Sport i Zdravlje NAUČNO STRUČNI ČASOPIS IZ OBLASTI FIZIČKOG VASPITANJA I SPORTA
UREDNIČKI ODBOR
GLAVNI UREDNIK IZVRŠNI UREDNIK NAUČNO STRUČNI UREDNIK Prof. dr Borislav Cicović Prof. dr Siniša Karišik Prof. dr Veroljub Stanković Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i Fakultet za sport i fizičko sporta, Istočno Sarajevo sporta, Istočno Sarajevo vaspitanje Leposavić, Srbija
UREDNIK UREDNIK UREDNIK Prof. dr Milan Čoh Prof. dr Aleksandar Nedeljković Prof. dr Saša Pantelić Fakultet za sport, Ljubljana, Fakultet sporta i fizičkog Fakultet sporta i fizičkog Slovenija vaspitanja, Beograd, Srbija vaspitanja Niš, Srbija
RECEZENTSKI ODBOR Fakultet zdravstvenih, sportskih i kinezioloških nauka, Prof. dr Nicolae Okiana Bakau, Rumunija Prof. dr Danijela Daševa Nacionalna sportska akademija Sofija, Bugarska Prof. dr Zoran Milošević Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja Novi Sad, Srbija Prof. dr Goran Bošnjak Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Banja Luka, BiH Prof. dr Castellar Otin Fakultet za humane i obrazovne nauke u Huesci, Saragosa, Carlos Španija Prof. dr Zoran Valdevit Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja, Beograd, Srbija Prof. dr Goran Kasum Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja, Beograd, Srbija Prof. dr Siniša Kovač Fakultet sporta i tjelesnog odgoja Sarajevo, BiH Prof. dr Mirsad Nurkić Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja Niš, Srbija Prof. dr Borko Petrović Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Banja Luka, BiH Prof. dr Dejan Ćeremidžić Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Istočno Sarajevo, BiH Prof. dr Dalibor Fulurija Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Istočno Sarajevo, BiH Prof. dr Bojan Leontijević Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja, Beograd, Srbija Doc. dr Milan Gužvica Fakultet bezbjednosnih nauka Banja Luka, BiH Prof. dr Nenad Stojiljković Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja Niš, Srbija Prof. dr Vladan Savić Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Istočno Sarajevo, BiH Prof. dr Aleksandar Kukrić Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Banja Luka, BiH Doc. dr Željko Vukić Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Banja Luka, BiH Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje i planinski sport, Brasov, Prof. dr Ioan Turcu Rumunija Pradas de la Fuente Fakultet za humane i obrazovne nauke u Huesci, Saragosa, Francisco Španija
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TEHNIČKI UREDNIK Web UREDNIK LEKTOR Srp/Eng.
dr Bojan Bjelica Prof. Vjekoslav Brčkalo Prof. Dragana Jokić Izdavač: Urednik u redakciji: Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Tiraž: dr Siniša Karišik Univerzitet u Istočnom Sarajevu, 200 Sekretar redakcije: Adresa: dr Bojan Bjelica Časopis Sport i Zdravlje Dizajn naslovne stranice: Alekse Šantića 3, 71420 Pale, BiH UDC Mustafa Panjeta tel/fax. 00387 (0) 57 226 836 796.011/797(05) Štampa: Email: KOPIKOMERC, Istočno Sarajevo [email protected]
Sport i Zdravlje, decembar 2020. br. 1: str. 6-153
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SADRŽAJ
EFEKTI KREATIN MONOHIDRATA NA SNAGU I TJELESNU KOMPOZICIJU 6 Bojan Bjelica, Nikola Aksović, Radica Alempijević, Milan Zelenović, Ivan Dragović ANALIZA STANJA UHRANJENOSTI UČENIKA OSNOVNE ŠKOLE U CRNOJ GORI 18 Novica Gardašević, Milan Anđelić, Marko Joksimović, Farruh Ahmedov INTERVALNI TRENINZI VISOKOG INTENZITETA ŠKOLSKE DECE Ilma Čaprić, Mila Manić, Dušan Đorđević, Armin Zećirović, Adem Mavrić, Raid Mekić 29 Samir Hačković DEFORMITETI KOLENA KOD FUDBALERA – META ANALIZA 39 Joksimović Marko,Lilić Ana, Gardašević Novica, Goranović Kosta PLANIRANJE I PROGRAMIRANJE TRENINGA U NATJECATELJSKOM PERIODU U ŽENSKOM NOGOMETU 49 Luka Androja, Veronika Terzić INTERNA I EKSTERNA VALIDNOST MERENJA OBIMA KRETANJA VRHUNSKIH FUDBALERA TOKOM UTAKMICE MERENA PRIMENOM 59 SOFTVERSKOG SISTEMA TRACKING MOTION BIOIRC Radivoje Radaković, Milivoj Dopsaj, Nenad Filipović FMS SKRINING KAO REVOLUCIONARNO – REHABILITACIONI MERNI INSTRUMENT U SPORTU I REKREACIJI 71 Armin Zećirović, Dragana Rodić, Ilma Čaprić, Mila Manić, Konstantinos Stratakis, Adem Mavrić, Samir Hačković, Raid Mekić UPUTSTVO ZA AUTORE 83 EFFFECTS OF CREATINE MONOHYDRATE TO STRENGTH AND BODY COMPOSITION 90 Bojan Bjelica, Nikola Aksović, Radica Alempijević, Milan Zelenović, Ivan Dragović ANALYSIS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN MONTENEGRO 102 Novica Gardašević, Milan Anđelić, Marko Joksimović, Farruh Ahmedov HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAININGS IN SCHOOLCHILDREN Ilma Čaprić, Mila Manić, Dušan Đorđević, Armin Zećirović, Adem Mavrić, Raid Mekić 113 Samir Hačković KNEE DEFORMITES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS – META ANALYSIS 123 Joksimović Marko, Lilić Ana, Gardašević Novica, Goranović Kosta PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING OF TRAINING IN THE COMPETITIVE PERIOD IN WOMEN'S FOOTBALL 132 Luka Androja, Veronika Terzić
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INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF THE MOVEMENT RANGE MEASUREMENT OF TOP SOCCER PLAYERS DURING THE MATCH 142 MEASURED USING THE SOFTWARE SYSTEM TRACKING MOTION BIOIRC Radivoje Radaković, Milivoj Dopsaj, Nenad Filipović FMS SCREENING AS A REVOLUTIONARY - REHABILITATIVE MEASURING INSTRUMENT IN SPORTS AND RECREATION 153 Armin Zećirović, Dragana Rodić, Ilma Čaprić, Mila Manić, Konstantinos Stratakis, Adem Mavrić, Samir Hačković, Raid Mekić INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS 165
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EFEKTI KREATIN MONOHIDRATA NA SNAGU I TJELESNU KOMPOZICIJU
1Bojan Bjelica, 2Nikola Aksović, 3Radica Alempijević, 1Milan Zelenović, 4Ivan Dragović DOI 10.7251/SIZ2001006B 1Fakultet Fizičkog Vaspitanja i Sporta, Univerzitet u Istočnom ISSN 1840-152X Sarajevu UDK 796.012.11:547.495.9 2Fakultet Sporta i Fizičkog Vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Nišu http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 3Farmaceutski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 4Fakultet Fizičkog Vaspitanja i Sporta,UIS, student master studija
PREGLEDNI NAUČNI ČLANAK Apstrakt: Kreatin je postao popularan dodatak prehrani među sportistima. Najnovija istraživanja takođe s sugerišu da postoji veliki broj potencijalnih terapijskih primjena kreatina. Cilj ovog sistematskog pregleda je da se ispitaju efekti CR na mišićnu snagu i tjelesnu kompoziciju, na temelju prikupljenih podataka i analiziranih radova objavljenih u periodu 2018.-2020 godine. Pretraživanje literature izvršeno je pomoću sledećih baza: PubMed, Scholar Google, DOAJ. Radovi su odabrani na osnovu više kriterijuma.Rezultati ukazuju da CR u kombinaciji sa nekim programom vježbanja rezultira povećanjem mišićne mase, povećava snagu, smanjuje vrijeme izvođenja određene aktivnosti. Promjene u tjelesnoj kompoziciji ogledaju se u povećanju ukupne mase i mišićne mase kao i količine vode u sastavu tijela. Korišćenje CR u omjeru 10-20gr na dnevnom nivou i učestalosti korišćenja od 4-5 dana nedeljno, predstavlja efikasno sredstvo za poboljšanje sportskih performansi i pozitivnih promjena u sastavu tijela.
Key words: weight, bench press, 1RM, body, BIA, supplements
1. Uvod
Na osnovu pronađenih spisa, ljudska vrsta je oduvijek tražila da pronađe najdjelotvorinije ne-hormonske dodatke za poboljšanje fizičkih sposobnosti i mogućnosti. Prvi zabilježeni pisani tragovi datiraju još od Olimpijskh igara u Grčkoj, održanih 776. p.n.e. (Grivetti & Applegate, 1997). Korišćenje suplementacije danas je rasprostranjeno u cijelom svijetu. Pored ustaljenih prehrambenih proizvoda namenjenih sportistima i fizički aktivnim osobama, brojne kompanije su plasirale dodatke ishrani, često sa tvrdnjom da se sportski učinak može poboljšati. Dodatci za poboljšanje vježbanja i sportskih performansi dolaze u različitim oblicima, uključujući tablete, kapsule, tečnosti i prahove. Mnogi od ovih proizvoda sadrže brojne sastojke u različitim kombinacijama i količinama. Među uobičajenim sastojcima su aminokiseline, proteini, kreatin i kofein (LaBotz & Griesemer, 2009).
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Postoji veliki broj studija koje svjedoče o uticaju dodatne supelementacije na fizičke sposobnosti (El Khoury & Antoine, 2012; Morrison, Gizis, & Shorter, 2004; Rocha & Pereira, 1998; Pereira, Jajolo, & Hirschbruch, 2003; Gomes, Degiovanni, Garlipp, & Chiarello, 2008; Goston & Correlia, 2010; Oliver, Leon, & Hernandez, 2008) i promjene tjelesne kompozicije (Earnest et al., 1995; Kreider, Ferreira, et al., 1998; Kreider, Klesges, et al., 1996; Vandenberghe et al., 1997). CR se unosi i putem ishrane i najviše ga ima u crvenom mesu i ribi. Unijeti CR se 98% deponuje u mišićima, dok se preostali dio deponuje u mozgu, srcu i drugim organima, a višak kreatina se izluči preko bubrega u obliku kreatinina (Cannan & Shore, 1928). CR je jedan od najčešće korišćenih suplementa za poboljšanje učinka vežbanja i sportskih performansi (Kreider, et al., 2017). Pomaže u stvaranju ATP-a i na taj način isporučuje energiju u mišiće, naročito za kratkoročne aktivnosti (Salomons, et al., 2010). CR može poboljšati performanse mišića na četiri načina: povećanjem stanica fosfokreatina koji se koristi za generisanje ATP na početku intenzivnog vježbanja, ubrzavajući ponovno sintezu fosfokreatina nakon vežbanja, depresiju degradacije adeninskih nukleotida i akumulaciju laktata i/ili poboljšanje skladištenja glikogena u skeletnim mišićima (Salomons, et al., 2010). Oralno konzumiranje CR povećava kreatinin i PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) sadržaj ljudskih skeletnih mišića (Casey, et al., 1996; Febbraio, Flanagan, Snow, Zhao, & Carey, 1995; Greenhaff, Bodin, Soderlound, Hultman, 1994; Harris, Soderlund, & Hultman, 1992; Vandenberghe, et al., 1997). Tipičan protokol za početak unosa CR kod odraslih, bez obzira na veličinu tijela ili pol, sastoji se od faze ''punjenja'' u periodu 5-7 dana, kada korisnici konzumiraju 20 gr/dan CR, podijeljenih u četiri diela od 5 g, nakon čega sledi faza održavanja od 3-5 gr/dan (Cooper, Naclerio, Allgrove, & Jimenez, 2012). Uticaj CR na snagu i promjene u kompoziciji tijela zabilježene su i u drugim studijama (Haff, et al., 2000; Meyer, et al., 2000). Obzirom da je snaga jedan od bitnijih motoričkih faktora definisana je veliki broj puta. Maksimalna snaga je maksimalna sposobnost mišića ili mišićne grupe za stvaranje sile. Često se mjeri jednim maksimalnim ponavljanjem (1RM), što je operativno definisano kao najteže opterećenje koje ispitanik može pomjeriti u datom vremenu i prostoru na tehnički ispravan način (Pereira & Gomes, 2003). Sistematskim pregledom pokušaćemo da ukažemo na benefite dodatne suplementacije CR kada je u pitanju povećanje snage, takođe pratiće se promjene u tjelesnoj kompoziciji. Jose & Ciccone (2013) u svojoj studiji su ispitivali efekte CR (5gr/dan) na snagu i tjelesnu kompoziciju. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na devetnaest ispitanika koji se bave bodi bildingom starosti 23,1±2,9. Primjenjeno je pet treninga u trajanju četiri sedmice. Pored tjelesne kompozicije, testirana je snaga maksimalnog ponavljanja (1RM) na bench press-u i 3 ponavljanja na leg press-u. Značajne razlike su konstatovane u povećanju mišićne mase, dok povećanje ukupne masti i tjelesne težine nije bilo značajno. Povećanje snage je evidentno u svim primjenjenim varijablama. Slična istraživanja su dobili i Cribb, & Hayes (2006). Uzimanjem CR prije i poslije treninga rezultira većim dobitkom u masnoj telesnoj masi, veličini mišićnih vlakana i mišićnoj snazi. Slični rezultati su dobijeni u drugim istraživanjima (Soderlung, Balsom, & Ekblom, 1994; Hultman, Soderlung, Timmons, Cederblad, & Greenhaff, 1996; Volek, 1997; Bemben, et al., 2010). Cilj sistematskog pregleda je da se ispitaju efekti CR na mišićnu snagu i tjelesnu kompoziciju.
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2. Metod
Istraživački podaci za potrebe ovog rada prikupljani su putem elektronskih baza PubMed, Scholar Google, DOAJ. Pretraga radova urađena je u periodu od 2018. do 2019. godine. Prilikom istraživanja baza podataka korišćene su sledeće ključne riječi: weight training, muscle mass, 1RM, placebo, BIA, supplements. Pronađeni naslovi istraživanja, abstrakti i cijeli tekstovi su zatim bili čitani i analizirani. Da bi istraživanje bilo prihvaćeno za konačnu analizu moralo je da zadovolji dva kriterijuma: prvi kriterijum odnosi se na problematiku kreatin monohidrata, drugi kriterijum je sprovođenje analize radova u izabranom razdoblju. Istraživanja koja su zadovoljila postavljene kriterijume su zatim analizirana i predstavljena na osnovu sledećih parametara: referenca (prvo slovo autora i godina i godina objavljivanja istraživanja, uzorak ispitanika (starost, ukupan broj i podgrupe ispitanika), program vježbanja, trajanje programa, rezultati istraživanja.
3. Rezultati
Postupak prikupljanja, analize i eliminacije nađenih radova je prikazan grafički (Grafikon 1). Na osnovu ključnih reči je indetifikovano 136 radova. Broj istraživanja koja su odmah isključena na osnovu naslova, dupliranih radova, kao i radova koji su isključeni na osnovu perioda kada su izdati (stariji od 2018. godine) je 94, dok su 42 rada uključena u dalju analizu. Daljom analizom 42 rada, isključeno je 35 radova na osnovu više kriterijuma: abstrakta, jer se radilo o sistematskim preglednim istraživanjima, kao i nepostojanja adekvatnih informacija potrebnih za istraživanje. Preostalih 7 radova (Tabela 1) zadovoljilo je postavljene kriterijume, a to su: radovi izdavani u vremenskom periodu od 2018. do 2020. godine. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno oko 133 ispitanika muškog pola u četiri istraživanja (Amirsasan, Nabilpour, Pourraze, Curby, 2018; Wang, Fang, Lee, & Yang, 2018; Vilar- Neto et al., 2018; Bjelica et al., 2020), u dva istraživanja 54 ispitanice ženskog pola. U radu Mills et al. (2020) radilo se o kombinaciji ispitanika muškog i ženskog pola. Svi ispitanici su pored aktivnosti koristili kreatin monohidrat kao vid dodatne suplementacije pored redovne ishrane. Trajanje programa bilo je promjenjivo. U radu autora (Farah & Dos Santos, 2018) tretman CR trajao je 5 dana, (Atakan, Karavelioğlub, Harmancıb, & Bulut, 2019) sedam dana.
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Grafikon 1. Postupak prikupljanja, analize i eliminacije nađenih radova
Rezultati pregledanih Identifikacija elektronskih baza: 136 radova
94 radova je isključeno: na Skrining osnovu naslova; kao radova duplirani radovi; radovi koji 35 radova je su izdati u periodu prije isključeno na 2014. godine osnovu sledećih kriterijuma: abstrakta, Prihvatljivost preglednih 42 radova je dalje istraživanja, tema analizirano na osnovu nije adekvatna abstrakta i cijelog teksta
Uključeni 7 radova je zadovoljilo radovi postavljene kriterijume za analizu
U istraživanju Vilar-Neto et al. (2018) eksperimentalni tretman od 35 dana. Brojne studije su ukazale na pozitivne efekte kratkoročnog korišćenja CR (5-7 dana) na izvođenje vježbi. Većina studija sugeriše da suplementacija kreatinom može značajno povećati snagu, silu, performanse poput sprinta, ili ili aktivnosti koje angažuju veći broj mišićnih grupa (Williams & Branch, 1998; Kraemer & Volek, 1999; Kreider, 1999; Balsom, Soderlund, & Ekblom, 1994; Hultman, Soderlund, Timmons, Cederblad, & Greenhaff, 1996; Greenhaff, 1997). Eksperimentalni tretman kod ostalih autora je bio znatno duži, tj. u radu Wang et al. (2018), četiri nedelje, Mils et al. (2020), šest nedelja, Amirsasan et al. (2018), osam nedelja, Bjelica et al. (2020), šesnaest nedelja. Unos CR se kretao od 0.1g/kg - 0,3g/kg ili ukupno od 5g-20g dnevno. Na sedmičnom nivou konzumacija CR je iznosila 4-7 puta u toku nedelje. U tabeli br. 1 prikazano je sedam istraživanja koja su zadovoljila predhodne kriterijume. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena istraživanja novijeg datuma koja su zadovoljila izabranu tematiku. Reference u tabeli su prikazane sa istaknutim prvim autorom rada, zatim uzrast, pol i podjela grupa, vrsta tretmana, obim, trajanje eksperimentalnog protokola i rezultati za svaku studiju pojedinačno.
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Tabela 1. Prikaz analiziranih istraživanja Referenca Populacija/pol Tretman Protokol Rezultati Fudbaleri ♂ Kod EG+CR, povećanje 8 nedelja, Amirsasan EG+CR=10; 1RM/BP, 1RM/BS, 1RM, TT, MM, EG+CR=0,3gr/kg, et al. 2018 EG+PG=10. TK-InBody 300 smanjenje TM u EG+PG=MD SG=18-26yo odnosu na EG+PG. Biciklisti ♀ EG1,EG2,KG-nabori, EG1+EG2-promjene EG1=5; 5 dana, Farah et obimi, TT,MM, snaga TK, povećanje MS, TT, EG2=5;KG=5 EG1=CR;EG2=CR+ al. 2018 (W/Kg), otpor TM. KG bez značajnih SG=26.57 MD; 4x10gr; KG=/ (W/Kg) promjena. ±7.09yo Povećanje 1RM kod Sportisti ♂ EG/PG - čučnjevi 4 nedelje, EG=20gr Wang et EG, poboljšanje MMS i EG=15 ; PG=15 5RM, skokovi, TK, CR+ 2g dex. PG - al. 2018 brži oporavak nakon SG=20 ± 2yo sprint 30m 5gr dex. treninga. Studenti ♂ Kod EG1-Eg2 Vilar-Neto EG1=12;EG2=12; 1RM/BP, PU/1min., 35 dana, PG, EG1- povećanje 1RM, et al. 2018 PG=12; SU/1min. 3gr CR, EG2-5gr CR izdržljvost samo kod SG=22,5 ± 4,3yo EG2 Fudbalerke ♀ Kod EG poboljšana Atakan et EG=15; PG=15; SP 10,20,30m, 7 dana, EG= CR AGL, SP 10,20,30m, al. 2019 SG=19.83 ± 1RM/BS, AGL 0,25 g/kg; PG=MD bez povećanja TT. 1.13yo Promjene TK u EG, 16 nedelja, porast MM, smanjenje Bodi bilderi ♂ 1RM/BP, 1R;/BS, Bjelica et EG=CR/7days/5gr TM, povećanje W. EG=6; PG=8 SB/max, TK-Tanita al 2020 after+dex; Povećanje snage SG=24±6yo bc-545n PG=dex/20gr zabilježeno u svim varijablama. 6 nedelja, Promjene u TK, porast Fizički aktivna 1RM/BP; 1RM/BS; EG= CR/0.1g x kg−1 snage u varijabli Mills et al. populacija ♂♀ VS; BK; x d−1 1RM/BP, 1RM/BS. PG 2020 CR=13; PG=9; 1RM/BPmax; PG=CR/0,0055g x bez značajnih SG=26 ± 4 yo 1RM/Bsmax. kg -1 promijena. MM mišićna masa, MT masa tijela, CR kreatin monohidrat, EG eksperimentalna grupa, KG kontrolna grupa, 1RM jedno maksimalno ponavljanje, PG placebo grupa, dex. dekstroza, SG starosna grupa, MMS maksimalna mišićna snaga, MD meltodextrin, TK tjelesna kompozicija, MS mišićna snaga, TT tjelesna težina, TM tjelesne masti, MM mišićna masa, BP Bench press, BS barbell squats, PU push-ups, SU sits-ups, SP speed, AGL agility, W water, VS vertikalni skok, BK bacanje kuglice
4. Diskusija
Mnoge studije koje su ispitivali efekte CR su potvrdile da dolazi do porasta tjelesne težine nakon određenog perioda oralne konzumacije (Fairman, Kendall, Hart, Taaffe, Galvao, & Newton, 2019; Vilar-Neto, et al., 2018; Earnest, Snell, Rodriguez, Almada, & Mitchell, 1995; Hultman, Sijderlund, Timmons, Cederblad, & Greenhaff, 1996; Kreider, Ferreira, & Wilson, 1998). Predhodne studije pokazuju da je 10-20gr CR na dnevnom nivou i učestalosti od pet dana nedeljno sasvim dovoljno za povećanje snage i povećanja broja ponavljanja (Urbanski, Loy, Vincent, & Yaspelkis, 1999; Izquierdo, Ibañez, & González-Badillo, 2002). Ovakvi navodi su u skladu sa izdvojenim istraživanja u sistematskom pregledu (Amirsasan et al., 2018;
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Farah et al., 2018; Wang et al. 2018; Atakan et al., 2019; Bjelica et al., 2020). Istraživanja su potvrdila da sa starenjem dolazi do promjena cjelokupne tjelesne kompozicije kod čovjeka i do pada nivoa tečnosti u organizmu (Ritz, et al., 2001). Treba imati na umu da u čovječijem tijelu ima od 50-70% vode (Sawka & Coyle, 1999). U istraživanju Bjelica et al. (2020) detektovano je povećanje tjelesne tečnosti kod obe grupacije ispitanika (CR i Placebo) što je izazvano fizičkim naporima usljed primjenjenog treninga sa opterećenjem. Iako je mali broj istraživanja koji su proučavali nivoe vode (tečnosti) u organizmu, sva ta istraživanja podkrepljuju da trening na platformi aerobnog vježbanja ili vježbanja sa dodatnim opterećenjem dovodi do povećanja tečnosti u ljudskom organizmu (Francaux & Poortmans, 1999; Ho et al., 2012; Davidson et al., 2009; Church et al., 2010; Park & Randone, 2003). Mišićna masa kao sastavni dio ukupne mase kod CR je značajno povećana. Određeni su utvrdili da dolazi do ukupne povećanja težine od 0,7-1,6 kg nakon kratkoročnog konzumiranja CR u kombinaciji sa vježbama opterećenja (Becque, Lochmann, Melrose, 2000; Earnest, Snell, Rodriguez, Almada, & Mitchell, 1995; Vandenberghe, Van-Hecke, Leemputte, Vanstapel, & Hespel, 1999). LaBotz & Griesemer (2009) su utvrdili značajno povećanje tjelesne mase od 0,84 kg kod grupe CR u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu ispitanika. Bitno je istaći da nije došlo do promijena procenta masti ni kod jedne od grupa ispitanika, što potvrđuje da je korišćenje CR doprinjelo povećanju čiste mišićne mase i određenog udjela vode. Takve činjenice potvrđuju i druge studije (Aedma, Timpmann, Lätt, & Ööpik, 2015; Soderlund, Balsom, & Ekblom, 1994; Saab, Marsh, Casselman, & Thompson, 2002; Abdi, et al., 2012; Ferneti, et al., 2018). Studije o suplementaciji kreatinom pokazuju pozitivan učinak na performanse i snagu za vrijeme kratkotrajnog, maksimalnog intenziteta vježbe, mjerene u toku jednog maksimalnog ponavljanja, učinak na mišićnu izdržljivost i brzinu (Becque, Lochmann, & Melrose, 2000; Volek & Rawson, 2004; Vandenberghe, 1997; Vandenberghe et al., 1997; Volek & Rawson, 2004). Povećanje snage u bench press-u nakon konzumacije CR je zabilježeno u nekim od izdvojenih radova (Amirsasan et al., 2018; Vilar-Neto et al., 2018; Bjelica et al., 2020; Mills et al., 2020). Ostala istraživanja su demonstrirala slična poboljšanja u bench press-u performanse (Camic et al., 2014; Kilduff et al., 2002; Rawson & Volek, 2003). Kada je u pitanju sportovi, koji zahtijevaju kombinaciju aerobnih i anaerobnih izvora uz učešće snage i izdržljivosti, dolazi do umora i smanjenja efikasnosti. Konzumacijom CR može se spriječiti gubitak snage kao rezultat aerobne i anaerobne aktivnosti sportiste. Earnest, Snell, Rodriguez, Almada, & Mitchell (2005) utvrdili su da suplementacija kreatinom (20 g / dan x 4 dana i 10 g / dan x 6 dana) poboljšava kumulativno trajanje aktivnosti do iscrpljenosti u dva ciklusa u trajanju od približno 90 sekundi. Smith, Stephens, Hall, & Jackson (1998) utvrdili su da suplementacija kreatinom (20 g / dan x 5 dana) povećava radni vrijeme tokom izvođenja vježbi koji traju između 90-600 sec, prvenstveno u kraćim, intenzivnijim aktivnostima. Nelson et al., (2000)
11 utvrdili su da suplementacija kreatinom (20 g / dan x 7 dana) smanjuje submaksimalni broj otkucaja srca i unos kisika (VO2), dok se povećava ventilacijski anaerobni prag (VANT) i ukupno vrijeme do iscrpljenosti tokom maksimalnog programa vježbanja kod 36 odraslih odraslih osoba. Rico-Sanz & Mendez (2000) utvrdili su su da suplementacija kreatinom (20 g / dan x 5 dana) povećava vrijeme do iscrpljenosti (29,9 ± 3,8 do 36,5 ± 5,7 min), istovremeno smanjujući nivo amonijaka (marker razgradnje nukleotida adenina) pri biciklizmu na 30 i 90% od maksimalnog praga opterećenja. Pregledom literature zaključujemo da CR u kombinaciji sa nekim programom vježbanja rezultira povećanjem mišićne mase (Hultman, Sijderlund, & Timmons, 1996; Harris, Soderlund, & Hultman, 1992), povećava snagu (Birch, Noble, & Greenhaff, 1994; Vandenberghe, et al., 1997), smanjuje vrijeme izvođenja određene aktivnosti (Balsom, Soderlund, & Ekblom, 1994).
5. Zaključak
Rezultati ove studije sugerišu da suplementacija CR u kombinaciji sa bilo kojim vidom treninga može biti efikasna u poboljšanju sportskih performansi kod ženske i muške populacije ispitanika. Međutim, potrebna su dodatna istraživanja koja bi ispitala dugoročne učinke suplementacije. CR u kombinaciji sa nekim programom vježbanja rezultira povećanjem mišićne mase, povećava snagu, smanjuje vrijeme izvođenja određene aktivnosti. Promjene u tjelesnoj kompoziciji ogledaju se u povećanju ukupne mase i mišićne mase kao i količine vode u sastavu tijela. Korišćenje CR u omjeru 10-20gr na dnevnom nivou i učestalosti korišćenja od 4-5 dana nedeljno, predstavlja efikasno sredstvo za poboljšanje sportskih performansi i pozitivnih promjena u sastavu tijela.
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EFFFECTS OF CREATINE MONOHYDRATE TO STRENGTH AND BODY COMPOSITION
REVIEW ARTICLE Abstract: Creatine has become highly popular supplement among athletes. Contemporary research also suggests that there is also a large number of potential therapeutic applications of creatine. Aim of this systematic overview is to test the effects of CR to muscle strength and body composition on the basis of the collected data and analysed papers published in the period 2018–2020. Literature research was performed in the following data bases: PubMed, Scholar Google and DOAJ. Papers were selected according to multiple criteria and they suggest that CR in combination with an exercise program produces results in increase of muscle mass and strength and it reduces time required for execution of a specific activity. Changes in body composition were observed in increase of total mass and muscle mass, as well as amount of water in body composition. Use of CR in amount of 10–20 g per day and frequency of 4–5 days a week is an efficient tool used for increase in sport performances and positive changes in body composition.
Key words: weight, bench press, 1RM, body, BIA, supplements
Primljeno: 09.09.2020. Odobreno: 15.10.2020.
Korespondencija: dr. Bojan Bjelica Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Istočno Sarajevo Alekse Šantića 3, 71420 Pale, Bosna i Hercegovina Tel.: +38765057961 [email protected]
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ANALIZA STANJA UHRANJENOSTI UČENIKAOSNOVNE ŠKOLE U CRNOJ GORI
1Novica Gardašević, 1Milan Anđelić, 2Marko Joksimović, 3Farruh Ahmedov DOI 10.7251/SIZ2001018G ¹ Student doktorskih studija, Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, ISSN 1840-152X Univerzitet u Istočnom Sarajevu UDK 613.25:373.3-053.5(497.16) 2Fudbalski klub Nacional, Podgorica, Crna Gora http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 3Student doktorskih studija, Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja, Univerzitet https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ Samarkand, Uzbekistan
PREGLEDNI NAUČNI ČLANAK Apstrakt: Analiza stanja uhranjenosti veoma je bitan segment prilikom praćenja rasta i razvoja djece školskog uzrasta. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je definisati stanje uhranjenosti na osnovu dobijenih rezultata prethodnih istraživanja sa uzorcima izvučenim iz populacije učenika osnovne škole u Crnoj Gori. Analizom je obuhvaćeno 11 istraživanja sa ukupno 8619 ispitanika oba pola, koja su se uglavnom bavila procjenom stanja uhranjenosti ispitanika uzrasta od 6 do 15 godina. Na osnovu analize rezultata istraživanja utvrđeno je da su preuhranjeost i gojaznost u značajnoj mjeri prisutni kod djece osnovno-školskog uzrsta oba pola u Crnoj Gori. Uzimajući u obzir preuhranjenost i gojaznost zajedno, procenti se kreću u rasponu od 20-40% što je tipično za mediteranske zemlje Evrope među kojima je i Crna Gora. Takođe, utvrđeno je da primjena različitih standarda procjene uhranjenosti daje različite rezultate koji nekad veoma značajno odstupaju na istom uzorku ispitanika.
Ključne riječi: Osnovna škola, uhranjenost, gojaznost, djeca.
1. Uvod
U cilju praćenja pravilnog rasta i razvijanja djece osnovno-školskog uzrasta, analiza stepena uhranjenosti predstavlja veoma bitan segment. Na osnovu utvrđivanja stepena uhranjenosti, moguće je definisati da li se dijete nalazi u fazi nedovoljne uhranjenosti, normalne uhranjenosti, preuhranjensoti ili čak gojaznosti. Stepen uhranjensoti djece može biti i veoma važan pokazatelj narušenosti zdravstvenog statusa, pogotovo ako se radi o fazi preuhranjenosti ili čak gojaznosti. Praćenje statusa uhranjenosti osim što pomaže u razumijevanju trenutnog stanja, može poslužiti i kao prognostički faktor za buduće zdravlje ispitanika (Nikšić & sar., 2021). Status uhranjenosti jedan je od značajnih pokazatalja zdravstvenog stanja i fizičkih sposobnosti pojedinca i cijele populacije, kao i psihofizičkih mogućnosti i potencijala za normalan i zdrav rast i razvoj (Vorgučin, 2010). Shodno navedenom, istraživanja koja se bave analizom uhranjenosti kod djece, imaju za cilj prije svega da definišu u kojoj mjeri uhranjenost djece odstupa od normale a zatim i da definišu uzroke koji dovode do navedenog odstupanja.
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Decenijama unazad, gojaznost je prepoznata kao jedan od vodećih javno- zdravstvenih problema savremenog svijeta i predstavlja veliki rizik od nastanka različitih hroničnih bolesti (Rossner, 2002; Gomes & sar., 2004; Flodmark & sar., 2014). Rezultati velike epidemiološke studije koja je procjenjivala svjetske trendove statusa tjelesne težine od 1975. do 2016. godine otkrili su da se gojaznost djece povećala gotovo osam puta u poslednjih 40 godina (Abarca-Gómez & sar., 2017). Gojaznost koja se javi u najranijem uzrastu kod djece, uglavnom ostaje i kao problem u odraslom dobu noseći sa sobom rizike poput nastanka kardiovaskularanih bolesti, dijabetesa, narušenosti lokomotronog aparata, deformiteta i drugo. Shodno prethodno navedenom, školski uzrast se smatra kao veoma važan u cilju djelovanja na prevenciju gojaznosti i preuhranjenosti (Procter, 2007; Strauss & Pollack, 2001). Do preuhranjenosti i gojaznosti dolazi zbog različitih faktora, a kao glavni se ističu nedovoljna fizička aktivnost, neuravnotežena ishrana u smislu obilne i nekvalitetne brze hrane, genetske sklonosti ka nastanku gojaznosti, zdravstvene anomalije, socio- ekonomski faktori porodice i drugo. Takođe, u zemljama sa niskim i srednjim prihodima i zemljama u razvoju kakva je i Crna Gora, živi dvije trećine gojaznih ljudi na svijetu i pretpostavka je da će u tim zemljama i broj gojazne djece godinama rasti (Ng & sar., 2014). Ekonomski razvijenije zemlje, bilježe trend pada gojaznosti kod djece. U periodu od 1985. do 2014. godine, broj gojazne djece u Kini opadao je sa početnih 0,1% do 7,3% (Song & sar., 2016; Wang & sar., 2017). Interesovanje naučne javnosti u Crnoj Gori za praćenjem stanja uhranjenosti kod djece školskog uzrasta bilo je prilično nedovoljno do početka 21. vijeka a zatim dolazi do nešto intezivnijih istraživanja koja ukazuju da gojaznost kao javno- zdravstveni problem današnjice, nije zaobišao ni Crnu Goru (Vasiljević & sar., 2015; Martinović & sar., 2015; Vasiljević, Bjelica, & Gardašević, 2018; Jakšić & sar., 2019; Banjević, 2019). Najčešće, analiza gojaznosti kod djece školskog uzrasta, prati se kroz upoređivanje indeksa tjelesne mase (eng. body mass index – BMI) sa percentilnim vrijednostima standardizovanih skala procjene (krivulja) koje su uglavnom definisane od Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (eng. WHO), Centra za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (eng. CDC) i Međunarodne radne grupe za gojaznost (eng. IOTF). U svim navedenim slučajevima, radi se o veoma jednostavnim i jeftinim procedurama koje se mogu primijeniti na velikim uzorcima i dati približno jasnu sliku o stanju uhranjenosti ispitanika. U nedostatku svojih standardizovanih percentilnih krivulja za praćenje stanja uhranjenosti ispitanika, zemlje kao što je Crna Gora, koriste se nekom od prethodno navedenih. Cilj ovog istraživanja je definisati stanje uhranjenosti na osnovu dobijenih rezultata prethodnih istraživanja sa uzorcima izvučenim iz populacije učenika osnovne škole u Crnoj Gori. 2. Metode
Za pretraživanje literature korišćene su sledeće elektronske baze: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar. Pretraživanje je vršeno korišćenjem sledećih ključnih riječi (samostalno ili u kombinaciji): osnovna škola, uhranjenost, gojaznost, djeca. Strategija pretraživanja modifikovana je za svaku elektronsku bazu, gdje je to bilo moguće, u cilju povećanja senzitivnosti. Svi naslovi i apstrakti su uzeti u obzir za potencijalne radove koji će biti obuhvaćeni analizom. Relevantne studije su dobijene
19 nakon detaljnog pregleda, ukoliko su ispunile kriterijume za uključivanje. Kriterijumi za sistematizaciju koji su uključeni u analizu su sledeći: da je uzorak bio izvučen iz populacije učenika osnovne škole iz Crne Gore, da su studije transverzalnog ili longitudinalnog karaktera, da su za definisanje percentilnih vrijednosti uključeni neki od standarda Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije, Centra za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti, Međunarodne radne grupe za gojaznost ili Centra za nacionalno ispitivanje zdravstvenog stanja i ishrane (eng. NHANES), kao i da su istraživanja objavljena u periodu od 2015. do 2020. godine. Analizom su obuhvaćena istraživanja sa uzorcima oba pola, hronološke dobi od 6 do 15 godina što odgovara uzrastu učenika osnovne škole u Crnoj Gori. Odabir selekcije radova prikazan je na grafikonu 1.
Radovi prikupljeni preko Dodatni zapisi elektronskih baza identifikovani kroz druge (n = 137) izvore (n = 15)
Identifikacija Radovi nakon brisanja duplikata (n = 105)
Pregledani radovi i naslovi Radovi nakon čitanja apstrakta
(n = 78) (n = 33)
Podobnost Procjena cijelih radova za uključivanje Radovi koji nijesu obuhvaćeni (n =45) daljom analizom zbog neadekvatnog uzrasata ispitanika i primijenjene metodologije analize uhranjenosti (n = 17)
Studije uključene u sistematski
ključeni pregled U (n = 11)
Grafikon 1. Tok dijagrama
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3. Rezultati
U tabeli broj 1, predstavljeni su osnovni elementi istraživanja obuhvaćenih ovim preglednim radom. Shodno kriterijumu koji se odnosio na odabir standardizovanih skala procjene koje su istraživači koristili u cilju utvrđivanja statusa uhranjenosti ispitanika, istraživanja se mogu podijeliti u 4 grupe i to: istraživanja u kojima je primijenjena skala procjene (percentilna skala) Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (Malović, 2019; Baćović, 2020), Centra za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (Vasiljević & sar., 2015; Vasiljević, Bjelica & Gardašević, 2018; Banjević, 2019), Međunarodne radne grupe za gojaznost (Jakšić & sar., 2019; Banjari & sar., 2020), Nacionalnog ispitivanja zdravstvenog stanja i ishrane (Šćepanović & sar., 2019) i kombinaciji prethodno navedenih skala (Martinović & sar., 2015; Jakšić & sar., 2017; Milašinović & sar., 2019).
Tabela 1. Pregled selektovanih dosadašnjih istraživanja S Nut. Aim Study e N Age Var. Sta Results Study x nd.
Analysis of the state Vailjević ♂ ♀ of nutrition of i sar., ♂ 51 6 children of preschool BW BH 2015 ♀ - 90-92 percentiles 54-84 age and the youngest 53 BMI CDC school age. 7 ♂ ♀ Determine 207 2,90- ♂ 4,10- prevalence of and 6 4,60% Martino underweig 6,20% contributing factors WH 64,80- vić i 7 BW BH ht normal 74,20- for overweight O 70,40% sar., - BMI weight 76,80% and obesity among 202 CDC 17,10- 2015 13 overweigh 14,00- Montenegrin ♀ 1 IOTF 19,50% t obesity 15,60% schoolchildren 7,00- 3,5-6,5 15,00%
♂ 565 ♂ ♀ 0.90- 2,60- Investigate 3,90% 1.40% OWOb and underweig 72,70- Jakšić i WH 61,60- contributing factors BW ht normal 74,10% sar., O 67,80% among 7 BH weight 17,30- 2017 - CDC 20,00- schoolchildren of BMI overweigh 18,80% ♀ IOTF 23,50% Podgorica. 568 12 t obesity 7,60- 4,50- 6,90% 17,50%
Analyze the
state of nutrition of ♂ 497 Vasiljevi children of the first ♂ ♀ BW ć i sar., cycle in 6 BH 2018 primary school (first, 78 - 93 68 – 74 - BMI CDC percentiles second and third ♀ 498 9 grade). Šćepano Determine body ♂ ♀
vić i height, body mass, ♂ BW BH NHA 17,20% underweig 9,90% 219 sar., menarche 13 BMI NES 68,50% ht normal 75,70%
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2019 and nutritional status - I 9,50% weight 10,80% in children aged 13 14 4,80% overweigh 3,60%
and 14 in urban and ♀ t obesity 211 rural areas in Montenegro. Determine
eventual existence of ♂ 32 statistically
significant ♂ ♀ Banjević underweig differences in BW BH 3,12%, 3,57% , ht normal morphological BMI 84,38%, 82,14% 2019 weight characteristics and WC 9,37% 10,71% CDC overweigh body mass ♀ 28 8 HC 3,12%. 3,57% t obesity index with boys and girls of younger school age. Investigate the
association between ♂ ♂♀ inflammation, 129 Jakšić i 42,1% normal weight oxidative stress, sar., BW BH 40,6% overweight vitamin D, copper 2019 7 BMI 17,3% obesity and zinc in pre-obese - WHtR IOTF and obese children ♀ 73 15 compared to controls. Determine ♂♀ BW Malović, anthropometric ♂ 2,96% underweight 66 7 BH BMI 2019 indices as indicators 58,52% normal weight - WHR of obesity of children WH 22,22% overweight ♀ 69 8 WHtR in Montenegro. O 16,30% obesity Evaluate a ♂ ♀ nutritional status of 2,2-7,5 Milašino ♂ 3,6-10,5 healthy children 747 56,7- underweig vić i WH 69,7- from Montenegro BW BH 63,0 ht normal sar., O 73,9 according to three 9 BMI 17,8- weight 2019 CDC 14,4- most common - 23,8 overweigh IOTF 19,5 worldwide ♀ 733 13 7,5-17,1 t obesity 3,4-6,0 references. Investigating poverty
and other correlates ♂ 124 ♂ ♀ of childhood underweig Banjari i 1,6% 1,00% underweight and BW ht normal sar., 71,00% 65,00% obesity in two urban BH weight 2020 IOTF 16,10% 24,00% regions with lower BMI overweigh ♀ 100 7,5 11,30% 10,00% and higher economic t obesity development. Determine obesity and differences in ♂♀ BW Baćović, nutritional status of 7 5,28% underweight ♂ BH BMI 2020 school children in - 58,74% normal weight WHR Central and Southern 8 19,58% overweight 189 WHtR WH region in ♀ O 16,40% obesity Montenegro Legend; Gend. – Gender, N - number of subjects, Var. – Variables, Nut. Stand. – Nutrition standard, BW – Body weight, BH – Body height, BMI - body mass index, WC - waist circumference, HC - hip circumference, WHtR – Vaist to height ratio, WHO – World health organization, CDC - Centers for disease control and prevention, IOTF - International Obesity Task Force, NHANES I - National health and nutrition examination surveys.
