resource Inforlation Authority PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research 1nd Developlent PSPC - Panay State Polytechnic College UPLB - University of the Philippines at Los Banos USAID - united States Agen~y for International Development TeA - Tarlac College of Agriculture ViSCA - Visayas State College of Agriculture - 104 - Conifers and other soft woods TLE RESEARCHER 1I1PlEI1EHTIHG SOURCE OF AGEHCY FUHD terlination of the 80tengan, Henry DEHR Region I DENR Region 1 'propriate regeneration :thod of 8enguet pine forest Ir tiaber and water oduction .ber resource lanagelent Veracion, Vicente P. DfNR Region I Ecosystels Research and isearch in tropical conifers Developlent Bureau Iprovelent of tropical Orall0, Cesar A. DENR Region I Ecosystems Research and lOi fers Developlent Bureau lecies and provenance trials Orallo, Cesar A. DENR Region 1 Ecosystems Research and , sOle coniferous species Develop.ent Bureau !sting the effectiveness of Dela Cruz, Reynaldo E. UPlBCAS - National Phi 1. Counci I for rcorrhizal fungi and strains Institute of Agricultural, Forestry & Biotechnology and Applied Natural Resources Microbiology Researh and Dev't UPLBCAS - Departlent of Phil. Council for Forest Biological Agricultural, forestry & Sciences Natural Resources Researh and Dev't :termination of the Aggangan, Nelly S. UPLBCAS National Phi1. Council for 'fectiveness of Iycornizal Institute of Agricultural, forestry & )ecies in increasing growth Biotechnology and Applied Natural Resources Id developlent of Carribean Microbiology Researh and Dev't .ne 'fectiveness of different l1ilitante, Ernesto P. :rains or provenances of UPLBCAS - Department of Phil. Council for :solitous tinctotivs and Forest Biological Agricultural, Forestry & lizopogon species Sciences Natural Resources Microbiology Researh and Dev't - 105 - Establish.ent of phosphorous Dela Cruz, Reynaldo E. UPLBCAS - Depart.ent of Phil. Council for response curve for Forest Biological Agricultural, Forestry & non-.ycorrhizal and Sciences Natural Resources Iycorrhiza Carribean Pine Research and Dev't .using Pisolithus tinctorius and Rhizopogon species Studies on the culture of Ige. Cacanindin, Danilo C. DENR Region X Phil. Council for (Dacrycarpus i.bricatus blume) Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resources Research and Dev't Departlent of Environlent and Natural Resources Influence of seed storage and "anit, Raquel B. DENR Region X Depart.ent of site preparation techniques on Environ.ent and Natural the gerlination and field Resources survival of directly seeded igel seeds· Growth and survival of Igem Sususco, Ignacio DEHR Region X Departlent of ~ildlings planted under Decipulo, Myra S. Environlent and Natural different cover types and Resources light intensities Effects of spacing and Cacanindin, Danilo C. DEHR Region X Depart.ent of fertilization on the growth Environ.ent and Natural perforlance of outplanted Igel Resources Hildlings Co.parative perforlance of Cacanindin, Daoilo C. DENR Region X Phi!. Council for Igel planted in the open Agriculture, Forestry & grassland and interplanted in Natural Rsources Benguet pine plantation Research and Dev't Ex - situ conservation of forest Vendiola, Edgardo DE HR Region IV Ecosystels Research and genetic resources (Pinus Develop.ent Bureau caribaea) - 106 - ieId perforaance of Alaaciga TUlaliuan, Benjalin T. DE HR Region 11 DEHR Region 11 ildlings collected fro. ifferent sources lsearch for integrated Orallo, Cesar A. DEHR Region I Hat'I Academy of Inage.ent of the pine forest Sciences-Board of Sci. & 1 the Philippines Technology for Internation Dev't. 'owing Banguet pine in Mt. Jaile, Javier C. DE HR Region XII DE HR Region XII )0 :1AR - Australian Center for International Agricultural Research ;U - Benguet State University .SU - Central LUlon State University IU - Central Mindanao University ;SAC - Ca.arines Sur State Agricultural College IRP - Central Visayas Research Progra. :HR - Depart.ent of Environlent and Natural Resources 'K"SU - Don "ariano "areas "elorial State University {DB - Ecosystel Research and Developlent Bureau 'RDI - Forest Products Research and Develop.ent Institute )RC - International Developlent Research Center ;U - Isabela State University IMRIA - National Mapping and Resource Information Authority :ARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Develop.ent ;PC - Panay State Polytechnic College 'lB - University of the Philippines at Los Banos ;AID - United States Agency for International Oeveloplent :A - Tarlac College of Agriculture :SCA - Visayas State College of Agriculture - 107 - C. Coastal Zone and "angrove Forest TITLE RESEARCHER I"PLE"EHTIHG SOURCE OF AGENCY FUHO The influence of site factors Arroyo, C.A. FORI, College, Laguna and planting techniques in the establish.ent of .angrove plantation Study on the early growth and Arroyo, C.A. 2 FORI, College, Laguna develop.ent of viviparous seedlings. Hydrologic/physico-chelical Bravo O. Banacon, Bohol, Babatngon assesslent of langrove as affected by reforestation EROB, College, Laguna The effect of thinning Bueno, A. Jr. EROB - Central Visayas on the dialeter and height Forest Res. Center growth of bakauan spp. in Bohol province Reforestation of Denuded .Generalao M. Banacon, Bohol, Babatngon langrove EROB, College, Laguna Study on