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4. Diskusija
Analizom je obuhvaćeno 11 istraživanja koja su uglavnom imala za cilj da utvrde stepen uhranjenosti učenika, uzrasta od 6 do 15 godina. Istraživanjima je analiziran ukupan uzorak od 8619 ispitanika oba pola, što daje dobru pretpostavku da se definišu određeni zaključci kada je u pitanju uhranjenost učenika osnovne škole u Crnoj Gori. Za utvrđivanje stanja uhranjenosti istraživači su se koristili različitim standardizovanim percentilnim skalama procjene (WHO, CDC, IOTF, NHANES I). Veoma je bitno napomenuti da primjenom različitih standarda za utvrđivanje stanja uhranjenosti ispitanika dobijamo i različite rezultate kod istog uzorka ispitanika (Milašinović & sar., 2019; Jakšić & sar., 2017; Martinović & sar., 2015). Standardi Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije uglavnom pokazuju najmanji procenat neuhranjenosti i najveći procenat gojaznih ispitanika. Nasuprot standardima WHO, standardi IOTF pokazuju najveći procenat neuhranjenih ispitanika i najmanji procenat gojaznih u poređenju sa standardima WHO i CDC. Vrijednosti koje se dobijaju primjenom standarda CDC, uglavnom se nalaze između vrijednosti koje pokazuju standardi WHO i IOTF. U istraživanju Martinović & sar., (2015) standardi WHO pokazali su najveći stepen gojaznih ispitanika i on iznosi oko 15,00% u odnosu na 12,30% (CDC) i svega 7,00% (IOTF) kod dječaka i 6,50% (WHO), 5,60% (CDC) i 3,50% (IOTF) kod djevojčica. Približno sličan odnos stanja uhranjenosti zabilježen je i u istraživanju Jakšić i sar. (2017), gdje je npr. najmanji procenat normalno uhranjenih ispitanika pokazao standard WHO (61,60%) u poređenju sa 64,10% (CDC) i 67,80% (IOTF) kod dječaka i 72,70% (WHO i CDC) i 74,10% (IOTF) kod djevojčica. Veoma sličan odnos stepena uhranjenosti ispitanika u zavisnosti od primjene različitih standarda potvrđen je i u istraživanju Milašinović & sar., (2019) gdje standardi WHO pokazuju najmanji procenat neuhranjenih i normalno uhranjenih ispitanika, dok je procenat preuhranjenih i gojaznih prema standardima WHO značajno veći u poređenju sa CDC i IOTF. Pregledom dobijenih rezultata svih istraživanja, zaključuje se da se neuhranjenost uglavnom kreće u procentu od 0,90-6,20% za ispitanike muškog pola i u rasponu od 1,00-5,28% za ispitanike ženskog pola (Baćović, 2020; Banjari & sar., 2020; Banjević, 2019; Malović, 2019; Jakšić & sar., 2017; Martinović & sar., 2015). Nešto veći procenat neuhranjenosti ispitanika primjećen je prema standardima IOTF u istraživanju Milašinović & sar., (2019), gdje je neuhranjenost za dječake iznosila 10,50% i za djevojčice 7,50%. Najveći zabilježeni stepen neuhranjenosti ispitanika zabilježen je u istraživanju Šćepanović i sar. (2019), gdje je neuhranjenost za dječake iznosila čak 17,20% i za djevojčice 9,90%. Razloge za veća odstupanja procenta neuhranjenih ispitanika u prethodno navedenom istraživanju u poređenju sa ostalim istraživanjima, moguće je tražiti u samom uzorku ispitanika koji je u prosjeku bio najstariji (13-14 godina) i u primijenjenom standardu za procjenu uhranjenosti (NHANES I) koji je jedino primijenjen u ovom istraživanju. Rezultati koji se odnose na preuhranjenost i gojaznost ispitanika variraju od istraživanja do istraživanja, što se može pripisati karakteristikama uzrasta, geografskim odlikama uzorka kao i primijenjenim standardima za procjenu nivoa uhranjenosti kod ispitanika. Ako uzmemo u obzir samo standard WHO, preuhranjenost ispitanika muškog pola kreće se u rasponu od 17,30-20,00%, dok
23 kod djevojčica taj raspon procenta uhranjenosti iznosi od 15,10-23,83% (Martinović & sar., 2015; Jakšić & sar., 2017; Milašinović & sar., 2019). Približno su ujednačeni i rezultati za preuhranjenost ispitanika oba pola i u drugim analiziranim istraživanjima gdje su primjenjeni drugi standardi (CDC i IOTF) za procjenu uhranjenosti (Baćović, 2020; Malović, 2019; Banjari & sar., 2020), dok su procenti za preuhranjenost u istraživanju Banjević (2019) nešto niži i iznose 9,37% za dječake i 10,71% za djevojčice uzrasta 8 godina. U istraživanju Jakšić & sar. (2019) prema standardima IOTF, zabilježen je najveći procenat preuhranjenih ispitanika uzrasta od 6 do 15 godina i on iznosi čak 40,60%, dok u istom istraživanju 17,30% ispitanika je gojazno. Shodno navedenim rezultatima, koji su sprovedeni na uzorku od oko 200 ispitanika oba pola, može se konstatovati da svaki drugi učenik osnovne škole ima problem sa viškom kilograma. Značajno visok stepen gojaznosti, evidentiran je u gotovo svim analiziranim istraživanjima i shodno dobijenim procentima, gojaznost kod isptanika muškog pola kreće se u rasponu od 6,00 do 17,50% i u rasponu od 6,50% do 17,14% (Martinović & sar., 2015; Jakšić & sar., 2017; Milašinović & sar., 2019; Malović, 2019; Banjari & sar., 2020; Baćović, 2020). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata a koji se odnose na gojaznost i preuhranjenost ispitanika oba pola uzrasta od 6 do 15 godina, konstatuje se da gotovo svaki treći učenik osnovne škole u Crnoj Gori ima problem sa viškom kilograma. Svakako da navedenu konstataciju treba uzeti sa određenom rezervom zbog primjene različitih standarda za procjenu stepena uhranjenosti ispitanika. Takođe, treba uzeti u obzir da prevalenca preuhranjenosti i gojaznosti odstupa u zavisnosti od regiona iste države što je potvrđeno u nekim dosadašnjim istraživanjima (Peytremann- Bridevaux, Feah & Santos-Eggimann, 2007). Problem prisutnog viška kilograma kod djece oba pola u najranijem uzrastu, potvrđuju i istraživanja Vasiljević & sar., (2015) i Vasiljević, Bjelica, & Gardašević, (2018) gdje prosječne vrijednosti dobijenih percentila upućuju na zaključak da se kompletni uzorci u prosjeku nalaze blizu ili iznad granice koja oslikava stanje preuhranjenosti ispitanika, pogotovo kod dječaka uzrasta od 6 do 9 godina. Analizom istraživanja veoma je teško utvrditi gdje je prisutnija preuhranjenost i gojaznost u odnosu na pol, mada u nešto većem broju istraživanja rezultati ukazuju da dječaci imaju više problema sa viškom kilograma u poređenju sa djevojčicama školskog uzrasta, pogotovo u uzrastu od 6 do 9 godina (Vasiljević & sar., 2015; Martinović & sar., 2015; Jakšić & sar., 2017; Vasiljević, Bjelica, & Gardašević, 2018; Milašinović & sar., 2019). Generalno posmatrano, dobijeni rezultati uhranjenosti ispitanika osnovne škole u Crnoj Gori uklapaju se u okvire nekih dosadašnjih istraživanja. Prema rezultatima nacionalnih istraživanja evropske zemlje se na osnovu prevalence prekomjerne težine tijela (uključujući i gojaznost) mogu svrstati u dvije grupe (Lobstein & Frelut, 2003). Prema navedenim istraživačima u prvoj grupi su sjeverne evropske zemlje sa nižom prevalencom od 10-20% a u drugoj grupi su mediteranske zemlje sa višom prevalencom preuhranjenosti i gojaznosti sa vrijednostima između 20-40%. Upravo su gotovo sva analizirana istraživanja na populaciji učenika u Crnoj Gori potvrdila da se prevalenca preuhranjenosti i gojaznosti nalazi u rasponu od 20-40% obzirom da i Crna Gora pripada mediteranskim zemljama Evrope koje imaju problem sa nutritivnim statusom djece još u školskom uzrastu. Takođe, dobijeni rezultati su
24 slični i sa rezultatima na koje upućuju Wijnhoven & sar., (2014) prema kojima se u Evropi preuhranjenost (uključujući i gojaznost) kreće u zavisnosti od regiona od 9 do 43% kod dječaka i od 5 do 43% kod djevojčica, dok se sama gojaznost u evropskim zemljama kreće od 2 do 21% kod dječaka i od 1 do 19% kod djevojčica, sa većim stopama u mediteranskim zemljama. Činjenici da preuhranjenost i gojaznost kao vodeći zdravstveni problem današnjice nijesu zaobišli ni najmlađu populaciju stanovnika u Crnoj Gori, treba uzeti u obzir sa posebnom važnošću, posebno zbog problema po zdravlje koje uzrokuje višak kilograma kod čovjeka. Prekomjerna težina kod učenika u mlađem školskom uzrastu prediktor je srčanih bolesti u odraslom dobu. Faktori rizika za bolesti srca, kao što su hipertenzija, dislipidemija, poremećaj tolerancije na glukozu i vaskularne smetnje, već su prisutne kod gojazne djece (Viner & sar., 2005). Takođe, treba uzeti u obzir i činjenicu kojoj se posvećuje jako malo pažnje kada su gojazna djeca u pitanju, ona se odnosi na psihološke i socijalne probleme učenika tokom boravka u školi. Naime, djeca koja imaju višak kilograma veoma često su izložena verbalnom i fizičkom nasilju u školi upravo zbog viška kilograma. Takođe, samim odrastanjem djeca koja su bila žrtve nasilja, nerijetko pokazuju elemente nasilničkog ponašanja u starijem uzrastu. Problemi sa kojima se susreću preuhranjena i gojazna djeca tokom školovanja, odnose se i na lošiju koncentraciju tokom časa, povučenost i nekomunikativnost, kao i lošiji uspijeh u školi u odnosu na djecu čija se tjelesna težina nalazi u graniciama normalnih vrijednosti. Prethodno iznešeni zaključci, rezultat su višegodišnjeg zapažanja i ličnih iskustava u radu sa djecom uzrasta od 4 do 15 godina autora ovog rada. Svakako da se smatra i neophodnim da se navedene tvrdnje dodatno analiziraju kroz naučno istraživači rad. 5. Zaključak
Praćenje stanja uhranjenosti učenika predstavlja veoma bitan segment u fazi pravilnog uticaja na njihovo odrastanje. Sagledavanjem rezultata svih analiziranih istraživanja može se zaključiti da gojaznost kao vodeći javno-zdravstveni problem savremenog svijeta nije zaobišao ni školsku populaciju u Crnoj Gori. Taj trend gojaznosti i preuhranjenosti nalazi se u rasponu rezultata koji su tipični za zemlje u razvoju, mediteranske zemlje i zemlje sa niskim i srednjim ličnim dohodkom. Rezultatima dobijenih istraživanja veoma je teško napraviti granicu između polova kada je preuhranjenost i gojaznost u pitanju. Takođe, prisustvo preuhranjenosti i gojaznosti evidentno je u svim uzrastima kod učenika osnovne škole. Savremeni način življenja koji se ogleda u veoma smanjenoj fizičkoj aktivnosti, brzoj, nekvalitetnoj i preobimnoj ishrani, vodeći su uzroci preuhranjenosti i gojaznosti. Analizom istraživanja utvrđeno je da je neophodno napraviti adekvatne nacionalne standarde za sve uzraste kako bi procjena stanja uhranjenosti ispitanika bila pouzdanija. Primjenom različitih standarda koji nijesu prilagođeni populaciji ispitanika nad kojom se primjenjuju mogu dati pogrešne zaključke što može uzrokovati posledice u fazi prevencije pothranjenosti, preuhranjenosti i gojaznosti ispitanika. Rezultati analiziranih istraživanja upućuju na neophodnost sistematičnijeg i standardizovanijeg pristupa u cilju detekcije stanja uhranjenosti ispitanika školskog uzrasta u Crnoj Gori. Sistematičniji pristup treba da obuhvati sve
25 segmente društvene zajednice u cilju kvalitetnijeg prevazilaženja očigledno prisutnog problema prije svega preuhranjenosti i gojaznosti a zatim i dijelom neuhranjenosti djece.
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Milašinović, R., Bojanić, D., Čvorović, A., & Kukić, F. (2019). Age and gender difference in nutritional status of school children according to WHO, CDC and IOTF references: A statewide study from Montenegro. Sport Mont, 17(1), 15-21. Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., et al., (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 384, 766-781. Nikšić, E., Joksimović, M., Beganović, E., & Gardašević, N. (2021). Differences in the degree of nutrition and body composition of boys and girls of pubertal age. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 25(1), 4-9, https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0101 Peytremann-Bridevaux, I., Feah, D., & Santos-Eggimann, B. (2007). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural and urban settings of 10 European countries. Preventive Medicine, 44(5), 442-446. Procter, K. L. (2007). The etiology of childhood obesity: a review. Nutr Res Rev, 20, 29– 45. Rossner, S. (2002). Obesity: the disease of the twenty – first century. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(4), 2-4. Šćepanović, A., Vujović, S., Ivanović, M., & Šćepanović, S. (2019). Body growth, development and nutrition status of puberty children in urban and rural areas of Podgorica and Berane in Montenegro. Agriculture & Forestry, 65(2), 89-98. doi: 10.17707/AgricultForest.65.2.07 Song, Y., Wang, H. J., Dong, B., Ma, J., Wang, Z., & Agardh, A. (2016). 25-year trends in gender disparity for obesity and overweight by using WHO and IOTF definitions among Chinese school-aged children: a multiple cross-sectional study. BMJ, 6(9), e011904, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011904 Strauss, R. S., & Pollack, H. A. (2001). Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986– 1998. JAMA, 286, 2845–2848 Vasiljevic, I., Bjelica, D., & Gardasevic, J. (2018). Analysis of nutrition for boys and girls who are first cycle pupils in primary school. Sport Science, 11(1), 15-18. Vasiljević, I., Bjelica, D., Popović, D., & Gardašević, J. (2015). Analysis of nutrition of preschool-age and younger school-age boys and girls. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 426 – 428. Viner, R. M., Segal, T. Y., Lichtarowicz-Krynska, E., & Hindmarsh, P. (2005). Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Archives of Disease Childhood, 90(1), 10- 14. Vorgučin, I. (2010). Metabolic syndrome of overweight and obese children and adolescents. (Master's thesis), [In Serbian]. Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, Novi Sad. Wang S, Dong Y, Wang Z, et al. (2017). Trends in overweight and obesity among Chinese children of 7-18 years old during 1985-2014. Chin DJ Rev Med, 51, 300-305. (In Chinese). Wijnhoven, T. M., van Raaij, J. M., Spinelli, A., Starc, G., Hassapidou, M., Spiroski, I., et al., (2014). WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: body mass index and level of overweight among 6-9-year-old children from school year 2007/2008 to school year 2009/2010. BMC Public Health, 14, 806. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14- 806.
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ANALYSIS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN MONTENEGRO
REVIEW ARTICLE Abstract: Nutritional analysis is a very important segment in monitoring the growth and development of school-age children. The aim of this study was to define the nutritional status based on the results of previous studies with samples taken from the population of primary school students in Montenegro. The analysis included 11 studies with a total of 8619 respondents of both sexes, which mainly dealt with the assessment of the nutritional status of respondents aged 6 to 15 years. Based on the analysis of the research results, it was determined that malnutrition and obesity are significantly present in children of primary school age of both sexes in Montenegro. Taking into account malnutrition and obesity together, the percentages range from 20-40%, which is typical for the Mediterranean countries of Europe, including Montenegro. Also, it was found that the application of different nutrition assessment standards gives different results that sometimes differ significantly on the same sample of respondents.
Key words: primary school, nutrition, obesity, children.
Primljeno: 14.11.2020. Odobreno: 03.12.2020.
Korespondencija: Novica Gardašević Student doktorskih studija, Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Univerzitet u Istočnom Sarajevu Studenca 29, 81400 Nikšić, Crna Gora Tel.: +38267829745 e-mail: [email protected]
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INTERVALNI TRENINZI VISOKOG INTENZITETA ŠKOLSKE DECE
12Ilma Čaprić, 1Mila Manić,
1Dušan Đorđević,
2Armin Zećirović, 12Adem Mavrić, DOI 10.7251/SIZ2001029M 12 ISSN 1840-152X Raid Mekić, UDK 796.015.542-053.5 12Samir Hačković http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 1Fakultet Sporta i Fizičkog Vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Nišu https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 2 Državni univerzitet u Novom Pazaru
PREGLEDNI NAUČNI ČLANAK Visokointenzivni intervalni trening se koristi za poboljšanje maksimalnog unosa kiseonika i aerobno funkcionalnog kapaciteta školske dece. Do sada je otkriveno da visokointenzivni intervalni trening (HIIT) efikasno utiče na poboljšanje anaerobnih sposobnosti. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se na osnovu sistematskog pregleda velikog broja studija koji su se bavili uticajem intervalnim treninzima visokog inteziteta utvrditi efikasnost I uticaj HIIT treninga na poboljšanje VO2 kod školske dece. Pretrage su vršene u sledećim elektronskim bazama: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science i Research Gate, koristeći sve dostupne radove do 30. aprila 2020.godine. Korišćene su sledeće ključne reči: „high-intensity interval“, „training“, „hiit“, „training“. Pretraga se pretežno odnosila na engleski jezik i originalne naučne radove iz dostupnih časopisa. U prvoj fazi pretrage, proverena je relevantnost naslova i apstrakata identifikovanih radova. U drugoj fazi pretrage, kompletni radovi su preuzeti i razmatrani za inkluziju. Reference iz svih sakupljenih radova su pregledane da bi se dobilo više istraživanja koja su proučavala ovu oblast. Ukupno je 10 studija zadovoljilo kriterijume za uključivanje i bile su uključene u sistematski pregled. Intervalnim treninzima visokog inteziteta dovodi do poboljšanja VO2, VO2max, O2 i drugih fiziloških parametara kod školske dece primenom različitih intervalnih treninga visokog inteziteta. Programi od šest, deset i dvanaest nedelja, dovode do poboljšanja fizioloških parametara školske dece, dok se sedmonedeljni program visokointervalnih treninga pokazao kao najbolji program u odnosu na trajanje i intezitet programa. Na osnovu analize i diskusije radova koji su uzeti u sistematsko istraživanje može se zaključiti da prema dužini trajanja programa , minimalni period gde može doći do poboljšanja VO2 i VO2max i drugih fizioloških sposobnosti je šest nedelja, a da uobičajno nedeljno opterećenje bude dva do tri treninga nedeljno.
Ključne reči: HIT, VO2, VO2max,O2, školska deca.
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1. Uvod
Aktivan način života kao i prednosti istog dobro su ispitane i dokumentovane (Blair & Morris, 2009; Joyner & Green, 2009). Povezanost tih prednosti su na većem nivou kardiorsoiratorne kondicije (VO2max) koja ima zaštitne efekte (Joyner, et al. 2009; Lee, Artero, Sui & Blair, 2010). U poslednje vreme izuzetno je popularan visokointenzivni intervalni trening (HIIT) (engl. High-intensity interval training) (Garber, Blissmer, Deschenes, Franklin, & Lamonte, 2011). Trening snage povezan je sa hipertrofijom mišića i povećanom sposobnošću stvaranja sile, dok je trening izdržljivosti povezan sa poboljšanim kapacitetom za aerobni metabolizam energije i otpornošću na umor. (Baar, 2006; Egan & Zierath, 2013; Hawley, Hargreaves, Joyner & Zierath, 2014 ). HIIt trening ima različite oblike, od aerobnnog intervalnog treninga do sprint intervalnog treninga. Od početka 20. veka za poboljšanje aerobne snage (maksimalnog unosa kiseonika, VO2max) obično se koristi aerobni intervalni trening, koji se postiže dugotrajnim kontinuitetom visokog i umerenog inteziteta (90-110% VO2max), sa pasivnim ili aktivnim periodima oporavka jednakog trajanja. (Billat, 2001). Značaj HIIT treninga ogleda se u podsticanju izlučivanja kateholamina, epinefrina (Williams, Zelt, Castellani, Little, Jung, et al. 2013), norepinefrina (Peake, Tan, Markworth, Broadbent, Skinner, et al. 2014) i hormona rasta (Freda, Shen, Heymsfield, Reyes-Vidal, Geer, et al. 2008), koji ubrzavaju razlaganje masti (Bracken & Brooks, 2010; Zouhal, Jacob, Delamarche, & Gratas-Delamarche, 2008 ). Takodje, HIIT trening dovodi do iscrpljenja mišićnog glikogena (Sperlich, De Marées, Koehler, et al. 2007) Ima važnu ulogu u poboljšanju kardiopulmonalne kondicije, (MacInnis & Gibala, 2017). Maksimalna potrošnja kiseonika VO2max predstavlja najveću količinu kiseonika koju organizam može primiti, tj. potrošiti tokom jednog minuta opterećenja maksimalnog intenziteta. Vrednost VO2max može biti direktno merena ili procenjivana, u zavisnosti od tehničkih karakteristika korišćene opreme, protokola testa, vremena i trajanja opterećenja (Armstrong, Welsman & Winsley, 1996). Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazala su da visokointenzivni intervalni trening (HIIT) efikasno utiče na unapređenje maksimalnog unosa kiseonika (VO2maks.), kao i ukupne mere kardiorespiratornog fitnesa ili aerobno funkcionalnog kapaciteta čoveka. (Riebe, et al. 2018; Baquet, et al. 2002; Lau, et al. 2014; Baquet, et al. 2001; Tjønna, et al. 2009). Novije studije ukazuju da viši intenzitet vežbanja učinkovitije deluje na poboljšanje VO2max od vežbanja umerenim intenzitetom (Gomley, et al. 2008) kao i na poboljšanje anaerobnih sposobnosti od kontinuirane metoda rada. (Pery, et al. 1998). Buduća istraživanja takođe bi trebalo da identifikuju optimalno vreme vežbanja visokog intenziteta za poboljšanje fizičkog, fiziološkog i kognitivnog zdravlja male dece. Ovo sistematsko pregledno istraživanje će obuhvatiti veliki broj testova sa visokim intezitetom (Shuttle runs (100–130 % MAS)), nakon primenjenih programa HIIT treninga kao i parametre koje se odnose na dužinu trajanja. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se na osnovu sistematskog pregleda velikog broja studija koji su se bavili uticajem intervalnim treninzima visokog inteziteta utvrditi efikasnost I uticaj HIIT treninga na poboljšanje VO2 kod školske dece.
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2. Metode
Pregled i analiza sprovedeni su u skladu sa PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) smernicama (Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D.G., 2009).
2.1. Strategija pretrage
Pretrage su vršene u sledećim elektronskim bazama: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science i Research Gate, koristeći sve dostupne radove do 30. aprila 2020.godine. Korišćene su sledeće ključne reči: „high-intensity interval“, „training“, „hiit“, „training“. Pretraga se pretežno odnosila na engleski jezik i originalne naučne radove iz dostupnih časopisa. U prvoj fazi pretrage, proverena je relevantnost naslova i apstrakata identifikovanih radova. U drugoj fazi pretrage, kompletni radovi su preuzeti i razmatrani za inkluziju. Reference iz svih sakupljenih radova su pregledane da bi se dobilo više istraživanja koja su proučavala ovu oblast.
2.2. Kriterijumi za uključivanje
Za odabir radova koji će biti uključeni u konačnu analizu su definisani sledeći kriterijumi za uključivanje: (1) originalni naučni radovi; (2) radovi bazirani na longitudinalnom dizajnu; (3) radovi pisani na engleskom jeziku; (4) uzorak ispitanika – školska deca; (5) eksperimentalni tretman u uslovima HIIT treninga; (6) minimalno dve grupe ispitanika (1 eksperimentalna – 1 kontrolna ili 2 i više eksperimentalnih); (7) radovi koji su obuhvatali uticaj HIIT treninga; (8) radovi koji su sadrzali testove za VO2; (9) radovi gde su testirana samo školska deca.
2.3. Kriterijumi za isključivanje
Na osnovu sledećih kriterijuma su radovi isključeni iz dalje analize: (1) radovi bazirani na transferzalnom dizajnu; (2) neadekvatan uzorak ispitanika; (3) radovi sa nedostatkom kontrolne grupe ili druge eksperimentalne grupe; (4) radovi u kome eksperimentalni tretman nije realizovan u uslovima HIIT treninga; (6) radovi u kojima nisu adekvatno prikazani rezultati ili nedostaju parametri koji su potrebni za dalju analizu; (7) radovi koji su bili zasnovani na studije slučaja.
2.4. Vađenje podataka
Prikupljena istraživanja koja su korišćena za ovaj rad prikazana su u Tabeli 1. Svako istraživanje je prikazano pomoću sledećih parametara: istraživanje (prvi autor i godina publikovanja rada), uzorak ispitanika (broj ispitanika (N),uzrast i grupe (E i K)), eksperimentalni tretman (praćene varijable, program i trajanje istraživanja) i rezultati. Vađenje podataka kao i provera izvađenih radova je realizovano nezavisno od strane autora.
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3. Rezultati
Tabela 1. Prikaz razultata. Merni
Uzrast Uzorak instrumene Istraži Traj ispitan Eksperimentalni ti (uzorak Rezultati vanje (god.) anje ika program testova i mera) N = 53 M=23 Baque Ž=30 K Δ= -0.01 ± 0.13 8-11 Shuttle runs (100– 7 t, et al. VO2 E Δ= 0.14 ± 0.13 130 % MAS) nedelja 2002 K=20 P= < 0.001 (14.1) E=33
N=100 SBJ, M=46 SAR, Baque K Δ= -0.04 ± 0.14 8-11 Ž=54 Shuttle runs (100– SHR, 7 t, et al. E Δ= 0.15 ± 0.11 130 % MAS) SUP, nedelja P= < 0.001 (14.4) 2004 E=47 MS. K=53 N=18 VO2peak= 43.2 ± Nourr M=11 VO2peak Shuttle runs (100– 8 7.6↑ y, et al. 9-10 Ž=7 VO2 130 % MAS) nedelja VO2=1.75 ± 0.44↑ E=9 Rpeak 2005 Rpeak=103 ± 25↑ K=9 1 Baque N= 77 MAV(km.h- ) CGΔ=0.1±0.4 9,6±1,0 M=43 22.22m (100%MAV) MAV, 7 CTGΔ=0.9±0.4 t, et al. Ž=34 24.44m (110%MAV) O2 nedelja ITGΔ=0.7±0.5 2010 26.66m (120%MAV) P<0.001 (15.5) Sperlic HRmax 13,5 ± HIIT -90% O2max 5 h, et al. M=19 HIIT-17,4± 1,5↑ 0,4 HVT- 60-75% 1000 m nedelja 2011 HVT-12,2± 0,6 De N=30 VO 2 Araujo 8-12 ET-80%HR ET-15 VO2 ET-3,1% , et al. HIIT-100%HR HIIT-15 HIT- 14,6%↑ 2012 N=48
M=36
Ž=12 Lau, et MAS 10,4 ± al. Trčanje (km·h−1) 0,9 K=12 6 LIIE- 100% MAV SWOC K= 10.8 ± 0.4 2015 LIIE= 21 nedelja HIIE-120% MAV LIIE=10.9 ± 0.1 HIIE=15 HIIE=10.9± 0.1
VO2 peak Lambr (F(1,51)=5.60, P < N=55 Igre za decu ic, et 8-10 VO_ 2 peak, 6 .05), M=32 , (prosječni 93% HR al. Brzina trčanja nedelja Brzina Ž=23 maks. ) 2016 trčanja(F(1,51) = 7.01, P <.05;
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VO2max(mlO2·Kg Huerta N=28 13± 0,6 8 -1·min-1) , et al. K=14 20mSRT VO2max nedelja K= 0.015 E=14 2017 E= 0.245↑ N=57 MOD M=47 20MSFT 26.8 %↑ Ž=10 CMJ 7.3↑ 20 MSFT, Baker, HIT=17 HIT 15,4 ± CMJ, 7 et al. (visoki VO2max 20MSFT 8,3↑ 0,7 505 agilititest sprint nedelja int.) CMJ 5,1% ↑ 2020 od 10 m. MOD =40 Spring 10 m 1,5% (umereni ↑ int.) 505agilnom 5%↑ * Značajno različito kod pre testa na p <0,05; Δ-razlika između post-i pre treninga; P značajno se razlikuje od prethodnog testa (p <0,001); MAV-maksimalna aerobna brzina; CTG- kontinuiranog treninga; CG- kontrolnoj skupini; ITG ili CG- povremenoj grupi za obuku ; SBJ- Skok u skoku u vis; SAR- sit-and-doseg; SHR -10 x 5 metara vožnja šatlom; SUP- sit-up-ovi; MS- maksimalna brzina šatla; GXT- max aerobni kapacitet; LIIE i HIIE- Prekidne vježbe s nižim i većim intenzitetom; CMJ- countermovement jump; ↑ poboljšanje; 20mSRT- test Course Navette; ET- trening izdržljivosti; HIT- sprinter intervalni trening; VO 2- Potrošnja kiseonika; CO 2- izlaz ugljičnog dioksida; HR- Otkucaji srca; VO 2peak - Najveća potrošnja kiseonika. 4. Diskusija
Ova studija je urađena sa ciljem da sistematski prikaže studije koje su se bavile visokointenzivnim intervalnim treningom školske dece. Glavni nalaz ove studije je da je trening visokointenzivnim intervalom efikasan za poboljšanje aerobnih sposobnosti kod školske dece.Ukupno 403 relevantne studije identifikovane su pretraživanjem baze podataka. Nakon uklanjanja duplikata, ostalo je 214 studija. Na osnovu pregleda naslova i apstrakta, 40 studija je odbačeno (nakon analize naslova 17; a 23 nakon analize apstrakta). Kompletan tekst 189 preostalih radova je uzeto u detaljnu analizu. Svaka studija je pročitana i selektovana na osnovu karakteristike studije, informacije o ispitanicama, opisa programa treninga i rezultata studija. Prema kriterijumima za uključivanje , 42 studije su isključene jer nisu ispunjavale kriterijume za uključivanje, dok je 10 studija koje su zadovoljile kriterijume za uključivanje uključeno u sistematski pregled. Sve studije koje su zadovoljavale kriterijume za ukljičivanje bile su originalna naučna istraživanja objavljena na engleskom jeziku između 2002. i aprila 2020. Ukupan broj uzorka je bio 485 ispitanika muškog i ženskog pola. Starost ispitanika kretala se u rasponu od 8 do 15 godina. Studije koje su sproveli (Baquet, et al 2002) sa sedmonedeljnim programom, pokazala je da aerobni trening visokog inteziteta dva puta nedeljno kod dečaka i devojčica dovodi do značajnog povećanja VO2, koje je povezano sa povećanjem aerobnih performani. Isti saradnici (Baquet, et al 2004) dve godine kasnije radili su program intenzivnog trčanja visokog inteziteta koji je takodje pokazao značajno poboljšanje aerobnih performansi kod dece oba bola. Takodje, dobro individualizovane kontinuirane i povremene sesije, utiču na značajno povećanje O2 maksimalnu aerobnu brzinu. Tako da primenom adekvatnih kombinacija vežbi visokog inteziteta, mogu značajno uticati za povećanje aerobne kondicije. (Baquet, et al 2010). Sedmonedeljni program HIIT je vremenski učinkovit način za poboljšanje komponenti zdravlja. S obzirom na kratko trajanje časova fizičkog vaspitanja, HIIT 33 treninzi mogu biti dobar odabir za zdravstveni odgoj dece i adolescenata (Baker, et al 2020). U studiji (Huerta, et al 2017) koju su sproveli u osmonedeljnom trajanju visokog inteziteta dokazali su da deca koja su fižički aktivna više sati nedeljno imaju progresivno povećanje VO2max i maksimalni broj otkucaja srca. Takođe, (Nourry, et al 2005) su sproveli osmonedeljni program treninga sa intenzivnim trčanjem koji je uticao na poboljšanje vitalnog kapaciceta i VO2max. Kod prepubertalne dece povremeni trening trčanja visokog intenziteta izazvao je promene plućne funkcije u mirovanju i izmenjenu ventilaciju vežbanja. Tokom vežbanja, ventilacija postaje sporija i dublja što omogućava bolju efikasnost. Ovi korisni efekti dobijeni su nakon kratkog perioda treninga (8 nedelja) koji bi se lako mogao integrisati u ciklus izdržljivosti nastave fizičkog vaspitanja za školsku decu. Nalazi pokazuju da HIIT (6 puta nedeljno) značajno smanjuje telesnu masnoću (kožne nabore), povećava aerobni kapacitet i funkcionalnu sposobnost hodanja kod dece sa viškom kilograma. Shodno tome, efikasnost vežbanja sa povremenim trčanjem može biti privlačnija deci sa viškom kilograma u poređenju s tradicionalnim vežbama neprekidnog trčanja. Takođe, vežba s isprekidanim trčanjem nižeg i većeg intenziteta može doprineti modifikaciji ponašanja na dva načina: vremenskoj efikasnosti i percepciji podnošljivih fizičkih napora. Učinkovitost vežbi trčanja sa prekidima može biti privlačnija deci sa viškom kilograma i može rezultirati poboljšanim programima vežbanja (Lau, et al 2014). Lambrick, et al (2016) su takođe primenili šest nedelja programa vežbi visokog inteziteta u obliku igara, koje mogu poboljšati kardiorespiratorne performanse i antropometrijske mere, kod dečaka i devojčica od 8 do 10 godina. Konkretno, ova studija je pokazala poboljšanja u maksimalnom funkcionalnom kapacitetu (VO2 max i maksimalna brzina trčanja, smanjeni trošak O2 tokom submaksimalne vežbe i poboljšani indeksi telesnog sastava) za onu decu koja su aktivna u programu vežbanja. Intervencija vežbanja visokog intenziteta zasnovana na igrama može povećati osećaj uživanja i intriktivno motivisati decu da nastave da se bave vežbanjem po završetku programa. HIIT od pet nedelja trenažnog postupka trebalo bi smatrati efikasnom metodom treniranja u fudbalskim igrama kada je vreme trenažnog postupka kratko. Međutim, treba voditi računa od potencijalnog rizika od pretreniranosti ili povrede (Sperlich, et al 2011). Istraživanjem razlika između HIIT i treninga izdržljivosti su podjednako efikasni u poboljšanju važnih zdravstvenih parametara (npr. Aerobna kondicija, osetljivost na insulin, BMI) kod gojazne dece (De Araujo, er al 2012). 5. Zaključak
Intervalnim treninzima visokog inteziteta dovodi do poboljšanja VO2, VO2max, O2 i drugih fiziloških parametara kod školske dece primenom različitih intervalnih treninga visokog inteziteta. Programi od šest, deset i dvanaest nedelja, dovode do poboljšanja fizioloških parametara školske dece, dok se sedmonedeljni program visokointervalnih treninga pokazao kao najbolji program u odnosu na trajanje i intezitet programa. Ovo sistematsko pregledno istraživanje pruža dokaze o koristnim efektima intervalnim treninzima visokog inteziteta. Primenom HIIT programa dolazi do pozitivnih promena u rezultatima testova za aerobne i anereobne sposobnosti. Na osnovu analize i diskusije radova koji su uzeti u
34 sistematsko istraživanje može se zaključiti da prema dužini trajanja programa , minimalni period gde može doći do poboljšanja VO2 i VO2max i drugih fizioloških sposobnosti je šest nedelja, a da uobičajno nedeljno opterećenje bude dva do tri treninga nedeljno. Analizirane studije su potvrdile da je ova vrsta treninga pogodna za poboljšanje sposobnosti kod školske dece koji uz glavni trening primenjuju i pliometrjiski trening. HIIT trening može dosta da doprinese, kao redovan program u treniranju, poboljšanju fizioloških sposobnosti koje su jako bitne za pravilan rast i razvoj. Pliometrijski trening je jednostavan za organizovanje, a postoji širok spektar programa i vežbi, kao i testova za procenu VO2 i VO2max.
Značaj ovog istraživanja je u tome što pruža informacije o uticaju HIIT programa vežbanja kod ispitanika koji su školskog uzrasta, odnosno do kakvih promena dolazi u vrednostima VO2 I VO2max primenom HIIT treninga, na osnovu sistematskog pregleda radova koji su imali isti ili sličan cilj istraživanja. Dosadašnja istraživanja sadrže potrebne informacije o polu, starosti ispitanika, trajanju programa, intezitetu vežbanja i ostvarenim efektima. Na osnovu ovih podataka analizom rezultata dobili smo informacije koji je program najbolji za poboljšanje VO2 I VO2max kod školske dece oba pola, da li se ostvareni efekti razlikuju u odnosu na početku testiranja i nakon primenjenog programa HIIT treninga. REFERENCE
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HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAININGS IN SCHOOLCHILDREN
REVIEW ARTICLE Abstract: High-intensity interval training is used to improve maximum oxygen intake and aerobic functional capacity of school children. So far, it has been discovered that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is effective in improving anaerobic capacity. Aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness and impact of HIIT training on the improvement of VO2 in schoolchildren based on a systematic review of a large number of studies that have addressed the impact of high-intensity interval training. Following electronic databases were searched: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Research Gate, using all papers available by April 30, 2020. The following keywords were used: "high-intensity interval", "training", "HIIT", "training". The search was mostly related to English and original scientific papers from available journals. In the first phase of the search, the relevance of the titles and abstracts of the identified papers was checked. In the second phase of the search, the complete papers were downloaded and considered for inclusion. References from all collected papers were reviewed to obtain more research that studied this area. Total of 10 studies met the criteria and were included into the systematic review. High-intensity interval training leads to the improvement of VO2, VO2max, O2 and other physiological parameters in school children by applying various high-intensity interval training programs. Programs in duration of six, ten and twelve weeks lead to the improvement of physiological parameters of school children, while the seven-week program of high-interval training proved to be the best program in relation to the duration and intensity of the program. Based on the analysis and discussion of the papers observed in the systematic research, it can be concluded that, according to the duration of the program, the minimum period where VO2 and VO2max and other physiological abilities can improve is six weeks, and the usual weekly load is two to three workouts per week.
Keywords: HIIT, VO2, VO2max, O2, school children.
Primljeno: 30.10.2020. Odobreno: 07.12.2020.
Korespondencija: Ilma Čaprić Fakultet Sporta i Fizičkog Vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Nišu Čarnojevića 10a, 18000 Niš, Srbija Tel.: +381 66 151 063 e-mail: [email protected]
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DEFORMITETI KOLENA KOD FUDBALERA- META ANALIZA
1Joksimović Marko, 2Lilić Ana, 3Gardašević Novica, 4Goranović Kosta DOI10.7251/SIZ2001039J 1 Fudbalski klub Nacional, Podgorica, Crna Gora ISSN 1840-152X 2 Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Nišu, Srbija UDK 796.332:621.828 3 Osnovna škola Dobrislav Đ. Perunović, Nikšić, Crna Gora http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 4 Fakultet za sportski menadžment, Univerzitet Donja Gorica, https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ Podgorica, Crna Gora
PREGLEDNI NAUČNI ČLANAK Apstrakt: U fudbalu zglob kolena je jedan od najopterećenijih zglobova u toku same igre, posebno kod profesionalnih fudbalera gde su veći fizički zahtevi. Faktore kao što su rasa, težina, vitaminski doprinos, poremećaji metabolizma / hormona, okruženje i fudbalska praksa može da utiče na ugao kolena. Cilј rada bio je utvrditi uticaj bavlјenja fudbalom na promjene u kolenom zglobu. Za pretraživanje literature korišćene su sledeće elektronske baze: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EBSCO u periodu od 2006 do 2019 godine. Uzorak ispitanika obuhvatio je populaciju muškog pola koji su se bavili fudbalom, koji su bili različitog trenažnog statusa i uzrasnih kategorija. Studije su bile uklјučene isklјučivo ukoliko su prikazane razlike u uglu kolena – genu varuma ili genu valguma kod fudbalera. Većina istraživača je došlo do zaklјučka da postoji značajni razlike u zglobu kolena kod ispitanika koji su se bavili fudbalom i ispitanika koji se nisu bavili sportom. Autori smatraju da je najkritičniji period u kojem mogu nastati deformiteti jeste period adolescencije, dok se kasnije taj proces usporava. Osobe koje su se bavile nekim drugim sportom, kao i fudbaleri, imaju povećan rizik za nastanak deformiteta kolena. Iz pregledanih radova možemo zaklјučiti da intezivna fizička vežba i učestalo takmičenje može potstaći nastanak deformiteta.
Klјučne reči: genu varum, genu valgum, fudbal, deformiteti, koleno, sport
1. Uvod
Genu varum je jedan od uglovnih deformiteta kolena. To je jedna od najčešćih anatomskih varijacija muskuloskeletnog poravnanja. (Asadi, Mirbolook, Heidarzadeh, Kivi, Meybodi, et al. 2015). Ovaj poremećaj spada u deformitete donjih ekstremiteta. To je simetričan deformitet sa devijaciom donjih ekstremiteta, čiji je konveksite okrenut u polјe. Karakteristika genu varuma ogleda se u činjenici, da kod ovog deformiteta nije zahvaćen samo koleni zglob, već je zahvaćen jedan deo natkolenice i jedan deo potkolenice (Milenković, 2007). Genu valgum je poremećaj kod koga je narušen fiziološki odnos natkolenice i potkolenice. Osim estetskih problema, osobe koje imaju genu valgum imaju još dosta objektivnih problema. Oni 39 se ogledaju u bolovima lociranim sa medijalne strane kukova, kolena i stopala (Milenković, 2007). Fudbal postavlјa značajne fizičke i fiziološke zahteve za mlade sportiste Buchheit, Mendez-Villanueva, Simpson, & Bourdon, (2010) i stoga je i prisutan visok rizik od povrede (Price, Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2004). Osim fizioloških, psiholoških i socioloških pozitivnih efekata fudbala za njegove igrače, takmičarski i kontinuirani trenažni procesi uvek imaju negativne efekte. U fudbalu zglob kolena je jedan od najopterećenijih zglobova u toku same igre, posebno kod profesionalnih fudbalera gde su veći fizički zahtevi. Chantraine (1985) smatra da velika količina naprezanja i stresa koji se nanosi na zglob u toku rasta i adolescencije može doprineti deformitetu. Neusklađenost donjih ekstremiteta, posebno kolena, može biti u vezi sa nestabilnošću zglobova i bolom (Severino, Camargo, Aihara, Cury, Oliveira, et al. 1998). Poremećaji u strukturi takođe mogu izazvati probleme u mišićnoj potpori, tetivama i ligamentima menjajući se funkcija kolena (Ahlberg, Moussa, & Al-Nahdi, 1988). Najveća učestalost povreda i deformiteta je prikazana kod starijih igrača (Read, Oliver, Croix, Myer, Belashaw, et al. 2018), međutim, povećan rizik je takođe prikazan tokom perioda ubrzanog rasta ( Read, Oliver, De Ste Croix, Myer, & Lloyd, 2016; Van der Sluis, Elferink-Gemser, Coelho-e-Silva, Nijboer, Brink, et al. 2014). To se može pripisati privremenom smanjenju u motoričkoj kontroli koja se odlikuje smanjenom sposobnošću da se efikasno kontrolišu ekstremitet, kretanje i kompletni atletski zadaci ( Philippaerts, Vaeyens, Janssens, Van Renterghem, Matthys, et al. 2006; Witvrouw, Danneels, Thijs, Cambier, & Bellemans, 2009). Oni su ispitivali i uglove u kolenom zglobu kod fudbalera i da li postoje razlike kod osoba koje se bave fidbalom i osoba koje nisu aktivne u sportskim aktivnostima. Osim toga, ako se genu varum češće javlјa kod fudbalera potrebno je definisati koji je to tačno ugao u kolenom zgolbu koji se može definisati kao deformitet koji pretstavlјa problem za dalјe sportske aktivnosti. Faktore kao što su rasa, težina, vitaminski doprinos, poremećaji metabolizma hormona, okruženje i fudbalska praksa mogu da utiču na ugao kolena (Volpon, Abreu, Furchi, & Nisiyama, 1986; Witvrouw et al., 2009). Autori Rezende, Santos, Araújo, & Matsudo, (2011) su se bavili uglom u zglobu kolena prema hronološkom dobu kod fudbalera i studenata, kao i povezanost između ugla u kolenu, antropometrije i neuromotorne varijable fizičke kondicije. Efekti nivoa aktivnosti tokom različitih faza adolescencije i ugao genu varuma, kao i dominacija jedne noge na ugao kod fudbalera bavili su se istraživači (Colyn, Arnout, Verhaar, & Bellemans, 2016). Na osnovu svega navedenog cilј rada bio je utvrditi uticaj bavlјenja fudbalom na promjene u kolenom zglob.
2. Metode
Za pretraživanje literature korišćene su sledeće elektronske baze: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EBSCO u periodu od 2006 do 2019 godine. Pretraživanje
40 je vršeno korišćenjem sledećih klјučnih reči (samomstalno ili u kombinaciji): genu varum, genu valgum, soccer, deformity, knee, sports. Strategija pretraživanja je modifikovana za svaku elektronsku bazu, gde je to bilo moguće, u cilјu povećanja senzitivnosti. Svi naslovi i apstrakti su pregledani za potencijalne radove koji će biti uklјučeni u sistematski pregled. Relevantne studije su dobijene nakon detalјnog, pregleda, ukoliko su ispunile kriterijume za uklјučivanje. Kriterijumi za sistematizaciju koji su uklјučeni u analizu su sledeći: epidemiološk i transverzalne, kontrolisane randomizirane i nerandomizirane studije o razlikama u uglu kolena pisane na engleskom jeziku su uklјučene u analizu. Uzorak ispitanika obuhvatio je populaciju muškog pola koji su se bavili fudbalom, koji su bili različitog trenažnog statusa i uzrasnih kategorija. Studije su bile uklјučene isklјučivo ukoliko su prikazane razlike u uglu kolena – genu varuma ili genu valguma kod fudbalera. Kriterijumi za isklјučivanje bili su: 1. studije koje su pisane na drugom jeziku, osim na engleskom; 2. ukoliko istraživanja nisu imala fudbalere za uzorak ispitanika; 3. ukoliko su ispitivali bolesti koje nastaju nakon fudbalske karijere. Odabir selekcije radova prikazan je na grafikonu 1.
Identifikacija Prva pretraga 91 istraživanje
Skrining 86 istraživanja je izbačeno radova na osnovu naslova.
38 istraživanja su bila u obliku duplikata Prihvatljivost 19 istraživanja je bilo u drugom uvidu gde su razmatrani apstrakt i ceo tekst
Uključeni 10 istraživanja finalno u radovi sistematizaciji i na osnovu kriterijuma za uključivanje.
Grafik 1. Skica postupka pronalaska istraživanja koja se odnose na datu temu
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3. Rezultati
Na osnovu kriterijuma sistematizovana istraživanja su podelјena u dve grupe: deformiteti kolena kod fudbalera adolescenata (do 18 godina) i deformiteti kolena kod fudbalera seniora (fudbaleri preko 18 godina). Deformiteti kolena kod fudbalera adolescenata mogu se naći u radovima: Read, Oliver, Croix, Myer, Belashaw, et al., (2018); Asadi, Mirbolook, Heidarzadeh, Kivi, Meybodi, et al., (2015); Thaller, Fürmetz, Chen, Degen, Manzn, et al. (2018); Witvrouw, Danneels, Thijs, Cambier, & Bellemans, (2009); Rezende, Santos, Araújo, & Matsudo, (2011); Thijs, Bellemans, Rombaut, & Witvrouw, (2012). Deformiteti kolena kod fudbalera seniora mogu se naći u radovima: Colyn, Arnout, Verhaar, & Bellemans, (2016); Yaniv, Becker, Goldwirt, Khamis, Steinberg, & Weintroub, (2006); Melekoğlu & Işın, (2019); Nejad & Daneshmandi, (2013) tabela 1.
Tabela 1. Prikaz analiziranih istraživanja Refere God P Uzora N Varijable Rezultati Zaklјučak nca ine ol k Valgus kolena je Periodi brzog rasta smanjen sa Antropometrija, povezani su sa sazrevanjem ali nivo zrelosti, kinetikom sletanja Read jedine značajne 10- Fudba kinetički i koja može povećati P. 347 M razlike između 18 leri kinematički rizik od povreda, dok grupa su bile (2018) parametri su smanjenja valgusa prikazane u visini prilikom skoka. kolena prikazana uz nakon skoka sazrevanje (p<0.05) I fudbaleri i Visinu, težinu, nesportisti su imali indeks telesne genum varum. mase (BMI), Međutim, učestalost Postoji veća učestalos godine učešća u genu varuma bila je genu varuma kod fudbalu, veća kod fudbalera fudbalera nego kod Fudba nedelјni prosek Asadi (p=0.0001) i bio je nesportista. 150 10- leri i igranja fudbala, K., M češći u starosnoj Naprezanje i 0 18 nespo prethodne grupi od 16 do 18 opterećenje zgloba (2015) rtisti povrede na godina (p=0.0001). kolena doveo je do donjim Prethodne povrede ozbilјnijeg genu ekstremitetima, dovele su do varuma i udalјenost povećanja stepena linija zgloba genu varuma između kolena. (p=0.0001) Značajna vrednost u Thalle Fudba srednjim Intezivno igranje 161 leri i Interkondilarna vrednostima fudbala tokom godina r P. 7-8 M 1 nespo udalјenost interkondilarne rasta može doprineti (2018) rtisti udalјenosti za ove razvoju genu varuma dve grupe (p=0.05) U periodu od 16 do Period rasta i razvoja Fudba Witvro Interkondilarna 18 godina značajno u adolescenciji leri i uw E. 794 8-18 M i intermaleolna veći stepen genu pokazuje veću nespo udalјenost varuma bio je kod osetlјivost za pojavu (2009) rtisti fudbalera u odnosu genu varuma kod 42
na nesportiste fudbalera (p=0.028) Fudbaleri su pokazali veći stepen Fudbaleri su pokazali genu varuma u značajniji genu varum Interkondilarna odnosu na Fudba od onih koji nisu Rezen i intermaleolna nesportiste 14- leri i sportisti (fudbaleri). de L, 128 M udalјenost, (p<0.05). Genu 17 nespo Ovi rezultati podupiru visina, težina, valgum je bio manje (2011) rtisti hipotezu da fudbal brzina i agilnost upečatlјiv kod vodi ka većem genu fudbalera nego kod varumu nesportista (p<0.05) Fudba Ugao kuk-koleno- Aktivno sportsko leri i skočni zglob bio je učešće u fudbalu Colyn, ispita Ugao u kuku, 20- znatno niži kod tokom mladosti W. 200 M nici kolenu i 27 fudbalera nego kod povezano je sa varus drugih skočnom zglobu (2016) ostalih sportista poravnanjem na kraju sporto (p<0.001) rasta kod muškaraca va Fudba leri i Poređenja između ostali sportista i Iz rezultata ove sporti nesportista studije može se Thijs, sti u Interkondilarna pokazala su da zaklјučiti da je Y. 521 7-18 M poređ i intermaleolna sportisti, dečaci, praktikovanje (2012) enju udalјenost imaju značajno veći opterećenja sportom sa stepen varuma od povezano sa pojavom nespo 13 do 15 godina genu varuma rtisti (p=0.01) ma Utvrđena je značajno veća učestalost varusa kolena kod Odstupanje u osi Fudba Yaniv, Interkondilarna fudbalera u odnosu kolena varusa bila je 10- leri i M. 106 M i intermaleolna na tenisere. Razlike češća kod fudbalera 21 tenise udalјenost u nterkondilarnoj adolescenata nego (2006) ri udalјenosti bila je kod tenisera statistički značajna nakon 13 godina (p<0.001) Kao rezultat ove studije utvrđeno je da Vrednosti nivo učešća na interkondilarne fudbalskim udalјenosti bile su Fudba treninzima značajno Melek Interkondilarna znatno veće u 18± leri i povećava oğlu, T. 40 M i ugao elitnoj grupi 1.4 nespo interkondilarnu kvadricepsa fudbalera nego kod (2029) rtisti udalјenost. Najveće amatera i vrednosti ugla nesportista kvadricepsa (p<0.001) primećene su kod fudbalera amatera
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4. Diskusija
Priroda fudbalskih vežbi vrši veliki pritisak na butine, noge, zglobove i stomak. Prekomerno treniranje i ponavlјani pokreti mogu prouzrokovati poremećaje držanja tela u zglobovima sportista, posebno u kolenskom zglobu (Shamas Abrigh, & Moghaddami, 2020). U radu Read, Oliver, Croix, Myer, Belashaw, et al., (2018) autori su pored kinematičkih i kinetičkih parametara ispitivali i antropometrijske karakteristike fudbalera i nivo zrelosti. Došli su do rezultata da se prilikom doskoka u toku sazrevanja genu valgum smanjuje. U svom radu su došli do zaklјučka da se valgus kolena smanjuje kako sportista raste i sazreva. Asadi, Mirbolook, Heidarzadeh, Kivi, Meybodi, et al., (2015) rezultati njihovog istraživanja pokazuju da je učestalost genu varum bila veća kod fudbalera (p<0.0001) i bio je češći u starosnoj grupi od 16 do 18 godina (p<0.0001). Takođe, prethodne povrede na donjim ekstremitetima mogu povećati rizik od nastajanja genu varuma. Trenažno i takmičarsko naprezanje i opterećenje zgloba kolena može da dovede do ozbilјnijeg genu varuma. Autori Thaller, Fürmetz, Chen, Degen, Manzn, et al., (2018) su ispitivali interkondilarnu udalјenost kod fudbalera i nesportista. Došli su do rezultata gde se srednje vrednosti ove dve grupe značajno statistički razlikuju p< .05, gde je interkondinalna udalјenost znatno veća kod fudbalera. Intenzivno bavlјenje fudbalom tokom godina rasta može doprineti razvoj genu varuma. Rezultati istraživanja do kojih su došli Witvrouw, Danneels, Thijs, Cambier, & Bellemans, (2009) govore da u periodu od 16 do 18 godine značajno veći stepen genu varuma bio je kod fudbalera u odnosu na nesportiste (p<0.028). Zaklјučili su da period rasta i razvoja u adolescenciji pokazuje veću osetlјivost za pojavu genu varuma kod ispitanika koji se bave intezivnom fizičkom vežbom (fudbalom). Rezende, Santos, Araújo, & Matsudo, (2011) su istraživali odnos genu varuma i genu valguma kod fudbalera i ispitanika koji se ne bave sportom. Rezultati njihovog istraživanja su pokazali da fudbaleri imaju veći stepen genu varuma u odnosu na nesportiste (p <.05), dok je genu valgum bio manje upečatlјiv kod fudbalera nego kod ne sportista (p <.05). Iz ovih rezultata se može zaklјučiti da fudbal vodi ka većem genu varumu, a da su manje osetlјivi na pojavu genu valguma. Istraživanje koje su sproveli autori Thijs, Bellemans, Rombaut, & Witvrouw, (2012) gde su ispitivali pojavu genu varuma kod fudbalera, sportista koji se bave nekim drugim sportom i ispitanika koji se ne bave intezivno fizičkom aktivnošću došli su do sledećih rezultata. Dečaci koji su se bavili fudbalom i dečaci koji su se bavili nekim drugim sportom imaju značajno veći stepen varuma od 13 do 15 godina (p<0,01). Iz rezultata ove studije može se zaklјučiti da je praktikovanje opterećenja sportom, bez obzira na vrstu sporta, povezano sa pojavom genum varuma. Autori Colyn, Arnout, Verhaar, & Bellemans, (2016) ispitivali su fudbalere seniore i ispitanici koji su se bavili drugim sportovima. Varijable koje su pratili su ugao kuk-koleno-skočni zglob. Rezultati u ovim
44 varijablama pokazuju da je ugao bio znatno niži kod fudbalera nego kod ostalih spotista (p<0,001). Aktivno sportsko učešće u fudbalu tokom mladosti povezano je sa varus poravnanjem na kraju rasta kod muškaraca. Yaniv, Becker, Goldwirt, Khamis, Steinberg, & Weintroub, (2006) su istraživali razlike u genu varumu kod fudbalera i tenisera. Rezultati do kojih su došli pokazuju značajno veću učestalost varusa kolena kod fudbalera u odnosu na tenisere. Razlika u interkondilarnoj udalјenosti bila je statistički značajna (p <0,001). Zaklјučili su da odstupanje u osi kolena varusa bilo je češće kod fudbalera nego kod tenisera. Rezultati istraživanje koje su sproveli Melekoğlu & Işın, (2019), gde su kao parametre genu varuma koristili interkondilarni ugao i ugao kvadricepsa, pokazuju da su vrednosti interkondilarne udalјenosti bile značajno veće kod fudbalera profesionalaca nego kod amatera i nesportista (p <0,001). Utvrđeno je da nivo učešća na fudbalskim treninzima značajno povećava interkondilarnu udalјenost. Najveće vrednosti ugla kvadricepsa primećene su kod fudbalera amatera. Istraživanje koje su sproveli autori Nejad & Daneshmandi, (2013) i njihovi rezultati koji su pokazali značajne razlike između ugla kvadricepsa, genu varuma i genu valguma između fudbalera i nesportista (p ≤0.05) govore da intezivna fizička vežba utiče na formiranje razvoju donjih ekstremiteta.
5. Zaklјučak
U obuhvaćeoj sistematizaciji istraživanja koja je za cilј rada imala ispitati uticaj fudbalske igre na ugao u kolenom zglobu kod fudbalera – došlo se do sledećih zaklјučaka: Većina istraživača je došla do zaklјučka da postoji značajni razlike u zglobu kolena kod ispitanika koji su se bavili fudbalom i ispitanika koji se nisu bavili sportom. Autori smatraju da je najkritičniji period u kojem mogu nastati deformiteti jeste period adolescencije, dok se kasnije taj proces usporava. Osobe koje su se bavile nekim drugim sportom, kao i fudbaleri, imaju povećan rizik za nastanak deformiteta kolena. Iz pregledanih radova možemo zaklјučiti da intezivna fizička vežba i učestalo takmičenje, kako u periodu adolescencije tako i kasnije može potstaći nastanak deformiteta. Uticaj fudbala i fizičke aktivnosti kod ispitanika potstiče pojavu genu varum, dok se genu valgum slabije pojavlјuje.
REFERENCE
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Buchheit, M., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Simpson, B. M., & Bourdon, P. C. (2010). Match running performance and fitness in youth soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(11), 818-825. Chantraine, A. L. E. X. (1985). Knee joint in soccer players: osteoarthritis and axis deviation. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, 17(4), 434-439. Colyn, W., Arnout, N., Verhaar, J. A., & Bellemans, J. (2016). How does lower leg alignment differ between soccer players, other athletes, and non-athletic controls? Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 24(11), 3619-3626, doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4348-y. Melekoğlu, T., & Işın, A. (2019). The Relationship Between Football Participation Level and Lower Leg Alignment in Youth Males: Genu Varum. Journal of Education & Training Studies, 7(2), 137-141, doi:10.11114/jets.v7i2.3955. Nejad, S., M., T., & Daneshmandi, H. (2013). The Study of Knee Alignment in Elite Soccer Players. International Journal of Sport Studies, 3 (3), 242-245. Philippaerts, R. M., Vaeyens, R., Janssens, M., Van Renterghem, B., Matthys, D., Craen, R., Bourgois, J., Vrijens, J., Beunen, G., & Malina, R. M. (2006). The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(3), 221-230. Price, R. J., Hawkins, R. D., Hulse, M. A., & Hodson, A. (2004). The Football Association medical research programme: an audit of injuries in academy youth football. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(4), 466-471. Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., Croix, M. B. D. S., Myer, G. D., Belashaw, A., & Lloyd, R. S. (2018). Altered landing mechanics are shown by male youth soccer players at different stages of maturation. Physical Therapy in Sports, 33 ,48-53, doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.07.001 Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., De Ste Croix, M. B., Myer, G. D., & Lloyd, R. S. (2018). An audit of injuries in six English professional soccer academies. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(13), 1542-1548. Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., De Ste Croix, M. B., Myer, G. D., & Lloyd, R. S. (2016). The scientific foundations and associated injury risks of early soccer specialisation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(24), 2295-2302. Rezende, L. F. M. D., Santos, M. D., Araújo, T. L., & Matsudo, V. K. R. (2011). Does soccer practice stress the degrees of Genu Varo?. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 17(5), 329-333. Severino, N. R., Camargo, O. P. A., Aihara, T. A. T. S. U. O., Cury, R. P., Oliveira, V. M., Vercesi, A. E., Filho, M.F., Barbi,L., & Medeiros, S. F. (1998). Realinhamento do aparelho extensor na luxação patelofemoral recidivante. Rev Bras Ortop, 33(4), 249-51. Shams Abrigh, H., Moghaddami, A. (2020). The corrective effect of an NASM based resistance exercise on genu varum deformity in teenage football players. DYSONA - Life Science, 1(1), 14-19. doi: 10.30493/dls.2020.103721 Thaller, P. H., Fürmetz, J., Chen, F., Degen, N., Manz, K. M., & Wolf, F. (2018). Bowlegs and Intensive Football Training in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 115(24), 401-408, doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0401.
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Thijs, Y., Bellemans, J., Rombaut, L., & Witvrouw, E. (2012). Is high-impact sports participation associated with bowlegs in adolescent boys?. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(6), 993-998, doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182407ca0. Van der Sluis, A., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Nijboer, J. A., Brink, M. S., & Visscher, C. (2014). Sport injuries aligned to peak height velocity in talented pubertal soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(04), 351-355 Volpon, J. B., Abreu, E. M. A. D., Furchi, G., & Nisiyama, C. Y. (1986). Estudo populacional do alinhamento do joelho no plano frontal durante o desenvolvimento. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia, 21(3), 91-6. Witvrouw, E., Danneels, L., Thijs, Y., Cambier, D., & Bellemans, J. (2009). Does soccer participation lead to genu varum? Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 17(4), 422-427. Yaniv, M., Becker, T., Goldwirt, M., Khamis, S., Steinberg, D. M., & Weintroub, S. (2006). Prevalence of bowlegs among child and adolescent soccer players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 16(5), 392-396. Milenković, S. (2007). Korektivna gimnastika teorija i vežbe. Niš: SIA
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KNEE DEFORMITES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS – META ANALYSIS
REVIEW ARTICLE Abstract: In football, the knee joint is one of the most stressed joints during the game itself, especially for professional football players where there are higher physical requirements. Factors such as race, weight, vitamin contribution, metabolic / hormone disorders, environment and football practice can affect the knee angle. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of playing football on changes in the knee joint. The following electronic databases were used to search the literature: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EBSCO in the period from 2006 to 2019. The sample of respondents included the male participants who played football, who were of different training status and age categories. The studies were included only if there were differences in the angle of the knee – genu varum or genu valgum in football players. Most researchers concluded that there are significant differences in the knee joint in respondents who played football and respondents who play no sports. The authors believe that the most critical period in which deformities can occur is the period of adolescence, while later this process slows down. People who have played other sports, as well as football players, have an increased risk of developing knee deformities. From the reviewed works, we can conclude that intense physical exercise and frequent competition can encourage the development of deformities.
Key words: genu varum, genu valgum, soccer, deformity, knee, sports.
Primljeno: 29.09.2020. Odobreno: 04.12.2020.
Korespondencija: Marko Joksimović Fudbalski klub Nacional, Podgorica, Crna Gora Ljajkovići bb, 81000 Podgorica, Crna Gora Tel.: +382 67 809349 e-mail:[email protected]
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PLANIRANJE I PROGRAMIRANJE TRENINGA U NATJECATELJSKOM PERIODU U ŽENSKOM NOGOMETU
DOI 10.7251/SIZ2001049A ISSN 1840-152X 1Luka Androja, UDK 796.015.2:796.332 1 http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ Veronika Terzić https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 1Visoka škola Aspira, Split, Hrvatska
STRUČNI ČLANAK Apstrakt: Planiranje i programiranje treninga čine vrlo složen proces, a posebno planiranje i programiranje tijekom natjecateljskog perioda. Natjecanje u ženskom nogometu traje sveukupno pet do šest mjeseci i podjeljeno je u dvije podsezone. Natjecateljski period je period mezociklusa koji je sačinjen od više mikrociklusa. U tom periodu ostvaruje se intenzivan trenažni rad kako bi nogometašice došle do najveće razine svojih sposobnosti. Treneri trebaju znati upravljati sportskom formom s ciljem da nogometašice najspremnije dočekaju najvažniju fazu natjecanja. Da bi se ista održala potrebno je provoditi treninge specifičnih i situacijskih kondicijskih vježbi koje povezuju funkcionalne, motoričke i tehničko- taktičke ciljeve. Intenzitet ovakvih treninga bi trebao biti vrlo visok (80-100%). Udio kondicijskog treninga u natjecateljskom periodu trebao bi iznositi oko 30%, a studije su pokazale da su za održavanje kondicijskih sposobnosti potrebna 1-2 podražaja tjedno, pod uvjetom da je intenzitet visok. Sedmodnevni mikrociklus se sastoji od 5 pojedinačnih treninga, utakmice i dana za odmor. Nogometašice tijekom sezone odigravaju 20-25 utakmica različite težine i važnosti. Raspored tih utakmica određuje dinamiku opterećenja, što znači ako je u mikrociklusu važna utakmica, primjenjuje se niža energetska komponenta opterećenja te obrnuto. Treneri i stručno osoblje bi se trebali kontinuirano educirati u vidu planiranja i programiranja sportskog treninga, kako bi stekli nova znanja o upravljanju sportskom formom u svim periodima, fazama i uvjetima tijekom sezone, a s posebnim naglaskom na natjecateljskom period.
Ključne riječi: planiranje i programiranje treninga, natjecateljski period, mezociklus, sportska forma, ženski nogomet
1. Uvod
Sve veći zahtjevi koji se postavljaju nogometašicama u procesu treninga i natjecanja su rezultat značajnog povezivanja nauke i prakse, gdje je cjelokupni sistem priprema u funkciji postizanja vrhunskih individualnih kvaliteta. (Mikić i sur., 2006). Međutim, ti zahtjevi se ne mogu lako ostvariti bez dobro razrađenog plana i programa treninga. Planiranje i programiranje treninga čine vrlo složen proces, a posebno planiranje i programiranje tijekom natjecateljskog perioda. Natjecateljski
49 period traje kroz cijelu sezonu natjecanja i u njemu se odigrava veliki broj službenih utakmica, ali i velik broj kontrolno-pripremnih utakmica. (Mikić i sur., 2006). Prema intenzitetu utakmice, treneri određuju tjedno trenažno opterećenje. Najintenzitvnije trenažno opterećenje se u treningu provodi u tjednima kada ekipa očekuje manje zahtjevne utakmice, dok se najmanji intenzitet opterećenja koristi u tjednima kada se očekuju više zahtjevne utakmice, odnosno kvalitetniji protivnici. Svaki trener se tijekom natjecateljskog perioda nalazi u izazovnoj situaciji, zbog toga je potrebno sagledati trenutno stanje i rasporediti sve trenažne komponente, kako bi se postigli određeni realno postavljeni godišnji ciljevi prema planu i programu treninga za tekuću sezonu. Glavni i najveći cilj ovog perioda je održavanje sportske forme koja se postigla u pripremnom periodu. Zbog toga kažemo da su najvažniji periodi jedne nogometne ekipe pripremni i natjecateljski period. (Mikić i sur., 2006).
2. NATJECATELJSKI PERIOD – PERIOD MEZOCIKLUSA
2.1. Trajanje natjecateljskog perioda u ženskom nogometu
Sportskom formom je vrlo zahtjevno upravljati u natjecateljskom periodu iz razloga što traje jako dugo i što se provodi u dvije natjecateljske podsezone. S tim u vezi, natjecateljski period u ženskom nogometu na primjeru ženske Hrvatske nogometne lige u jednoj sezoni traje sveukupno pet do šest mjeseci. Prvi dio započinje sredinom rujna te završava krajem studenog ili početkom prosinca, a drugi započinje sredinom ožujka te završava krajem svibnja ili početkom lipnja.
2.2. Natjecateljski period mezociklusa
Mezociklus je srednji ciklus treninga sačinjen od više mikrociklusa koji se ubraja u tekuće planiranje i programiranje treninga. Mezociklus se dijeli na tri perioda: pripremni, natjecateljski i prijelazni. Svaki od ovih perioda se dijeli na nekoliko faza. Natjecateljski period je osnovni tip mezociklusa, čija struktura, sadržaj i broj ovise u najvećem dijelu od kalendara natjecanja (broju i karakteru utakmica), dužine intervala između utakmica, sportskog nivoa nogometašica, uslovima oporavka te postavljenim ciljevima. U ovom periodu ostvaruje se intenzivan trenažni rad kako bi se nogometašice dovele do najvećeg nivoa sposobnosti za nastup na natjecanju. U strukturi natjecateljskog mezociklusa dominiraju natjecateljski mikrociklusi koji se redaju jedan za drugim. Natjecateljski period se dijeli na tri faze: uvodnu faza natjecanja, službenu faza natjecanja i najvažniju faza natjecanja u sezoni, poput europskog ili svjetskog prvenstva ili Olimpijskih igara. Između ciklusa tih natjecanja planira se obnavljajuće- pripremni mezociklus za ponovno uspostavljanje optimalne razine sportske forme.
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U sportskim igrama natjecanja se odvijaju kontinuirano, ali se zbog nastupa reprezentacije može javiti potreba da dio ekipe mora provesti trening obnavljajuće- pripremnog karaktera za ponovno uspostavljanje potrebne razine treniranosti i sportske forme. (Božinović & Vrdoljak, 2013). U mezociklusu natjecateljskog perioda gradi se trenažni proces u skladu sa glavnim ciljem i zadacima ovog perioda te se osigurava optimalna dinamika opterećenja i odnos sredstava i metoda. Također, treba se obratiti pozornost i na racionalni režim nagomilanih trenažnih utjecaja koji stimuliraju adaptaciju na treninge, ali izazivaju umor. Za trenera se određene teškoće u programiranju treninga javljaju kada treba upravljati sportskom formom u natjecateljskom periodu koji traje jako dugo i kada se sustav natjecanja provodi u dvije natjecateljske sezone. U konstrukciji takvog natjecateljskog razdoblja potrebno je uvažiti tri pravila: 1) racionalno rasporediti sve programe, posebice bazične i specifične pripreme u odnosu na dinamiku važnih natjecanja; 2) u sredini natjecateljskog perioda predvidjeti kratko razdoblje obnavljajuće-pripremnog karaktera; i 3) racionalno postaviti strukturu rada i opterećenja u razdoblju neposredne pripreme za glavno natjecanje u sezoni. Tako kreiran natjecateljski period mora osigurati postizanje sportske forme i najviših natjecateljskih rezultata na glavnim natjecanjima. (Hrelja, 2017). Uvodna faza natjecanja trebala bi biti faza kontrolno-pripremnih utakmica, službena faza je službeni početak natjecanja, dok je najvažnija faza natjecanja već sami kraj natjecanja koji uključuje borbu za bodove i određenu poziciju na ljestvici. U natjecateljskom periodu postoji faza uvodnih natjecanja koja su uglavnom manje važnosti što se tiče rezultata, ali od velikog su značaja za provjeru forme i planiranje eventualnih korekcija prije važnijih natjecanja koja se odvijaju sredinom i krajem natjecateljskog perioda. (Salopek, 2015). U natjecateljskom razdoblju službene faze natjecanja u ženskom nogometu, kao i u ostalim sportovima se manifestira postignuta razina sportske forme i postižu se planirani sportski rezultati, a poseban naglasak se stavlja na održavanje sportske forme. Najvažnija faza natjecanja je ujedno i najvažnija faza u cijeloj sezoni. Osim zacrtanih ciljava glede pobošljanja cjelokupnih morfoloških karakteristika, funkcionalnih i motoričkih sposobnosti i tehničko-taktičkih znanja, željeni rezultat je najbitniji pokazatelj. Na vrhu piramide čimbenika uspješnosti u sportu nalazi se natjecateljski rezultat koji je krajnja mjera ukupne sportaševe efikasnosti. U njega su, različitim udjelom, ugrađene sposobnosti, osobine i znanja iz prethodno navedenih skupina faktora. Tu činjenicu valja uvažavati i prigodom izrade modela sportske pripreme i prigodom valorizacije individualne i ekipne učinkovitosti.
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3. PLANIRANJE I PROGRAMIRANJE TRENINGA U NATJECATELJSKOM PERIODU U ŽENSKOM NOGOMETU
3.1. Planiranje i programiranje treninga
Pod planiranjem se podrazumijeva složena upravljačka akcija kojom se određuju ciljevi i zadaci treninga te periodizacija i uslovi pod kojima se postavljeni ciljevi mogu realizirati. (Mikić i sur., 2006). Programiranje je skup upravljačkih akcija kojima se provodi izbor, doziranje i distribucija trenažnih operatora tijekom rada i mjera oporavka u etapi odmora. Trenažni operatori su stimulansi koji proizvode transformacijske rezultate odnosno kvantitativne i kvalitativne promjene u pojedinim ciklusima sportske pripreme. Oni odgovaraju stanjima treniranosti sportaša, željenim postignutima i uvjetima u kojima se provodi sportska priprema (Milanović, 1997). Stoga, planiranje i programiranje treninga je bitan dio ukupne aktivnosti trenera i stručnog tima. Ono omogućava da se slučajnosti svedu na minimum i da se na siguran i ekonomičan način postignu optimalni sportski rezultati koji odgovaraju individualnim obilježjima sportaša i uvjetima u kojima se provodi trenažni proces. Da bi se napravio adekvatan plan i program treninga, u ovom slučaju natjecateljskog dijela, potrebno je i dobro isplanirati i pripremni period. Pripremni period trebao bi biti podloga za početak natjecateljskog perioda.
3.2. Planiranje i programiranje treninga u natjecateljskom periodu
Natjecateljski period je period održavajućeg i stabilizirajućeg rada kojim upravlja trener, a na treninzima treba koristiti specifične i situacijske kondicijske vježbe koje na najbolji način povezuju funkcionalne i motoričke, te TE-TA ciljeve od kojih najviše ovise natjecateljski rezultati. Prema tome, osnovne smjernice kojih bi se treneri trebali pridržavati tijekom natjecateljskom perioda su:
. trening je više specifičan i situacijski nego što se u njemu koriste programi višestrane i bazične pripreme (to se odnosi na izbor vježbi i doziranje opterećenja); . najviše se radi na TE-TA usavršavanju (više razina informacijske komponente opterećenja) te prilagodbi na izabrane taktičke varijante iz različitih sustava nogometne igre; . opseg energetskog opterećenja je manji, ali ostaje visok intenzitet trenažnog rada; . potrebno je pažljivo određivati dužinu odmora nakon radnih intervala; . primjenjuje se održavajući kondicijski trening, što znači da se u pripremnom periodu postignuta razina kondicijske pripremljenosti treba održavati na toj razini;
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. rezultati na kontrolnim i službenim natjecanjima ukazuju na aktualno stanje sportske forme. (Milanović, 2013).
Udio kondicijskog treninga u natjecateljskom periodu jednak je onome na kraju pripremnog dijela i iznosi oko 30%. Studije su pokazale kako je za održavanje kondicijskih sposobnosti dovoljno 1-2 podražaja tjedno, pod uvjetom da je intenzitet visok. (Bradić i Marković, 2008). Kondicijski trening u natjecateljskom periodu može biti usmjeren prema aktivnom odmoru sportaša i oporavku od ozljede. Može imati i razvojni karakter, posebno s igračima koji ne igraju utakmice. Za trenera se određene teškoće u tekućem programiranju treninga javljaju kada treba upravljati sportskom formom u natjecateljskom periodu koji traje jako dugo i kada se sustav natjecanja provodi u dvije natjecateljske sezone. U takvom obliku natjecanja potrebno je uvažavati tri pravila. Prvo pravilo je racionalno rasporediti sve programe, posebice bazične i specifične pripreme u odnosu na dinamiku važnih natjecanja. Drugo pravilo bi bilo predvidjeti kratko razdoblje obnavljajuće- pripremnog karaktera u sredini natjecateljskog perioda. Treće pravilo je racionalno postaviti strukturu rada i opterećenja u razdoblju neposredne pripreme za najvažniji dio sezone. (Milanović, 2013). U natjecateljskom razdoblju ženske nogometne ekipe odigravaju velik broj utakmica (20-25). One se igraju kod kuće i u gostima i različite su po težini i važnosti. Raspored utakmica određuje dinamiku opterećivanja. Kada se u mikrociklusu odigrava važna utakmica, primjenjuje se niža energetska komponenta opterećenja te obrnuto (manje važna utakmica tj. slabiji protivnik – viša energetska komponenta opterećenja). (Milanović, 2013). 25
20
15 Težina utakmice
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Tjedno trenažno Težina Težina utakmice opterećenje 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Utakmica
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Grafikon 1. Međusobni odnos težina utakmica i tjednih trenažnih opterećenja (uvjetne jedinice težine utakmice i trenažnog opterećenja) Tri vrha trenažnih opterećenja u tri različita tjedna dostignuta su u mikrociklusima kada se odigravaju najlakše utakmice. Povećana razina tjednog trenažnog opterećenja može doprinijeti akumulaciji efekata treninga i u sljedećem mikrociklusu podići razinu timske i individualne efikasnosti, odnosno sportske forme. (Milanović, 2013). Tijekom neposredne pripreme za glavno natjecanje primjenjuje se tzv. princip klatna koji govori da se s približavanjem glavnog natjecanja smanjuje ekstenzitet opterećenja, a povećava intenzitet podražaja. (Milanović, 2013).
3.3. Način treniranja u natjecateljskom periodu
Trening je potpuno specifičan i situacijski te se uz takav trening koriste i posebni kineziološki stimulatori. Intenzitet se kreće od 80% do 100% maksimalnog opterećenja. S vježbama za agilnost, eksplozivnost i brzinu te s tehničko-taktičkim (TE-TA) treninzima je cilj postići vrhunac sportske forme. Također, cilj je održati razinu dobre fizičke spreme koja je postignuta u ranijim fazama uz održavajući kondicijski trening. Razina opterećenja ovisi i o fazi u kojoj se nogometašice nalaze. Isto opterećenje se ne bi smjelo koristiti u svim trima fazama. U uvodnoj fazi opterećenje na pripremnim utakmicama neće sigurno biti veliko kao u službenim i najvažnijim. Razlog tome je da nema potrebe trošiti velike razine energetske komponente na neslužbeni dio natjecateljske sezone te da se iste trebaju sačuvati za nadolazeće rezultatski bitne utakmice. U službenoj fazi je izuzetno bitno održavati svu prethodno stečenu sportsku formu, jer se u najvažnijoj fazi počinju pojavljivati već prvi simptomi umora kako se bliži kraj sezone. Od izuzetne važnosti je iskustvo trenera i stručnog tima. Nogometašice baš u toj fazi trebaju biti najspremnije pa se osim adekvatnog trenažnog kineziološkog stimulusa u toj fazi mnogo koristi i psihološka priprema pred utakmicu. Većina tehničko-taktičkih zahtjeva trebala bi se raditi u situacijskim i otežanim uvjetima. Pritom se misli na igru u uvjetima manjeg ili nejednakog broja igrača, igru s manjim brojem dodira, igru u skraćenom prostoru, duel igri, itd. Svi tehnički zahtjevi, također u što većem obujmu, moraju biti na situacijskom, ali i improvizacijskokreativnom nivou. (Erceg i sur., 2018).
4. PRIKAZ SEDMODNEVNOG CIKLUSA TRENINGA U NATJECATELJSKOM PERIODU
Sedmodnevni mikrociklus se sastoji od 5 pojedinačnih treninga, utakmice i dana za odmor. Svaki trening se sastoji od uvodnog, pripremnog, glavnog (glavni „A“ dio, glavni „B“ dio) i završnog dijela treninga.
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Ponedjeljak
Uvodni dio – lagano trčanje preko polovice igrališta uz vježbe razgibavanja. Pripremni dio – vježbe trčanja i poskoka kroz ljestve, štapove, prepone i krugove na tlu, svaku vježbu izvesti 4 puta u seriji, a na kraju povezati sva trčanja u jednu seriju. Između vježbi – istezanje. Glavni „A“ dio – u označenom prostoru 16x16 m (s golovima) igra rukom. Sudjeluju tri ekipe sa po 6 igračica. Igra se odvija dodavanjem rukom, a gol se može postići samo glavom. Gol se također brani glavom. Naglasak je na igri s puno duela u zraku. Trajanje igre je 2 puta po 4 minute. Ekipa koja čeka, u pauzi izvodi ubacivanje lopte u sredinu (centaršut) te skokove i udarce na gol glavom. Glavni „B“ dio – u označenom prostoru 20x30 m sa dva gol, igra sa dva dodira lopte. Sudjeluju tri ekipe sa po 6 igračica. Trajanje igre je 2x6 min. Završni dio (10 min) – istezanje (stretching). Utorak
Uvodni dio – lagano vođenje lopte po polovici terena uz vježbe razgibavanja. Pripremni dio – tehničke vježbe u paru (udaranje lopte unutrašnjih dijelom stopala, punim dijelom, primanje lopte na natkoljenicu i odigravanje unutrašnjim hrtom stopala, primanje na prsa i odigravanje, udarac glavom) – svaka vježba se radi minutu, između vježbi istezanje. Glavni „A“ dio – igra se u prostoru 50x50 m. Na jednom kraju igrališta nalaze se dva gola, a na drugom jedan gol. Na strani, 15 m ispred gola, nalaze se troja vrata širine 2 m. Ekipa (7 igrača) koja brani stranu s jednim golom treba spriječiti drugu ekipu (9 igrača) da provede loptu kroz vrata ispred gola. U slučaju da ekipa s više igračica izgubi loptu, svi istovremeno vrše presing. Ako ekipa s manje igrača osvoji loptu, može postići gol na jedan od dva gola na suprotnoj strani. Glavni „B“ dio – trčanje oko igrališta 12 minuta (širina igrališta ubrzanje, dužina igrališta jogging). Završni dio – gađanje prečke i istezanje.