the stand structure and ~elana, E. EROB, College Laguna species composition of existing mangrove forest in Polilio, Alabat Island and selected municipalities of Ouezon The response of selected Melana, E. Pagbilao, Ouezon mangrove species to EROB, College, Laguna vegetative propagation Phenological studies of ~ Reyes, E.P. Jr. spp. at Mangrove Research Center experimental site Aerial layering of sOle Reyes, P.B. Jr. FORI, College, Laguna langrove species - 108 - ·oNthproduction. establishllent ~ Pagatpat sp. ltroduction of propagated lnneratia spp. Seedlings I sandy shorelines !habilitation for the langrove I Quelon and Karinduque ledling production, establish.ent f Pagatpat sp. le effects of thinning on the 'o~th and developlent of lngkao (Rhizophora stylora) lantation in Banacol R. Jatafe )haL ;tablishllent of Bakauan Protacio, Hadelyn DEHR Region V Esosytels Research and lantation in langrove s~a.ps Development Bureau I Bicol Region le Effects of Thinning on the Bueno, Aguinaldo C. DEHR Region VII DEHR Region VII 'owth and Develop.ent of angkaw (Rhizopherestylosa) lantation in Banacon Is., itafe, Bohol eforestation of denuded Melana, E.la DEHR Region VIII PCARRD . Rainfed lngroves Resources DEveloplent Projects, US Agency for Int'l Dev't ydrographic/physico Rondilla, Cesar S. DEHR Region VII PCARRD . Rainfed :helical assesslent of I'!elana, Elta Resources Developlent angroves as affected by Projects, US Agency for dorestat ion Int'1 Dev't !sponse of selected Mangrove Balagas, Pedro Jr. O. DEHR Region IV DENR Region IV )ecies to vegetative 'opagation - 109 - Survey, characterization and Hguyen Hoang Hoanh Ecosystels Research and Ecosystems Research and iaprovelent of beach forest in Develop.ent Bureau Development Bureau the Philippines Soil survey and site Hguyen Hoang Hoanh Ecosytems Research and Ecosytels Research and characterization of beach Developlent Bureau Develop.ent Bureau forest areas Phenological assessment of Quiabo, Lucio L. UPLBCf - Depart.ent of Phi!. Council for beach species in the Forest Biological Agriculture, Forest and Philippines Sciences Natural Resources Research and Dev't University of the Philippines at Los Banos Effect of spacing on survival Doydora, Urbano B. DEHR Region VIII Depart.ent of Environ.ent and growth of pandan in and Natural Resources lIarshland areas ACIAR - Australian Center for International Agricultural Research BSU - Benguet State University ClSU - Central LUlon State University CMU - Central Hindanao University CSSAC - Calarines Sur State Agricultural College CVRP - Central Visayas Research Progra. DEHR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources DHMMSU - Don Mariano Marcos Melorial state University ERDB - Ecosyste. Research and Development Bureau FPROI - Forest Products Research and Developlent Institute lORe - International Develop.ent Research Cent er ISU - Isabela State University HAMRIA - Hational Mapping and Resource Information Authority PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development PSPC - Panay State Polytechnic College UPLB - University of the Philippines at Los 8an05 USAID - United States Agency for International Development TeA - Tarlac College of Agriculture ViSCA - Visayas .State College of Agriculture - 110 - . OPEN, BRUSH AND RAHGElAHOS .-----.------.-----~------.----.------~ ITLE RESEARCHER 1I1PlEI1EHTIHG SOURCE Of AGENCY fUND ------~------ dentification and Devaras, Luz A. Visayas State College of Phil. Council for Melioration of nutrient Agriculture Agriculture, forestry & tresses affecting biological Natural Resources itrogen fixation of tree Research &Dev't egules in alkaline soils Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research sseSSlent of cOlpetitiveness 110nsalud, Rosario UPlBCAS-Hational PCARRD Id persistence of the Institute of loculant strain Biotechnology and Applied ACIAR l1icrobiology )11 ection and Allendras, Angela ViSCA PCARRD laracterization of tree !gule rhizobia in acid and ACIAR lkaline soils ientification and Quirol, Bernadette f. ViSCA PCARRD lelioration of nutrient :resses affecting biological ACIAR :trogen fixation of tree ~gules in acid soils ,olation and screening for Garcia, "ercedes, U. UPlBCf-Departlent of . PCARRD fectiveness of rhizobiuM forest Biological ~inst specific legule trees Sciences ACIAR eld testing of prolising lucero, Gabriel D"""5U, Bacnotan PCARRD izobiu. isolate/strains ainst specific legule tree ACIAR st Ilunities' response to Mauricio, Ligaya s. Ecosystel Research and Ecosystel Research and vern_ent's reforestation Develop.ent Bureau Development Bureau ojects in selected areas in e Philippines ucaena psyllid tolerance Escalada, Rodolfo G. ViSCA Nitrogen Fixing Tree ia1s Association - 111 - Exploring for and evaluation Crizaldo, EnriQue N. EROB Winrock International of field resistant genotypes of Leucaena leococephala froM existing stands The effect of two-step Arevalo, Ernesto A. DEHR Region VI OEHR Region VI secondary plant succession on the survival and growth of preliu; tree species Plantation establishment and Patricio, Henry P. DEHR Region II DEHR Region II cultural studies of ka~agong Species-sites adaptability TUlaliuan, Benajalin T. DEHR Region II DEHR Region 11 trial of selected fuelwood/reforestation species in Region IT Species trial on volcanic Matusalam, Repecca DE HR Kt;~ii on V DEHR Region V ecosysteMs Land assessment, evaluation Fabian, Virgilio I. Natioll,:] fi,.:I\""'! 