Srijeda
Trening utakmica – igra na dva gola, 2x25 min.
Četvrtak
Uvodni dio – lagano trčanje dva kruga i razgibavanje. Pripremni dio – u kvadratu 10x10 m primopredaja lopte na razne načine između 5 igračica. Glavni „A“ dio – trajanje 5x3 min. Igra poznata po nazivu „tri boje“. 3 ekipe sa po 6 igračica igraju posjed u prostoru 20x15 m. Dvije ekipe čuvaju loptu kako je ne bi
55 uzela treća ekipa. Ako treća ekipa uzme loptu, mora je dodati ekipi od koje je nije uzela da bi to potvrdila i onda nastavljaju igrati te dvije ekipe protiv one koja je izgubila loptu. Različiti zahtjevi: neograničen broj dodira, 2 dodira, 1 dodir. Glavni „B“ dio treninga – šutiranje na gol iz različitih pozicija. Završni dio – stretching i istezanje.
Petak (dan prije utakmice)
Uvodni dio – igranje tzv. kola/ševe – 5:2, jedan dodir. Pripremni dio – razgibavanje i istezanje. Glavni „A“ dio – križanje kroz sredinu 3 igrača te završnica na gol (50 m) – slabiji intenzitet (bitan je naglasak na preciznost) Glavni „B“ dio – postavljanje u formaciju koja bi se trebala igrati na utakmici te prolaženje taktike u hodanju. Završni dio – šutiranje slobodnih i kazenih udaraca te istezanje.
Subota – utakmica
Nedjelja – odmor
Nakon odigrane utakmice u subotu, nogometašice će dobiti dan odmora za relaksaciju. Umjesto dana odmora može se odraditi trening regeneracije (lagano trčanje, opuštanje). Već u ponedjeljak počinju pripreme za sljedeću utakmicu.
5. ZAKLJUČAK
Natjecateljski period je jedan od najvažnijih perioda, jer je to razdoblje odigravanja utakmica, od kojih su najvažnije one službene. On je jedan od perioda mezociklusa kojeg čine udarni mikrociklusi. Da bi nogometašice dočekale spremnije natjecanje, važno je imati učinkovit i uravnotežen plan pripremnog perioda koji treba biti podloga za natjecateljski period. Postignutu sportsku formu kroz pripremni period potrebno je održavati i racionalno je rasporediti na faze natjecateljskog perioda. Kada se u uvodnoj fazi natjecateljskog perioda odigravaju pripremne utakmice ne bi se trebala trošiti zamašna količina energetskih komponenti, zato što je cilj pripremnih utakmica uigravanje za službene utakmice. U službenim utakmicama je od esencijalne važnosti svaki rezultat. Zbog češćih podražaja i frekvencija treninga korelirano s intenzitetima na utakmicama, ipak dolazi do značajne potrošnje energije i do prvih znakova umora. Iz tog razloga treneri trebaju obraćati pozornost i na odmor ekipe te dati na važnost i psihološkoj pripremi. Već spomenuta sportska forma trebala bi se održavati situacijskim treninzima gdje prevladavaju uglavnom tehničko-taktičke vježbe. Kondicijski trening je neophodan u natjecateljskom periodu, ali on ne bi trebao biti toliko čest, jer je u
56 ovome periodu naglasak na situacijskim vježbama koje se mogu dogoditi na utakmici. Svaki mikrociklus se sastoji u okviru od 5 treninga, utakmice i dana odmora, međutim nijedan mirkociklus nije isti. Razliku pravi intenzitet i važnost utakmice na kraju ciklusa. Ako imamo rezultatski važnu utakmicu, tjedno trenažno opterećenje bi trebalo biti niže, i obrnuto, kako bi nam mikrociklus bio izbalansiran. Educiran i stručan kadar bi trebao dobro isplanirati i provesti treninge u okvirima periodizacije kroz natjecateljski period da bi ostali u željenoj formi te da bi stekli ciljane rezultate. S tim u vezi, treneri i stručno osoblje bi se trebali kontinuirano educirati u vidu planiranja i programiranja sportskog treninga, kako bi stekli nova znanja o upravljanju sportskom formom u svim periodima, fazama i uvjetima tijekom sezone, a s posebnim naglaskom na natjecateljskom periodu.
LITERATURA
Bompa, Tudor Olimpius (1994). Theory and methodology of training. The key to athletic peroformance. Dubuque. IA: Kendal/Hunt. Bompa, Tudor Olimpius (2001). Periodization training for sports. Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics. Bompa, Tudor Olimpius (2006). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training. Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics. Božinović, Damir; Vrdoljak, Josip (2013). Teorija sportskog treninga. Visoka škola za menadžment i dizajn Aspira. Split. Erceg, M., Rađa, A., i Sporiš, G. (2018). Razvoj nogometaša: antropološki status nogometaša tijekom razvojnih faza. Zagreb. vlast. nakl. Hrelja, D. (2017). Analiza pripremnog perioda u muškom odbojkaškom klubu Rovinj za sezonu 2016/2017. Diplomski rad. Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Kineziološki fakultet. Marković, G. i Bradić, A. (2008). Integralni kondicijski trening. Zagreb: Hrvatska Mikić, B., Tanović, I., i Begović, D. (2006). Planiranje i programiranje trenažnog procesa nogometaša. Tuzla: Fakultet tjelesnog odgoja. Milanović, Dragan (1997). Osnove teorije treninga. Zagreb. Milanović, Dragan (1996). Planiranje i programiranje kondicijskog treninga nogometaša. Međunarodno savjetovanje o fitnessu, 1996. Zagreb, Fakultet za fizičku kulturu Milanović, Dragan (2013). Teorija treninga. Zagreb. Salopek, Martina (2015). Dvociklusna periodizacija godišnjeg ciklusa treninga bodyfitness natjecateljica. Diplomski rad. Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Kineziološki fakultet.
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PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING OF TRAINING IN THE COMPETITIVE PERIOD IN WOMEN'S FOOTBALL
PROFESSIONAL ARTICLE Abstract: Training planning and programming make up a very complex process, especially planning and programming during the competition period. The women’s soccer competition lasts a total of five to six months and is divided into two sub- seasons. The competition period is a mesocycle period that is made up of multiple microcycles. During this period, intensive training work is carried out for the football players to reach the highest level of their abilities. Coaches need to know how to manage their sports form for football players to be most ready for the most important phase of the competition. In order to maintain it, it is necessary to conduct training of specific and situational fitness exercises that connect the functional, motor, and technical-tactical goals. The intensity of such training should be very high (80-100%). The share of fitness training in the competition period should be around 30%, and studies have shown that 1-2 stimuli per week are required to maintain fitness abilities, provided the intensity is high. The seven-day microcycle consists of 5 individual training sessions, matches, and rest days. The footballers play 20-25 games of different difficulty and importance during the season. The schedule of these matches determines the dynamics of the load, which means that if the match is important in the microcycle, the lower energy component of the load is applied and vice versa. Coaches and professional staff should be continuously educated in the form of planning and programming sports training, to acquire new knowledge about sports form management in all periods, phases, and conditions during the season, with special emphasis on the competition period.
Keywords: training planning and programming, competition period, mesocycle, sports form, women's football
Primljeno: 17.11.2020. Odobreno: 08.12.2020.
Korespondencija: Luka Androja, mag.cin. Voditelj studija Sportskog menadžmenta, Visoka škola za menadžment i dizajn, Aspira Mike Tripala 6, 210 00 Split, Hrvatska Tel: +385955061065 e-mail: [email protected]
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INTERNA I EKSTERNA VALIDNOST MERENJA OBIMA KRETANJA VRHUNSKIH FUDBALERA TOKOM UTAKMICE MERENA PRIMENOM SOFTVERSKOG SISTEMA TRACKING MOTION BIOIRC
1,3Radivoje Radaković, DOI 10.7251/SIZ2001059R 2Milivoj Dopsaj, ISSN 1840-152X 1Nenad Filipović UDK 796.012:796.332 1 Istraživačko razvojni centar za bioinženjering, BioIRC Kragujevac, http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 2 Fakultet Sporta i Fizičkog Vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Beogradu, https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SZ 3 FK Crvena Zvezda , Ljutice Bogdana 1 ,11000 Beograd
ORIGINALNI NAUČNI ČLANAK Apstrakt: Cilj ove studije je određivanje interne i eksterne validnosti merenja obima kretanja vrhunskih igrača tokom utakmice merenog korišćenjem Software System Tracking Motion BIOIRC. Istraživanje je realizovano na uzorku od 63 igrača, koji su snimani tokom 11 zvaničnih utakmica iz sledećih klubova ili reprezentacija: FK Crvena Zvezda, Beograd; FK Radnički 1923, Kragujevac; FK Partizan, Beograd; FC Bordoaux, Bordoaux; seniorske reprezentacije Srbije i Nacionalnog tima Belgije. U varijablama su date procene varijabilnosti kretanja vrhunskih igrača tokom utakmice praćene softverskim sistemom Tracking motion (BioIRC, Kragujevac, Serbia). Parametri strukture kretanja su analizirani deskriptivnom statističkom metodom, a reliabilnost praćenih varijabli je ispitivana primenom linearne regresione analize. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata kretanja igrača tokom analiziranih utakmica, može se zaključiti da je interna i eksterna validnost obima kretanja igrača tokom prvog i drugog poluvremena utakmice, kako na nivou celog tima, tako i po linijama tima veoma visoka.
Ključne riječi: validnost, merenje, obim kretanja, utakmica, vrhunski fudbaleri
1. Uvod
U vrhunskom fudbalu, Tracking motion praćenje i analiza podataka o kretanju igrača tokom meča postali su važno dijagnostičko-analitičko sredstvo za analizu i razumevanje funkcionalnosti i situacione efikasnosti igrača. Informacije, koje nam omogućavaju, izuzetno su popularne i primenljive, kako u dijagnostici i analitici, kao nezaobolaznim segmentima sportske nauke, tako i u sprovođenju svakodnevnog trenažnog procesa i takmičenju sportista. Značaj primene ovih istraživanja u trenažnoj i analitičkoj praksi, izaziva posebnu pažnju, odnosno preduzet je niz naučno-istraživačkih postupaka da se pokrene novi pravac uticaja, sa ciljem unapređenja efektivnosti i egzaktnosti trenažnih alata i metoda (postulata). Softversko praćenje i analiza kretanja su veoma značajno sredstvo za određivanje metaboličkih profila trenažnih stimulusa, u mikro i makro periodizaciji trenažnog
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procesa. Sa tim u vezi napravljen je poseban softver, za praćenje i analizu kretanja. Široki spektar informacija, dobijenih korišćenjem ovakvih analitičkih sistema ukazuje i na kvalitet i kvantitet takmičenja, obrađujući strukturu pojedinačnih utakmica na egzaktan način, što često nije u korelaciji sa spekulativnim i hipotetskim predstavama o navedenim parametrima. Prema rezultatima dosadašnjih istraživanja sprovedenih u ovoj oblasti vrhunski igrači fudbala tokom utakmice prosečno prelaze od 11.1 do 13.5 kilometara, u zavisnosti od pozicija u timu. Struktura kretanja je prema intenzitetima klasifikovana na kretanje niskim intenzitetom, umerenim intenzitetom, visokointenzivno trčanje i submaksimalno i maksimalno trčanje (sprint), (Railly 2000; Bangsbo 2003). Praćenje kretanja softverskim sistemom BIOIRC u velikoj meri dalo je rezultate koji su u skladu sa rezultatima praćenja kretanja igrača iz najboljih evropskih liga i Lige Šampiona.
Tabela 1. Prikaz prosečnih vrednosti kretanja igrača tokom meča na različitim nivoima takmičenja, na osnovu istraživanja različitih autora Ukupna distanca po meču (m) 13000 12500
12000
11500 11000
10500
10000
9500
Match distance(m)
11095
9000 11102
11919
11393 10802
10893
10746 11046
8500 10718
10071
8000 9891 7500 EU Elite players EU Elite players EU Elite players Brazilian Elite European Australo-Asian Champion Premier League FR Premier FR La League Radakovic et (DiSalvo et al., (Rampinini et (Rampinini et players (Barros National players Elite players League (Di (Di Salvo et al.,League (Dellal (Dellal et al., al., 2015 2007) al., 2007) al.., 2009) et al., 2007) (Reilly, 2003) (Reilly, 2003) Salvo et al., 2013) et al., 2011) 2011) 2013)
Izvori podataka (Reference)
Cilj ove studije je određivanje interne i eksterne validnosti merenja obima kretanja vrhunskih igrača tokom utakmice, merenog korišćenjem Software System-a Tracking Motion BIOIRC. Dobijeni podaci ukazuju na metodološki pristup, pri merenju strukture kretanja vrhunskih igrača softverskom metodom praćenja kretanja.
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2. Metod
Istraživanje je realizovano na uzorku od 63 igrača, koji su snimani tokom 11 zvaničnih utakmica iz sledećih klubova, ili reprezentacija: FK Crvena Zvezda, Beograd; FK Radnički 1923, Kragujevac; FK Partizan, Beograd; FC Bordoaux, Bordoaux; seniorske reprezentacije Srbije i Nacionalnog tima Belgije. Posmatrane utakmice su igrane kao kvalifikacioni mečevi UEFA Lige: Crvena Zvezda – Omonia i Crvena Zvezda - Bordoaux u sezoni 2012/13; polufinalni mečevi kupa Srbije u sezoni 2011/12; Crvena Zvezda-Partizan i Partizan-Crvena Zvezda; kvalifikacioni meč za World Cup Brazil 2014: Srbija-Belgija; i mečevi Premier Lige Srbije u sezoni 2014 / 15. Struktura igrača je bila: 19 igrača iz odbrambene linije, 23 igrača iz vezne linije i 21 igrač iz napada. Igrači su selektirani za analizu slučajnim izborom, uz uslov da su u potpunosti tj. svih 90+ minuta bili u igri. U varijablama su date procene varijabilnosti kretanja vrhunskih igrača tokom utakmice praćene softverskim sistemom Tracking motion (BioIRC, Kragujevac, Serbia):
Varijable analizirane u prvom poluvremenu utakmice: -Ekipno I poluvreme, kretanje svih igrača ekipe tokom prvog poluvremena -Odbrana I poluvreme, kretanje igrača odbrane tokom prvog poluvremena -Sredina I poluvreme, kretanje igrača sredine tokom prvog poluvremena -Napad I poluvreme, kretanje igrača napada tokom prvog poluvremena
Varijable analizirane u drugom poluvremenu utakmice: -Ekipno II poluvreme, kretanje svih igrača ekipe tokom drugog poluvremena -Odbrana II poluvreme, kretanje igrača odbrane tokom drugog poluvremena -Sredina II poluvreme, kretanje igrača sredine tokom drugog poluvremena -Napad II poluvreme, kretanje igrača napada tokom drugog poluvremena
Performanse softverskog sistema za analizu kretanja
Snimanje utakmica sistemom BioIRC Tracking Motion, vršeno je dvema identičnim video kamerama Sony NEX-VG10, u full-HD rezoluciji, i jednom kontrolnom kamerom sa high speed performansama. Algoritamski deo softvera za obradu video snimaka, tj. za praćenje kretanja igrača, zasnivao se na utvrđivanju mere sličnosti statističke distribucije boje objekata. Video snimci utakmice, obrađivani su u više faza. Za potrebe analize video fajlova, video snimci su komprimovani XVID kodekom u MOV format, sa frekvencijom osvežavanja od 30 slika u sekundi. Algoritamski deo softvera, za praćenje kretanja igrača, odnosno za obradu video snimaka baziran je na utvrđivanju mere sličnosti statističke distribucije boje objekata.
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Suština je u tome da softver za analizu, prati kretanje igrača na celoj površini terena, naizmenično analizirajući snimke obe polovine terena, u zavisnosti od trenutne aktivnosti igrača. Brzina analize na računaru Intel(R) Core2Duo [email protected], 2GB RAM, Win7 32bit, iznosi ~4 frejma u sekundi. Analiza praćenja kretanja podrazumeva različite vrste merenja, a ne samo deskripciju, ili isticanje posebnih postupaka. koji moraju da se preduzimaju za postizanje datog cilja. Metode korišćene u ovom istraživanju, mogu se grubo klasifikovati kao visoke tehnologije bazirane na hardverskom sistemu i na osnovu algoritma. Predstavljaju veoma korisno sredstvo u sportskoj analitici i dijagnostici, kao i planiranju,programiranju treninga i izboru i kreiranju novih trenažnih metoda u profesinalnom i vrhunskom sportu.
Slika 1. Aplikacija za prikaz i statističku analizu kretanja igrača: a) učešće u ukupnom kretanju tokom meča i numerički prikaz b) vizuelizacija kretanja igrača i mogućnosti softvera.
Performanse i mogućnosti softvera podrazumevaju individualno, linijsko, ili timsko praćenje igrača u bilo kom momentu meča, što omogućava da treneri u svakom trenutku utakmice imaju informacije u realnom vremenu, o poziciji i načinu kretanja sopstvenih, ili protivničkih igrača. Ovakav način analize omogućava sagledavanje pozitivnih i negativnih odgovora na zahteve igre, taktičkih zamisli, ili individualnih akcija igrača na terenu, što je pre bilo nemoguće. Takođe je veliki značaj vizuelnih efekata u prikazima samim akterima na terenu, u smislu analize i korekcija konkretnih detalja vezanih za određene kretnje. Progresija softvera i hardvera omogućava korišćenje video snimanja, u realnom vremenu, transformacije, kao i softvera za filtriranje koji, istovremeno prikazuju snimak i 2 D prikaze i sheme analize utakmice. Svi rezultati su dinamički sinhronizovani u realnom vremenu, tako da ih istraživač, trener, sportista mogu efikasno koristiti, kao bazu i proceniti motoričke i funkcionalne performanse svojih igrača i njihovu refleksiju na efikasnost u situacionim uslovima. Metod softverskog praćenja kretanja igrača tokom fudbalske utakmice pruža mogućnost egzaktnog uvida u strukturu kretanja igrača, i sagledavanje situacija na
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terenu, nudeći sportskim ekspertima i trenerima velike mogućnosti za korekcije i analizu. Istovremeno se mogu napraviti brojne opservacije, perspektive i predikcije pod različitim situacionim uslovima a zatim izvršiti neophodna prilagođavanja trenažnih stimulusa za razvoj datih sposobnosti prema metaboličkim profilima kretanja. Rezultati merenja su dati za opšte parametre, nakon sticanja eksperimentalnih rezultata, korišćenjem obrade slika i video softvera za analizu i pripremu numeričkih proračuna, što je samo deo mogućnosti softvera. Osnovni cilj ove studije bio je stvaranje apsolutnog uvida u strukturu, obim i intenzitet kretanja igrača na individualnom i integralnom nivou. Softver poseduje mogućnost prikaza podataka u formi grafikona i numeričkih prikaza iskazanih u metrima, ili procentima od ukupnog kretanja u funkciji vremena (slika 1). Podešen je takođe da vrši i 2 D prikaz kretnji u bilo kom trenutku utakmice, paralelno sa praćenjem snimka meča, a ono što je najvažnije, program omogućava nebrojeni niz operacija i analiza u bilo kom vremenskom intervalu, na individualnom, grupnom, ili integralnom nivou, za jednu, ili obe ekipe istovremeno.Iz navedenog proizilazi konstatacija da treneri i sportski eksperti mogu ovim softverom pratiti kretanje svojih, ili protivničkih igrača u svakom trenutku i na bilo kom delu terena. Ovakav nivo sofisticiranosti BIOIRC tracking motion softverskog programa nudi ogromne mogućnosti, u smislu analize i pokaza kretanja, pozicija igrača u datom trenutku, te kao takva može biti i sdredstvo taktičke analize, a ne samo analize funkcionalnog efektivizma igrača tokom utakmice.
Metode statističke obrade podataka
Parametri strukture kretanja su analizirani deskriptivnom statističkom metodom, gde su izračunate: prosečne vrednosti (Mean), standardna devijacija (SD), koeficijent varijacije (cV%), standardna greška merenja izražena u apsolutnim (Std. Error. Aps.) i relativnim (Std. Error. Rel.) vrednostima, minimalna (Min) i maksimalna (Max) vrednost izmerenih varijabli. Reliabilnost praćenih varijabli je ispitivana primenom linearne regresione analize, primenom metode za definisanje interklasne korelacija podataka (ICC and Cronbach's Alpha), dok je razlika između parova varijabli utvrđena primenom univarijantne analize varijanse (ANOVA). Sve analize su realizovane pomoću softverkog paketa SPPSS 19.0, a kriterijum verovatnoće razlika, ili korelacija je bio na nivou p = 0.05.
3. Rezultati i diskusija Osnovni deskriptivni pokazatelji varijabli kretanja igrača u prvom i drugom poluvremenu, na nivou celog tima, prikazani su u tabeli 1. Može se tvrditi da su sve izmerene varijable, u odnosu na rezultate celokupnog uzorka igrača, veoma pouzdane, jer koeficijent varijacije ne prelazi vrednost od 15.81 % (Tabela 1, Odbrana II poluvreme) pa sve do samo 2.33 % varijacije (Napadači II poluvreme). U odnosu na relativnu vrednost standardne greške merenja, kao mere greške merenja 63
metode, može se tvrditi da se ona nalazi u rasponu od 0.94 % za Napadače u II poluvremenu do 5.00 % za Odbrambene igrače u II poluvremenu. Drugim rečima, u odnosu na prosek svih greški merenja praćenih varijabli po pozicijama, ona se nalazi na nivou od 2.24 % (Tabela 1).
Tabela 1. Bazična deskriptivna statistika merenih varijabli Std. Std. Mean (m) SD (m) cV% Error. Error. Min (m) Max (m) Aps. (m) Rel. (%) Ukupan uzorak igrača (N = 51) I poluvreme 5507.77 704.52 98.65 3548.57 6875.28 II poluvreme 5538.5 718.20 100.57 3762.32 6808.21 Cela igra 11046.27 1422.72 199.22 7310.89 13683.49 Odbrana (N = 18) I poluvreme 5095.04 683.76 4041.5 6049.23 II poluvreme 5309.75 812.57 3938.6 6612.7 Cela igra 10404.79 1496.33 8038.0 12242.0 Vezni (N = 17) I poluvreme 5993.55 605.09 6145.8 6875.3 II poluvreme 5902.65 589.15 6096.8 6808.2 Cela igra 11896.2 1194.24 12242.6 13549.5 Napadači (N = 16) I poluvreme 5455.97 509.27 5586.0 6017.5 II poluvreme 5408.94 608.17 5596.5 6009.7 Cela igra 10864.91 1117.44 11182.6 11930.9
U tabeli 2. su prikazani rezultati izračunatih koeficijanata reliabilnosti za ispitivane varijable. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata se može tvrditi da se nivo generalne validnosti, tj. validnosti za celokupan uzorak igrača nalazi na nivou od 0.944 (Table 2, Cronbach's Alpha) i da je statistički visoko značajan (p = 0.000). Veoma visoki koeficijenti validnosti su utvrđeni i za igrače po pozicijama i to: za Odbrambene – 0.952, p = 0.000; za Vezne – 0.937, p = 0.000; i za Napadače – 0.925, p = 0.000 (Table 2).
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Tabela 2. Rezultati relijabilnosti Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 95% Confidence Cronbach's ANOVA F P Single Average Interval P Alpha relation value Measur Measures Lower Upper value es Bound Bound Ukupan uzorak igrača I vs II 0.944 0.449 0.506 0.894 0.944 0.821 0.938 0.000 poluvreme Odbrambeni I vs II 0.952 8.089 0.011 0.909 0.952 0.774 0.965 0.000 poluvreme Vezni I vs II 0.937 1.670 0.215 0.882 0.937 0.705 0.956 0.000 poluvreme Napadači I vs II 0.925 0.403 0.535 0.925 0.646 0.949 0.000 poluvreme 0.860
Rezultati linearne regresione analize, prikazani su na grafikonima 1 do 4, radi definisanja linearnog stepena slaganja rezultata distance kretanja u prvom i drugom poluvremenu kao mere sličnosti ispitivanih varijabli primenom Tracking Motion software system-a. Na grafikonu 1 su prikazani parametri distribucije zavisnosti kretanja igrača celog tima tokom prvog i drugog poluvremena, na osnovu linearne regresije. Na generalnom nivou (Grafikon 1) se može tvrditi da je stepen slaganja rezultata prvog i drugog poluvremena, u odnosu na ostvarene distance kretanja tokom utakmice na nivou koeficijenta determinacije od R2= 0.8, odnosno na nivou 80% objašnjenog varijabiliteta.
Grafikon 1. Linearna regresija zavisnosti distance kretanja tokom prvog I drugog poluvremenaza sve igrače tima
Parametri distribucije zavisnosti kretanja igrača odbrambene linije, srednje linije i igrača iz napada tokom prvog i drugog poluvremena, prikazani su na grafikonima 2,
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3 i 4. Dobijeni rezultati (Grafikon 2, 3 i 4) potvrđuju da je stepen slaganja rezultata prvog i drugog poluvremena u odnosu na ostvarene distance kretanja, tokom utakmice za odbranbenu liniju na nivou koeficijenta determinacije od R2 = 0.851, odnosno na nivou 85.1% objašnjenog varijabiliteta, za srednju liniju na nivou koeficijenta determinacije od R2 = 0.779, odnosno na nivou 77.9% objašnjenog varijabiliteta i za liniju napada na nivou koeficijenta determinacije od R2 = 0.764, odnosno na nivou 76.4% objašnjenog varijabiliteta kretanja.
Grafikon 2. Linearna regresija zavisnosti distance kretanja tokom prvog i drugog poluvremena za igrače odbrambene linije tima
Grafikon 3. Linearna regresija zavisnosti distance kretanja tokom prvog i drugog poluvremena za igrače vezne linije tima
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Grafikon 4. Linearna regresija zavisnosti distance kretanja tokom prvog i drugog poluvremena za igrače napadačke linije tima
4. Zaključak
Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata kretanja igrača tokom analiziranih utakmica, može se zaključiti da postoji visok nivo izmerenih rezultata kretanja, kao mere sličnosti ispitivanih varijabli primenom Tracking Motion software system-a, odnosno da je interna i eksterna validnost obima kretanja igrača tokom prvog i drugog poluvremena utakmice, kako na nivou celog tima, tako i po linijama tima, veoma visoka - stepen validnosti kreće se u domenu vrlo visoke vrednosti, kod igrača celog tima (Cronbach α = 0,944), odbrambene (Cronbach α = 0,952), srednje linije tima (Cronbach α = 0,937) i kod igrača napadačke linije tima (Cronbach α = 0,925). Na osnovu dosadašnjih istraživanja, prosečna vrednost obima kretanja vrhunskih fudbalera iz različitih evropskih ligaških takmičenja, za vreme utakmice, kao globalni standard, iznosi 10880 ± 561 m (interval pouzdanosti Mean ± 1SD iznosi 10319 do 11441 m). Na osnovu činjenice da se vrednost ukupne prosečne distance kretanja fudbalera izmerene pomoću Tracking Motion BioIRC software-a nalazi u okviru graničnih vrednosti proseka ±1 standardne devijacije vrednosti date varijable, koju su izmerili i istraživači u prethodno publikovanim referentim istraživanjima, može se tvrditi da je eksterna validnost korišćenog sistema naučno prihvatljiva. Iz ove konstatcije proizilazi da se softverska analiza odlikuje visokim stepenom osetljivosti i zadovoljavajućim koeficijentima interne i eksterne validnosti. Sistem softverske analize je veoma precizan analitički instrument, sa egzaktnim parametrima i veoma upotrebljiv za objašnjenje i korišćenje u metodologiji rada trenera i sportskih eksperata, te je kao takav preporučljiv u analitičko-dijagnostičkoj praksi u fudbalu. Potrebe egzaktnosti i validnosti budućih studija slične tematike, nameću neophodnost postojanja većeg broja analiziranih utakmica (ispitanika), različitih
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tehničko-taktičkih zahteva i kvalitativnih nivoa takmičenja, kako bi se korelacije i međusobne zavisnosti datih parametara potvrdile na velikom uzorku i nametnule kao standardizovano analitičko-dijagnostičko sredstvo u metodologiji rada u fudbalu.
REFERENCE
Baviskar, S. P., & Ujgare, N. S. (2012). Kernel Based Object Tracking Using Mean Shift Method. IJCA Proceedings on International Conference in Computational Intelligence, New York, USA, Published by Foundation of Computer Science. Bradley, P., Sheldon, W., & Wooster, B. (2003). High Intensity Running in English Premier League Soccer Matches. Journal of Sports Science, 27, 156-168. Comaniciu, D., Ramesh, V. and Meer, P. (2000). Real-Time Tracking of Non-Rigid Objects Using Mean Shift. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2, 142-149. Comanicu, D., & Meer, P. (2002). Mean shift: A robust approach toward feature space analysis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, 24, 603- 619. Comaniciu, D., Ramesh, V. & Meer, P. (2003). Kernel-Based Object Tracking, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 5, 564-579. Carling, C., Bloomfield, J., & Nielsen, L. (2008). The Role of Motion Analysis in Elite Soccer Contemporary performance Measurement Technique and Work Rate Data. Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, 839-862. Casajus, J.A. (2001). Season variation in fitness variables in professional soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physiological Fitness, 41, 463-465. Di Prampero, P.E., Capelli, C., Pagliaro, P. et al. (1993). Energetics of the Best performaces in Middle-distances running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 74(5), 2318-2324. Dellal, A., Del Wong, P., Moalla, W., & Chamari, K. (2010). Physical and Technical Activity of Soccer Players in the French First League- With Special Reference to their Playing Positions. International Sport Medicine Journal, 11, 278-290. Di Salvo, V., Pigozzi, F., Gonzales-Hero, C., Laughlin, M.S., & De Wiff, J.K. (2013). Match Performance Comparison in Top English Soccer Leagues. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34, 526-532. Scott, D. W. (1992). Multivariate Density Estimation, Wiley. Gevers T. (2001). Color in Image Search Engines, Survey on color for image retrieval from Multimedia Search, Published in Visual Information Retrieval, London, Springer Verlag. Kailath, T. (1999). The Divergence and Bhattacharyya Distance Measures in Signal Selection. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, 15, 253-259. Menz, V., Marterer, M., Amin, S.B., Faulhaber, M., Hansen, A.B., & Lawley, J.S. (2019) Functional Vs. Running Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training: Effects on VO2max and Muscular Endurance. Journal of Sport Science & Medicine, 18(3), 497/504.
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Rampini, E., Coutts, A.J. & Sastagna C. (2007). Variation in Top Level Soccer Match Performance. Journal of sports Medicine, 28, 1018-1024. Osgnach, C., Poser, S., Bernardini, R., Rinaldo, R., & Di Prampero, P. (2009). Energy Cost and Metabolic Power in Elite Soccer: A New Analysis Aproach. Journal of Medicine & Science in sports & Exercise, 49, 170-177. Carling, C., Bloomfield, J., & Nielsen, L. (2008). The Role of Motion Analysis in Elite Soccer Contemporary performance Measuerement Technique and Work Rate Data. Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, 839-862. Radaković, R., Prosinečki, R., Đurović, Ž.,Marović, S., Peulić, A., Nikolić, D., i Filipović, N. (2013). Analiza kretanja igrača FK Crvena Zvezda tokom utakmice 4. Kola kvalifikacija za Ligu Evrope 2012/13. Zbornik radova: 11. Međunarodna konferencija UKTH, Zagreb, 21-23 veljače 2013., str 422-427. Radaković, R., Đurović, Ž.,Prosinečki, R., Vulović, R., Peulić, A., Nikolić, D., & Filipović, N. (2012). Opšti parametri Tracking motion analize igrača FK Crvena Zvezda tokom utakmice 4. Kola kvalifikacija za Ligu Evrope 2012/13. Abstract book of: International Conference Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia, 9-11 decembre 2013, 328-333. Yokohama, K., Tabuchi, N., Araujo, D., & Yamamoto, Y. (2020). How Training Tools Physically Linking Soccer Players Improve Interpersonal Coordination. Journal of Sport Science & Medicine, 19(2), 245/
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INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF THE MOVEMENT RANGE MEASUREMENT OF TOP SOCCER PLAYERS DURING THE MATCH MEASURED USING THE SOFTWARE SYSTEM TRACKING MOTION BIOIRC
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the internal and external validity of measuring the range of motion of top players during a match measured using Software System Tracking Motion BIOIRC. The research was conducted on a sample of 63 players, who were recorded during 11 official matches from the following clubs or national teams: Red Star F.C. Belgrade; Radnicki 1923 F. C. Kragujevac; Partizan F. C. Belgrade; Bordoaux F. C. Bordoaux; senior national teams of Serbia and the National Team of Belgium. The variables provide estimates of the variability of the movement of top players during the game, followed by the software system Tracking motion (BioIRC, Kragujevac, Serbia). The parameters of the movement structure were analyzed by a descriptive statistical method, and the reliability of the monitored variables was examined using linear regression analysis. Based on the obtained results of player movement during the analyzed matches, it can be concluded that the internal and external validity of the range of player movement during the first and second half of the match is very high, both at the level of the whole team and the team lines.
Keywords: validity, measurement, movement range, game, top soccer players
Primljeno: 18.07.2020. Odobreno: 19.11.2020.
Korespondencija: Radivoje Radaković Istraživačko razvojni centar za bioinženjering, BioIRC Sretenjskog ustava 27, 34000 Kragujevac Tel: +381668011089 e-mail: [email protected]
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FMS SKRINING KAO REVOLUCIONARNO – REHABILITACIONI MERNI INSTRUMENT U SPORTU I REKREACIJI
1Armin Zećirović, 2Dragama Rodić, 3Ilma Čaprić, 3Mila Manić, 4Konstantinos Stratakis, 3Adem Mavrić, 3Samir Hačković, DOI 10.7251/SIZ2001071Z 3Raid Mekić, ISSN 1840-152X 1Fakultet Fizičkog Vaspitanja i Sporta, Univerzitet u Istočnom Sarajevu UDK 796.012.1 2IST-Hochschule University of Applied Sciences http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 3Fakultet Sporta i Fizičkog Vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Nišu https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 4 Fakultet za sport i fizičku kulturu, Univerzitet Singidunum
NAUČNA KRITIKA Apstrakt: Međunarodni sportski programi utvrdili su procedure FMS skrininga kao suštinsku komponentu za identifikaciju učenika, sportista i rekreativaca koji su pod visokim rizikom da postanu povređeni. Cilj rada je da se utvrdi upotreba Functional Movement Screeninga (FMS), kao sistema koji se bavi analizom funkcionalnih obrazaca pokreta i njihovih komponenti i utvrđuje efikasnost lokomotornog sistema, kroz procenu mobilnosti, motorne kontrole i stabilnosti. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo trinaest originalnih naučnih radova. Svi radovi su zadovoljili problematiku i mogli su da daju odgovor na postavljeni cilj. Kao metod uzeta je selekcija radova od 2010. do 2015. godine.
Ključne reči: dijagnostika, mobilnost, stabilnost, korekcija, sportisti
1. Uvod
Sve je veći broj dece mlađeg školskog kao i školskog uzrasta koji se aktivno bavi sportom i uzima učešće kako u individualnim tako i u timskim sportovima. U ranom periodu sport treba da služi deci i da bude zabavnog, kreativnog i inovativnog karaktera, dok smo svedoci sve enormnije rane specijalizacije mladih kao i povećan broj povreda u mladosti. Kao neželjena, ali neizbežna posledica neprimerenog rada i rane specijalizacije koja nije karakteristična biološki za dečiji organizam, imamo za rezultat sve češće pojave fizijatrima, ortopedima i naglog prestanka bavljenja nekom fizičkom aktivnošću zbog povrede i neadekvatnog lečenja. Izveštaj o sportskim sezonama srednjoškolaca od 1995. do 1997. godine ukazuje da je bilo više od dva miliona povreda, što je zahtevalo 500.000 poseta lekaru i 30.000 hospitalizacija u SAD-a (Powell J, & Barber-Foss K, 1999). Obim prijavljenih povreda, zajedno sa činjenicom da mnoge značajnije povrede povezane sa sportom mogu dovesti do dugoročnog fizičkog ošte enja, opravdava istraživanje mogu nosti koriš enja metoda
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pred učestvovanje koje su u stanju da identifikuju mlade sportiste koji su pod visokim rizikom da postanu povreĎeni (Micheli J, at al, 2000). U pokušaju da stvore funkcionalnu procenu, Grey Cook i Lee Burton razvili su FMS skrining 2001. godine, FMS (Functional Movement Screening) – što u prevodu znači: Funkcionalno Testiranje Pokreta. Ovaj skrining alat se sastoji od baterije testova za istovremeno ocenjivanje mobilnosti i stabilnosti zglobova kroz seriju od sedam pokreta, tj. sedam testova. Iako nijedan od testova nije specifičan za bilo koji pojedinačni sport, ovi FMS testovi izazivaju gornje, donje ekstremitete i trup u funkcionalnim zadacima, za razliku od nekih vrsta testiranja atletskih performansi, koje ne uspevaju da testiraju ove aspekte (Cook G, & Burton L, 2019). Kako je zamišljeno, evaluacija je praktična, jer se željeni pokreti mogu testirati u roku od pet do deset minuta, što omogu ava treneru da brzo pregleda nedostatke koji mogu zahtevati dublju procenu i mogu u rehabilitaciju kako bi se smanjio rizik od povrede (Chapman R, at al, 2014). Ukoliko se neki sportista ili rekreativac često povređuje, FMS testiranjem pronalazimo uzrok njegovih povreda i određenim funkcionalnim vežbama ga otklanjamo. Sistem FMS testova nam pokazuje stanje motorne kontrole, pokretljivosti i asimetrije leve i desne, gornje i donje strane tela. Ove parametre dobijamo stavljaju i ispitanika u položaje gde on ispoljava najveće asimetrije, disbalans, slabosti i ograničenosti u tim pokretima (Abraham A, at al., 2015). Sve je više fokusa na mišić a ne na pokret, mnogi treninraju snagu pre disfunkcije, što je u potpunosti pogrešan algoritam. Mnogi sportisti i rekreativci izvode aktivnosti na visokom nivou, uprkos tome što nisu efikasni u svojim osnovnim pokretima; na taj način, bez da to znaju, ove osobe pokušavaju da dodaju kondiciju disfunkciji. Mnogi pojedinci treniraju oko već postojećeg problema ili jednostavno ne treniraju svoje slabosti tokom programa snage i kondicije. Na današnjem razvoju tržišta treninga i rehabilitacije, sportisti i medicinski profesionalci imaju pristup ogromnom arsenalu opreme i programa vežbanja; međutim, najbolja oprema i programi ne mogu poboljšati kondiciju i zdravlje ako nisu izložene i unapređene temeljne slabosti (Boyle M, 2018). Cilj je individualizovati svaki program vežbanja na osnovu slabe veze fizičkog ili funkcionalnog ograničenja klijenta. Da bi se izolovala slaba veza, trebalo bi uzeti u obzir osnovne obrasce pokreta tela. Većina ljudi ne započinje programima jačanja i kondicioniranja ili rehabilitacije određivanjem da li imaju adekvatne obrasce pokreta. Stoga, veoma je važno pregledati temeljne pokrete pojedinca pre nego što započnemo rehabilitacioni ili program jačanja i kondicioniranja (Boyle M, at al., 2016). Korekcija disfunkcija može delovati pozitivno i unaprediti performanse kod sportiste, bez forsiranja vežbi snage pre korekcije, npr. dati prednost mobilnosti torakalnog dela kičme i povećanju amplitude pokreta pre dubokog čučnja sa opterećenjem. Cilj rada je da FMS skrining predstavi kao revolucionarnu dijagnostičko – rehabilitacionu metodu i kao merni instrument koji nam pokazuje stanje motorne kontrole, stabilnosti, mobilnosti i asimetrije leve i desne, gornje i
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donje strane tela, pomaže trenerima pri dizajniranju programa sistematskim korišćenjem korektivnih vežbi za normalizaciju ili poboljšanje osnovnih obrazaca pokreta kod klijenata, pruža nam sistematski alat za nadgledanje napretka i razvoja obrasca pokreta u prisustvu promenljivog statusa povrede ili nivoa kondicije, i potvrđuje činjenicu da je jedan od ključnih alata i faktora u suzbijanju povreda i unapređenju funkcionalnosti kod sportista i rekreativaca.
2. Metod
Istraživački podaci za potrebe ovog rada prikupljani su putem elektronskih baza: PubMed, Google Scholar, DOAJ, kao i preko literature: Functional Movement Screen Pro trainer Manual (Cook & Burton 2016), Certified Functional Strength & Conditioning Manual (Boyle M, 2016) i EXOS Performance Manual Trainer (Verstegen M, 2016). Pretraga radova urađena je u periodu od 2010. do 2015. godine. Prilikom istraživanja baza podataka korišćene su sledeće ključne reči: dijagnostika, mobilnost, stabilnost, korekcija, sportisti. Pronađeni naslovi istraživanja, abstrakti i celi tekstovi su zatim bili čitani i analizirani. Da bi istraživanje bilo prihvaćeno za konačnu analizu moralo je da zadovolji dva kriterijuma: prvi kriterijum se odnosi na pregled odabranog mernog instrumenta, u ovom slučaju FMS test skrininga, dok je drugi kriterijum sprovođenje analize radova u izabranom razdoblju. Istraživanja koja su zadovoljila postavljene krterjume su zatim analizirana i predstavljena na osnovu sledećih parametara: referenca (prvo slovo autora i godina objavljivanja istraživanja, uzorak ispitanika, primenjeni instrument testirane vrednosti, na kraju, rezultati istraživanja).
3. Rezultati istraživanja
Postupak prikupljanja, analize i eliminacije nađenih radova dat je u Prikazu 1. na osnovu ključnih reči je identifikovano 93 rada. Broj istraživanja koja su odmah isključena na osnovu naslova, dupliranih radova je 11, dok je 56 radova uključeno u analizu. Daljom analizom 56 radova, isključeno je 12 radova na osnovu više kriterijuma: abstrakta, jer se radilo o sistematskim preglednim istraživanjima, kao i nepostojanja kontrolne grupe u istraživanjima, preglednih istraživanja i tema nije bila u potpunosti adekvatna. Preostalih 13 radova zadovoljili su postavljene kriterijume, a to su: radovi izdavani u vremenskom periodu od 2010. do 2015. godine, prikazani su u Tabeli 1.
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Rezultati pregledanih elektronskih baza: 93 rada
11 radova je isključeno: - na osnovu naslova - kao duplirani radovi 56 radova je dalje analizirano na osnovu abstrakta i cijelog rada 12 radova je isključeno na osnovu sledećih kriterijuma: - abstrakta - pregledanih istraživanja 13 radova je zadovoljilo postavljene - tema nije adekvatna kriterijume za analizu
4. Diskusija
U diskusiji je obuhvaćeno trinaest originalnih radova i literatura od najeminentnijih stručnjaka iz oblasti sporta, fitnesa, rekreacije i rehabilitacije (Boyle M, Cook G, Burton L, & Verstegen M). Cilj rada je da FMS skrining predstavi kao instrument koji nam pokazuje stanje motorne kontrole, stabilnosti, mobilnosti i asimetrije leve i desne, gornje i donje strane tela, pomaže trenerima pri dizajniranju programa sistematskim koriš enjem korektivnih vežbi za normalizaciju ili poboljšanje osnovnih obrazaca pokreta kod klijenata, pruža nam sistematski alat za nadgledanje napretka i razvoja obrasca pokreta u prisustvu promenljivog statusa povrede ili nivoa kondicije, i potvrđuje činjenicu da je jedan od ključnih alata i faktora u suzbijanju povreda i unapređenju funkcionalnosti kod sportista i rekreativaca. FMS skrining je baterija od sedam testova koja procenjuje kompetentnost subjekta u obavljanju osnovnih funkcionalnih pokreta. To je standardizovano, pouzdano i jako primenljivo sredstvo koje omogu ava otkrivanje glavnih područja nedostatka ili loše kontrole kretanja i demonstriranje ograničenja ili asimetrije (Bonazza N, at al., 2016). Da bismo to bolje razumeli, osnovni pokreti su oni pokreti (ne specifični sportovi) koje bi svaki aktivni pojedinac trebalo da bude u stanju da izvede, upravljanje mobilnošću, stabilnošću, propriocepcijom i koordinacijom. Ako smo uzeli u obzir FMS piramidu performansi (Prikaz 2), mislimo na najniži deo - POKRET. Što je veća kompetentnost u ovoj oblasti, to je veća efikasnost treninga namenjenog atletskom delu (performanse) i specifičnom sportskom delu (veštini) smanjujući rizik od povreda i preopterećenja. Za razliku od većine testova mišića, FMS testiranje ne procenjuje pojedine oblasti, već uključuje sekvence pokreta koji uključuju ograničeni delovi tela.
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Prikaz 2. FMS piramida performansi
Na osnovu rezultata iz brojnih naučnih istraživanja utvrđuje se da je FMS odličan alat za unapređenje performansi i sportsku dugovečnost, ekonomiju pokreta, prepoznavanje disfunkcija, smanjivanje rizika od povreda, od preopterećenja i povreda mišića na tetivama i ligamentima, kao i da je odlična dijganostičko – rehabilitaciona metoda i izvrstan vodič za personalizovani korektivni rad. Koraci u procesu kontrole povrede su sledeći: da utvrdimo postojanje problema, utvrdimo uzroke problema, utvrdimo šta sprečava problem, da sprovodimo strategije i programe prevencije kao i da nastavimo sa nadgledanjem i efikasnosti preventivnih napora (Bruce A, Bruce H, at al., 2010). Uz FMS skrining pregledavamo klijente zbog rizika od povreda i ili nefunkcionalnog ili ograničavaju eg uzorka pokreta (Cook G, Burton L, at al., 2006), i dozvoljava nam da identifikujemo tzv. „crvene zastave“ ili obrasce pokreta koji su rizični po klijente. Omogu ava nam da brzo uvidimo kvalitet osnovnih obrazaca pokreta i da ciljano radimo na unapređenju disfunkcija (Verstegen M, 2014). Zašto radimo FMS testiranje? Zato što nam je zdravlje na prvom mestu, i zato što želimo kroz FMS skrining da pronađemo i identifikujemo najslabije karike u kinetičkom lancu klijenata kako bi ih na vreme korigovali i unapredili, jer samom korekcijom poboljšavamo obrazac pokreta, čime se u velikoj meri izbegava i smanjuje rizik za javljanje povrede. Osim prevencije FMS nudi i ključne informacije za planiranje i programiranje treninga (Cook G, Burton L, 2019).
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1. Čučanj sa štapom iznad glave (Deep Squat);
2. Prelaz preko prepreke (Hurdle Step);
3. Iskorak (In-Line Lunge);
4. Mobilnost ramena (Shoulder Mobility);
5. Podizanje ispružene noge (Active Straight Leg Raise);
6. Stabilizacioni sklek (Trunk Stability Push Up);
7. Rotaciona stabilnost (Rotary Stability).
Slika 1. FMS skrining (sedam testova)
Takođe postoje i tri clearing – dodatna testa, nakon mobilnosti ramena, stabilizacionog skleka, i rotacione stabilnosti, koji pomeraju zglob do krajnjih granica, u pokušaju da se reprodukuju simptomi. Ako je opseg pokreta normalan, zglob se uklanja kao uzrok poremećaja mišićno-koštanog sistema. Testiranje čučnja sa štapom iznad glave (Deep Squat) – utvrđuje totalnu mehaniku tela i neuromuskularnu kontrolu. Koristimo ga za testiranje bilateralne, simetrične, funkcionalne pokretljivosti i stabilnosti kukova, kolena i skočnog zgloba. Testiranje prelaza preko prepreke (Hurdle Step) – sastavni je deo kretanja i ubrzanja. Ovaj pokret dovodi u pitanje mehaniku koraka, istovremeno testiraju i stabilnost i kontrolu u položaju sa jednom nogom. Test takođe utvrđuje stabilnost i kontrolu karlice i cora (jezgro - predstavlja skup mišića čija je glavna funkcija stabilnost lumbo-karlične regije i povezivanje gornjih i donjih ekstremiteta. Kada kažemo snažan trup, mislimo na stabilan i jak core koji ne dozvoljava rasipanje sila pri njihovom prenošenju od nogu ka rukama i u suprotnom smeru).
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Iskorak (In-Line Lunge) – postavlja telo u položaj da simulira naprezanja tokom rotacije, usporavanja i bočnih pokreta. Ovaj test takođe utvrđuje pokretljivost i stabilnost kukova, kolena, skočnog zgloba i stopala. Test mobilnosti ramena (Shoulder Mobility) – pokazuje prirodni komplementarni ritam skapularno-torakalne regije, torakalnog dela kičme i rebrastog tkiva tokom recipročnih pokreta gornjih ekstremiteta. Test podizanja ispružene noge (Active Straight Leg Raise) – ne samo da identifikuje aktivnu pokretljivost kuka, već i stabilnost cora. Ovaj obrazac izaziva sposobnost disocijacije donjih ekstremiteta uz održavanje stabilnosti u karlici i coru. Stabilizacioni sklek test (Trunk Stability Push Up) – ovaj test koristi se kao osnovno posmatranje stabilizacije cora i nije test ili merilo čvrstoće i jačine gornjeg dela tela. Pokret testira sposobnost stabilizacije kičme u sagitalnoj ravnini tokom zatvorenog kinetičkog lanca, simetričnog pokreta gornjeg dela tela. Test rotacione stabilnosti (Rotary Stability) – je složen, zahteva pravilnu neuromuskularnu koordinaciju i prenos energije kroz trup. Ovaj obrazac posmatra stabilnost karlice u više ravni, cora i ramenog pojasa tokom kombinovanog pokreta gornjeg i donjeg ekstremiteta. U istraživanju koje su izvršili (Teyhen D, at al., 2012), u jednoj srednjoj školi u SAD-a, u sportovima kao što su: atletski kros, fudbal, tenis i odbojka, uz pomo FMS skrininga, dokazali su da je najveći riziko faktor povreda zadržavanje prethodne povrede, pa će tako stariji sportisti igrati duže vreme nego mlađi sportisti koji su imali više mogućnosti za povređivanjem. Pored toga, dokazali su da individualnim korektivnim vežbama mogu unaprediti performanse i smanjiti rizik od povrede kod sportista koje su testirali i pratili njihov progres. FMS služi kao ekran za prepoznavanje pojedinaca s funkcionalnim deficitom pokreta koji bi mogli ukazivati na povećani rizik od povreda. Upotreba u literaturi varira od mladih, aktivnih pojedinaca do pojedinaca srednjih godina, elitnih i profesionalnih sportista, kao i vojnika i vatrogasaca. Primećeno je da su niži rezultati FMS-a povezani sa povećanim BMI-om, povećanom starošću i smanjenim nivoom aktivnosti (Mitchell U, at al., 2016). Rezultat <14 na FMS-u koristi se kao krajnji rezultat. Pojedinci koji postignu manje od 14 bodova na FMS skriningu poseduju nefunkcionalne obrasce pokreta koji mogu biti u korelaciji sa većim rizikom od povreda (Minick, at al., 2010). Trenutno za FMS skrining postoji 13 studija (Tabela 1) pouzdanosti koje ukazuju na to da ima odličnu pouzdanost. Iz sistematskih pregleda vidljivo je da je pouzdanost bolja kada onaj koji testira klijenta ima više iskustva i ako je sertifikovani FMS Pro trener. Studije objavljene nakon sistematskog pregleda. Za kompozitni skor, standard merenja je 1.0 i minimalna detektivna promena 2.1 – 2.5.
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Studije Metod Interrater Intrarater Nivo treninga Komentari Minick i Kappa – Expert certified Videokaseta saradnici, individualni Znatno/Odlično n/a Novice certified testiranje FMS 2010. test ICC – Schneiders ICC 0.97 composite, FMS merač sa i saradnici, (Odlično), Kappa n/a Uživo FMS individualni iskustvom = Znatno/Odlično 2011. test testiranje Frohm i Dobro/Odlično = saradnici, ICC Dobro/Odlično PT 2-4 godine 0.8 2012. Onate i Dobro/Odlično Dobro/Odlično = Sertifikovani i bez Realno vreme saradnici, ICC sertifikata eksperti CSCS = 0.98 0.8 FMS testiranja 2012. & AT Teyhen i Dobro/Odlično Bez sertifikata - PT 20 sati FMS saradnici, ICC Umeren = 0.74 = 0.76 studenti treninga 2012. Butler i Videokaseta saradnici, ICC Odlično = 0.99 n/a FMS Certified testiranje 2012. Iskustvo ali nisu Shultz i sertifikovani TC studenti i <1 godina iskustva = saradnici, K alpha Loše = 0.38 Umeren = 0.6 profesionalci poštena pouzdanost 2013. <2 godina iskustva = slaba pouzdanost Stvarno/realno Smith i vreme FMS Dobro/Odlično = Dobro/Odlično = AT & PT testiranih sa saradnici, ICC 0.87 – 0.89 0.81 – 0.91 profesionalci različitom 2013. edukacionom pozadinom Gribble i Dobro/Odlično = ATC studenti i Videokaseta saradnici, ICC n/a 0.94 (6 meseci profesionalci testiranje FMS 2013. iskustva) Dobro/Odlično Neutrenirani/neuv Elias, 2013. ICC n/a PT 2-10 godina = 0.90 ežbani merači Parenteau- G i Dobro/Odlično ICC Odlično = 0.96 saradnici, = 0.96 2014. Gulgin i Sertifikovani Dobro/Odlično Novice sertifikovani PT saradnici, ICC n/a studenti i eksperti eksperti – 3 godine = 0.88 2014. certified FMS iskustva Stobierski Stvarno/realno Dobro/Odlično Dobro/Odlično = vreme FMS i saradnici, ICC = 0.76 – 0.98 0.74 – 0.92 testiranih je 2015. pouzdanije Legenda: Studije predstavljaju radove koji su se bavili istražvanjima i utvrđivanjima validnosti FMS skrininga; Metod predstavlja ,,aplikacije’’ koje su olakšale dijagnostikovanje testiranja; Interrater se odnosi na to u kojoj se meri varijable slažu; Intrarater predstavlja merača i njegovu tačnost; Nivo treninga predstavlja edukacionu kvalifikaciju merača; Kometar predstavlja deo kako i na koji način vršilo merenje.
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Iako postoje preliminarna istraživanja (Kiesel K, Phillip Plisky J, at al., 2007) o tome da li se ozbiljne povrede u profesionalnom fudbalu mogu predvideti predsezonskim FMS skriningom? Ostaju zabrinutosti u pogledu valjanosti FMS-a. Takođe, pojava bola pri FMS skriningu u određenom segmentu tela može biti jači pokazatelj rizika od povrede od niskog kompozitnog rezultata i pruža jednostavniju metodu procene rizika od povrede. Prethodne studije koje su koristile FMS kao skrining alat istraživale su da li je FMS imao određenu prediktivnu validnost za povrede i ustanovili su da FMS ima koristi u prepoznavanju nedostatka u određenim pokretima i otkrivanju deficita. Tabela 1. Studije koje ukazuju pouzdanost FMS skrininga Važnost FMS-a kao alata za skrining za predviđanje povrede utvrđena je korišćenjem odsečenih rezultata zasnovanih na dokazima. Tri studije su koristile statistiku skrininga kako bi utvrdile skidanje bodova <14 kao odgovarajuće za identifikaciju pojedinaca koji imaju ve e izglede za održavanje povrede. U studiji koju su sproveli (Abraham A, at al., 2015), utvrđeno je da je 46,5%.
Dijagram 1. Opisni profil učesnika
5. Zaključak
Sa pojavom povećanih povreda kod dece, opšte populacije, sportista profesionalaca i rekreativaca od ključne je važnosti da se uvede predserijski postupak pre bilo koje sportske aktivnosti i trenažnog procesa koji će biti od koristi
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za utvrđivanje potencijalnih rizika od povreda. Kako su i naučnici potvrdili FMS je odličan, praktičan alat za skrining, lako prenosiv, efikasan, pouzdan, koji se lako praktikuje i izvršava i koji se može koristiti u sportskoj i širokoj populaciji. Normativne vrednosti koje su date za FMS u ovim studijama mogu biti od koristi za identifikaciju abnormalnih ukupnih rezultata u svetu sporta, rekreacije i fitnesa, i predstaviti FMS kao jedan revolucionarni - rehabilitaciono dijagnostički instrument koji e sačuvati i preventivno delovati na povrede, unaprediti disfunkcije klijenta, popraviti deficitarne kretne obrasce i sačuvati zdravlje klijenta, jer, zdravlje pre svega.
REFERENCE Agresta C., Slobodinsky M., Tucker C. (2014). Functional Movement Screen, Normative values in healthy distance runners. Abraham A., Rajasekar S., Rohit N. (2015). Normative values for the Functional Movement Screen in adolescent school aged children. Beach T., Frost D., Callaghan J. (2014). FMS scores and low-back loading during lifting whole-body movement screening as an ergonomic tool. Boyle M. (2018). BodyByBoyle, Certified Functional Strength Coach Trainer Manual. Boyle M., Butler R., Queen R. (2016). Functional Movement Competency and dynamic balance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescent patients. Bodden J., Needham R., Chockalingam N. (2015). The effect of an intervention program on Functional Movement Screen test scores in mixed martial arts athletes. Bonazza N., Smuin D., Onks C., Silvis M., Dhawan A. (2016). Reliability, validity, and injury predictive value of the Functional Movement Screen: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bradley H., & Esformes J. (2014). Breathing pattern disorders and functional movement. Bruce A., Bruce H., Steven H., Bullock H. (2010). A public health approach to injury prevention: The U.S. military experience. Butler R., Contreras M., Burton L., Plisky P., Goode A., Kiesel K. (2013). Modifiable risk factors predict injuries in firefighters during training academies. Butler R., Plisky P., Southers C., Scoma C., Kiesel K. (2010). Biomechanical analysis of the different classifications of the Functional Movement Screen deep squat test. Chapman R., Laymon A., Arnold T. (2014). Functional Movement Scores and longitudinal performance outcomes in elite track and field athletes. Chimera N., Smith C., Warren M. (2015). Injury history, sex, and performance on the Functional Movement Screen and Y balance test. Clifton D., Harrison B., Hertel J., Hart J. (2013). Relationship between functional assessments and exercise-related changes during static balance. Cook., G., & Burton, L. (2019). FMS Certification, Pro Trainer Manual.
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Cook., G., Burton., L., Hoogenboom B. (2006). Pre-participation screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 1. Cook G., Burton L., Hoogenboom B., Voight M. (2014). Functional movement screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 2. Dossa K., Cashman G., Howitt S., West B., Murray N. (2014). Can injury in major junior hockey players be predicted by a pre-season Functional Movement Screen – a prospective cohort study. Heather G., & Hoogenboom B. (2014). A nine-test screening battery for athletes: A reliability study. The Functional Movement Screenng (FMS): An inter-rater reliability study between raters of varied experience. Kiesel K., Phillip Plisky J., Michael Voight L. (2007). Functional Movement Screen normative values and validity in High school athletes: can the FMS used as a predictor of injury. Can serious injury in professional football be predicted by a preseason Functional Movement Screen. Micheli, J., R. Glassman, K., Michelle. (2000). The prevention of Sports injuries in children. Minick K., Kiesel K., Burton L., Taylor A., Plisky P., Butler R. (2010). Interrater reliability of the Functional Movement Screen. Mitchell U., Johnson A., Vehrs P., Feland J., Hilton S. (2016). Performance on the Functional Movement Screen in older active adults. Powell, J., & Barber Foss, K. (1999). Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. Teyhen D., Shaffer S., Lorenson C., Halfpap J., Donofry D., Walker M., Dugan J., Childs D. (2012). The Functional Movement Screen: a reliability study. Peate W., Bates G., Lunda K., Francis S., Bellamy K. (2007). Core strength: A new model for injur
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FMS SCREENING AS A REVOLUTIONARY - REHABILITATIVE MEASURING INSTRUMENT IN SPORTS AND RECREATION
SCIETIFIC CRITISM Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the internal and external validity of measuring the range of motion of top players during a match measured using Software System Tracking Motion BIOIRC. The research was conducted on a sample of 63 players, who were recorded during 11 official matches from the following clubs or national teams: Red Star F.C. Belgrade; Radnicki 1923 F. C. Kragujevac; Partizan F. C. Belgrade; Bordoaux F. C. Bordoaux; senior national teams of Serbia and the National Team of Belgium. The variables provide estimates of the variability of the movement of top players during the game, followed by the software system Tracking motion (BioIRC, Kragujevac, Serbia). The parameters of the movement structure were analyzed by a descriptive statistical method, and the reliability of the monitored variables was examined using linear regression analysis. Based on the obtained results of player movement during the analyzed matches, it can be concluded that the internal and external validity of the range of player movement during the first and second half of the match is very high, both at the level of the whole team and the team lines.
Keywords: validity, measurement, movement range, game, top soccer players
Primljeno: 04.11.2020. Odobreno: 15.12.2020.
Korespondencija: Armin Zećirović Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Univerzitet u Istočnom Sarajevu 71420 Pale, BiH Tel: +381 62 11 69 199 e-mail: [email protected]
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UPUTSTVA ZA AUTORE
Časopis Sport i Zdravlјe publikuje radove iz oblasti fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, kao i dodirnih biomedicinskih, humanističkih, društvenih i prirodnih nauka, sa neobjavlјenim rezultatima naučnih istraživanja i novim empirijskim iskustvima. Dostavlјen rukopis, koji nije pripremlјen u skladu sa Uputstvima za autore, biće odmah vraćen autoru na doradu. Autor je u potpunosti odgovoran za sadržaj i leksiku rada. Svi radovi podliježu recenziji. Svaki rad zasebno podliježe detekciji na plagijarizam.
KATEGORIZACIJA RADOVA
Časopis objavlјuje članke, polemike, osvrte, tematske bibliografije, patente, izvještaje i vijesti o naučnim i stručnim skupovima, kao i slične dokumente značajne za oblast fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta. Kategoriju članka određuju Recenzenti i Redakcija.
Recenzirani radovi se svrstavaju u slјedeće kategorije:
izvorni naučni članak, pregledni članak, prethodno saopštenje, referat na naučnom/stručnom skupu, pozitivno predavanje i saopštenje, naučna kritika, polemika, osvrt, i stručni članak.
RUKOPIS RADA
Rukopis rada šalјe se na srpskom jeziku (latinično pismo) i engleskom jeziku (obje verzije rada se šalјu u cjelini), napisan fontom Cambria, veličine 11pt, sa single razmakom između redova.
Rukopis metodološki treba da obuhvati sledeća poglavlјa: apstrakt, uvod, metod, rezultati, diskusija, zaklјučak, literatura.
NASLOV RADA (13 pt, Cambria, Bold, Center)
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Imena autora i afilacija (10pt Cambria, Capitalize Each Word, Align Text Right) -bez proreda- Afilacija (9pt Cambria, Capitalize Each Word, Align Text Right)
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Sažetak (11pt Cambria, Justify) *Sažetak treba biti informativan. Trebalo bi uklјučiti bitne i značajne rezultate koji podržavaju zaklјučak rada. Treba navesti tri do šest klјučnih riječi koje se ne koriste u naslovu. Skraćenice se ne smiju koristiti u sažetku.
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Klјučne riječi: (11pt Cambria, Align Text Left) *Ostavite jedan prazan red nakon Sažetka i napišite klјučne riječi (4 - 6 riječi).
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UVOD (13pt Cambria, UPPERCASE, Align Text Left; ostatak teksta (11pt Cambria, Justify/First Line Indent 1cm). * Uvod bi trebao biti razumlјiv širem auditorijumu. Jasno navedite svrhu rada i navedite relevantan kontekst koji će podržati osnovu za rad i značaj rada.
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METOD (13pt Cambria, UPPERCASE, Align Text Left; ostatak teksta (11pt Cambria, Justify/First Line Indent 1cm). *Metod rada treba da pruži osnovne informacije vezane za tematiku rada, izbor uzorka, mjernih instrumenata i ostalih pomoćnih procedura. Glavni sadržaji koje je potrebno predstaviti kroz metod rada: 2.1 Uzorak ispitanika 2.2 Uzorak mjernih instrumenata/Postupak/Protokol testiranja 2.3 Statistička obrada podataka/prikuplјanje i analiza podataka
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REZULTATI (13pt Cambria, UPPERCASE, Align Text Left; ostatak teksta (11pt Cambria, Justify). * Rezultati bi trebali biti predstavlјeni tačno i ne bi trebali sadržavati materijal koji nije prikladan za prikaz. Jedinice, količine i formule trebaju biti izražene prema Međunarodnom sistemu (SI jedinice). Sve rezultate je potrebno prikazati numerički, tabelarno, sa konkretnim statističkim nalazima i pravilno odabranim statističkim procedurama. Ukoliko se radi o preglednom istraživanju ili nekoj drugoj kategoriji rada, tabelarne informacije moraju imati odgovarajućeinformacije (referenca, populacija, pol, tretman, protokol, rezultati). U presjeku su primjerom data dva tabelarna prikaza:
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a) Tabela 1. Razlike efekata dva programa vježbi na tjelesnu kompoziciju na univarijantnom nivou (ANCOVA) (11pt Cambria, Align Text Left) Adj. Mean Adj. Mean Adj. Mean F (2; 74) Sig. Fisher’s Variable EKS 1 EKS 2 KON LSD E1>K; Fat mass [%] 21.00 21.82 25.69 100.36 .000* E2>K; E1>E2 E1>K; Muscle mass [kg] 49.80 51.29 48.57 84.93 .000* E2>K; E1>E2 nastavak tabele...
b) Tabela 1. Prikaz analiziranih istraživanja (11pt Cambria, Align Text Left) Referenca Populacija/pol Tretman Protokol Rezultati Fudbaleri ♂ Kod EG+CR, 8 nedelja, Amirsasan et EG+CR=10; 1RM/BP, 1RM/BS, povećanje 1RM, TT, EG+CR=0,3gr/kg, al. 2018 EG+PG=10. TK-InBody 300 MM, smanjenje TM u EG+PG=MD SG=18-26yo odnosu na EG+PG. nastavak tabele...
DISKUSIJA (13pt Cambria, UPPERCASE, Align Text Left; ostatak teksta (11pt Cambria, Justify/First Line Indent 1cm). * Naglasite nove i važne aspekte studije i zaklјučke koji su izvedeni iz studije. Molimo vas da se vijerno pridržavate naših uputstava, u suprotnom morate ponovo poslati cijeli rad. -1 prored-
ZAKLjUČAK (13pt Cambria, UPPERCASE, Align Text Left; ostatak teksta (11pt Cambria, Justify/First Line Indent 1cm). * Vaš zaklјučak predstavlјa šansu da se istakne zadnja riječ o obrađenoj temi. Zaklјučak omogućava da se podstaknu pitanja koja su pokrenuta radu, da rezimirate svoja razmišlјanja, pokažete važnost svojih ideja i podstaknete čitaoca na novi pogled na temu. To je takođe vaša prilika da ostavite dobar konačni utisak i završite pozitivno istraživanje.
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LITERATURA (13pt Cambria, UPPERCASE, Align Text Left; ostatak teksta (11pt Cambria, First Line Indent/Left indent 0,5cm; Justify; APA Style). Način citiranja dostupan je na adresi: www.apastyle.org (Detaljniji prikaz citiranja prema APA standardu dat je u Tabeli 1 i Tabeli 2).
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KORESPONDENCIJA (10pt Cambria, Lowercase, Align Text Left);
Ime i Prezime Afilijacija Adresa Email Broj telefona
Politika plaćanja:
Jedinstvena cijena rada (maksimalno 8 autora po rukopisu) iznosi 50€
Tabela 1. Ova stranica sadrži referentne primere za članke iz časopisa, uklјučujući sledeće Ova stranica sadrži referentne primere za članke iz časopisa, uklјučujući sledeće Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. 1. Novinski članak Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. * Parentetički citat: (Grady et al., 2019) *Narativni navod: Grady et al. (2019) Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine with the Članak u časopisu 2. help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972. sa brojem članka * Parentetički citat: (Jerrentrup et al., 2018) *Narativni navod: Jerrentrup et al. (2018) Nedostaje broj časopisa: Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44–47. Nedostaje broj izdanja: Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older Članak u časopisu and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, 3 sa informacijama domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different koje nedostaju steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. Nedostaje broj stranice ili broj časopisa: Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1). * Parentetički citat: (Butler, 2017; Sanchiz et al., 2017; Stegmeir, 86
2016) *Narativni navod: Butler (2017), Sanchiz et al. (2017), and Stegmeir (2016) Joly, J. F., Stapel, D. A., & Lindenberg, S. M. (2008). Silence and table manners: When environments activate norms. Personality Povučeni članak 4. and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1047–1056. iz časopisa * Parentetički citat: (Joly et al., 2008) *Narativni navod: Joly et al. (2008) (1)de la Fuente, R., Bernad, A., Garcia-Castro, J., Martin, M. C., & Cigudosa, J. C. (2010). Retraction: Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Research, 70(16), 6682. (2)The Editors of the Lancet. (2010). Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid- Obaveštenje o nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive 5. povlačenju developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, 375(9713), 445. članka iz časopisa * Parentetički citat: (de la Fuente et al., 2010; The Editors of the Lancet, 2010) *Narativni navod: de la Fuente et al. (2010) and The Editors of the Lancet (2010) Hare, L. R., & O'Neill, K. (2000). Effectiveness and efficiency in Sažetak članka u small academic peer groups: A case study (Accession No. časopisu iz 200010185) [Abstract from Sociological Abstracts]. Small Group 6. apstraktne baze Research, 31(1), 24–53. podataka za * Parentetički citat: (Hare & O’Neill, 2000) indeksiranje *Narativni navod: Hare and O’Neill (2000) Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E., & Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality among Monografija kao employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 7. deo broja 76(1), 143–168. časopisa * Parentetički citat: (Ganster et al., 1991) *Narativni navod: Ganster et al. (1991) Freeberg, T. M. (2019). From simple rules of individual proximity, Dopunski complex and coordinated collective movement [Supplemental materijal za 8. material]. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 133(2), 141–142. članak iz časopisa * Parentetički citat: (Freeberg, 2019) samo na mreži *Narativni navod: Freeberg (2019)
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Tabela 2. Reference knjiga / knjiga
Reference knjiga / knjiga
(1)Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. (2)Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books. (3)Svendsen, S., & Løber, L. (2020). The big picture/Academic 1. Cela knjiga writing: The one-hour guide (3rd digital ed.). Hans Reitzel Forlag. *Parentetički citat: (Jackson, 2019; Sapolsky, 2017; Svendsen & Løber, 2020) *Narativni navod: Jackson (2019), Sapolsky (2017), and Svendsen and Løber (2020) (1)Hygum, E., & Pedersen, P. M. (Eds.). (2010). Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. (2)Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press. Celokupna uređena (3)Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., & 2. knjiga Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019). Microaggression theory: Influence and implications. John Wiley & Sons. *Parentetički citat: (Hygum & Pedersen, 2010; Kesharwani, 2020; Torino et al., 2019) *Narativni navod: Hygum and Pedersen (2010), Kesharwani (2020), and Torino et al. (2019) Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (2013). Conditioned emotional reactions: The case of Little Albert (D. Webb, Ed.). CreateSpace Ponovo objavlјena Independent Publishing Platform. http://a.co/06Se6Na 3 knjiga, sa urednikom (Original work published 1920) *Parentetički citat: (Watson & Rayner, 1920/2013) *Narativni navod: Watson and Rayner (1920/2013) Kübler-Ross, E. (with Byock, I.). (2014). On death & dying: What the dying have to teach doctors, nurses, clergy & their Knjiga objavlјena sa own families (50th anniversary ed.). Scribner. (Original work 4. novim predgovorom published 1969) drugog autora *Parentetički citat: (Kübler-Ross, 1969/2014) *Narativni navod: Kübler-Ross (1969/2014) Harris, K. R., Graham, S., & Urdan T. (Eds.). (2012). APA educational psychology handbook (Vols. 1–3). American Nekoliko tomova 5. Psychological Association. višeglasnog dela *Parentetički citat: (Harris et al., 2012) *Narativni navod: Harris et al. (2012)
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EFFECTS OF CREATINE MONOHYDRATE TO STRENGTH AND BODY COMPOSITION
1Bojan Bjelica, 2Nikola Aksović, 3Radica Alempijević, 1Milan Zelenović, 4Ivan Dragović DOI 10.7251/SIZEN2001090B 1Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, university of East Sarajevo ISSN 1840-152X 2Faculty of Sport and Physical Educytion, University of Niš UDK 796.012.11:547.495.9 3Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 4Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ Master studies student
REVIEW ARTICLE Abstract: Creatine has become highly popular supplement among athletes. Contemporary research also suggests that there is also a large number of potential therapeutic applications of creatine. Aim of this systematic overview is to test the effects of CR to muscle strength and body composition on the basis of the collected data and analysed papers published in the period 2018–2020. Literature research was performed in the following data bases: PubMed, Scholar Google and DOAJ. Papers were selected according to multiple criteria and they suggest that CR in combination with an exercise program produces results in increase of muscle mass and strength and it reduces time required for execution of a specific activity. Changes in body composition were observed in increase of total mass and muscle mass, as well as amount of water in body composition. Use of CR in amount of 10–20 g per day and frequency of 4–5 days a week is an efficient tool used for increase in sport performances and positive changes in body composition.
Key words: weight, bench press, 1RM, body, BIA, supplements
1. Introduction
According to manuscripts human race has always reached for the most efficient non-hormonal supplements for amplification of physical abilities and possibilities. The firs written data originates from the Olympic games in Greece in 776 BC. (Grivetti & Applegate, 1997). Use of supplements is widespread all over the world. In addition to common food products designed for athletes and physically active people, many companies developed supplements, mostly claiming that the sport effect can be increased. Supplements used for the purpose of increasing effects of exercise and sport performances come in various shapes, including pills, capsules, liquids and powders. Many of the aforementioned products also contain variety of ingredients in different combinations and percentages. The most common ingredients are amino acids, proteins, creatine and caffeine (LaBotz & Griesemer, 2009). There is a large number of studies observing the influence of 90
supplementation to physical abilities (El Khoury & Antoine, 2012; Morrison, Gizis, & Shorter, 2004; Rocha & Pereira, 1998; Pereira, Jajolo, & Hirschbruch, 2003; Gomes, Degiovanni, Garlipp, & Chiarello, 2008; Goston & Correlia, 2010; Oliver, Leon, & Hernandez, 2008) amnd changes of body composition (Earnest et al., 1995; Kreider, Ferreira, et al., 1998; Kreider, Klesges, et al., 1996; Vandenberghe et al., 1997). CR is also a part of diet and is mostly found in meat and fish and when consumed 98% is deposited in the muscles and the remaining part in the brain, heart and other organs, while the excess is processed by kidneys and excreted in the form of creatinine (Cannan & Shore, 1928). CR is one of most commonly used supplements for increase of exercising effects and sport performances (Kreider, et al., 2017). It facilitates the production of ATP and delivers energy into muscles, especially in case of short-term activities (Salomons, et al., 2010). CR may have four-fold positive effects to muscle performances: by increasing the cells of phosphocreatine which is used for generating the ATP at the start of intensive exercise, by increasing the speed of phosphocreatine re-synthesis after exercising, by depressing the degradation of adenine nucleotides and accumulation of lactates and/or by increasing the glycogen depositing into skeletal muscles (Salomons, et al., 2010). Oral ingestion of CR increases the creatinine and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) content of human skeletal muscles (Casey, et al., 1996; Febbraio, Flanagan, Snow, Zhao, & Carey, 1995; Greenhaff, Bodin, Soderlound, Hultman, 1994; Harris, Soderlund, & Hultman, 1992; Vandenberghe, et al., 1997). Typical protocol for the start of CR intake for adults, regardless of sex and body size, consists of the loading phase in the period of 5–7 days when CR is consumed in the amount of 20 g/day divided into four parts (5 g), followed by the maintenance phase of 3–5 g/day (Cooper, Naclerio, Allgrove, & Jimenez, 2012). Impact of CR to strength and changes to body composition were also mentioned in other studies (Haff, et al., 2000; Meyer, et al., 2000). Regarding the fact that strength is one of the most important motoric factors, it was defined many times. Maximum strength is the maximal ability of muscle or a group of muscles to produce force. It is frequently measured by one-repetition maximum (1RM), which is operatively defined as the maximum amount of weight that a person can possibly lift for one repetition in provided time and in technically correct manner (Pereira & Gomes, 2003). With this systematic overview we will try to point out benefits of supplementation by CR in terms of increase in strength, all changes in body composition shall also be followed. Jose & Ciccone (2013) examined the effects of CR (5g/day) to strength and body composition in their study. Research was conducted on 19 participants who did body building aged 23.1±2.9. Over the course of four weeks five trainings were applied. In addition to body composition one- repetition maximum (1RM) was also tested at bench press and 3 repetitions at leg press. Significant differences were noted in increase of muscle mass, while the increase of total fat and body weight was not significant. Increase in strength was
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noted in all applied variables. Similar research results were obtained by Cribb, & Hayes (2006). CR consumption before and after training results in higher gain in fat body weight, size of muscle fibers and muscle strength. Similar results were obtained in other research (Soderlung, Balsom, & Ekblom, 1994; Hultman, Soderlung, Timmons, Cederblad, & Greenhaff, 1996; Volek, 1997; Bemben,et al., 2010). Aim of the systematic overview is to test the effects of CR to muscle strength and body composition.
2. Method
Electronic databases PubMed, Scholar Google and DOAJ were used for the purpose of obtaining data for this research. Search for papers was performed in the period 2018–2019. Following key words were used in the search: weight training, muscle mass, 1RM, placebo, BIA, supplements. Found titles of the research papers, abstracts and full texts, were then examined and analysed. Research paper had to meet two criteria in order to be accepted for final analysis: the first criterion is in connection with the issues related to creatinine monohydrate and the second one to conducting analysis of papers issued in the defined period. Research that met the criteria was then analysed and represented through the following parameters: reference (first letter of the author, publishing year, year when the research was performed), sample (age, number of participants and groups of participants), exercise program, duration of program and research findings.
3. Results
Procedure of data collection, analysis and elimination is presented graphically (Graph 1). Using the key words 136 papers were obtained. Number of research immediately eliminated on the basis of title, double papers, and publishing date (before 2018) was 94, while 42 papers proceeded to further analysis which resulted in elimination of 35 papers according to various criteria: abstract, because they were systematic overviews and lack of adequate information relevant to our research. Remaining seven papers (Table 1) met the criterion that it was issued in period 2018–2020. In four papers the research was performed on around 133 male participants istraživanja (Amirsasan, Nabilpour, Pourraze, Curby, 2018; Wang, Fang, Lee, & Yang, 2018; Vilar-Neto et al., 2018; Bjelica et al., 2020), in two papers research participants were 54 women. In the paper by Mills et al. (2020) it was combination of male and female participants. All the participants used creatinine monohydrate as supplement to regular diet, in addition to activity. Program duration varied. In the research performed by Farah & Dos Santos (2018) CR treatment was performed in
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the course of 5 days, and in case of Atakan, Karavelioğlub, Harmancıb, & Bulut (2019) it was seven days. Graph 1.Procedure for collection, analysis and elimination of obtained papers
Electronic databases search Identification results: 136 papers
as
94 papers were eliminated Screening of as double papers and papers papers issued in the period before 35 papers were (2018) eliminated on the basis of the following criteria: abstract, examined research, inadequate Acceptability topic 42 papers proceeded to further analysis on the basis of abstract and text
Accepted 7 papers met the criteria papers
In the research by Vilar-Neto et al. (2018) experimental treatment was in duration of 35 days. In a large number of studies were emphasised positive effects of short-term use of CR (5–7 days) to performing of exercises. In majority of studies it was suggested that creatine supplementation can significantly amplify strength, power, performances such as sprint or activities where a large number of muscle groups is engaged (Williams & Branch, 1998; Kraemer & Volek, 1999; Kreider, 1999; Balsom, Soderlund, & Ekblom, 1994; Hultman, Soderlund, Timmons, Cederblad, & Greenhaff, 1996; Greenhaff, 1997). Other authors mentioned significantly longer duration of experimental treatment, specifically in case of Wang et al. (2018) it was four weeks, Mils et al. (2020) six weeks, Amirsasan et al. (2018) eight weeks, Bjelica et al. (2020) sixteen weeks. CR intake was in range 0.1g/kg – 0,3g/kg or in total 5–20g per day. At weekly level CR intake was 4–7 times a week. Seven accepted papers that met the required criteria are presented in Table 1. The research is comprised of contemporary research which dealt with the selected topic. References in the table are represented in the following manner: first author, age,
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sex and division of groups, type of treatment, scope, duration of experimental protocol and results of each study respectively.
Table 1.Overview of the analysed papers Reference Population/sex Treatment Protocol Results Football players ♂ 8 weeks, In EG+CR, increase 1RM, Amirsasan 1RM/BP, 1RM/BS, TK- EG+CR=10; EG+CR=0.3g/kg, TT, MM, reduction in TM et al. 2018 InBody 300 EG+PG=10. EG+PG=MD compared to EG+PG. SG=18-26yo Cyclers ♀ EG1,EG2,KG-crease, EG1+EG2-changes in TK, EG1=5; 5 days, Farah et size, TT,MM, increase in MS, TT, TM. EG2=5;KG=5 EG1=CR;EG2=CR+ al. 2018 strength(W/Kg), KG without significant SG=26.57 MD; 4x10g; KG=/ resistance (W/Kg) changes. ±7.09yo Athletes ♂ 4 weeks, EG=20g Increase of 1RM in EG, Wang et al. EG/PG - squats 5RM, EG=15 ; PG=15 CR+ 2g dex. PG - 5g improved MMS and faster 2018 jumps, TK, sprint 30m SG=20 ± 2yo dex. recovery after training. Students ♂ In EG1-Eg2 increase of Vilar-Neto EG1=12;EG2=12; 1RM/BP, PU/1min., 35 days, PG, EG1-3g 1RM, endurance only in et al. 2018 PG=12; SU/1min. CR, EG2-5g CR EG2 SG=22,5 ± 4,3yo Football players ♀ In EG improved AGL, SP Atakan et SP 10,20,30m, 7 days, EG= CR 0.25 EG=15; PG=15; 10,20,30m, no increase in al. 2019 1RM/BS, AGL g/kg; PG=MD SG=19.83 ± TT. 1.13yo Changes of TK in EG, 16 weeks, Body builders ♂ 1RM/BP, 1R;/BS, increased MM, reduced Bjelica et EG=CR/7days/5g EG=6; PG=8 SB/max, TK-Tanita bc- TM, increased W. Increase al 2020 after+dex; SG=24±6yo 545n of strength in all PG=dex/20g variables. 6 weeks, Changes in TK, increased Physically active 1RM/BP; 1RM/BS; VS; EG= CR/0.1g x kg−1 strength in variable Mills et al. population ♂♀ BK; 1RM/BPmax; x d−1 1RM/BP, 1RM/BS. PG 2020 CR=13; PG=9; 1RM/Bsmax. PG=CR/0,0055g x with no significant SG=26 ± 4 yo kg -1 changes. MM –muscle mass,; MT – body mass; CR– creatinine monohydrate; EG– experimental group; KG– control group; 1RM–one-repetition maximum; PG– placebo group; , dex.–dextrose; SG– age group; MMS– maximum muscle strength; MD– maltodextrine; TK– body composition; MS –muscle strength; TT– body weight; TM– body fat; MM– muscle mass; BP– Bench press; BS– barbell squats; PU–push-ups; SU– sits-ups; SP– speed; AGL– agility; W– water; VS– vertical jump; BK– ball throw.