3nd Hatinfl~l r:JP~j:':'~! and and ;apping of all Resou r Ct' 1 i, ( i,: 01" t j un Re:;U:.:I}' illrc' !I;lLion reforestation projects in the Authority AuU:::, ; t y Philippines Study on the economics and Atabay, Re~ilio C. DEHR Region III effectivity of different types and widths of firelines in protecting plantations from grassland fire Environmental i~pact of fire Vendiola, Edgardo DEHR Region IV EP.08 on a forest plantation established by cuttings in clusters (Hew Title: Hydrologic ilpact of fire on a forest plantation established by cuttings"in clusters) - 112 - 'owlh and developlent of Baguinon, Kestor UPLBCF-Oepartllent of University of the Idigenous pioneer tree Forest Biological Philippines at Los lecies under different Sciences Banos .croenvironMental patterns of 'assland cOlllunities (sequel :udy) lrtilization of Southern Oiogracia, Jose DEHR Region IV [RDB lngkal planted under ifferent site conditions 'fect of coppicing on the Palagangs, Hipolito A. OEHR Region IV PCARRD 'oHth and survival of betino Ilstonia lacrophylla wall.) \ Oriental "indoro ffectivness of different Lleait, Helecio B. EROB EROB lntrol techniques against )il erosion in Harikina Itershed ;tablishlent of clonal seed Malvar, Wilfredo C. OEHR Region 11 OEHR Region II 'chard (Teak, Molave and Ihogany) llvical characteristics and Cadiz, Rafael T. EROB EROB llvicultural require.ents of Jle seed and essential oil 'oducing tree species Ifvey and biology of diseases RiDando, Rhodora EROB EROB ffecting sOle seed and ;sential oil producing )ecies 'owth and response of sOle Atabay, Relillo C. OEHR Region III OEHR Region IJI lforestation species to ifferent planting designs lsearch and develop;ent of Apura, Bonifacio A. OEHR Region XII DEHR Region XII iantations in reforestation ojects 'fect of spacing on the Veracion, Vicente P. DEHR Region I OEHR Region I 'drologic behavior and .omass production of Alnus '",:, ._', ';' . - 113 - Silvicultural lanagement for Crizaldo i Enrique H. ERDB PCARRD-Rainfed the control of psylla Resources Developaent infesting Leucaena plantation Project, US Agency for I nt '1. Dev't. DEHR Region I11 PCARRD-Raiilfed Resources Develop.ent Project, US Agency for Int'!. Dev't. Species coabination for Atabay, Relillo C. DE HR Region III PCARRD-Rainfed psyllid control Resources Develop,ent Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. Screening of different Crizaldo, Enrique H. fRDB PCARRD-Rainfed leucaena cultivars for their Resources Develop,ent relative resistance against Project, US Agency for psylla insect pest Int'1. Dev't. UPlBCAS-Institute of PCARRO-Rainfed Biological Science Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. UPlBCAS-Departlent of PCARRD-Rainfed Forest Biological Resources Developlent Sci ences Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. ViSCA PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. Evaluation of prolising Baltazar, Clare R. UPLBCAS-Institute of PCARRD-Rainfed natural enemies (Arthropod Biological Science Resources Develop.ent parasites/predators) of Project, US Agency for ipil-ipil psyllid Int'l Dev't Entolopathogenic control of Nilitante, Ernesto P. UPLBCF-Departlent of PCARRD-Rainfed jumping plant lice of forest Biological Resources Development ipil-ipil Sciences Project, US Agency for Int'l Dev't Microbial control of psyllid Villacarlos, Lina T. ViSCA PCARRD-Rainfed infesting Leucaena species in Resources Developlent Visayas and Nindanao Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. - 114 - iclogy and control of Sanchez, Fernando F. OEHR Region VII !teropsylla incise infesting lucaena species EROB ViSCA DEHR Region III OA Regional Crop PCARRD-Rainfed Protection Center, Resources Developlent l'Iandaue City Project, US Agency for lnt'l Dev't fROB PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for lnt'l Dev't DEHR Region III PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for Int'l Dev't UPLBCA-Hational Crop PCARRD-Rainfed Protection Center Resources DevelopMent Project, US Agency for lnt'l Dev't UPLBCAS-Institute of PCARRD-Rainfed Biological Science Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for lnt'l Dev't UPLBCF-Departlent of PCARRD-Rainfed Forest Biological Resources DevelopMent Sciences Project, US Agency for :asonal abundance, San Valentin, Horacio ERDB PCARRD-Rainfed stribution and host range of Resources DevelopMent ,yllid pest infesting Project, US Agency for il-ipil lnt 'l. Dev't. fe table analysis of the Lucero, RaYMundo H. UPLBCF-DepartMent of PCARRD-Rainfed aping plant Lice, ~ incisa Forest Biological Resources Development Sciences Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. pulation dyniMics of Coray, DA Regional Crop PCARRD-Rainfed il-ipil psyllids Fraderick Jr. A. Protection Center, Resources Development Handaue City Project, US Agency for Int']. Dev't. - 115 - Biological control of the Baltazar, Clara R. EROB ipil-ipil psyllid . University of the Philippines at Los Banos ViSCA EROB PCARRD-Rainfed Resources-Development Project, US Agency for lnt'l. Dev't. ViSCA PCARRD-Rainfed Resources DevelopMent Project, US Agency for lnt'l. Dev't. Biology and population Calilung, Venus J. UPlB dynaaics of ipil-ipil psyllids [ROB OEHR Region VII DA Regional Crop PCARRD-Rainfed Protection Center, Resources DevelopMent Mandaue City Project, US Agency for lnt'l. Oev't. EReS PCARRD-Rainfed Resources DevelopMent Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. UPLBCAS-Institute of PCARRD-Rainfed Biological Science Resources Development Project, US Agency for lnt'l. Dev' t. UPL8F-Departaent of PCARRD-Rainfed Forest Biological Resources Development Sciences Project, US Agency for Int '1. Dev't. Biology of the psyllid Calilung, Venus J. UPlBCAS-Institute of PCARRD-Rainfed infesting ipil-ipil Biological Science Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. - 116 - ~ablishlent and lanageaent Atabay, Re.ilio C. DEHR Region III DEHR Region JII tiger grass (Phraglites Evasco, Francisco A. 19aris) plantations !nting stock production of Atabay, Relilio C. DEHR Region III DEHR ReglOn III ~er gr ass [vasco, Francisco A. Lablishlent techniques of Atabay, Re.ilio C. DEHR Region III DE HR Region III ger grass plantation in Evasco, Francisco A. assland areas fects of different cultural Atabay, Relilio C. DENR Region III DEHR Region III eatlents on the gro~th and Evasco, Francisco A. eld of tiger grass cio-econo.ics of tiger grass Atabay, Re_ilia C. DEHR Region III OEHR Regi on III oduction Evasco, Francisco A. ntrol of Chromolaena Vlali, Cesario G. Ecosystems Research and Ecosysteas Research and Drata using Stylosanthes Llemit, Melecio B. Develop_ent Bureau Development Bureau ~ensis under grazed and grazed conditions in Marikina ngeland drology of grazed and Llemit, Melecio B. Ecosyste~s Research and Ecosystems Research and grazed Stylosanthes pastures Vlali, Cesario G. Development Bureau Development Bureau the Marikina Rangelands opagation, plantation 8alagas, Divina A. DEHR Region IV Phil. Council for tablishment and harvesting Agriculture, Forestry & sal ago Natural Resources Resear Cl, & Oev' t DEHR Region IV te preparation and age of Cortiguerra, Adelina G. DEHR Region IV DEHR Region IV anting stock in plantation tablishment of sal ago ecies trail of salago in Cortiguerra, Danilc G. DEHR Region IV DEHR Region IV fferent vegetative covers - 117 - Effects of different spacings Balagas, ]ivina A. DEHR Region IV Phil. Council for on the growth of different Agriculture, Forestry & kinds of salago planting stock Hatural Resources in plantation Research &Dev't. Response of cinchona to Sisuco, Ignacio DEHR Region X Ecosystel Research and fertilizer Developlent Bureau Rhizole and clulp developlent Raloran, Eli1iano Ecosystels Research and Phil. Council for and production of planting Developlent Bureau Agriculture, Forestry & stocks frol rhizole and Hatural Resources branches of selected species Research &Dev't. of ba.boo Tissue cuiture of batboo latora, Alfinatta P. UPlBCA-Institute of Plant International Developlent Breeding Research Centre Survival and groNth of Reyes, Gregorio D. DEHR Region 11 DEHR Region II lorphologically graded kalingag (Cinnalonullercadoi) wildlings transplanted in brush land Optilul" cutting intensity and Lachica, Alicia J. DEHR Region VI DEHR Region VI cutting interval of balboo botong (Dendrocalatus letiflorus) Clulp developlent yield & Raloran, Eli1iano Ecosystels Research and Ecosystels Research and econolic rotation of selected Developlent Bureau Develop.ent Bureau cOllercial balboo species in newly established plantations effected by sOle cultural operations COlparativ8 effect of selected Corpul, Oanilo P. Tarlac College of Tarlac College of legulinous trees and balboos Agriculture Agriculture in controlling erosion in kaingin areas in Central LUlon Verification of propagation Cacanindin, Dani10 C. DEHR Region X PCARRD-Rainfed techniques and plantation Resources Developtent establish.ent of balboo in Project, US Agency for Talakag, Cosina, Bukidnon Int '1. DevJt. - 118 - !veloplent of silvicultural lapis, E. Ecosystem Research and Develop.ent Bureau !chnique as a lethod of mtrol against Mahogany ,oot borers ological control of psyllid Villacarlos, L. Yisayas State College of Agriculture festing Leucaena. ,tional provenance trial of TUllaliuan, B. Ecosystem Research and Development 8ureau calyptus tercropping agricultural Costales, A. EROB ops with forest species Ben~uet fectiveness of contour strip Costalez, Ejidio f. OENR Region I Depart.ent of Environ.ent roforestation in the and Natural Resources otection of lands against il erosion e effect of hillside contour Manubag, Jesus M. Central Mindanao University Central Hindanao nals &contour ipil-ipil University dgerows on agricultural crop oduction, surface runoff & dillentation aparison betNeen the effect Bravo, A. EROB terraced and non-terraced ots on agroforest crop oduction roforestation in Region 11 Lirios, Luisito G. ISU, Echague ISli cover crop for marginal eas velop~ent of appropriate U~ali, Cesario G. ERDE PCARRD-Rainfed rest tree based cropping Resources Develop~ent stems for the uplands Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. O£HR Region II PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Develop~ent Project, US Agency for Int'), Dev't. - 119 - Productivity and soil Patricio, Henry P. DEHR Region II PCARRD-Rainfed conservation aspect Resources Develop.ent Project, US Agency for In t '1. Dev't. Econolic feasibility of Palaypayon, Concepcion ERDB PCARRD-Rainfed establishing