4. Discussion
Many studies which dealt with the effects of CR confirmed that the body weight increases after a period of oral ingestion (Fairman, Kendall, Hart, Taaffe, Galvao, & Newton, 2019; Vilar-Neto, et al., 2018; Earnest, Snell, Rodriguez, Almada, & Mitchell, 1995; Hultman, Sijderlund, Timmons, Cederblad, & Greenhaff, 1996; Kreider, Ferreira, & Wilson, 1998). Previous studies confirm that 10–20g of CR at daily level with the frequency of five days a week is sufficient for increase in strength and
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number of repetitions (Urbanski, Loy, Vincent, & Yaspelkis, 1999; Izquierdo, Ibañez, & González-Badillo, 2002). Such statements are in line with the selected research papers presented in the systematic overview (Amirsasan et al., 2018; Farah et al., 2018; Wang et al. 2018; Atakan et al., 2019; Bjelica et al., 2020). The research papers have confirmed that with aging changes start to occur in overall body composition and that the level of water (fluids) also drops (Ritz, et al., 2001). One should keep in mind that human body consists of 50–70% of water (Sawka & Coyle, 1999). In the research performed by Bjelica et al. (2020) increase in body water was detected in both groups of participants (CR and placebo), which was the result of physical stress caused by applied training with load. Although there is small number of research papers where body water level was observed, all the data is in favour of training on platform of aerobic exercising or training with load leads to increase in body fluids (water) in human organism (Francaux & Poortmans, 1999; Ho et al., 2012; Davidson et al., 2009; Church et al., 2010; Park & Randone, 2003). Muscle mass, as an integral part of overall mass is significantly increased with CR supplementation. In some papers it was noted that there is also increase in total mass in range 0.7–1.6 kg after short-term CR intake in combination with exercises with load (Becque, Lochmann, Melrose, 2000; Earnest, Snell, Rodriguez, Almada, & Mitchell, 1995; Vandenberghe, Van-Hecke, Leemputte, Vanstapel, & Hespel, 1999). LaBotz & Griesemer (2009) established significant increase of body mass of 0.84 kg in CR group, in relation to the control group. It is important to note that no changes occurred in fat percentage in any of the groups of participants, which is an additional confirmation that CR affects only increase of muscle mass and to certain extent body water levels. Such findings were noted in other studies (Aedma, Timpmann, Lätt, & Ööpik, 2015; Soderlund, Balsom, & Ekblom, 1994; Saab, Marsh, Casselman, & Thompson, 2002; Abdi, et al., 2012; Ferneti, et al., 2018). Studies on supplementation by creatinine show positive effect on performances and strength in duration of short-term maximum exercising intensity measured in one-repetition maximum and effect on mscle endurance and speed (Becque, Lochmann, & Melrose, 2000; Volek & Rawson, 2004; Vandenberghe, 1997; Vandenberghe et al., 1997; Volek & Rawson, 2004). Increased strength on bench press after CR supplementation was mentioned in some of the papers (Amirsasan et al., 2018; Vilar-Neto et al., 2018; Bjelica et al., 2020; Mills et al., 2020). Other research demonstrated similar improvements in bench press performances (Camic et al., 2014;Kilduff et al., 2002; Rawson & Volek, 2003). Regardng sports which require combination of aerobic and anaerobic sources with participation of strength and endurance, fatigue may occur and hence efficiency reduces. With CR supplementation it is possible to prevent loss of strength due to aerobic and anaerobic activity of the athlete. Earnest, Snell, Rodriguez, Almada, & Mitchell (2005) established that creatine supplementation (20 g / day x 4 days and 10 g / day x 6 days) improves activity performances to exhaustion in two cycles in
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duration of approximately 90 seconds. Smith, Stephens, Hall, & Jackson (1998) established that creatine supplementation (20 g / day x 5 days) increases the time of performance of exercises which last 90–600 secons, mostly in short, more intensive activities. Nelson et al., (2000) established that cretaine supplementation (20 g / day x 7 days) reduces sub-maximal number of heart pulses and oxygen intake volume (VO2), while the ventilation anaerobic threshold increases (VANT) as well as total time to exhaustion during maximum exercising program in 36 adults. Rico-Sanz & Mendez (2000) established that creatinine supplementation (20 g / day x 5 days) increases time to exhaustion (29,9 ± 3,8 do 36,5 ± 5,7 min), simultaneously reducing the ammonia levels (marker of adenine nucleotides decomposition) in cycling to30% and 90% from maximum load threshold. Upon the literature overview, it was established that CR, in combination with an exercising program, results in increase of muscle mass (Hultman, Sijderlund, & Timmons, 1996; Harris, Soderlund, & Hultman, 1992), strength (Birch, Noble, & Greenhaff, 1994; Vandenberghe, et al., 1997), and that it reduces time required for performing an activity (Balsom, Soderlund, & Ekblom, 1994).
5. Conclusion
Results of this study suggest that CR supplementation in combination with any form of training may be efficient in improving sport performances of male and female population of participants. However, additional research is required in order to test the long-term effects of supplementation. CR in combination with an exercising program results in increase of muscle mass and strength, and it also reduces time required for performing an activity. Changes in body composition are observed in increase of total mass and muscle mass, as well as in body water levels. CR supplementation in amount of 10–20g at daily level with the frequency of 4–5 days a week is an efficient tool for improvement of sport performances and positive changes in body composition.
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Received: 09.09.2020. Approved: 15.10.2020.
Correspondence: PhD Bojan Bjelica Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo Alekse Šantića 3, 71420 Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina Tel.: +38765057961 [email protected].
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ANALYSIS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN MONTENEGRO
1Novica Gardašević, 1Milan Anđelić, 2Marko Joksimović, DOI 10.7251/SIZEN2001102G 3Farruh Ahmedov ISSN 1840-152X 1PhD candidate, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, UDK 613.25:373.3-053.5(497.16) University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 2Football Club Nacional, Podgorica, Montenegro https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 3PhD candidate, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Samarkand, Uzbekistan
REVIEW ARTICLE Abstract: Nutritional analysis is a very important segment in monitoring the growth and development of school-age children. The aim of this study was to define the nutritional status based on the results of previous studies with samples taken from the population of primary school students in Montenegro. The analysis included 11 studies with a total of 8619 respondents of both sexes, which mainly dealt with the assessment of the nutritional status of respondents aged 6 to 15 years. Based on the analysis of the research results, it was determined that malnutrition and obesity are significantly present in children of primary school age of both sexes in Montenegro. Taking into account malnutrition and obesity together, the percentages range from 20-40%, which is typical for the Mediterranean countries of Europe, including Montenegro. Also, it was found that the application of different nutrition assessment standards gives different results that sometimes differ significantly on the same sample of respondents.
Key words: primary school, nutrition, obesity, children.
1. Introduction
In order to monitor the proper growth and development of primary school children, the analysis of the degree of nutrition is a very important segment. Based on the determination of the degree of nutrition, it is possible to define whether the child is in the phase of insufficient nutrition, normal nutrition, over nutrition or even obesity. Monitoring the status of nutrition, in addition to helping to understand the current situation, can also serve as a prognostic factor for the future health of respondents (Nikšić & sar., 2021). The level of malnutrition of children can also be a very important indicator of impaired health status, especially if it is a phase of malnutrition or even obesity. Nutritional status is one of the important indicators of the health status and physical abilities of an individual and the entire population, as well as psychophysical capabilities and potential for normal and healthy growth and development (Vorgučin, 2010). Accordingly, research that deals with the analysis of nutrition in children, aims primarily to define the extent to which children's
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nutrition deviates from normal and then to define the causes that lead to this deviation.
Decades ago, obesity has been recognized as one of the leading public health problems of the modern world and poses a high risk of developing various chronic diseases (Rossner, 2002; Gomes et al., 2004; Flodmark et al., 2014). The results of a large epidemiological study assessing global trends in body weight status from 1975 to 2016 found that childhood obesity has increased almost eightfold in the last 40 years (Abarca-Gómez et al., 2017). Obesity, which occurs at the earliest age in children, generally remains a problem in adulthood, carrying with it risks such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, disorders of the locomotor system, deformities and more. Accordingly, school age is considered to be very important in order to act on the prevention of obesity and malnutrition (Procter, 2007; Strauss & Pollack, 2001). Malnutrition and obesity occur due to various factors, and the main are insufficient physical activity, unbalanced diet in terms of abundant and poor quality fast food, genetic predisposition to obesity, health anomalies, socio-economic factors of the family and others. Also, in low- and middle-income countries and developing countries such as Montenegro, two thirds of obese people in the world live and it is assumed that in these countries the number of obese children will grow over the years (Ng et al., 2014). Economically more developed countries are recording a declining trend in obesity among children. Between 1985 and 2014, the number of obese children in China declined from an initial 0.1% to 7.3% (Song et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). The interest of the scientific community in Montenegro in monitoring the nutritional status of school-age children was quite insufficient until the beginning of the 21st century, and then there is somewhat more intensive research indicating that obesity as a public health problem today has not bypassed Montenegro (Vasiljevic et al., 2015; Martinović et al., 2015; Vasiljević, Bjelica, & Gardašević, 2018; Jakšić et al., 2019; Banjević, 2019). Most often, the analysis of obesity in school-age children is monitored by comparing the body mass index (BMI) with the percentile values of standardized assessment scales (curves), which are mainly defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Working Group (IOTF). In all these cases, very simple and inexpensive procedures that can be applied to large samples and give a roughly clear picture of the nutritional status of the respondents. In the absence of their standardized percentile curves for monitoring the nutritional status of respondents, countries such as Montenegro use some of the above. The aim of this research is to define the nutritional status based on the results of previous research with samples taken from the population of primary school students in Montenegro. 2. Methods
The following electronic databases were used to search the used literature: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar. The search was performed using the following keywords (alone or in combination): primary school, nutrition, obesity, children. The search strategy has been modified for each electronic database, where possible, in
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order to increase sensitivity. All titles and abstracts are considered for potential papers to be covered by the analysis. Relevant studies were obtained after a detailed review, if the inclusion criteria were met. The criteria for systematization included in the analysis are as follows: that the sample was taken from the population of primary school students from Montenegro, that the studies are transversal or longitudinal, that some of the standards of the World Health Organization, the Center for Control are included to define percentile values. and disease prevention, the International Working Group on Obesity or the Center for National Health and Nutrition (NHANES), and that the research was published in the period from 2015 to 2020. The analysis includes research with samples of both sexes, chronological age from 6 to 15 years, which corresponds to the age of primary school students in Montenegro. The selection of the selection of works is shown in Graph 1.
Studies identified through the Additional studies identified database search through other sources (n = 137) (n = 15)
Identification Studies after duplicates removed (n = 105)
Studies screened Studies excluded (n = 78) (n = 33)
Screening Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n =45) Research that was not included in the further analysis due to the inadequate age of the
Studies included in the respondents and the applied nutrition Included qualitative synthesis (n = 11) analysis methodology. Graph 1. Flow diagram (n = 17)
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3. Results
Table 1 presents the basic elements of the research included in this review. According to the criterion related to the selection of standardized assessment scales used by researchers to determine the nutritional status of respondents, research can be divided into 4 groups: research in which the assessment scale (percentile scale) of the World Health Organization was applied (Malović, 2019; Baćović, 2020), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Vailjević et al., 2015; Vasiljević, Bjelica, & Gardašević, 2018; Banjević, 2019), International Working Group on Obesity (Jakšić et al., 2019; Banjari and et al., 2020), Center for National Examination of Health and Nutrition (Šćepanović et al., 2019) and a combination of the aforementioned scales (Martinović et al., 2015; Jakšić et al., 2017 ; Milašinović et al., 2019).
Table 1. Review of selected previous research Aim G N A Var. Nut. Results Study Study en ge Stand ♂ ♀ Analysis of the state Vailjević of nutrition of ♂ 51 6 BW BH 90-92 perce 54-84 children of i sar., ♀ 53 - BMI CDC ntiles preschool age and 7 2015 the youngest school age.
Determine ♂ ♀ prevalence of and ♂ 207 7 BW BH WHO 2,90- under 4,10- contributing factors 6 - BMI CDC 4,60% weigh 6,20% for overweight 202 13 IOTF 64,80- t 74,20- Martino and obesity among ♀ 1 70,40% norma 76,80% Montenegrin 17,10- l 14,00- vić i sar., schoolchildren 19,50% weigh 15,60% 2015 7,00- t 3,5-6,5 15,00% overw eight obesit y Investigate ♂ ♀ OWOb and ♂ 565 BW WHO 0.90- under 2,60- contributing factors 7 BH CDC 1.40% weigh 3,90% among ♀ 568 - BMI IOTF 61,60- t 72,70- Jakšić i schoolchildren of 12 67,80% norma 74,10% Podgorica. 20,00- l 17,30- sar., 23,50% weigh 18,80% 2017 7,60- t 4,50- 17,50% overw 6,90% eight obesit y Analyze the ♂ ♀ state of nutrition of ♂ 497 BW Vasiljevi children of the first 6 BH CDC 78 - 93 perce 68 – 74 ć i sar., cycle in - BMI ntiles 2018 primary school ♀ 498 9 (first, second and third grade).
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Determine body ♂ ♀ height, body mass, ♂ 219 BW BH NHAN 17,20% under 9,90% menarche 13 BMI ES I 68,50% weigh 75,70% and nutritional - 9,50% t 10,80% Šćepano status in children ♀ 211 14 4,80% norma 3,60% vić i sar., aged 13 and 14 in l
2019 urban and rural weigh areas in t Montenegro. overw eight obesit y Determine ♂ ♀ eventual existence ♂ 32 BW BH 3,12%, under 3,57% of statistically BMI 84,38%, weigh 82,14% significant 8 WC CDC 9,37% t 10,71% differences in ♀ 28 HC 3,12%. norma 3,57% Banjević morphological l 2019 characteristics and weigh body mass t index with boys and overw girls of younger eight school age. obesit y Investigate the ♂♀ association between ♂ 129 BW BH 42,1% normal weight inflammation, 7 BMI 40,6% overweight Jakšić i oxidative stress, - WHtR IOTF 17,3% obesity sar., vitamin D, copper ♀ 73 15 and zinc in pre- 2019 obese and obese children compared to controls.
Determine BW ♂♀ Malović, anthropometric ♂ 66 7 BH BMI 2,96% underweight indices as indicators - WHR 58,52% normal weight 2019 WHO of obesity of ♀ 69 8 WHtR 22,22% overweight children in 16,30% obesity Montenegro. Evaluate a ♂ ♀ nutritional status of ♂ 747 BW BH WHO 2,2-7,5 under 3,6- healthy children 9 BMI CDC 56,7- weigh 10,5 from Montenegro - IOTF 63,0 t 69,7- Milašino according to three ♀ 733 13 17,8- norma 73,9 vić i sar., most common 23,8 l 14,4- 2019 worldwide 7,5-17,1 weigh 19,5 references. t 3,4-6,0 overw eight obesit y
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Investigating ♂ ♀ poverty and other ♂ 124 BW 1,6% under 1,00% correlates of BH IOTF 71,00% weigh 65,00% childhood 7, BMI 16,10% t 24,00% Banjari i underweight and ♀ 100 5 11,30% norma 10,00% obesity in two l sar., urban regions with weigh 2020 lower and higher t economic overw development. eight obesit y Determine obesity BW ♂♀ and differences in 7 BH BMI 5,28% underweight Baćović, nutritional status of ♂ 189 - WHR 58,74% normal weight 2020 school children in ♀ 8 WHtR WHO 19,58% overweight Central and 16,40% obesity Southern region in Montenegro Gend. – Gender, N - number of subjects, Var. – Variables, Nut. Stand. – Nutrition standard, BW – Body weight, BH – Body height, BMI - body mass index, WC - waist circumference, HC - hip circumference, WHtR – Vaist to height ratio, WHO – World health organization, CDC - Centers for disease control and prevention, IOTF - International Obesity Task Force, NHANES I - National health and nutrition examination surveys.
4. Discussion
The analysis included 11 studies that mainly aimed to determine the degree of nutrition of students aged 6 to 15 years. The research analyzed a total sample of 8619 respondents of both sexes, which gives a good assumption to define certain conclusions when it comes to the nutrition of primary school students in Montenegro. To determine nutritional status, researchers used different standardized percentile assessment scales (WHO, CDC, IOTF, NHANES I). It is very important to note that by applying different standards for determining the nutritional status of respondents, we get different results for the same sample of respondents (Milašinović et al., 2019; Jakšić et al., 2017; Martinović et al., 2015). World Health Organization standards generally show the lowest percentage of malnutrition and the highest percentage of obese respondents. In contrast to WHO standards, IOTF standards show the highest percentage of malnourished subjects and the lowest percentage of obese compared to WHO and CDC standards. The values obtained by applying the CDC standard are generally between the values shown by the WHO and IOTF standards. In the study Martinović et al. (2015), WHO standards showed the highest rate of obese respondents and it is about 15.00% compared to 12.30% (CDC) and only 7.00% (IOTF) in boys and 6.50% (WHO), 5.60% (CDC) and 3.50% (IOTF) in girls. Approximately similar relationship of nutritional status was recorded in the research of Jakšić et al. (2017), where e.g. the lowest percentage of normally fed subjects showed the WHO standard (61.60%) compared to 64.10% (CDC) and 67.80% (IOTF) in boys and 72.70% (WHO and CDC) and 74.10% IOTF) in girls. A very similar relationship between the degree of nutrition of the respondents depending on the application of different standards was
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confirmed in the research of Milašinović et al., (2019) where WHO standards show the lowest percentage of malnourished and normally fed subjects, while the percentage of malnourished and obese according to WHO standards is significantly higher compared to CDC and IOTF. A review of the obtained results of all studies, it is concluded that malnutrition generally ranges from 0.90 to 6.20% for male respondents and in the range of 1.00-5.28% for female respondents (Baćović, 2020; Banjari et al., 2020; Banjević, 2019; Malović, 2019; Jakšić et al., 2017; Martinović et al., 2015). A slightly higher percentage of malnutrition was observed according to IOTF standards in the study of Milašinović et al., (2019), where malnutrition was 10.50% for boys and 7.50% for girls. The highest recorded degree of malnutrition of the respondents was recorded in the research of Šćepanović et al., (2019), where malnutrition was as high as 17.20% for boys and 9.90% for girls. The reasons for the larger deviations of the percentage of malnourished subjects in the above study compared to other studies, can be found in the sample of respondents who were on average the oldest (13-14 years) and in the applied standard for nutrition assessment (NHANES I) which was only applied in this study. The results related to malnutrition and obesity of the subjects vary from research to research, which can be attributed to the characteristics of age, geographical characteristics of the sample as well as the applied standards for assessing the level of nutrition in the subjects. If we take into account only the WHO standard, the malnutrition of male respondents ranges from 17.30 to 20.00%, while in girls the range of the percentage of malnutrition is from 15.10 to 23.83% (Martinović et al., 2015; Jakšić et al., 2017; Milašinović et al., 2019). The results for malnutrition of respondents of both sexes are approximately equal in other analyzed studies where other standards (CDC and IOTF) for nutrition assessment were applied (Baćović, 2020; Malović, 2019; Banjari et al., 2020), while the percentages for malnutrition in research Banjević (2019) is slightly lower and amounts to 9.37% for boys and 10.71% for girls aged 8 years. In the research of Jakšić et al., (2019) according to IOTF standards, the highest percentage of malnourished respondents aged 6 to 15 years was recorded and it amounts to as much as 40.60%, while in the same survey 17.30% of respondents are obese. According to the above results, which were conducted on a sample of about 200 respondents of both sexes, it can be concluded that every other elementary school student has a problem with excess weight. Significantly high degree of obesity was recorded in almost all analyzed studies and according to the obtained percentages, obesity in male subjects ranged from 6.00 to 17.50% and in the range from 6.50% to 17.14% (Martinović et al., 2015; Jakšić et al., 2017; Milašinović et al., 2019; Malović, 2019; Banjari et al., 2020; Baćović, 2020). Based on the obtained results, which refer to obesity and malnutrition of respondents of both sexes aged 6 to 15, it is concluded that almost every third elementary school student in Montenegro has a problem with excess weight. Certainly, the statement should be taken with a certain reserve due to the application of different standards for assessing the degree of nutrition of the respondents. Also, it should be taken into account that the prevalence of malnutrition and obesity varies depending on the region of the same state, which has been confirmed in some previous studies (Peytremann-Bridevaux, Feah, & Santos-Eggimann, 2007). The problem of the presence of excess weight in children
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of both sexes at the earliest age, is confirmed by the research of Vasiljević et al., (2015) and Vasiljević, Bjelica, & Gardašević, (2018) where the average values of the obtained percentiles suggest that the complete samples are on average close to or above the limit that reflects the state of malnutrition of the respondents, especially in boys aged 6 to 9 years. The analysis of the research makes it very difficult to determine where malnutrition and obesity are more present in relation to gender, although in a slightly larger number of studies the results indicate that boys have more problems with excess weight compared to school-age girls, especially aged 6 to 9 (Vasiljević et al., 2015; Martinović et al., 2015; Jakšić et al., 2017; Vasiljević, Bjelica, & Gardašević, 2018; Milašinović et al., 2019). In general, the obtained results of nutrition of primary school respondents in Montenegro fit into the framework of some previous research. According to the results of national research, European countries can be classified into two groups based on the prevalence of overweight (including obesity) (Lobstein & Frelut, 2003). According to the mentioned researchers, the first group includes northern European countries with a lower prevalence of 10-20%, and the second group includes Mediterranean countries with a higher prevalence of malnutrition and obesity with values between 20-40%. Almost all analyzed studies on the student population in Montenegro have confirmed that the prevalence of malnutrition and obesity is in the range of 20-40%, given that Montenegro belongs to the Mediterranean countries of Europe that have a problem with the nutritional status of children in school. Also, the obtained results are similar to the results referred to by Wijnhoven et al., (2014) according to which in Europe malnutrition (including obesity) varies depending on the region from 9 to 43% in boys and from 5 to 43% in girls, while obesity in European countries ranges from 2 to 21% in boys and 1 to 19% in girls, with higher rates in Mediterranean countries. The fact that malnutrition and obesity as the leading health problem of today have not bypassed even the youngest population of Montenegro, should be taken into account with special importance, especially because of the health problems that cause excess weight in humans. Being overweight in younger school- age students is a predictor of heart disease in adulthood. Risk factors for heart disease, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and vascular disorders, are already present in obese children (Viner, Segal, Lichtarowicz- Krynska, & Hindmarsh 2005). Also, we should take into account the fact that very little attention is paid when it comes to obese children, it refers to the psychological and social problems of students during their stay in school. Namely, overweight children are very often exposed to verbal and physical violence at school precisely because of being overweight. Also, as children who have been victims of violence grow up, they often show elements of violent behavior in old age. Problems faced by malnourished and obese children during schooling include poor concentration during class, withdrawal and lack of communication, as well as poorer success in school compared to children whose body weight is within normal limits. The previously presented conclusions are the result of many years of observation and personal experience in working with children aged 4 to 15 years of the author of this paper. It is certainly considered necessary to further analyze these claims through scientific research work.
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5. Conclusion
Monitoring the nutritional status of students is a very important segment in the phase of proper impact on their growth. Considering the results of all analyzed research, it can be concluded that obesity as the leading public health problem of the modern world has not bypassed the school population in Montenegro. This trend of obesity and malnutrition is in the range of results that are typical of developing countries, Mediterranean countries and low- and middle-income countries. The results of the obtained research make it very difficult to draw a line between the sexes when it comes to malnutrition and obesity. Also, the presence of malnutrition and obesity is evident in all growths in primary school students. The modern way of life, which is reflected in a very reduced physical activity, fast, poor quality and excessive diet, are the leading causes of malnutrition and obesity. The analysis of the research showed that it is necessary to make adequate national standards for all ages in order to assess the nutritional status of the respondents more reliably. Applying different standards that are not adapted to the population of respondents over which they are applied can give wrong conclusions which can cause consequences in the phase of prevention of malnutrition, malnutrition and obesity of respondents. The results of the analyzed research indicate the need for a more systematic and standardized approach in order to detect the nutritional status of school-age respondents in Montenegro. A more systematic approach should include all segments of the social community in order to better overcome the obviously present problem, first of all malnutrition and obesity, and then partly malnutrition of children.
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Abarca-Gómez, L., Abdeen, Z. A., Hamid, Z. A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Acosta-Cazares, B., Acuin, C., et al., (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390, 2627–2642. Baćović, D. (2020). Analysis of obesity and differences in nutritional status of school children in central and southern region of Montenegro. Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 4(1), 47-50, doi: 10.26773/jaspe.200108 Banjari, I., Martinović, M., Belojević, G., Ašanin, B., Kovačević, N. D., Kenjerić, D., et al., (2020). Poverty and other correlates of obesity and underweight among 7-year- olds from Croatia and Montenegro. Public Health, 182, 64-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.01.017. Banjević, B. (2019). Differences in Some Morphological Characteristics and Body Mass Index in Children of Younger School Age with Reference to Their Gender. Journal od Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 3(3), 37-41. doi: 10.26773/jaspe.190707
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Flodmark, C. E., Lissau, I., Moreno, L., Pietrobelli, A., & Widhalm, K. (2004). New insights into the field of children and adolescents’ obesity: the European perspective. Int. J. Obes. 28, 1189–1196, doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802787 Gomes, T. N., Katzmarzyk, P. T., dos Santos, F. K., Souza, M., Pereira, S., & Maia, J. A. (2014). Overweight and obesity in portuguese children: prevalence and correlates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 11,11398–11417, doi: 10.3390/ijerph111111398 Jakšić, M., Martinović M, Belojević G, Kavarić N, Ašanin B, Samardžić M, et al. (2017). Prevalence of and contributing factors to overweight and obesity among the schoolchildren of Podgorica, Montenegro. Srp Arh Celok Lek, 145, 20–5, https://doi.org/10.2298/SARH151117003J Jakšić, M., Martinović, M., Gligorović-Barhanović, N., Vujačić, A., Djurović, D., & Nedović-Vuković M. (2019). Association between inflammation, oxidative stress, vitamin D, copper and zinc with pre-obesity and obesity in school children from the city of Podgorica, Montenegro. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 32(9), 951-957, doi: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0086 Lobstein, T., & Frelut, M. L. (2003). Prevalence of overweight among children in Europe. Obes Rev, 4(4), 195-200, doi: 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00116.x. Malović, P. (2019). Anthropometric indices as indicators of obesity of children from elementary school in Montenegro. Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 3(2), 43-47, doi: 10.26773/jaspe.190408 Martinović, M., Belojević, G., Evans, G. W., Laušević, D., Ašanin, B., Samardžić, M., et al., (2015). Prevalence of and contributing factors for overweight and obesity among Montenegrin schoolchildren. Eur. J. Public Health, 25(5), 833-839, doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv071 Milašinović, R., Bojanić, D., Čvorović, A., & Kukić, F. (2019). Age and gender difference in nutritional status of school children according to WHO, CDC and IOTF references: A statewide study from Montenegro. Sport Mont, 17(1), 15-21. Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., et al., (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 384, 766-781. Nikšić, E., Joksimović, M., Beganović, E., & Gardašević, N. (2021). Differences in the degree of nutrition and body composition of boys and girls of pubertal age. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 25(1), 4-9, https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0101 Peytremann-Bridevaux, I., Feah, D., & Santos-Eggimann, B. (2007). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural and urban settings of 10 European countries. Preventive Medicine, 44(5), 442-446. Procter, K. L. (2007). The etiology of childhood obesity: a review. Nutr Res Rev, 20, 29–45. Rossner, S. (2002). Obesity: the disease of the twenty – first century. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(4), 2-4. Šćepanović, A., Vujović, S., Ivanović, M., & Šćepanović, S. (2019). Body growth, development and nutrition status of puberty children in urban and rural areas of
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Podgorica and Berane in Montenegro. Agriculture & Forestry, 65(2), 89-98. doi: 10.17707/AgricultForest.65.2.07 Song, Y., Wang, H. J., Dong, B., Ma, J., Wang, Z., & Agardh, A. (2016). 25-year trends in gender disparity for obesity and overweight by using WHO and IOTF definitions among Chinese school-aged children: a multiple cross-sectional study. BMJ, 6(9), e011904, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011904 Vasiljevic, I., Bjelica, D., & Gardasevic, J. (2018). Analysis of nutrition for boys and girls who are first cycle pupils in primary school. Sport Science, 11(1), 15-18. Vasiljević, I., Bjelica, D., Popović, D., & Gardašević, J. (2015). Analysis of nutrition of preschool-age and younger school-age boys and girls. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 426 – 428. Viner, R. M., Segal, T. Y., Lichtarowicz-Krynska, E., & Hindmarsh, P. (2005). Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Archives of Disease Childhood, 90(1), 10-14. Vorgučin, I. (2010). Metabolic syndrome of overweight and obese children and adolescents. (Master's thesis), [In Serbian]. Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, Novi Sad. Wang S, Dong Y, Wang Z, et al. (2017). Trends in overweight and obesity among Chinese children of 7-18 years old during 1985-2014. Chin DJ Rev Med, 51, 300- 305. (In Chinese). Wijnhoven, T. M., van Raaij, J. M., Spinelli, A., Starc, G., Hassapidou, M., Spiroski, I., et al., (2014). WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: body mass index and level of overweight among 6-9-year-old children from school year 2007/2008 to school year 2009/2010. BMC Public Health, 14, 806. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-80
Received: 14.11.2020. Approved: 03.12.2020.
Correspondence: Novica Gardašević PhD candidate, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of East Sarajevo Studenca 29, 81400 Nikšić, Montenegro Tel.: +38267829745 e-mail: [email protected]
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HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAININGS IN SCHOOLCHILDREN
12Ilma Čaprić, 1Mila Manić, 1Dušan Đorđević, 2Armin Zećirović, 12Adem Mavrić, 12 DOI 10.7251/SIZEN2001113M Raid Mekić, ISSN 1840-152X 12Samir Hačković UDK 613.25:373.3-053.5(497.16) 1University of Nis, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ Serbia https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 2State university of Novi Pazar, Srbija
ARTICLE Abstract: High-intensity interval training is used to improve maximum oxygen intake and aerobic functional capacity of school children. So far, it has been discovered that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is effective in improving anaerobic capacity. Aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness and impact of HIIT training on the improvement of VO2 in schoolchildren based on a systematic review of a large number of studies that have addressed the impact of high-intensity interval training. Following electronic databases were searched: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Research Gate, using all papers available by April 30, 2020. The following keywords were used: "high-intensity interval", "training", "HIIT", "training". The search was mostly related to English and original scientific papers from available journals. In the first phase of the search, the relevance of the titles and abstracts of the identified papers was checked. In the second phase of the search, the complete papers were downloaded and considered for inclusion. References from all collected papers were reviewed to obtain more research that studied this area. Total of 10 studies met the criteria and were included into the systematic review. High-intensity interval training leads to the improvement of VO2, VO2max, O2 and other physiological parameters in school children by applying various high-intensity interval training programs. Programs in duration of six, ten and twelve weeks lead to the improvement of physiological parameters of school children, while the seven-week program of high-interval training proved to be the best program in relation to the duration and intensity of the program. Based on the analysis and discussion of the papers observed in the systematic research, it can be concluded that, according to the duration of the program, the minimum period where VO2 and VO2max and other physiological abilities can improve is six weeks, and the usual weekly load is two to three workouts per week.
Keywords: HIIT, VO2, VO2max, O2, school children.
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1. Introduction
An active lifestyle, as well as its benefits, have been well researched and documented (Blair & Morris, 2009; Joyner & Green, 2009). The connection of these benefits is observed in higher level of cardio-respiratory condition (VO2 max) which has protective effects (Joyner, et al. 2009; Lee, Artero, Sui & Blair, 2010). High- intensity interval training (HIIT) has recently gained in popularity (Garber, Blissmer , Deschenes, Franklin, & Lamont, 2011 ). Strength training is associated with muscle hypertrophy and increased strength-building ability, while endurance training is associated with improved capacity for aerobic energy metabolism and fatigue resistance. (Baar, 2006; Egan & Zierath, 2013; Hawley, Hargreaves, Joyner & Zierath, 2014). HIIT training comes in a variety of forms, from aerobic interval training to sprint interval training. Since the beginning of the 20th century, aerobic interval training achieved by long-term continuity of high and moderate intensity (90–110% VO2 max), with passive or active recovery periods of equal duration, is usually used for the purpose of improving aerobic power (maximum oxygen intake, VO2 max), (Billat, 2001). The importance of HIIT training is reflected in the stimulation of the secretion of catecholamine, epinephrine (Williams, Zelt, Castellani, Little, Jung, et al. 2013), norepinephrine (Peake, Tan, Markworth, Broadbent, Skinner, et al. 2014) and growth hormone (Shen, Heymsfield, Reyes-Vidal, Geer, et al. 2008), which accelerate fat breakdown (Bracken & Brooks, 2010; Zouhal, Jacob, Delamarche, & Gratas-Delamarche, 2008). Also, HIIT training leads to depletion of muscle glycogen (Sperlich, De Marées, Koehler, et al. 2007). It plays an important role in improving cardio-pulmonary fitness (MacInnis & Gibala, 2017). The maximum oxygen consumption VO2 max represents the largest amount of oxygen that the body can receive i.e., consume during one minute of maximum intensity load. The VO2 max value can be directly measured or estimated depending on the technical characteristics of the equipment used, the test protocol, the time and duration of the load (Armstrong, Welsman & Winsley, 1996). Previous research has shown that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) effectively affects the improvement of maximum oxygen intake (VO2 max), as well as overall measures of cardiorespiratory fitness or aerobic functional capacity of a person. (Riebe, et al. 2018; Baquet, et al. 2002; Lau, et al. 2014; Baquet, et al. 2001; Tjønna, et al. 2009). Recent studies indicate that higher exercise intensity is more effective in improving VO2 max than moderate-intensity exercise (Gomley, et al. 2008), as well as in improving anaerobic capacity than continuous work methods (Pery, et al. 1998). Future research should also identify the optimal time for high-intensity exercise to improve the physical, physiological, and cognitive health of young children. This systematic review study will include a large number of high-intensity tests (Shuttle runs (100–130% MAS)), after applied HIIT training programs, as well as parameters
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related to duration. Aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness and impact of HIIT training on the improvement of VO2 in school children based on a systematic review of a large number of studies which dealt with the impact of high- intensity interval training.
2. Methods
Review and analysis were performed in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes) guidelines (Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D.G., 2009).
Rearch strategy
Searches were conducted in the following electronic databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Research Gate, using all papers available until April 30, 2020. The following keywords were used: "high-intensity interval", "training", "HIIT", "training". The search was mostly related to English and original scientific papers from available journals. In the first phase of the search, the relevance of the titles and abstracts of the identified papers was checked. In the second phase of the search, the complete papers were taken over and considered for inclusion. References from all collected papers were reviewed to obtain more research that studied this area.
Inclusion criteria
For the selection of papers to be included in the final analysis, the following inclusion criteria were defined: (1) original scientific papers; (2) papers based on longitudinal design; (3) papers written in English; (4) sample of respondents – school children; (5) experimental treatment under HIIT training conditions; (6) a minimum of two groups of respondents (1 experimental – 1 control group or 2 or more experimental groups); (7) papers covering the impact of HIIT training; (8) papers containing tests for VO2; (9) papers where only school children were tested.
Exclusion criteria
Based on the following criteria, the papers were excluded from further analysis: (1) papers based on transversal design; (2) inadequate sample of respondents; (3) papers with a lack of a control group or other experimental group; (4) papers in which the experimental treatment was not realized in the conditions of HIIT training; (6) papers in which the results are not adequately presented or the parameters required for further analysis are missing; (7) papers based on case studies.
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Data extraction
Papers selected to be used in this research are presented in Table 1. Each research paper is represented with the following parameters: research (first author and year of publication of the paper), sample of respondents (number of respondents (N), age and groups (E and K)), experimental treatment (monitored variables, program and duration of research) and results. Data extraction, as well as verification of extracted works, was realized independently by the author.
3. Results
Table 1. Results overview
Sample Measuring Author Age of instrumen Dura Results respon ts (sample tion dents Experimental of tests program and measures) N = 53 M=23 Baquet, F=30 Shuttle runs K Δ= -0.01 ± 0.13 8-11 et al. (100–130 % VO2 7 E Δ= 0.14 ± 0.13
2002 K=20 MAS) P= < 0.001 (14.1) E=33
N=100 SBJ, M=46 SAR, Baquet, Shuttle runs K Δ= -0.04 ± 0.14 8-11 F=54 SHR, et al. (100–130 % 7 E Δ= 0.15 ± 0.11 SUP, 2004 MAS) P= < 0.001 (14.4) E=47 MS. K=53 VO2peak= 43.2 ± N=18 7.6↑ Nourry, M=11 Shuttle runs VO2peak VO2=1.75 ± et al. 9-10 F=7 (100–130 % VO2 8 0.44↑ 2005 E=9 MAS) Rpeak Rpeak=103 ± K=9 25↑ MAV(km.h-1) 22.22m N= 77 CGΔ=0.1±0.4 Baquet, 9,6±1 (100%MAV) M=43 MAV, CTGΔ=0.9±0.4 et al. ,0 24.44m 7 F=34 O2 ITGΔ=0.7±0.5 2010 (110%MAV) P<0.001 (15.5) 26.66m (120%MAV) Sperlich, HRmax 13,5 HIIT -90% O2max et al. M=19 5 HIIT-17,4± 1,5↑ ± 0,4 HVT- 60-75% 1000 m 2011 HVT-12,2± 0,6
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De N=30 VO 2 Araujo, 8-12 ET-80%HR ET-15 VO2 ET-3,1% et al. HIIT-100%HR HIIT-15 HIT- 14,6%↑ 2012 N=48
M=36
F=12 Lau, et MAS 10,4 al. Running (km·h−1) ± 0,9 K=12 2015 LIIE- 100% MAV SWOC 6 K= 10.8 ± 0.4 LIIE= 21 HIIE-120% MAV LIIE=10.9 ± 0.1 HIIE=15 HIIE=10.9± 0.1
VO2 peak (F(1,51)=5.60, P Lambric, N=55 Games for kids VO_ 2 peak, 8-10 < .05), et al. M=32 , (average 93% Brzina 6 Running 2016 F=23 max. HR) trčanja speed(F(1,51) = 7.01, P <.05; VO2max(mlO2·K Huerta, 13± N=28 g-1·min-1) et al. 0,6 K=14 20mSRT VO2max 8 K=0.015 2017 E=14 E=0.245↑ N=57 MOD M=47 20MSFT 26.8 %↑ F=10 CMJ 7.3↑ 20 MSFT, HIT=17 HIT Baker, et 15,4 CMJ, 7 (high VO2max 20MSFT 8,3↑ al. 2020 ± 0,7 505 agility test int.) CMJ 5,1% ↑ 10 m sprint. MOD =40 Spring 10 m (moderat 1,5% ↑ e int.) 505agilnom 5%↑ Significantly different code before the test at p <0.05; Δ- difference between post-and pre-training; P differs significantly from the previous test (p <0.001); MAV-maximum aerobic velocity; CTG- continuous training; CG-control group; ITG or CG- occasional training group; SBJ- High jump; SAR-sit-and-reach; SHR-10 x 5 meter shuttle ride; SUP-sit-ups; MS- maximum shuttle speed; GXT- max aerobic capacity; LIIE and HIIE- Intermittent exercises with lower and higher intensity; CMJ- countermovement jump; ↑ improvement; 20mSRT- test Course Navette; ET- endurance training; HIIT-high-intensity interval training; VO2- Oxygen consumption; CO2- carbon dioxide output; HR- Heart rate; VO2peak - Maximum oxygen consumption; 4. Discussion
This study was conducted with the aim of systematically presenting studies that dealt with high-intensity interval training in school children. The main finding of this study is that high-intensity interval training is effective for improving aerobic performance in school children. A total of 403 relevant studies were identified by searching the relevant databases. After removing the duplicates, 214 studies remained. Based on a review of the title and abstracts, 40 studies were rejected (after analyzing the title 17 and 23 after analyzing the abstract). The complete text of 189 remaining papers was subjected to detailed analysis. Each study was read and selected based on the characteristics of the study, information about the
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respondents, a description of the training program and the results of the study. According to the inclusion criteria, 42 studies were excluded because they failed to meet the inclusion criteria, while 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review. All the studies that met the inclusion criteria were original scientific studies published in English between 2002 and April 2020. The total number of samples was 485, male and female respondents. The age of the respondents ranged from 8 to 15. Studies performed on a seven-week program (Baquet, et al. 2002) showed that high-intensity aerobic training twice a week in boys and girls leads to significant increase in VO2, which is associated with an increase in aerobic performance. The same collaborators (Baquet, et al. 2004), two years later, developed a high-intensity intensive running program that also showed a significant improvement in aerobic performance in children of both sexes. Also, well-individualized continuous and intermittent sessions affect a significant increase in O2 maximum aerobic velocity. So, by applying adequate combinations of high- intensity exercises, they can significantly influence the increase of aerobic fitness (Baquet, et al. 2010). The seven-week HIIT program is a time-efficient way to improve health components. Given the short duration of physical education classes, HIIT training may be a good choice for the health education of children and adolescents (Baker, et al. 2020). In a study (Huerta, et al. 2017) conducted over an eight-week period of high intensity, it was observed that children who are physically active for several hours a week have a progressive increase in VO2 max and a maximum heart rate. Also, (Nourry, et al. 2005) conducted an eight-week training program with intense running that improved vital capacity and VO2 max. In pre- pubertal children, occasional high-intensity running training caused changes in lung function at rest and altered exercise ventilation. During exercise ventilation becomes slower and deeper which enables better efficiency. These beneficial effects were obtained after a short training period (8 weeks) that could easily be integrated into the endurance cycle of physical education classes for school children. The findings show that HIIT (6 times a week) significantly reduces body fat (skin folds), increases aerobic capacity and functional ability of walking in overweight children. Consequently, the effectiveness of occasional running exercises may be more attractive to overweight children compared to traditional continuous running exercises. Also, exercise with intermittent running of lower and higher intensity can contribute to behavior modification in two ways: time efficiency and the perception of tolerable physical effort. The effectiveness of intermittent running exercises may be more appealing to overweight children and may result in improved exercise programs (Lau, et al. 2014). Lambrick, et al (2016) also applied a six-week program of high-intensity exercise in the form of games, which can improve cardio- respiratory performance and anthropometric measures in boys and girls aged 8 to 10. In particular, this study showed improvements in maximum functional capacity
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(VO2 max and maximum running speed, reduced O2 consumption during sub- maximal exercise, and improved body composition indices) for those children who are active in the exercise program. A game-based high-intensity exercise intervention can increase the sense of enjoyment and intriguingly motivate children to continue exercising after the program is over. A HIIT of five weeks of training procedure should be considered an effective method of training in football games when the training procedure time is short. However, care should be taken against the potential risk of overtraining or injury (Sperlich, et al. 2011). By investigating the differences between HIIT and endurance training, they are equally effective in improving important health parameters (e.g., aerobic fitness, insulin sensitivity, BMI) in obese children (De Araujo, er al 2012).