perennials under Resources Development establised plantations Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. Evaluation of soil and ~ater Dano, Antonio M. ERDB PCARRD-Rainfed conservation structures and Resources DevelopaenL agroforestry cropping scheaes Project, US Agency for in Region VIII Int'1. Dev't. Evaluation of soil and Nater Dano, Antonio ~. ERDB PCARRD-Rainfed conservation structures in Resources Developlent agroforestry on surface Project, US Agency for run-off and soil loss Int'l. Dev't. Determination of appropriate DUIlao, Teresita P. ERDB PCARRD-Rainfed agroforestry cropping schele Resources Develop.ent in Region VIII Project, US Agency for lnt'l. Dev't. Evaluation of the sloping Exconde, Angelito B. ERDB . PCARRD-Rainfed agricultural land technology Resources Developlent (SALT) Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. DEHR Region 1 PCARRO-Rainfed Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. Verification of agroforest Ber I in, Rodeo EROB PCARRD-Rainfed crops by contour strip Umali, Cesario G. Resources Developlent planting in lower elevation Project, US Agency for area (HeN Title: Evaluation of Int'l. Dev't. different species for hedgerOl.s) Kountain slope stabilization Lopez, Anthony V.B. DEHR Region I PCARRD-Rainfed by contour strip planting of Resources Develop.ent agroforest crops (SALT) Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. - 120 - gano-che.ica1 and aicrobial Garcia, Mercedes U. forest Biological PCARRD-Rainfed rtilization of reforestation Sciences Resources Develop.ent d agroforestation species Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. arch for a good GalCld, Mercedes U. UPLBCF-Departlent of PCARRD-Rainfed gano-chemical scheaes of Forest Biological Resources Developlent rtilization for Sciences Project, US Agency for ffe~ent tree species Int'1. Dev'L eId performance evaluation Garcia, Hercedes U. UPLBCf-Department of PCARRD-Rainfed the tree species under the forest Biological Resources DevelopMent w schelBs of fertilization Sciences Project, US Agency for Int'I.Oev't. lot agroforestry scheles for Calanog, Lope A. £RDB EROB ,ingin farters in Bulacan and Iguna Itercropping cereals ~ith Gaerlan, [ufe.ia A. DM"MSU, Bacnotan Don Mariano "areos 1st gro~ing tree species "ellorial State University .ley cropping system for the AIMoite, Orlando DMMMSU, Baenotan DMMMSU .llside farlers of Region I !neration and i.provelent of Brana, H. Jr. A. Panay State Polytechnic Panay State Polytechnic jroforestry production systems Coll ege College 1 the different provinces in !gion VI lroforestry scheles for Abogadie, Wilfredo Panay State Polytechnic Panay State Polytechnic lllside areas in Capiz College College le effect ~f intercropping Brana, H. Jr. A. Panay State Polytechnic Pand) State Polytechnic )otcrops with fast growIng College College ·uit tree species ~neration and i.prove~ent of Eusebio, Elvero C. DEHR Region VI PCARRD-Rainfed ~roforestry production system Lor ic, Edwin Resources. Development 1 RRDP sites in I10il0, Project, US Agency for ~gion VI (Phase 11) Int'1. Dev't. ~aluation of different Eusebio, Elvero C. DrHR Region VI PCARRO-Rainfed groforestry schemes for RRDP ResourCES Develop~ent reas in Passi, Iloi 10 (Phase Project, US Agency for I) lnt'1. Dev't. - 121 - Effect of. different soil & Lerio, Edliin DEHR Region VI PCARRD-Rainfed ~ater conservation practices Resources Develop.ent in agroforestry on soil Project, 6s Agency for erosion ~nd physical and In t ' 1. Dev't. chelieal properties Evaluation of agroforestry Dal.acio, "arcelino ViSCA sche.es in rainfed RRDP sites Benguet State University DEHR Region II DEKR Region V DEHR Region II PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. DEHR Region V PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Develop.ent Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. DE HR Region VI PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. DENR Region X PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. Central Luzan State PCARRD-Rainfed University Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for In t' 1. Dev't. Benguet State University PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. ViSCA Evaluation of agroforestry Malvar, Wilfredo C. DEHR Region V scheles in fainfed RRDP sites in LUIon Benguet State University DEHR Region II Central LUIon State University - 122 - DEHR Region 11 PCARRO-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for lnt'l Dev't. D£HR Region V PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project. US Agency for Int'l Dev't. Central LUlon State PCARRD-Rainfed University Resources Development Project. -us Agency for Int'1. Dev·t. Benguet State University PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev'L aluation of agroforestry Moldes. Inocentes V. Benguet State University PCARRD-Rainfed heMes in rainfed RRDP sites Resources Development Benguet Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev'L aluation of agroforestry Halvar. Wilfredo C. D£HR Region II PCARRD-Rainfed hemes in rainfed RRDP sites Resources Develop.ent Hueva Vizcaya Project. US Agency for 1nt·1. De ... ·t. aluation of agroforestry Gajete, TOlas Central Luzon State PCARRD-Rainfed heaes in rainfed RRDP sites University Resources Developlent Hueva [cija Project. US Agency fot 