5. Conclusion
High-intensity interval training leads to the improvement of VO2, VO2 max, O2 and other physiological parameters in school children by applying various high- intensity interval training. Programs of six, ten and twelve weeks, lead to the improvement of physiological parameters of school children, while the seven-week program of high-interval training proved to be the best program in relation to the duration and intensity of the program. This systematic review provides evidence of the beneficial effects of high-intensity interval training. The application of the HIIT program leads to positive changes in the results of tests for aerobic and anaerobic abilities. Based on the analysis and discussion of the papers observed in the systematic overview it can be concluded that according to the duration of the program, the minimum period where VO2 and VO2 max and other physiological abilities can improve is six weeks, and that the usual weekly load is two to three trainings per week. The analyzed studies have confirmed that this type of training is suitable for improving the ability of school children who apply plyometric training in addition to the main training. HIIT training can contribute a lot, as a regular training program, to improving physiological abilities that are very important for proper growth and development. Plyometric training is easy to organize, and there is a wide range of programs and exercises, as well as tests to assess VO2 and VO2max.
Significance of research
The significance of this research is that it provides information on the impact of HIIT exercise programs in school-age respondents, i.e. what changes occur in the values of VO2 and VO2 max using HIIT training, based on a systematic review of papers that had the same or similar research goals. Previous research contains the necessary information on gender, age of respondents, program duration, exercise 119
intensity and effects achieved. Based on these data, the analysis of the results provided information on which program is best for improving VO2 and VO2 max in school children of both sexes, whether the effects differ in relation to the beginning of testing and after the applied HIIT training program.
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Received: 30.10.2020. Approved: 07.12.2020.
Correspodence: Ilma Čaprić Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš Crnojevića 10a, 18000 Niš, Serbia Tel.: +381 66 151 063 e-mail: [email protected]
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KNEE DEFORMITES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS – META ANALYSIS
1Joksimović Marko, 2Lilić Ana, 3Gardašević Novica, DOI 10.7251/SIZEN2001123J 4Goranović Kosta ISSN 1840-152X 1 National Football Club, Podgorica, Montenegro UDK 796.332:621.828 2Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Nis, Serbia http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 3 Elementary school Dobrislav C. Perunovic, Niksic, Montenegro https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 4Faculty of Sports Management, University of Donja Gorica, Podgorica, Montenegro
REVIEW ARTICLE Abstract: In football, the knee joint is one of the most stressed joints during the game itself, especially for professional football players where there are higher physical requirements. Factors such as race, weight, vitamin contribution, metabolic / hormone disorders, environment and football practice can affect the knee angle. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of playing football on changes in the knee joint. The following electronic databases were used to search the literature: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EBSCO in the period from 2006 to 2019. The sample of respondents included the male participants who played football, who were of different training status and age categories. The studies were included only if there were differences in the angle of the knee – genu varum or genu valgum in football players. Most researchers concluded that there are significant differences in the knee joint in respondents who played football and respondents who play no sports. The authors believe that the most critical period in which deformities can occur is the period of adolescence, while later this process slows down. People who have played other sports, as well as football players, have an increased risk of developing knee deformities. From the reviewed works, we can conclude that intense physical exercise and frequent competition can encourage the development of deformities.
Key words: genu varum, genu valgum, soccer, deformity, knee, sports. 1. Introduction
Genu varum is one of the angular deformities of the knee. It is one of the most common anatomical variations of musculoskeletal alignment. (Asadi, Mirbolook, Heidarzadeh, Kiwi, Meybodi, et al., 2015). This disorder belongs to the deformities of the lower extremities. It is a symmetrical deformity with a deviation of the lower extremities, whose convexity is turned into a field. The characteristic of the genu varum is reflected in the fact that this deformity does not only affect the knee joint, but also one part of the upper leg and one part of the lower leg (Milenković, 2007). The genu valgum is a disorder in which the physiological relationship between the upper leg and the lower leg is disturbed. In addition to aesthetic problems, people
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who have the genu valgum have many other objective problems. They are reflected in pain located on the median side of the hips, knees and feet (Milenković, 2007). Football sets significant physical and physiological requirements before young athletes (Buchheit, Mendez-Villanueva, Simpson& Bourdon, 2010) and for that reason risk of injury increases (Price, Hawkins, Hulse,& Hodson, 2004). Apart from the physiological, psychological and sociological positive effects of football for its players, competitive and continuous training processes always have negative effects. In football, the knee joint is one of the most stressed joints during the game itself, especially for professional football players where there are higher physical requirements. Chantraine, (1985) believes that a large amount of strain and stress applied to the joint during growth and adolescence can contribute to deformity. Oliveira, et al., 1998). Structural disorders can also cause problems in muscle support, tendons, and ligament-altering knee function (Ahlberg, Moussa,& Al-Nahdi, 1988). The highest frequency of injuries and deformities was shown in older players (Read, Oliver, Croix, Myer, Belashaw, et al., 2018), however, increased risk was also shown during periods of accelerated growth (Read, Oliver, De Ste Croix, Myer,& Lloyd, 2016) ; Van der Sluis, Elferink-Gemser, Coelho-e-Silva, Nijboer, Brink, et al., 2014). This can be attributed to a temporary decrease in motor control characterized by a reduced ability to effectively control limb movement and complete athletic tasks (Philippaerts, Vaeyens, Janssens, Van Renterghem, Matthys, et al., 2006; Witvrouw, Danneels, Thijs, Cambier,& Bellemans, 2009) . They also examined the angles in the knee joint in football players and whether there are differences between people who play football and people who are not active in sports activities. In addition, if the genu varum occurs more often in football players, it is necessary to define what exactly is the angle in the knee joint that can be defined as a deformity which poses a problem for further sport activities. Factors such as race, weight, vitamin contribution, hormone metabolism disorders, environment, and football practice can affect knee angle (Volpon, Abreu, Furchi,& Nisiyama, 1986; Witvrouwet et al., 2009). The authors Rezende, Santos, Araújo,& Matsudo, (2011) dealt with the angle in the knee joint according to the chronological age in football players and students, as well as the relationship between knee angle, anthropometry and neuromotor variables of physical fitness. The effects of activity levels during different stages of adolescence and the angle of the genu varum, as well as the dominance of one leg on the angle in football players, have been studied by researchers (Colyn, Arnout, Verhaar,& Bellemans, 2016). Based on all of the above, the aim of this paper was to determine the impact of playing football on changes in the knee joint.
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2. Меthod
The following electronic databases were used to search the literature: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EBSCO in the period from 2006 to 2019. The search was performed using the following keywords (alone or in combination): genu varum, genu valgum, soccer, deformity, knee, sports. The search strategy was modified for each electronic database, where possible, in order to increase sensitivity. All titles and abstracts are reviewed for potential papers to be included in the systematic review. Relevant studies were obtained after a detailed, review, if they met the inclusion criteria. The systematization criteria included in the analysis are as follows: epidemiological and transversal, controlled randomized and nonrandomized studies on differences in knee angle written in English are included in the analysis. The sample of respondents included the male population who played football, who were of different training status and age categories. Studies were included only if differences in the angle of the knee were shown - the genu varum or the genu valgum in football players. Exclusion criteria were: 1. studies written in a language other than English; 2. if the research did not have football players for the sample of respondents, 3. if they examined diseases that occur after a football career. The selection process is presented in Graph 1.
The first search, 91 Identification researches found
Screening of 86 researches were exluded works based on the title.
38 researches were in the form of duplicates. Acceptability 19 researches were in the second insight where the abstract and the whole text were considered.
Works 10 researches finally in included systematization based on inclusion criteria.
Graph 1. Graphic representation of the research process
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3. Results
Based on the criteria, systematized research is divided into two groups: knee deformities in adolescent football players (up to 18 years of age) and knee deformities in senior football players (football players over 18 years of age). Knee deformities in adolescent football players can be found in the works: Read, Oliver, Croix, Myer, Belashaw, et al., (2018); Asadi, Mirbolook, Heidarzadeh, Kiwi, Meybodi, et al., (2015); Thaller, Fürmetz, Chen, Degen, Manzn, et al., (2018); Witvrouw, Danneels, Thijs, Cambier,& Bellemans, (2009); Rezende, Santos, Araújo,& Matsudo, (2011); Thijs, Bellemans, Rombaut,& Witvrouw, (2012). Knee deformities in senior football players can be found in the papers: Colyn, Arnout, Verhaar,& Bellemans, (2016); Yaniv, Becker, Goldwirt, Khamis, Steinberg,& Weintroub, (2006); Melekoğlu & Işın, (2019); Nejad & Daneshmandi, (2013) Table 1.
Таble 1. Overwiev of analyzed researches
Refere N Age S Sample Variables Results Conclusion nce e x Read P. 34 10- М Football Anthropometry, Knee valgus Periods of rapid growth (2018) 7 18 ers level of decreased with are associated with maturity, maturation but landing kinetics that kinetic and the only may increase the risk of kinematic significant injury, while reductions parameters differences in knee valgus are during thejump between groups shown with maturation were shown in height after the jump (p <0.05) Asadi 15 10- М Football Height, weight, Both football There is a higher K., 00 18 ers and body mass players and non- frequency of the genu (2015) non- index (BMI), age athletes had varum in football athletes of participation genum varum. players than in non- in football, However, the athletes. The strain and weekly average frequency of the strain on the knee joint of playing genu varum was led to a more serious football, higher in football genu varum. previous players (p = injuries to the 0.0001) and was lower more common in extremities, and the age group of the distance of 16 to 18 years (p the joint lines = 0.0001). between the Previous injuries knees led to an increase in the degree of the varum gene (p = 0.0001) Thaller 16 7-8 М Football Intercondylar Significant value Intense football playing P. 11 ers and distance in the mean during the years of (2018) non- values of growth can contribute athletes intercondylar to the development of distance for these the genu varum 126
two groups (p = 0.05) Witvro 79 8-18 М Football Intercondylar In the period from The period of growth uw E. 4 ers and and intermaleal 16 to 18 years, a and development in (2009) non- distance significantly adolescence shows athletes higher degree of greater sensitivity for genu varum was the appearance of the in football players genu varum in football compared to non- players athletes (p = 0.028) Rezend 12 14- М Football Intercondylar Football players Footballers have shown e L, 8 17 ers and and intermaleal showed a higher a more significant genu (2011) non- distance, degree of genu varum than non- athletes height,weight, varum compared athletes (footballers). speed and to non-athletes (p These results support agility <0.05). Genu the hypothesis that valgum was less football leads to a larger impressive in genu varum football players than in non- athletes (p <0.05) Colyn, 20 20- М Football Angle in hip, The hip-knee- Active sports W. 0 27 ers and knee and ankle ankle angle was participation in football (2016) respond significantly during youth is ents lower in football associated with varus from players than in alignment at the end of different other athletes (p growth in men sports <0.001)
Thijs, Y. 52 7-18 М Football Intercondylar Comparisons From the results of this (2012) 1 ers and and intermaleal between athletes study, it can be respond distance and non-athletes concluded that the ents showed that practice of exercise load from athletes, boys, is associated with the different have a appearance of the sports significantly varum gene in higher degree of compari varum from 13 to son with 15 years (p = non- 0.01) athletes Yaniv, 10 10- М Football Intercondylar A significantly Deviation in the axis of M. 6 21 ers and and intermaleal higher frequency the varus knee was (2006) tennis distance of knee varus was more common in player found in football adolescent football players compared players than in tennis to tennis players. players Differences in intercondylar distance were statistically significant after 13 years (p <0.001) Meleko 40 18± М Football Intercondylar The values of As a result of this study, ğlu, T. 1.4 ers and and quadriceps intercondylar it was found that the (2029) non- angle distance were level of participation in athletes significantly football training
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higher in the elite significantly increases group of football the intercondylar players than in distance. The highest amateurs and non values of the quadriceps - athletes (p angle were observed in <0.001) amateur football players Nejad 60 25 М Football Quadriceps The results The conclusion of the T. ers and angle, genu showed a author is that intense (2013) non- varum and genu significant physical exercise athletes valgum difference (football) affects the between the formation of the lower quadriceps angle, extremities the varum gene and the valgum gene between the two groups (p≤0.05)
4. Discussion
The nature of football exercise puts a lot of pressure force on the thighs, legs, ankles, and abdomen. Over-training and repetitive movements can cause postural disorders in the athletes' joints, especially the knee joint (Shamas Abrigh, & Moghaddami, 2020). In Read, Oliver, Croix, Myer, Belashaw, et al. (2018), in addition to kinematic and kinetic parameters, the authors also examined the anthropometric characteristics of football players and the level of maturity. They came to the result that in the course of landing during the maturation, the genu valgum decreases. In their work, they came to the conclusion that knee valgus decreases as the athlete grows and matures. Asadi, Mirbolook, Heidarzadeh, Kivi, Meybodi, et al. (2015) the results of their research show that the frequency of the gene varum was higher in football players (p = 0.0001) and was more common in the age group of 16 to 18 years (p = 0.0001). Also, previous injuries of the lower extremities may increase the risk of developing the genu varum. Training and competition strain and strain on the knee joint can lead to a more serious genu varum. Authors Thaller, Fürmetz, Chen, Degen, Manzn, et al. (2018) examined intercondylar distance in football players and non-athletes. They came to the results where the mean values of these two groups differ significantly p = .05, where the intercondinal distance is significantly greater in football players. Intensive football playing during the years of growth can contribute to the development of the genu varum. The results of research obtained by Witvrouw, Danneels, Thijs, Cambier & Bellemans (2009) show that in the period from 16 to 18 years, a significantly higher degree of varum gene was present in football players compared to non-athletes (p = 0.028). They concluded that the period of growth and development in adolescence shows greater sensitivity to the appearance of the varum gene in subjects engaged in intense physical exercise
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(football). Rezende, Santos, Araújo & Matsudo (2011) investigated the relationship between the genu varum and the genu valgum in football players and non-athletes. The results of their research showed that football players have a higher degree of genu varum compared to non-athletes (p <.05), while the genu valgum had lower occurence in football players than in non-athletes (p <.05). From these results, it can be concluded that football leads to a larger genu varum and that they are less sensitive to the development of the genu valgum. A study conducted by the authors Thijs, Bellemans, Rombaut & Witvrouw (2012) where they examined the appearance of the genu varum in football players, athletes who engage in other sports and respondents who do not engage in intense physical activity came to the following results. Boys who played football and boys who played some other sport have a significantly higher degree of varum from age 13–15 (p = 0.01). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the practice of exercise load, regardless of the type of sport, is associated with the appearance of genum varum. Authors Colyn, Arnout, Verhaar & Bellemans (2016) surveyed senior football players and respondents who practiced other sports. The variables that followed were the hip- knee-ankle angle. The results in these variables show that the angle was significantly lower in football players than in other athletes (p <0.001). Active sports participation in football during youth is associated with deceleration at the end of growth in men. Yaniv, Becker, Goldwirt, Khamis, Steinberg & Weintroub (2006) investigated differences in the genu varum in football players and tennis players. The results they obtained show a significantly higher frequency of knee varus in football players compared to tennis players. The difference in intercondylar distance was statistically significant (p <0.001). They concluded that deviations in the axis of the varus knee were more common in football players than in tennis players. The results of a study conducted by Melekoğlu & Işın (2019), where they used the intercondylar angle and quadriceps angle as parameters of the genu varum, show that the values of intercondylar distance were significantly higher in professional football players than in amateur athletes (p <0.001). It was found that the level of participation in football trainings significantly increases the intercondylar distance. The highest values of the quadriceps angle were observed in amateur football players. Research conducted by the authors Nejad & Daneshmandi (2013) and their results that showed significant differences between the angle of the quadriceps, the varum gene and the valgum gene between football and non-athletes (p ≤0.05) show that intense physical exercise affects the formation of lower extremity development.
5. Conclusion
In the comprehensive systematization of the research which aimed to examine the impact of football on the angle of the knee joint in football players the following conclusions were reached: Most researchers came to the conclusion that there are 129
significant differences in the knee joint in respondents who played football and respondents who did not engage in sports. The authors believe that the most critical period in which deformities can occur is the period of adolescence, while later this process slows down. Participants who have played other sports, as well as football players, have an increased risk of developing knee deformities. From the reviewed works, we can conclude that intense physical exercise and frequent competition, both in adolescence and later, can encourage the development of deformities. The influence of football and physical activity in the respondents stimulates the development of the genu varum, while the genu valgum occurs less frequently.
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Ahlberg, A., Moussa, M., & Al-Nahdi, M. A. H. D. I. (1988).On geographical variations in the normal range of joint motion. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, (234), 229- 231. Asadi, K., Mirbolook, A., Heidarzadeh, A., Kivi, M. M., Meybodi, M. K. E., & Rad, M. R. (2015).Association of soccer and genu varum in adolescents. Trauma Monthly, 20(2), 47-51, doi: 10.5812/traumamon.17184. Buchheit, M., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Simpson, B. M., & Bourdon, P. C. (2010). Match running performance and fitness in youth soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(11), 818-825. Chantraine, A. L. E. X. (1985). Knee joint in soccer players: osteoarthritis and axis deviation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17(4), 434-439. Colyn, W., Arnout, N., Verhaar, J. A., & Bellemans, J. (2016). How does lower leg alignment differ between soccer players, other athletes, and non-athletic controls?. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 24(11), 3619-3626, doi: 10.1007/s00167- 016-4348-y. Melekoğlu, T., & Işın, A. (2019). The Relationship Between Football Participation Level and Lower Leg Alignment in Youth Males: Genu Varum. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(2), 137-141, doi:10.11114/jets.v7i2.3955. Nejad, S., M., T., & Daneshmandi, H. (2013).The Study of Knee Alignment in Elite Soccer Players.International Journal of Sport Studies, 3 (3), 242-245. Philippaerts, R. M., Vaeyens, R., Janssens, M., Van Renterghem, B., Matthys, D., Craen, R., Bourgois, J., Vrijens, J., Beunen, G., & Malina, R. M. (2006).The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(3), 221-230. Price, R. J., Hawkins, R. D., Hulse, M. A., & Hodson, A. (2004). The Football Association medical research programme: an audit of injuries in academy youth football. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(4), 466-471. Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., Croix, M. B. D. S., Myer, G. D., Belashaw, A., & Lloyd, R. S. (2018). Altered landing mechanics are shown by male youth soccer players at different stages of maturation. Physical Therapy in Sports, 33,48-53, doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.07.001 Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., De Ste Croix, M. B., Myer, G. D., & Lloyd, R. S. (2018). An audit of injuries in six English professional soccer academies. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(13), 1542-1548.
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Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., De Ste Croix, M. B., Myer, G. D., & Lloyd, R. S. (2016). The scientific foundations and associated injury risks of early soccer specialisation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(24), 2295-2302. Rezende, L. F. M. D., Santos, M. D., Araújo, T. L., & Matsudo, V. K. R. (2011). Does soccer practice stress the degrees of Genu Varo?. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 17(5), 329-333. Severino, N. R., Camargo, O. P. A., Aihara, T. A. T. S. U. O., Cury, R. P., Oliveira, V. M., Vercesi, A. E., Filho, M.F., Barbi,L., & Medeiros, S. F. (1998). Realinhamento do aparelho extensor na luxação patelofemoral recidivante. Rev Bras Ortop, 33(4), 249- 51. Shams Abrigh, H., Moghaddami, A. (2020). The corrective effect of an NASM based resistance exercise on genu varum deformity in teenage football players. DYSONA - Life Science, 1(1), 14-19. doi: 10.30493/dls.2020.103721 Thaller, P. H., Fürmetz, J., Chen, F., Degen, N., Manz, K. M., & Wolf, F. (2018). Bowlegs and Intensive Football Training in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 115(24), 401-408, doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0401. Thijs, Y., Bellemans, J., Rombaut, L., & Witvrouw, E. (2012). Is high-impact sports participation associated with bowlegs in adolescent boys?. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(6), 993-998, doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182407ca0. Van der Sluis, A., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Nijboer, J. A., Brink, M. S., & Visscher, C. (2014). Sport injuries aligned to peak height velocity in talented pubertal soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(04), 351-355 Volpon, J. B., Abreu, E. M. A. D., Furchi, G., & Nisiyama, C. Y. (1986). Estudo populacional do alinhamento do joelho no plano frontal durante o desenvolvimento. Rev. Bras. Ortop, 21(3), 91-6. Witvrouw, E., Danneels, L., Thijs, Y., Cambier, D., & Bellemans, J. (2009). Does soccer participation lead to genu varum?. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 17(4), 422-427, doi: 10.1007/s00167-008-0710-z. Witvrouw, E., Danneels, L., Thijs, Y., Cambier, D., & Bellemans, J. (2009). Does soccer participation lead to genu varum?. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 17(4), 422-427. Yaniv, M., Becker, T., Goldwirt, M., Khamis, S., Steinberg, D. M., & Weintroub, S. (2006). Prevalence of bowlegs among child and adolescent soccer players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 16(5), 392-396.
Received: 29.09.2020. Approved: 04.12.2020.
Correspondence: Marko Joksimović National Football Club, Podgorica, Montenegro Ljajkovići bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro Tel.: +382 67 809349 e-mail:nicifor007@outlook
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PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING OF TRAINING IN THE COMPETITIVE PERIOD IN WOMEN'S FOOTBALL
DOI 10.7251/SIZEN2001132A ISSN 1840-152X 1 UDK 796.015.2:796.332 Luka Androja, http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 1Veronika Terzić https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 1College of Management and Design, Aspira, Split, Croatia
PROFESSIONAL ARTICLE Abstract: Training planning and programming make up a very complex process, especially planning and programming during the competition period. The women’s soccer competition lasts a total of five to six months and is divided into two sub- seasons. The competition period is a mesocycle period that is made up of multiple microcycles. During this period, intensive training work is carried out for the football players to reach the highest level of their abilities. Coaches need to know how to manage their sports form for football players to be most ready for the most important phase of the competition. In order to maintain it, it is necessary to conduct training of specific and situational fitness exercises that connect the functional, motor, and technical-tactical goals. The intensity of such training should be very high (80-100%). The share of fitness training in the competition period should be around 30%, and studies have shown that 1-2 stimuli per week are required to maintain fitness abilities, provided the intensity is high. The seven-day microcycle consists of 5 individual training sessions, matches, and rest days. The footballers play 20-25 games of different difficulty and importance during the season. The schedule of these matches determines the dynamics of the load, which means that if the match is important in the microcycle, the lower energy component of the load is applied and vice versa. Coaches and professional staff should be continuously educated in the form of planning and programming sports training, to acquire new knowledge about sports form management in all periods, phases, and conditions during the season, with special emphasis on the competition period.
Keywords: training planning and programming, competition period, mesocycle, sports form, women's football
1. Introduction
The increasing demands placed on female football players in the process of training and competition are the result of a significant connection between science and practice, where the entire system of preparation is in the function of achieving top individual qualities. (Mikić et al., 2006). However, these requirements cannot be easily met without a well-developed training plan and program. Training planning and programming make up a very complex process, especially planning and programming during the competition period. The competition period lasts
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throughout the competition season and a large number of official matches are played in it, but also a large number of control and preparatory matches. (Mikić et al., 2006). According to the intensity of the match, the coaches determine the weekly training load. The most intense training load in training is carried out in the weeks when the team expects less demanding matches, while the lowest intensity of the load is used in the weeks when more demanding matches are expected, ie better opponents. Each coach is in a challenging situation during the competition period, so it is necessary to look at the current situation and deploy all training components, to achieve certain realistically set annual goals according to the training plan and program for the current season. The main and biggest goal of this period is to maintain the sports form that was achieved in the preparation period. That is why we say that the most important periods of a football team are the preparation and competition period. (Mikić et al., 2006).
2. Competition period - mesocycle period
2.1. Duration of the competition period in women's football
Sports form is very demanding to manage in the competition period due to the fact that it lasts a very long time and is carried out in two competition sub seasons. In this regard, the competitive period in women's football on the example of the women's Croatian Football League in one season lasts a total of five to six months. The first part begins in mid-September and ends in late November or early December, and the second begins in mid-March and ends in late May or early June.
2.2. Mesocycle competition period
The mesocycle is a middle cycle of training made up of several microcycles that are included in the ongoing planning and programming of training. The mesocycle is divided into three periods: preparatory, competitive, and transitional. Each of these periods is divided into several phases. The competition period is the basic type of mesocycle, whose structure, content, and number depend mostly on the competition calendar (number and character of matches), the length of the interval between matches, the sports level of football players, recovery conditions, and set goals. During this period, intensive training work is carried out to bring the football players to the highest level of ability to participate in the competition. The structure of the competitive mesocycle is dominated by competitive microcycles that line up one after the other. The competition period is divided into three phases: the introductory phase of the competition, the official phase of the competition, and the most important phase of the competition of the season, such as the European or World Championships or the
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Olympic Games. Between the cycles of these competitions, a recovery-preparatory mesocycle is planned to re-establish the optimal level of sports form. In sports games, competitions take place continuously, but due to the performance of the national team, there may be a need for part of the team to conduct training of a restorative-preparatory nature to re-establish the required level of training and sports form. (Božinović & Vrdoljak, 2013). In the mesocycle of the competition period, the training process is built under the main goal and tasks of this period, and the optimal load dynamics and the ratio of means and methods are ensured. Also, attention should be paid to the rational regime of accumulated training influences that stimulate adaptation to train but cause fatigue. For the coach, certain difficulties in training programming occur when the sports form needs to be managed in a competition period that lasts a very long time and when the competition system is implemented in two competition seasons. In the construction of such a competition period, it is necessary to respect three rules: 1) rationally allocate all programs, especially basic and specific preparations concerning the dynamics of important competitions; 2) in the middle of the competition period, envisage a short period of renewal-preparatory character; and 3) rationally set the structure of work and workload in the period of immediate preparation for the main competition of the season. The competition period thus created must ensure the achievement of sports form and the highest competitive results in the main competitions. (Hrelja, 2017). The introductory phase of the competition should be the phase of control- preparatory matches, the official phase is the official start of the competition, while the most important phase of the competition is the very end of the competition which includes fighting for points and a certain position in the standings. In the competition period, there is a phase of introductory competitions that are generally less important in terms of results but are of great importance for checking the form and planning possible corrections before major competitions that take place in the middle and end of the competition period. (Salopek, 2015). In the competitive period of the official phase of competition in women's football, as in other sports, the achieved level of sports form is manifested and the planned sports results are achieved, with special emphasis on maintaining sports form. The most important phase of the competition is also the most important phase in the whole season. In addition to the set goals regarding the improvement of overall morphological characteristics, functional and motor abilities, and technical-tactical knowledge, the desired result is the most important indicator. At the top of the pyramid of success factors in sport is the competitive result which is the ultimate measure of an athlete’s overall efficiency. It has, to a different extent, incorporated abilities, characteristics, and knowledge from the aforementioned groups of factors. This fact should be taken into account when creating a model of sports preparation and when valorizing individual and team performance.
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3. Planning and programming of training in the competitive period in women's football
3.1. Training planning and programming
Planning implies a complex management action that determines the goals and tasks of training and the periodization and conditions under which the set goals can be realized. (Mikić et al., 2006). Programming is a set of management actions that carry out the selection, dosing, and distribution of training operators during work and recovery measures in the rest phase. Training operators are stimulants that produce transformational results, ie quantitative and qualitative changes in individual cycles of sports preparation. They correspond to the states of training of athletes, the desired achievements, and the conditions in which sports preparation is carried out (Milanović, 1997). Therefore, training planning and programming is an essential part of the overall activity of the trainer and the professional team. It enables coincidences to be minimized and optimal sports results to be achieved safely and economically, which correspond to the individual characteristics of the athlete and the conditions in which the training process is carried out. To make an adequate training plan and program, in this case, the competition part, it is necessary to plan the preparation period well. The preparation period should be the basis for the start of the competition period.
3.2. Training planning and programming in the competition period
The competition period is a period of maintenance and stabilization work managed by a coach, and training should use specific and situational fitness exercises that best connect functional and motor, and TE-TA goals on which the competition results depend the most. Therefore, the basic guidelines that coaches should follow during the competition period are:
. training is more specific and situational than using multilateral and basic preparation programs (this refers to the choice of exercises and load dosing); . most work is done on TE-TA training (multiple levels of the information component of the load) and adaptation to selected tactical variants from different systems of the football game; . the range of energy load is smaller, but the high intensity of training work remains; . it is necessary to carefully determine the length of rest after work intervals;
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. maintaining fitness training is applied, which means that in the preparation period the achieved level of fitness should be maintained at that level;
The results of control and official competitions indicate the current state of sports form. (Milanović, 2013). The share of fitness training in the competition period is equal to that at the end of the preparatory part and is about 30%. Studies have shown that 1-2 stimuli per week are sufficient to maintain fitness, provided the intensity is high. (Bradić and Marković, 2008). Fitness training in the competition period can be focused on the active rest of athletes and recovery from injury. It can also have a developmental character, especially with players who don’t play games. For the coach, certain difficulties in the current programming of training occur when it is necessary to manage the sports form in a competition period that lasts a very long time and when the competition system is implemented in two competition seasons. In this form of competition, three rules need to be followed. The first rule is to rationally allocate all programs, especially basic and specific preparations concerning the dynamics of important competitions. The second rule would be to provide for a short period of restorative-preparatory character in the middle of the competition period. The third rule is to rationally set the structure of work and workload in the period of immediate preparation for the most important part of the season. (Milanović, 2013). In the competitive period, women's football teams play a large number of matches (20-25). They are played at home and away and are different in weight and importance. The schedule of matches determines the dynamics of the load. When an important match is played in the microcycle, the lower energy component of the load is applied and vice versa (less important match, ie weaker opponent - higher energy component of the load). (Milanović, 2013).
Graph 1. Relationship between match weights and weekly training loads (conditional units of match weight and training load) 136
The three peaks of training loads in three different weeks are reached in microcycles when the easiest matches are played. An increased level of weekly training load can contribute to the accumulation of training effects and in the next microcycle raise the level of team and individual efficiency, ie sports form. (Milanović, 2013). During the immediate preparation for the main competition, the so-called pendulum principle says that as the main competition approaches the intensity of the load decreases and the intensity of the stimulus increases. (Milanović, 2013).
3.3. The way of training in the competition period
The training is completely specific and situational, and in addition to such training, special kinesiological stimulators are used. The intensity ranges from 80% to 100% of the maximum load. With exercises for agility, explosiveness, and speed, and with technical-tactical (TE-TA) training, the goal is to reach the peak of sports form. Also, the goal is to maintain the level of good physical fitness that was achieved in the earlier stages with maintaining fitness training. The level of workload also depends on the stage the football players are in. The same load should not be used in all three phases. In the introductory phase, the load on the preparatory matches will certainly not be as great as in the official and most important ones. The reason for this is that there is no need to spend large levels of the energy component on the unofficial part of the competition season and that they should be saved for the upcoming result-important matches. In the official phase, it is extremely important to maintain all the previously acquired sports form, because, in the most important phase, the first symptoms of fatigue begin to appear like the end of the season approaches. The experience of the coach and the professional team is extremely important. Football players should be the most prepared at this stage, so in addition to adequate training kinesiological stimulus, psychological preparation before the game is also used a lot in this phase. Most technical-tactical requirements should be done in situational and difficult conditions. This refers to playing in conditions of a smaller or unequal number of players, playing with fewer touches, playing in a shortened space, dueling, etc. All technical requirements, also in the largest possible volume, must be at the situational and improvisational-creative level. (Erceg et al., 2018). 4. Overview of the seven-day training cycle in the competition period
The seven-day microcycle consists of 5 individual training sessions, matches, and rest days. Each training consists of an introductory, preparatory, main (main "A" part, main "B" part), and final part of the training.
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Monday
Introductory part - light running over half of the playground with stretching exercises. Preparatory part - running and jumping exercises through ladders, sticks, groin, and circles on the ground, perform each exercise 4 times in a series and finally connect all runs in one series. Between exercises - stretching. The main "A" part - in the marked area 16x16 m (with goals) plays by hand. There are three teams with 6 players each. The game takes place by passing by hand, and a goal can only be scored with a header. The goal is also defended by the head. The emphasis is on a game with a lot of duels in the air. The duration of the game is 2 times for 4 minutes. The waiting team takes a throw-in in the middle (center shot) and jumps and headers during the break. Main "B" part - in the marked area 20x30 m with two goals, a game with two touches of the ball. There are three teams with 6 players each. The duration of the game is 2x6 min. The final part (10 min) - stretching.
Tuesday
Introductory part - light guiding of the ball in the middle of the field with stretching exercises. Preparatory part - technical exercises in pairs (hitting the ball with the inside of the foot, full part, receiving the ball on the upper leg and playing with the inside of the foot, receiving on the chest and playing, head kick) - each exercise is done for a minute, between stretching exercises. The main "A" part - is played in an area of 50x50 m. At one end of the pitch, there are two goals, and at the other one goal. On the side, 15 m in front of the goal, there are three gates 2 m wide. The team (7 players) defending the side with one goal should prevent the other team (9 players) from passing the ball through the goal in front of the goal. If the opposite team loses the ball, everyone presses at the same time. If a team with fewer players wins the ball, they can score a goal on one of the two goals on the opposite side. Main "B" part - running around the playground for 12 minutes (width of the playground acceleration, length of the playground jogging). The final part - shooting the bar and stretching.
Wednesday
Training match - game on two goals, 2x25 min.
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Thursday
Introductory part - light running of two laps and stretching. Preparatory part - in a square 10x10 m handover of the ball in various ways between 5 players. Main "A" part - duration 5x3 min. A game is known as "three colors". 3 teams with 6 players each play possession in an area of 20x15 m. Two teams keep the ball so that the third team does not take it. If the third team takes the ball, it must pass it to the team from which it did not take it to confirm this and then the two teams continue to play against the one who lost the ball. Different requirements: an unlimited number of touches, 2 touches, 1 touch. The main "B" part of training - shooting at a goal from different positions. The final part - stretching and stretching.
Friday (the day before the match)
Introductory part - playing the so-called kola / ševe - 5: 2, one touch. Preparatory part - stretching and stretching. Main "A" part - crossing through the middle of 3 players and ending on goal (50 m) - lower intensity (emphasis on precision is important) The main "B" part - setting in the formation that should be played in the game and passing the tactics in walking. The final part - shooting free and penalty kicks and stretching.
Saturday - match
Sunday - rest
After the game is played on Saturday, the football players will be given a day off to relax. Instead of a day of rest, regeneration training can be done (light running, relaxation). Preparations for the next match start on Monday.
5. Conclusion
The competition period is one of the most important periods because it is the period of playing matches, the most important of which are the official ones. It is one of the periods of the mesocycle made up of shock microcycles. For female footballers to welcome a more ready competition, it is important to have an effective and balanced preparation period plan that should be the basis for the competition period. The achieved sports form during the preparation period needs to be maintained and rationally distributed to the phases of the competition period. When
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preparatory matches are played in the introductory phase of the competition period, a large number of energy components should not be consumed, because the goal of the preparatory matches is to play for official matches. In official matches, every result is essential. Due to more frequent stimuli and training frequencies correlated with the intensities at matches, there is still a significant consumption of energy and the first signs of fatigue. For this reason, coaches should pay attention to the rest of the team and give importance to psychological preparation. The already mentioned sports form should be held with situational training where mostly technical-tactical exercises predominate. Fitness training is necessary for the competition period, but it should not be so frequent, because in this period the emphasis is on situational exercises that can happen in the game. Each microcycle consists of 5 training sessions, matches, and rest days, however, no microcycle is the same. The difference is the intensity and importance of the match at the end of the cycle. If we have an important match in terms of results, the weekly training load should be lower, and vice versa, for our microcycle to be balanced. Educated and professional staff should plan well and conduct training within the periodization through the competition period to stay in the desired shape and to achieve targeted results. In this regard, coaches and professional staff should be continuously educated in the form of planning and programming sports training, to gain new knowledge about sports form management in all periods, phases, and conditions during the season, with special emphasis on the competition period.
REFERENCES
Bompa, Tudor Olimpius (1994). Theory and methodology of training. The key to athletic peroformance. Dubuque. IA: Kendal/Hunt. Bompa, Tudor Olimpius (2001). Periodization training for sports. Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics. Bompa, Tudor Olimpius (2006). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training. Champaign. IL:Human Kinetics. Božinović, Damir; Vrdoljak, Josip (2013). Teorija sportskog treninga. Visoka škola za menadžment i dizajn Aspira. Split. Erceg, Marko., Rađa, Ante. & Sporiš, Goran (2018). Razvoj nogometaša: antropološki status nogometaša tijekom razvojnih faza. Zagreb. vlast. nakl. Hrelja, Davor (2017). Analiza pripremnog perioda u muškom odbojkaškom klubu Rovinj za sezonu 2016/2017. Diplomski rad. Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Kineziološki fakultet. Marković, Goran; Bradić, Asim (2008). Integralni kondicijski trening. Zagreb. Mikić, Branimir; Tanović, Izudin; Begović, Denis (2006). Planiranje i programiranje trenažnog procesa nogometaša. Tuzla. Milanović, Dragan (1997). Osnove teorije treninga. Zagreb. Milanović, Dragan (1996). Planiranje i programiranje kondicijskog treninga nogometaša. 140
Međunarodno savjetovanje o fitnessu, 1996. Zagreb, Fakultet za fizičku kulturu Milanović, Dragan (2013). Teorija treninga. Zagreb. Salopek, Martina (2015). Dvociklusna periodizacija godišnjeg ciklusa treninga bodyfitness natjecateljica. Diplomski rad. Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Kineziološki fakultet. ______
Received: 17.11.2020. Approved: 08.12.2020.
Correspondence: Luka Androja, M.Sc. Head of Sports Management, College of Management and Design, Aspira, Mike Tripala 6, 21 000 Split, Croatia Tel: +385955061065 e-mail: [email protected]
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INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF THE MOVEMENT RANGE MEASUREMENT OF TOP SOCCER PLAYERS DURING THE MATCH MEASURED USING THE SOFTWARE SYSTEM TRACKING MOTION BIOIRC
1,3Radivoje Radaković, 2Milivoj Dopsaj, DOI 10.7251/SIZEN2001142R 1Nenad Filipović ISSN 1840-152X 1 Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Kragujevac, UDK 796.012:796.332 2 Faculty of Spots and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 3 FC Red Sta , Belgrade https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the internal and external validity of measuring the range of motion of top players during a match measured using Software System Tracking Motion BIOIRC. The research was conducted on a sample of 63 players, who were recorded during 11 official matches from the following clubs or national teams: Red Star F.C. Belgrade; Radnicki 1923 F. C. Kragujevac; Partizan F. C. Belgrade; Bordoaux F. C. Bordoaux; senior national teams of Serbia and the National Team of Belgium. The variables provide estimates of the variability of the movement of top players during the game, followed by the software system Tracking motion (BioIRC, Kragujevac, Serbia). The parameters of the movement structure were analyzed by a descriptive statistical method, and the reliability of the monitored variables was examined using linear regression analysis. Based on the obtained results of player movement during the analyzed matches, it can be concluded that the internal and external validity of the range of player movement during the first and second half of the match is very high, both at the level of the whole team and the team lines.