10t·1. Dev'l. a1uation of agroforestry Garcia. Pepito R. D£NR Region V PCARRD-Rainfed hemes in rainfed RRDP sites Resources Development Albay Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. aluation of agroforestry Bumatay, Ernesto C. DENR Region VI PCARRD-Rainfed heaes in rainfed RRDP sites Resources Development Visayas and Mindanao Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. D£HR Region X PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for Int·!. Dev't. Visayas State College of PCARRD-Rainfed - 123 - Agriculture Resources Development Project, US Agency for In t ' 1. Dev't. Evaluation of agroforestry Eusebio, Elvero C. DEHR Region VI PCARRD-Rainfed sche.es in rainted RRDP sites Resources Develop.ent in Iloilo Project, US Agency for In t ' 1. Dev't. Evaluation of agroforestry Bumatay. [rnesto C. ViSCA PCARRD-Rainfed scheles in rain fed areas Resources Development in Leyte Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. Evaluation of agroforestry Cacanindin, Danilo C. DEHR Region X PCARRD-Rainfed sche.es in rainfed RRDP sites Resources Develop.ent in Bukidnon Project, US Agency for In t ' 1. Dev't. Feasibility of intercropping Pangod, Johnny DEHR Region XII Ecosystels Research and of black pepper (Piper nigrui) Develop.ent Bureau under rubber plantation Screening of alternative Hunez, Petronilo S. DEHR Region XI Departlent of Environient species for hedgegrows in and Natural Resources upland farling systems Cropping pattern of forest Virtucio, Felizardo ~. DEHR Region XI Departlent of Environ.ent species and agricultural crops and Natural Resources in upland areas in Region XI Develop.ent of Flor ido Levi V. Ecosyste.s Research and Ecosystels Research and effective/appropriate Develop.ent Bureau Developlent Bureau agroforestry and reforestation technology for the uplands Use of fast-growing species in Costales, Egidio F. DEHR Region I Departlent of Environment cOlbination ~ith suitable and Natural Resources agricultural crops as means of rehabilitating abandoned kaingin areas Tiger grass establishaent and Tolboc, Car los DE HR Region VII Department of Environment aanagement study under and Natural Resources agroforestry - 124 - .. r,' Caearines Sur state PCARRD'Ralnfed Agricultural College Resources Developlent Project. US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. Isabela State University, PCARRD-Rainfed Cabagan Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for lnt'l Dev't. 'aluation of different soil Lopez, Anthony V.B. DENR Region I PCARRD-Rainfed Id water conservation Resources Develop,ent ,ructures in rainted RRDP Project, US Agency for tes in Benguet Int'1. Dev't. ,aluation of different soil Reyes, T, C. Isabela State University, PCARRD-Rainfed Id water conservation Cabagan Resources Develop.ent .ructures in rainted sites Project, US Agency for I 1sat Int'l. Dev't. ,a1uation of soil and water Atabay, Relilio C. DEHR Region III PCARRD-Rainfed lnservation structures in Resources Develop.ent 'Ie RRDP sites,in Nueva Ecija Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. ,aluation of-different soil Llesol, Celerino Camarines Sur State PCARRD-Rainfed Id water conservation Agricultural College Resources Development :ructures in rainted RRDP Project, US Agency for ites in Calarines Sur Int'l. Dev't. ,aluation of different soil Hasayao, Edilberto B. DEHR Region VI PCARRD-Rainfed Id water conservation Resources Development :ructures in rainted RRDP Project, US Agency for ites in Visayas and Mindanao lnt'l Dev't. DEHR Region VIII PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for :nt'l. Dev't. Central Mindanao PCARRD-Rainfed University Res6urces Development Project, US Agency for Int 'J. Dev't. Vi$CA PCARRD-Rainfed Resourc~s Develop~ent rroject, us Agency for 1nt 'J. De .. ' t. - 125 - Adaptability trials of fruit Doydora, Urbana B. DEHR Region VIII Departaent of Environment trees and lesser knOMn fruit and Natural Resources trees Evaluation of different soil & Veracion, Vicente P. DEHR Region I PCARRD-Rainfed .ater conservation structures Resources Development in rainted RROP sites Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. DENR Regi on III PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Develop.ent Project, US Agency for In t ' 1. Dev't. DEHR Region VI PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Develop.ent Project, US Agency for In t ' 1. Dev 't. DEHR Region VIII PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Developaent Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. Calarines Sur State PCARRD-Rainfed Agricultural College Resources Develop.ent Projecf, US Agency for In t ' 1. Dev't. Central Kindanao PCARRD-Rainfed University Resources Develop,ent Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. Isabela State University. PCARRD-Rainfed Cabagan Resources Develop.ent Project, US Agency for In t ' 1. Dev't. ViSCA PCARRO-Rainfed Resources Developlent Project, US Agency for Int'1. Dev't. Evaluation of different soil Costales, Egidio F. DENR Region I PCARRD-Rainfed and water conservation Resources Develop~ent structures in lUlon Project, US Agency for Int'l. Dev't. DEHR Region III PCARRD-Rainfed Resources Development Project, US Agency for In t ' l. Dev't. - 126 - Evaluation of different soil Lerio, Edwin DENR Region VI PCARRD-Rainfed and water conservation Resources Development structures in rainfed RRDP Project, US Agency for sites in Iloi10 Int '1. Dev't. Evaluation of different soil Doydora, Urbano 8. DENR Region VIII PCARRO-Rainfed and water conservation Resources Development structures in rainfed RRDP Project, US Agency for sites in Leyte Int']. Dev't, Evaluation of different soil Manubag, Jesus Central Mindanao PCARRD-Rainfed and water conservation University Resources Development structures in rainfed RRDP Project, US Agency for sites in Bukidnon Int'j, Dev ' t. Community-based forest Virtucio, felizardo D. Ecosystems Research and Ecosyste~s Research and research and development oevelop~ent Bureau Development Bureau project ACIAR - Australian Center for International Agricultural Researrh 8SU - Benguet State University CLSU - Central LUlon State University eMU - Central Mindanao University CSSAC - Camarines Sur State Agricultural College CVRP - Central Visayas Research Program DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources DHMMSU - Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University ERoB Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau fPRDI - Forest Products Research and Development Institute IDRC - International Develop~ent Research Center ISU - Isabela State University HAMRIA - National Mapping and Resource Information Authority PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, forestry and Hatural Resource~ Research and DevElop~enl PSPC - Panay State Polytechnic College UPLB - University of the Philippines at Los Banos USAID - United States Agency for International Development TCA Tarlac College of Agriculture ViSCA Visayas State College of Agriculture - 127 - Annex 6 Assisted Natural Regeneration : Concept Paper and Cost Estimates (NOTE: The original copy of the attached document is appended to a DENR memorandum for managers of reforestation projects. Pages bear their original numbers which tla y.e _D.Q.t .... Q.8 ~.D. __ r..~ v j_.~~.Q for· t his rep 0 r t . Thus, pages on Annex 6 are still mal-ked as "Annex A", "8" and so fOI-th.) ------~~---~-- Annex A Page 1 ASSISTED NATURAL REGENERATION A Strategy for Cheap, Fast, and Effective Regeneration of Denuded Forest Lands By: Marcelino V. Dalmacio 11 I. THE CONCEPT The dominant vegetation of a typical reforestation project is grass, principally, cogon (Imperata sp.). This plant community is considered as a fire disclimax which developed as the original vegetation was destroyed and the agents of destructipn were repeatedly applied (Sajise et ai, 1976). ~/ Oftentimes, a few scattered trees are found; remnants of the original vegetation, or those hardy species belonging to a Savannah community such as Pileostigma malabaricum and Antidesma species. A closer look at the thick grass biomass reveals, however, that there are a number of broad-leafed species growing amidst the grasses. If this plant community of broad-leafed species is not burned or destroyed, its natural regeneration will eventually take ovet~ the gt'asses. In fact, the studY by Sajise et aI, enumerated 46 broad-J~afed species out of 75 that wet'e found in gt'assland commt.tnities. It was fut'thet' determined that the kind and number of regeneration would depend on the availability of pt'opagules (i.e. seeds, etc.) and the length of time the gt';:!sslands wet~e not but~nedl d i stLwbed. 1/ DENF h'eg i orla I D i r"f!C J;cw, P":giclll 8, Tdcloban City'. S2jise, p., et cd. 1976. F'11il. ('lgt'ic:ultul'e :':·9. 317-:::".34. - 129 - Annex A - Page 2 11. ADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS The ANR strategy takes advantage of the natural regeneration (of broad-leafed species). The objective of .the ANR strategy is to liberate these species from competing vegetation, encourage faster growth, and facilitate their domination over the site. Being already well-established and adapted to the site, the problem of species-site incompatibility is therefore eliminated .. Moreover, unlike conventional tree planting methods, ANR will not be constrained by rainfall, and can be done the whole year t~ound • ANR will result in a multi-storey, multi-species forest stand, which is more effective for watershed protection and wildlife habitat than a traditional plantation. By itself, the ANR strategy will often have limited application insofar as timber production is concerned. However, the desired timber species can be inter-planted to supplement the naturally-growing tree species. The naturally-growing species will serve as nurse trees for the interplanted timb~r species. Depending on the density and distribution of natural regeneration, the extent of additional planting will be greatly reduced (usually to less than 400 trees/ha.), thus dramatically cutting costs for seedling production, transport and planting. Furthermore, ANR is expected to significantly improve the micro envin)!)ment of the site, thet'eby pl'omoting a mOI'e favot'able growth of the planted/desired timber species. Ill. FROCEDURE Well-documented e"pet'ience in t.hE.' appl ieation of AI'·JR is still very limited, and the techniqUES are pot yet perfected. Howevet', the following procedures are suggested as guides for implementing ANR in reforestation~ agt'ofut'(;!stt'Y and watet'shed management pnJjects. - 130 - Anne:< A - Page 3 A. Locating and Releasing the Natural Regeneration Deploy laborers over the area and systematically locate all bt'oad-leafed species that at'e gt'owing on the site, regardless of size. This should be done whether the area will be regenerated thru ANR, conventional planting (of seedlings) or combinations thereof. To clearly mark the location of existing broad-leafed species, depress the grasses away from the seedlings/natural regeneration. Make sure that the stems 0+ the grasses are broken, not cut. This may be done by pressing down the grasses and then trampling on them. Do this in a circle re~ching 1 meter radius in all directions measured from the seedling, which should be at the mid-point of the circle. Another way of clearly marking the location . of seedlings/natural regeneration is to cut the grasses close to the ground, as in spot weeding. Altet'natively, the area may bci completely clear bt'ushed, making sure that the natural regeneration are not cut. B. Naintenance Repeat the above operations at 2-3 months interval (depending on growth of the grasses) especially within the 1st year', Ot' until such time that the tt'ees have already overtopped ~he grasses. r... i~;JQ:r.enta.t;·()11· PlaTltino l1!hEt'E' thut'E' at-'e \'~ide q,3P~ bett"een naturc:d lv gt'o~"in9 ~.E'l:::dl in95, plant potted et' bat'p-t'oct nut'sE't"y-gt'Qwn ':r"'l?c~ljng~ (nt' dit'ect-seed as the ca~.e me)! be! with a spaclng of ctppt-o::im<3i::ely 2-~. metr?t-<::;... Pt'prJar··e t.,e slte al,ci ,T,aintain it in the same m3nne'·' a.s desct'ibed in para9ra~h B above. D. ~rotert the area from fit' '= and of de~~tt,uction at ,'0.11 times. - 131 - Anne:< A Page 4 IV. PILOT TESTING A. To validate the applicability of this technique in forest stand development, all managers of reforestation, agroforestry arid watershed management j::wojects should test ANR on at least 20 hectat~es within their respective projects. B. DocumeTl ta t i on Document the activity to pt'ovide a basis fot~ eva I ua. t ion / i mp t~oyemen t • Among the impot~tant data. needed are the following: 1. Desc t~ i P t ion of the at~ea pt'iot~ to ANR, i . e. brLlshland, g t~ass I and, etc. Identify the majot' vegetative covet~. 2. Detet~mine the number of bt'oad-Ieafed tt~ees and shrubs growing per unit area, as a result of natural regeneration after each treatment (e.g. seedlings pet' hectat~e). Include a list of species, if pt'actica!. c- '-" . Desct'ibe the methods used i.e., t' ing-I-'Jeed i n9, complete weeding, depressing,. etc. 4. Quantify the extent of augmentation planting, if any. Desct' i be the type, numbet' and -fl'equency of majntpnance tt'E'atment<:',. Attached hen?wi th is a suggested fCH'm rot' monitot'ing and eva]ui:<.tiol1 (Anne:< D). - 132 - Annex A - Page 5 C. Planning and Budgeting In order to launch ANR activities in an organized manner, it is important to estimate costs and labor requirements. Attached hereto are two (2) tables that describe the specific activities to be implemented, probable sequencing, average cost~ and labor requirements (Annex B: Table I and Annex ~: Table I-A). These can be modified to suit different climatic and locational variables. Meanwhile, they provide a guideline for planning and budgeting. D. Reporting ANR activities should be included in official accomplishment reports, as a separate item under reforestation. - 133 - Anne:·: D - Page 1 ASSISTED NATURAL REGENERATION (ANR) (Monitoring and Evaluation Form) 1. Location: Pt'ovince: Municipality: Bat'angay: Name of P,'O jec t: 2. Major vegetative cover prior to implementation of ANR (check appropriate line). : 1. D. No. At'ea Major Vegetative Cover lof Test (ha. ) :------_._------Block Bt'Llsh land GI'assland IOthers (specify) :------1 :------~------.------I I 2 :------~------I I ~.t I 4 5 6 7 ------! 8 9 ------! 10 ------~------! TOTAL ------ 134 - Anne:-: D - Page 2 3. Species and no. of naturally-regenerated broad-leafed species growing after each tt'eatment. Species/No. Growing After Treatment 1/ :------: 1. D. No. At'ea This Tt'eatment F't'ev. Tt'eatment Initial Treatment: :of Test (ha. ) (Date 1/ Determine this by sampling ten percent (10%) of the area of each test block. - 135 - Anne}: D I - Page 3 -I i 4. Type, number and frequency of treatments applied. ______6 ______~ ______! TREATMENT NUMBERS 11. D. No. . At'ea :------1 lof Test (ha. ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Block l------:------l------:------l------l------lDate lType lDate lType lDate lType lDate lType lDate lType lDate lType :------1 :------2 ,,------. 3 :------~------, ------4 ., 5 6 ------7 8 ------ INSTRUCTIONS: 1. I.D. block numbers and areas must be consistent with preceding tables. Undet' "date": enter' month and yeat' (e.g. 9/15). Not necessar'y to entet' the day. ~. Under "type": enter the symbols hereunder to describe the type of treatments applied: A Depressing Grasses c Clear' Bt'ush i ng El Ringwf?ed ing D Othet's (specify by descl'iblno in C:~ footnote) - 136 - Anne:·: D - Page 4 Augmentation planting: SPECIES PLANTED his Treatment (Date ____ )} F't'evious ------~------: ------: ._------., I • .. I . . _------: .0 • . _------: TOTALS If the blank forms above do not have enough horizontal and vertical lines for your pt'oject, use additional pa.ges and mat'k them accOt'dingly. ~repared and Submitted By: -lame: Position/Designation: Jate: - 137 -