Keywords: validity, measurement, movement range, game, top soccer players
1. Introduction
In modern, top football, tracking motion and analysis of player movement data during a match have become an important diagnostic-analytical tool for analyzing and understanding the functionality and situational efficiency of players. The information they provide us is extremely popular and applicable, both in diagnostics and analysis, as an indispensable segment of sports science, and in the implementation of the daily training process and competition of athletes. The importance of the application of this research in training and analytical practice draws special attention, so the series of scientific and research procedures were carried out in order to initiate a new direction of influence, aiming at the
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improvement of the effectiveness and exactness of training tools and methods (postulates). Software tracking and movement analysis are a very important tool for determining the metabolic profiles of training stimuli in the micro and macro periodization of the training process. For that purpose, special software was created for tracking and analyzing movements. The wide range of information obtained by using such analytical systems indicates the quality and quantity of competition, processing the structure of individual matches in an exact way. According to the results of previous research conducted in this area, the top football players cover from 11.1 to 13.5 kilometers on average during the game, depending on the position in the team. The structure of the movement is classified according to intensities into movement with low intensity, moderate intensity, high- intensity running and submaximal and maximum running (sprint). (Railly 2000; Bangsbo 2003) Motion tracking by the software system BIOIRC gave results that were to a large extent in line with the results of tracking the movements of players from the best European leagues and the Champions League. Table 1. Display of average values of player motion during the match at different levels of competition based on research by different authors
Overall Match Distance (m) 13000
12500
12000
11500
11000 10500
10000
9500
Matchdistance(m)
11095
9000 11102
1191 9
11393 10802
10893
10746 11046
8500 10718
10071
8000 9891 7500 EU Elite players EU Elite players EU Elite players Brazilian Elite European Australo-Asian Champion Premier League FR Premier FR La League Radakovic et (DiSalvo et al., (Rampinini et (Rampinini et players (Barros National players Elite players League (Di (Di Salvo et al.,League (Dellal (Dellal et al., al., 2015 2007) al., 2007) al.., 2009) et al., 2007) (Reilly, 2003) (Reilly, 2003) Salvo et al., 2013) et al., 2011) 2011) 2013)
Data sources (Reference)
The aim of this study is to determine the internal and external validity of the movement range measuring of top players during a match measured using the Software System Tracking Motion BIOIRC.
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The obtained data indicate a methodological approach in measuring the structure of the movement of top players using the software method of tracking motion. 2. Methods
Respondents
The research was conducted on a sample of 63 players, who were recorded during 11 official matches from the following clubs or national teams: Red Star F. C. Belgrade; Radnicki 1923 F. C. Kragujevac; Partizan F. C. Belgrade; Bordoaux F. C. Bordoaux; senior national teams of Serbia and the National Team of Belgium. The observed matches were UEFA League qualifications: Red Star - Omonia and Red Star - Bordeaux in the 2012/13 season; semifinal matches of the Serbian Cup in the 2011/12 season; Red Star-Partizan and Partizan-Red Star; World Cup Brazil 2014 qualification match: Serbia-Belgium; and matches of the Serbian Premier League in the 2014/15 season. The structure of players was: 19 players from the defensive line, 23 players from the midfield line and 21 players from the attack line. The players were selected randomly for analysis, provided that they were playing all 90+ minutes of the match.
Variables
The variables provide estimates of the variability of the motion of top players during the game, followed by the software system Tracking motion (BioIRC, Kragujevac, Serbia). Variables analyzed in the first half of the match: -Team 1st half, movement of all team players during the first half -Defense 1st half, movement of defense players during the first half -Middle 1st half, movement of midfielders during the first half -Attack 1st half, movement of attacker players during the first half
Variables analyzed in the second half of the match: -Team 2nd half, movement of all team players during the second half -Defense 2nd half, movement of defense players during the second half -Middle 2nd half, movement of midfielders during the second half -Attack 2nd half, movement of the attacker during the second half
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Software system for motion analysis performance
Recording of matches using Tracking Motion system BIOIRC was performed with two identical Sony NEX-VG10 video cameras, in full-HD resolution, and one control camera with high-speed performance. The algorithmic part of video processing software, i. e. the part for tracking player movements, was based on determining a measure of the similarity of the statistical color distribution of objects. Videos of the match were processed in several phases. For the purpose of analysis of video files, the videos were compressed with the XVID codec in MOV format, with a refresh rate of 30 frames per second. The algorithmic part of the software for monitoring the movement of players, i. e. for processing videos, is based on determining the measure of similarity of the statistical color distribution of objects. The essence is that the analysis software monitors the motion of the players on the entire field, analyzing the recordings of both halves of the field alternately, depending on the current activity of the players. The analysis speed on the Intel (R) Core2Duo [email protected] computer, 2GB RAM, Win7 32bit, is ~ 4 frames per second. Motion tracking analysis involves different types of measurements, not just the description or highlighting of specific procedures that must be undertaken to achieve the given goal. The methods used in this research can be roughly classified as high technologies based on a hardware system and based on an algorithm. They represent a very useful tool in sports analytics and diagnostics, as well as planning, training programming and selection and creation of new training methods in professional and top sports.
Figure 1. Application for display and statistical analysis of player movement: a) participation in the total movement during the match and numerical display b) visualization of player movement and software capabilities.
Software performance and capabilities include individual, line, or team tracking of players at any time during the match, which allows coaches to have real-time
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information on the position and manner of movement of their own or opposing players at any time during the match. This way of analysis enables the perception of positive and negative responses to the requirements of the game, tactical ideas, or individual actions of players on the field, which was previously impossible. Also, the visual effects are very significant in the depictions to the actors themselves in the field, in terms of analysis and correction of specific details related to certain movements. Software and hardware progression allows the use of real-time video recording, transformation, as well as filtering software that simultaneously displays the footage and 2D views and match analysis schemes. All results are dynamically synchronized in real-time, so the researcher, coach and athlete can use them efficiently, as a base for evaluation of the motor and functional performance of their players and their reflection on efficiency in situational conditions. The method of software monitoring of player movements during a football match provides the possibility of an exact insight into the structure of player movements, and perception of situations on the field, offering sports experts and coaches great opportunities for corrections and analysis. At the same time, numerous observations, perspectives and predictions can be made under different situational conditions, and then the necessary adjustments of training stimuli can be made for the development of given abilities according to metabolic movement profiles. Measurement results are given for general parameters, after obtaining experimental results, using image processing and video software for analysis and preparation of numerical calculations, which is only part of the software’s capabilities. The main goal of this study was to create an absolute insight into the structure, scope and intensity of player motion on an individual and integral level. The software can display data in the form of graphs and numerical representations expressed in meters, or percentages of total movement as a function of time (Figure 1). It is also set to perform a 2D display of movements at any time during the match, in parallel with the tracking of the match, and most importantly the program allows countless operations and analyzes in any time interval, on an individual, group, or integral level, for one, or both teams simultaneously. From the above, it follows that coaches and sports experts can use this software to monitor the movements of their own or opposing players at any time and in any part of the field. This level of sophistication of the tracking motion software BIOIRC offers great opportunities in terms of analysis and demonstration of movement, the position of the player at a given time, and as such can be a means of tactical, not just analysis of functional effectiveness of players during the game.
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Methods of statistical data processing
The parameters of the movement structure were analyzed by a descriptive statistical method, where the following were calculated: average values (Mean), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (cV%), standard measurement error expressed in absolute (Std. Error. Aps.) and relative (Std. .Error. Rel.) values, minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) value of measured variables. The reliability of the monitored variables was examined using linear regression analysis, using the method for defining interclass correlation data (ICC and Cronbach's Alpha), while the difference between pairs of variables was determined using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). All analyzes were performed using the software package SPPSS 19.0, and the criterion for the probability of differences or correlations was at the level of p = 0.05. 3. Results and Discussion
The basic descriptive indicators of the variables of player movement in the first and second half at the level of the whole team are shown in Table 1. It can be claimed that all measured variables, in relation to the results of the entire sample of players, are very reliable because the coefficient of variation does not exceed 15.81% (Table 1, Defense II half) up to only 2.33% variation (Attackers II half). In relation to the relative value of the standard measurement error, as a method of measurement error, it can be claimed that it ranges from 0.94% for the Forwards in the second half to 5.00% for the Defensive Players in the second half. In other words, in relation to the average of all measurement errors of the monitored variables by positions, it is at the level of 2.24% (Table 1).
Table 1. Basic descriptive statistics of measured variables
Std. Std. Error. Mean (m) SD (m) cV% Error. Min (m) Max (m) Aps. (m) Rel. (%) Overall sample of players (N = 51) I half 5507.77 704.52 98.65 3548.57 6875.28 II half 5538.5 718.20 100.57 3762.32 6808.21 Whole game 11046.27 1422.72 199.22 7310.89 13683.49 Defence (N = 18) I half 5095.04 683.76 4041.5 6049.23 II 5309.75 812.57 3938.6 6612.7 half Whole game 10404.79 1496.33 8038.0 12242.0 Midfielders (N = 17) I half 5993.55 605.09 6145.8 6875.3 II half 5902.65 589.15 6096.8 6808.2 Whole game 11896.2 1194.24 12242.6 13549.5
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Attackers/Strikers (N = 16) I half 5455.97 509.27 5586.0 6017.5 II half 5408.94 608.17 5596.5 6009.7 Whole game 10864.91 1117.44 11182.6 11930.9
Table 2 shows the results of the calculated reliability coefficients for the examined variables. Based on the obtained results, it can be claimed that the level of general validity, i. e. validity for the entire sample of players is at the level of 0.944 (Table 2, Cronbach's Alpha) and is statistically highly significant (p = 0.000). Very high coefficients of validity were also determined for players by positions, as follows: for Defensive - 0.952, p = 0.000; for Midfielders - 0.937, p = 0.000; and for Attackers - 0.925, p = 0.000 (Table 2).
Table 2. Reliability results
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient Cronbach's ANOVA F P 95% Confidence Alpha relation value Single Average Interval P Measures Measures Lower Upper value Bound Bound Overall sample of players I vs II 0.50 half 0.944 0.449 0.894 0.944 0.821 0.938 0.000 6 Defenders I vs II 0.01 half 0.952 8.089 0.909 0.952 0.774 0.965 0.000 1 Midfielders I vs II 0.21 half 0.937 1.670 0.882 0.937 0.705 0.956 0.000 5 Attackers/Strikers I vs II 0.53 half 0.925 0.403 0.860 0.925 0.646 0.949 0.000 5
The results of linear regression analysis are shown in graphs 1 to 4, in order to define the linear degree of agreement of the results of the distance in the first and second half as a measure of the similarity of the examined variables using the Tracking Motion software system. Graph 1 shows the distribution parameters of the dependence of the players’ movement in the whole team during the first and second half based on linear regression. At the general level (Chart 1) it can be claimed that the degree of agreement of the results of the first and second half in relation to the achieved distances during the game is at the level of the determination coefficient of R2 = 0.8, or at 80% of the explained variability.
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Graph 1 .: Linear regression of distance dependence during the first and second halves for all team players
The distribution parameters of the dependence of the movement of the defensive line, middle line and attacking players during the first and second halves are shown in Graphs 2, 3 and 4. The obtained results (Graph 2, 3 and 4) confirm that the degree of agreement of the first and second half-time results in relation to the realized distances during the game for the defensive line is at the level of the determination coefficient of R2 = 0.851, i.e. at the level of 85.1% of the explained variability, for the middle line at the level of the determination coefficient of R2 = 0.779, i.e. at the level of 77.9% of the explained variability and for the line of attack at the level of the determination coefficient of R2 = 0.764, i.e. at the level of 76.4% of the explained variability of movement.
Graph 2. Linear regression of the dependence of the distance of movement during the first and second half for the players of the defensive line of the team
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Graph 3. Linear regression of distance dependence during the first and second halves for team midfield players
Graph 4. Linear regression of the dependence of the distance of movement during the first and second half for the players of the attacking line of the team
4. Conclusion
Based on the obtained results of player movement during the analyzed matches, it can be concluded that there is a high level of measured motion results as a measure of similarity of examined variables using Tracking Motion software system, i. e. that the internal and external validity of player movement during the first and second half, both at the level of the whole team and along the lines of the team, is very high - the degree of validity is in the domain of very high value, for players of the whole team (Cronbach α = 0.944), defensive (Cronbach α = 0.952) and attacking lines of the team (Cronbach α = 0.937), and for team midfielders (Cronbach α = 0.925). Based on previous research, the average value of the volume of movement of top football players from various European league competitions during the game, as a 150
global standard, is 10880 ± 561 m (reliability interval Mean ± 1SD is 10319 to 11441 m). Based on the fact that the value of the total average distance of football players measured using Tracking Motion software BIOIRC is within the average ± 1 standard deviation of the value of a given variable measured by researchers in previously published reference research, it can be claimed that the external validity of the system used is scientifically acceptable. This confirms that software analysis is characterized by a high degree of sensitivity and satisfactory coefficients of internal and external validity. The software analysis system is a very precise analytical instrument, with exact parameters that are very useful for explanation and use in the work methodology of coaches and sports experts, and as such is recommended in analytical-diagnostic practice in football. The needs for exactness and validity of future studies on similar topics impose the necessity of a larger number of analyzed matches (respondents), different technical-tactical requirements and qualitative levels of competition, in order to confirm correlations and interdependencies of given parameters on a large sample and impose them as a standardized analytical-diagnostic tool in the methodology of working in football.
References
Baviskar, S. P. & Ujgare, N. S. (2012). Kernel Based Object Tracking Using Mean Shift Method, IJCA Proceedings on International Conference in Computational Intelligence, New York, USA, Published by Foundation of Computer Science. Bradley, P., Sheldon, W. & Wooster, B. (2003). High Intensity Running in English Premier League Soccer Matches. Journal of Sports Science, 27, 156-168. Comaniciu, D., Ramesh, V. and Meer, P. (2000). Real-Time Tracking of Non-Rigid Objects Using Mean Shift. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2, 142-149. Comanicu, D., Meer, P. (2002). Mean shift: A robust approach toward feature space analysis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, 24, 603- 619. Comaniciu, D., Ramesh, V. & Meer, P. (2003). Kernel-Based Object Tracking, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 5, 564-579. Carling, C., Bloomfield, J. & Nielsen, L. (2008). The Role of Motion Analysis in Elite Soccer Contemporary performance Measurement Technique and Work Rate Data. Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, 839-62. Casajus, J.A. (2001). Season variation in fitness variables in professional soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physiological Fitness, 41, 463-465. Di Prampero, P.E., Capelli, C., Pagliaro, P. et al. (1993).Energetics of the Best performaces in Middle-distances running. Journal of Applied Physiology. 74(5): 2318/-24.
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Dellal, A., Del Wong, P., Moalla, W. & Chamari, K. (2010). Physical and Technical Actyvity of Soccer Players in the French First League- With Special Reference to their Playing Positions. International Sport Medicine Journal, 11, 278-290. Di Salvo, V., Pigozzi, F., Gonzales-Hero, C., Laughlin, M.S. & De Wiff, J.K. (2013). Match Performance Comparison in Top English Soccer Leagues. International Journal of Sports Medicine,34, 526-532. Scott, D. W. (1992). Multivariate Density Estimation, Wiley. Gevers T. (2001). Color in Image Search Engines, Survey on color for image retrieval from Multimedia Search, Published in Visual Information Retrieval, London, Springer Verlag. Kailath, T. (1999). The Divergence and Bhattacharyya Distance Measures in Signal Selection. IEEE Trans. Comm. Technology, 15, 253-259. Menz, V., Marterer, M., Amin, S.B., Faulhaber, M., Hansen, A.B. and Lawley, J.S. (2019) Functional Vs. Running Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training: Effects on VO2max and Muscular Endurance. Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 18 (3), 497/504. Rampini, E., Coutts, A.J. & Sastagna C. (2007). Variation in Top Level Soccer Match Performance, Journal of sports Medicine, 28, 1018-1024. Osgnach, C., Poser, S., Bernardini, R., Rinaldo, R. & Di Prampero, P. (2009). Energy Cost and Metabolic Power in Elite Soccer: A New Analysis Aproach. Journal of Medicine & Science in sports & Exercise.49, 170-177. Carling, C., Bloomfield, J. & Nielsen, L. (2008). The Role of Motion Analysis in Elite Soccer Contemporary performance Measuerement Technique and Work Rate Data. Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, 839-862. Radaković, R., Prosinečki, R., Đurović, Ž.,Marović, S., Peulić, A., Nikolić, D. i Filipović, N. (2013). Analiza kretanja igrača FK Crvena Zvezda tokom utakmice 4. Kola kvalifikacija za Ligu Evrope 2012/13. Zbornik radova: 11. Međunarodna konferencija UKTH, Zagreb, February 21-23, 2013, 422-427. Radaković, R., Đurović, Ž.,Prosinečki, R., Vulović, R., Peulić, A., Nikolić, D. i Filipović, N. (2014). Opšti parametri Tracking motion analize igrača FK Crvena Zvezda tokom utakmice 4. Kola kvalifikacija za Ligu Evrope (in Serbian) 2012/13. Book of Abstracts: International Conference, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia, December 9-11, 2013, 328-333. Yokohama, K., Tabuchi, N., Araujo, D. And Yamamoto, Y. (2020).How Training Tools Physically Linking Soccer Players Improve Interpersonal Coorcination. Journal of sport Science and medicine, 19(2), 245/255. ______Received: 18.07.2020. Approved: 19.11.2020.
Correspondence: Radivoje Radaković Bioengineering Research and Development Center BioIRC Sretenjskog ustava 27, 34000 Kragujevac Tel: +381668011089 e-mail: [email protected] 152
FMS SCREENING AS A REVOLUTIONARY - REHABILITATIVE MEASURING INSTRUMENT IN SPORTS AND RECREATION
1Armin Zećirović, 2Dragama Rodić, 3Ilma Čaprić, 3Mila Manić, 4 Konstantinos Stratakis, 3 Adem Mavrić, 3 Samir Hačković, 3 DOI 10.7251/SIZEN2001153Z Raid Mekić, ISSN 1840-152X 1Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, university of East Sarajevo UDK 796.012.1 2IST-Hochschule University of Applied Sciences http://sportizdravlje.rs.ba/ 3 Faculty of Sport and Physical Educytion, University of Niš https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/SIZ 4 Faculty of Sport and Physical Educytion, University, Singidunum
SCIENTIFIC CRITISM Apstrakt: International sports programs have established FMS screening procedures as an essential component for identifying students, recreational and professional athletes who are at a high risk of injury. The aim of this paper is to establish the use of the Functional Movement Screening (FMS), as a system which deals with the analysis of the functional patterns of movement and their components and determines the efficiency of the locomotor system through the evaluation of one’s mobility, motor control and stability. This research included thirteen original research papers. Each paper handled the issue and was able to meet the requirements of the set goal. A selection of works from 2010 to 2015 was taken as the method for this paper.
Key words: diagnosis, mobility, stability, correction, athletes
1. Introduction
There is an increasing number of youth who are actively involved in sports and partake in both individual and team sports. In the earlier stages, sports are supposed to serve the needs of the children and be fun, creative and innovative. Meanwhile, we are witnessing a large increase of early specialization of young people as well as an increasing number of injuries in their youth. As an unwanted, but inevitable consequence of inappropriate work-outs and early specialization which is not biologically characteristic of the child's body, we are seeing a result in more frequent visits to physiatrists, orthopedists and sudden remitting of physical activities due to injury and inadequate treatment. A report on high school sports seasons from 1995 to 1997 indicates that there were more than two million injuries, which required 500,000 physician visits and 30,000 hospitalizations in the United States (Powell J, & 153
Barber-Foss K, 1999). This extent of reported injuries, together with the fact that many significant sports-related injuries can lead to long-term physical impairment, justifies the research into the possibility of using pre-participation methods which are able to identify young athletes that are at a higher risk of injury (Micheli J , et al, 2000). In an attempt to create functional assessment, Gray Cook and Lee Burton developed FMS screening in 2001, FMS (Functional Movement Screening). This screening tool consists of a multitude of tests for assessing the mobility and stability of the joints simultaneously through a series of seven movements, ie. seven tests. Although none of the tests are specific to any particular sport, these FMS tests challenge both upper and lower extremities as well as the torso in functional tasks, unlike some other types of athletic performance testing, which are unable to test these aspects. (Cook G, & Burton L, 2019). As predetermined, the evaluation is practical because the desired movements can be tested within five to ten minutes, allowing the instructor to quickly evaluate the deficiencies that may require a more in-depth assessment and can be rehabilitated in order to reduce the risk of injury (Chapman R, at al, 2014). If a professional or a recreational athlete is often injured, FMS testing helps us find the cause of their injuries and eliminates them with specific functional exercises. The FMS test system shows us the state of motor control, mobility and asymmetry of the left and right as well as the upper and lower sides of the body. These parameters are acquired by placing the participant in positions where they exhibit the greatest asymmetries, imbalances, weaknesses, and limitations in these movements (Abraham A, et al., 2015). More focus is increasingly being put on the muscle and not on the movement, because many exercise strength before the dysfunction, which is a completely wrong algorithm. Numerous professional and recreational athletes perform at a higher level, despite not being effective in their basic movements; in this way, without knowing it, they try to add form to the dysfunction. Many individuals work out around the already existing problem or simply do not work on their weaknesses during a strength and fitness session. In today’s development of the training and rehabilitation market, athletes and medical professionals have access to a vast arsenal of equipment and exercise programs; however, even the best programs and equipment cannot improve form and health if fundamental weaknesses are not being revealed and nurtured (Boyle M, 2018). The goal is to individualize each exercise program based on a poor connection between the physical or functional limitations of the client. In order to pinpoint the weak connection, basic patterns of body movement should be taken into account. Most people do not start strength and conditioning or rehabilitation programs by determining if they have the adequate movement patterns. Therefore, it is very
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important to review the basic movements of an individual before starting a rehabilitation or strength and conditioning program (Boyle M, et al., 2016). Improvement of the dysfunctions can have a positive effect and improve performance in athletes, without forcing strength exercises before correction, e.g. give preference to the mobility of the thoracic part of the spine and increase the amplitude of movement before doing a deep squat with weights. The aim of this paper is to present FMS screening as a revolutionary diagnostic - rehabilitation method and as a measuring instrument that shows us the state of motor control, stability, mobility and asymmetry of the left and right, upper and lower sides and helps instructors design programs by systematically using corrective exercises for normalization or for improving basic movement patterns in clients. It provides us with a systematic tool to monitor progress and development of movement patterns in the presence of a variable injury status or levels of form, and confirms the fact that it is one of the key tools and factors in injury prevention and functionality in professional and recreational athletes.
2. Method
Research data for the purposes of this paper was collected through electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, DOAJ, as well as through the bibliography: Functional Movement Screen Pro trainer Manual (Cook & Burton 2016), Certified Functional Strength & Conditioning Manual (Boyle M, 2016) and EXOS Performance Manual Trainer (Verstegen M, 2016). This research was conducted in the period from 2010 to 2015. The following key words were used in the database research: diagnostics, mobility, stability, correction, athletes. The obtained research titles, abstracts and complete texts were then read and analyzed. In order for the research to be accepted for final analysis, it had to meet two criteria: the first criterion refers to the review of the selected measuring instrument, in this case the FMS screening test, while the second criterion is the analysis of works in the selected period. The research that met the set criteria was then analyzed and presented on the basis of the following parameters: reference (first letter of the author and year of publication of the research, a sample of participants, applied instrument of tested value and finally, the results of the research).
3. Research resluts
The approach used for collecting, analyzing and eliminating the obtained works is given in Figure 1. Based on the key words, 93 works were identified. The number of studies that were immediately excluded based on the title as well as the number of duplicate papers is 11, while 56 papers were included in the analysis. Further
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analysis of 56 papers excluded 12 papers based on several criteria: abstract, because it was a systematic review research, as well as the absence of a control research group as well as a review research and the topic was not fully adequate. The remaining 13 works which met the set criteria are: works published in the period from 2010 to 2015, are shown in Table 1.
Figure 1. The approach for collection, analysis and elimination of obtained works:
Results of reviewed electronic databases: 93 research 11 papers are excluded: - based on the title - as duplicated works 56 papers were further analyzed based on the abstract and the full text 12 works were excluded based on the following criteria: - abstract - reviewed research 13 papers met the set criteria for - the topic is not adequate analysis
4. Discussion
This discussion includes thirteen original papers and literature from the most distinguished experts in the field of sports, fitness, recreation and rehabilitation (Boyle M, Cook G, Burton L, & Verstegen M). The aim of this paper is to present FMS screening as an instrument that shows us the state of motor control, stability, mobility and asymmetry of the left and right as well as the upper and lower sides, helps instructors design programs by systematically using corrective exercises to normalize or improve basic movement patterns in clients, it provides us with a systematic tool for monitoring the progress and development of movement patterns in the presence of variable injury status or different levels of form, and confirms the fact that it is one of the key tools and factors in injury prevention and improving functionality in professional and recreational athletes.
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FMS screening is an array of seven tests that assesses the subject's competence in performing basic functional movements. It is a standardized, reliable, and highly applicable tool that allows the detection of major areas of deficiency or poor movement control and the indication of limitations or asymmetries (Bonazza N, et al., 2016). In order to better understand this, basic movements are those movements (not specific types of sport) that every active individual should be able to perform - mobility management, stability, proprioception, and coordination. If we consider the FMS performance pyramid (Figure 2), we mean the lowest part - MOVEMENT. The greater the competence in this area, the greater the efficiency of workouts intended for the athletic part (performance) and the specific sports part (skill), reducing the risk of injuries and overload. Unlike most muscle tests, FMS screening does not assess individual areas, but involves sequences of movements that also involve limited parts of the body.
Figure 2. FMS performance pyramid:
Based on the results of numerous scientific studies, it is determined that FMS is an excellent tool for improving performance and athletic longevity, movement economy, recognizing dysfunctions, reducing the risk of injuries, of overload and muscle injuries on tendons and ligaments, as well as an excellent diagnostic - rehabilitation method and an excellent guide for personalized corrective work. The steps in the injury control process are as follows: to determine the existence of the problem, to determine the causes of the problem, to determine what prevents the
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problem, to implement prevention strategies and programs and to continue monitoring and effectiveness of preventive efforts. (Bruce A, Bruce H, et al., 2010 ). With FMS screening, we examine clients for an injury risk and either a dysfunctional or restrictive movement pattern (Cook G, Burton L, et al., 2006), and it allows us to identify the so-called "red flags" or movement patterns that are risky for clients. It allows us to quickly see the quality of basic movement patterns and to work on a direct way to correct the dysfunction (Verstegen M, 2014). Why do we do FMS testing? Because health is our number one priority and because we want to find and identify the weakest links in the kinetic chain of clients through FMS screening in order to correct and improve them in time, because the correction itself improves the movement pattern, which largely avoids and reduces the risk of injury. In addition to prevention, FMS also offers key information for planning and programming workouts. (Cook G, Burton L, 2019).
FMS screening is made up of seven tests (Picture 1):
1. Deep Squat 2. Hurdle Step 3. In-Line Lunge 4. Shoulder Mobility 5. Active Straight Leg Raise 6. Trunk Stability Push Up 7. Rotary Stability.
Picture1. FMS screening (seven tests)
There are also three clearing - additional tests, after shoulder mobility, stabilization push-ups, and rotational stability, which push the joint to its limits, in an attempt to reproduce the symptoms. If the range of motion is normal, the joint is removed as the cause of the musculoskeletal system disorder.
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Deep Squat Testing – Establishes total body mechanics and neuromuscular control. We use it to test bilateral, symmetrical, functional mobility and stability of the hips, knees and ankles. The Hurdle Step testing - is an integral part of movement and acceleration. This movement puts into question the step mechanic, and at the same time testing stability and control in the one-legged position. The test also determines the stability and control of the pelvis and cortex (core - represents a set of muscles whose main function is the stability of the lumbo-pelvic region and connecting the upper and lower extremities. When we say strong torso, we mean a stable and strong core that does not allow the dissipation of energy while it is transferred from foot to hand and vice versa). The In-Line Lunge - puts the body in a position to simulate pressure during rotation, deceleration and hip movements. This test also determines the mobility and stability of the hips, knees, ankles and feet. Shoulder Mobility Test - shows the natural complementary rhythm of the scapular-thoracic region, the thoracic spine and the ribbed tissue during reciprocal movements of the upper extremities. Active Straight Leg Raise - not only identifies the active mobility of the hips, but also the stability of the cortex. This pattern causes the ability to dissociate the lower extremities while maintaining stability in the pelvis and cortex. Trunk Stability Push Up - This test is used as a basic observation of cortex stabilization and is not a test or a measure of upper body strength and firmness. The movement tests the ability to stabilize the spine in the sagittal plane during a closed kinetic chain, a symmetrical movement of the upper body part. The Rotary Stability Test - is a complex one, it requires proper neuromuscular coordination and energy transfer through the torso. This pattern observes the stability of the pelvis in several planes, cortex and shoulder girdle during the combined movement of the upper and lower extremities. In a study conducted by (Teyhen D, et al., 2012) in a high school in the United States, in sports such as athletics, football, tennis and volleyball, with the help of FMS screening, they proved that the greatest injury risk factor is the retention of a previous injury, so older athletes would play longer than the younger athletes who had more chances of injury. In addition, they have proven that individual corrective exercises can improve performance and reduce the risk of injury in athletes who have been tested and monitored for their progress. The FMS serves as a screen to identify individuals with a functional movement deficit which could indicate an increased risk of injury. The use in the bibliography varies from young, active individuals to middle-aged individuals to elite and professional athletes, as well as soldiers and firefighters. It has been observed that
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lower FMS scores are associated with increased BMI, increased age, and decreased activity levels (Mitchell U, et al., 2016). A score of <14 on the FMS is used as the highest score. Individuals who score less than 14 points on the FMS screening possess nonfunctional movement patterns that may correlate with a higher risk of injury (Minick, et al., 2010). There are currently 13 reliability studies (Table 1) for FMS screening which indicate that it has excellent reliability. Systematic reviews show that reliability is better when the one testing Table 1. Studies which indicate the reliability of FMS screeing: the client has more experience. Studies were published after the systematic review. For the composite score, the measurement standard is 1.0 and the minimum detective change is 2.1 - 2.5.
Studies Method Interrater Intrarater Training level Comments Cap - Minick et Significant / Professionally Videocassette testing individual on the al., 2010 Excellent Certified News FMS test ICC - ICC 0.97 Schneider composite (Excellent), Cap FMS meter with s et al., , on the = Substantial / experience Live FMS testing 2011 individual Excellent test Frohm et Good / Good / ICC PT 2-4 years al., 2012 Excellent Excellent = 0.8 Certified and Onate et Good / Good / ICC without certified Real time FMS testing al., 2012 Excellent = 0.98 Excellent = 0.8 CSCS & AT experts Teihen et Good / Without certificate - 20 hours of FMS ICC Moderate = 0.74 al., 2012 Excellent = 0.76 PT students training Butler et ICC Excellent = 0.99 on the FMS certified Videocassette testing al., 2012 Experience but not certified Shultz <1 year of experience and TC students and K alpha Poor = 0.38 Moderate = 0.6 = postal reliability associates professionals <2 years of , 2013 experience = poor reliability Smith Real / real time FMS Good / Good / and tested with different ICC Excellent = 0.87 Excellent = 0.81 AT&T professionals associates educational - 0.89 - 0.91 , 2013 background Gribble Good / and Excellent = 0.94 ATC students and Videocassette testing ICC on the associates (6 months professionals FMS , 2013 experience)
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Elias, Good / Excellent Untrained / untrained ICC on the PT 2-10 years 2013. = 0.90 meters Parentea u-G and Good / Excellent ICC Excellent = 0.96 associate = 0.96 s, 2014 Gulgin Newbie certified PT Certified experts - 3 and Good / Excellent ICC on the students and years of FMS associate = 0.88 certified experts experience s, 2014 Stobiersk i and Good / Excellent Good / Excellent Real / real time FMS ICC associate = 0.76 - 0.98 = 0.74 - 0.92 tested is more reliable s, 2015 Legend: The studies are papers that have been engaged in research and validation of FMS screening; The method represents "applications" that have made it easier to diagnose testing; Interrater refers to the extent to which variables agree; The intrarater represents the meter and its accuracy; The level of training represents the educational qualification of the meter; The comment is a part of how and in what way it performs the measurement.
Although there is preliminary research (Kiesel K, Phillip Plisky J, et al., 2007) on the subject of whether serious injuries on professional football could be predicted with pre-season FMS screening? Concerns remain about the validity of the FMS. Also, the occurrence of pain during FMS screening in a certain body segment can be a stronger indicator of injury risk than a low composite score and provides a simpler method of assessing injury risk. Previous studies that have used FMS as a screening tool have investigated whether FMS had some predictive validity for injuries and found that FMS has benefits in recognizing deficiencies in certain movements and detecting deficit.
Diagram 1. Distribution of mean scores on different FMS tests
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The importance of FMS as an injury screening tool was determined using cut-off evidence-based results. Three studies used screening statistics to determine scoring <14 as appropriate for identification of individuals who were more likely to sustain injury. In a study conducted by (Abraham A, et al., 2015) it was found that 46.5% (465 out of 1005) of participants had an overall score of 14 or less which may indicate a potentially higher risk of injury. This is 89% compared to 22% of professional football players in the study (Kiesel K, Phillip Plisky J, et al., 2007). A study by (Peate W, Bates G, et al., 2007) conducted on firefighters suggests that an end result <16 is strongly associated with injury. Detection of a significant difference in FMS scores in those with previous injury was not observed in active adults. The difference between these studies is probably related to the difference in the total size of injuries with firefighters or professional athletes as opposed to the general population. Moreover, the absence of any study to determine cut-off scores in the school-age adolescent population limited the clinical benefit of FMS to understand which individual characteristics may be associated with FMS composite scores in this population. There is also a study by (Abraham A, et al., 2015), which provided a comprehensive descriptive profile of the participants and a large sample of the school population, primarily adolescents (Diagram 1). They found that providing a normative data set with narrow assurance intervals could improve the use of the FMS screening test to detect biomechanical deficiencies in basic movements that may limit human performance. The clinical utility of the FMS test is currently limited by the lack of normative reference values of this population. The aim of this research is to fill this gap by providing normative reference values for the school population of adolescents..
5. Conclusion
With the occurrence of increased injuries in children, the general population and professional and recreational athletes, it is crucial to introduce a pre-series procedure before any sports activity and training process which will be useful to determine potential injury risks. As scientists have confirmed, FMS is an excellent, practical screening tool, easily portable, efficient, reliable, easy to practice and execute and can be used in both the sports and general community. The normative values given for FMS in these studies can be useful for identifying abnormal overall results in the world of sports, recreation and fitness, and present FMS as a specific revolutionary - rehabilitation diagnostic tool that will avoid and prevent injuries, overcome client dysfunction, fix deficient movement patterns and preserve the client's health, because – health is above all else.
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REFERENCES
Agresta C., Slobodinsky M., Tucker C. (2014). Functional Movement Screen, Normative values in healthy distance runners. Abraham A., Rajasekar S., Rohit N. (2015). Normative values for the Functional Movement Screen in adolescent school aged children. Beach T., Frost D., Callaghan J. (2014). FMS scores and low-back loading during lifting whole-body movement screening as an ergonomic tool. Boyle M. (2018). BodyByBoyle, Certified Functional Strength Coach Trainer Manual. Boyle M., Butler R., Queen R. (2016). Functional Movement Competency and dynamic balance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescent patients. Bodden J., Needham R., Chockalingam N. (2015). The effect of an intervention program on Functional Movement Screen test scores in mixed martial arts athletes. Bonazza N., Smuin D., Onks C., Silvis M., Dhawan A. (2016). Reliability, validity, and injury predictive value of the Functional Movement Screen: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bradley H., & Esformes J. (2014). Breathing pattern disorders and functional movement. Bruce A., Bruce H., Steven H., Bullock H. (2010). A public health approach to injury prevention: The U.S. military experience. Butler R., Contreras M., Burton L., Plisky P., Goode A., Kiesel K. (2013). Modifiable risk factors predict injuries in firefighters during training academies. Butler R., Plisky P., Southers C., Scoma C., Kiesel K. (2010). Biomechanical analysis of the different classifications of the Functional Movement Screen deep squat test. Chapman R., Laymon A., Arnold T. (2014). Functional Movement Scores and longitudinal performance outcomes in elite track and field athletes. Chimera N., Smith C., Warren M. (2015). Injury history, sex, and performance on the Functional Movement Screen and Y balance test. Clifton D., Harrison B., Hertel J., Hart J. (2013). Relationship between functional assessments and exercise-related changes during static balance. Cook., G., & Burton, L. (2019). FMS Certification, Pro Trainer Manual. Cook., G., Burton., L., Hoogenboom B. (2006). Pre-participation screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 1. Cook G., Burton L., Hoogenboom B., Voight M. (2014). Functional movement screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 2. Dossa K., Cashman G., Howitt S., West B., Murray N. (2014). Can injury in major junior hockey players be predicted by a pre-season Functional Movement Screen – a prospective cohort study. Heather G., & Hoogenboom B. (2014). A nine-test screening battery for athletes: A reliability study. The Functional Movement Screenng (FMS): An inter-rater reliability study between raters of varied experience. Kiesel K., Phillip Plisky J., Michael Voight L. (2007). Functional Movement Screen normative values and validity in High school athletes: can the FMS used as a 163
predictor of injury. Can serious injury in professional football be predicted by a preseason Functional Movement Screen. Micheli, J., R. Glassman, K., Michelle. (2000). The prevention of Sports injuries in children. Minick K., Kiesel K., Burton L., Taylor A., Plisky P., Butler R. (2010). Interrater reliability of the Functional Movement Screen. Mitchell U., Johnson A., Vehrs P., Feland J., Hilton S. (2016). Performance on the Functional Movement Screen in older active adults. Powell, J., & Barber Foss, K. (1999). Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. Teyhen D., Shaffer S., Lorenson C., Halfpap J., Donofry D., Walker M., Dugan J., Childs D. (2012). The Functional Movement Screen: a reliability study. Verstegen M. (2014). EXOS performance specialist certification; Trainer manual. Peate W., Bates G., Lunda K., Francis S., Bellamy K. (2007). Core strength: A new model for injury prediction. ______
Received: 04.11.2020. Approved: 15.12.2020.
Correspondence: Armin Zećirović Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, university of East Sarajevo 71420 Pale, BiH Tel: +381 62 11 69 199 e-mail: [email protected]
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Table 1. This page contains reference examples for journal articles, including the following This page contains reference examples for journal articles, including the following Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. 1. Journal article Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. *Parenthetical citation: (Grady et al., 2019) *Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019) Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine Journal article with with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article 2. an article number e0193972. *Parenthetical citation: (Jerrentrup et al., 2018) *Narrative citation: Jerrentrup et al. (2018) Missing volume number: Journal article with 3. Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices missing information promote college access. The Journal of College Admission,
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(231), 44–47. Missing issue number: Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. Missing page or article number: Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1). *Parenthetical citations: (Butler, 2017; Sanchiz et al., 2017; Stegmeir, 2016) *Narrative citations: Butler (2017), Sanchiz et al. (2017), and Stegmeir (2016) Joly, J. F., Stapel, D. A., & Lindenberg, S. M. (2008). Silence and table manners: When environments activate norms. Retracted journal 4. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1047–1056. article *Parenthetical citation: (Joly et al., 2008) *Narrative citation: Joly et al. (2008) (1)de la Fuente, R., Bernad, A., Garcia-Castro, J., Martin, M. C., & Cigudosa, J. C. (2010). Retraction: Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Research, 70(16), 6682. (2)The Editors of the Lancet. (2010). Retraction—Ileal- lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and Retraction notice for 5. pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, a journal article 375(9713), 445. *Parenthetical citations: (de la Fuente et al., 2010; The Editors of the Lancet, 2010) *Narrative citations: de la Fuente et al. (2010) and The Editors of the Lancet (2010) Hare, L. R., & O'Neill, K. (2000). Effectiveness and efficiency in Abstract of a journal small academic peer groups: A case study (Accession No. article from an 200010185) [Abstract from Sociological Abstracts]. Small 6. abstract indexing Group Research, 31(1), 24–53. database *Parenthetical citation: (Hare & O’Neill, 2000) *Narrative citation: Hare and O’Neill (2000) Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E., & Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality Monograph as part of among employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of Applied 7. a journal issue Psychology, 76(1), 143–168. *Parenthetical citation: (Ganster et al., 1991) *Narrative citation: Ganster et al. (1991) Freeberg, T. M. (2019). From simple rules of individual Online-only proximity, complex and coordinated collective movement supplemental [Supplemental material]. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 8. material to a journal 133(2), 141–142. article *Parenthetical citation: (Freeberg, 2019) *Narrative citation: Freeberg (2019)
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Table 2. Book/Ebook References
Book/Ebook References
(1)Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. (2)Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books. Whole authored (3)Svendsen, S., & Løber, L. (2020). The big picture/Academic 1. book writing: The one-hour guide (3rd digital ed.). Hans Reitzel Forlag. *Parenthetical citations: (Jackson, 2019; Sapolsky, 2017; Svendsen & Løber, 2020) *Narrative citations: Jackson (2019), Sapolsky (2017), and Svendsen and Løber (2020) (1)Hygum, E., & Pedersen, P. M. (Eds.). (2010). Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. (2)Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press. (3)Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., & 2. Whole edited book Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019). Microaggression theory: Influence and implications. John Wiley & Sons. *Parenthetical citations: (Hygum & Pedersen, 2010; Kesharwani, 2020; Torino et al., 2019) *Narrative citations: Hygum and Pedersen (2010), Kesharwani (2020), and Torino et al. (2019) Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (2013). Conditioned emotional reactions: The case of Little Albert (D. Webb, Ed.). CreateSpace Republished book, Independent Publishing Platform. http://a.co/06Se6Na 3. with editor (Original work published 1920) *Parenthetical citation: (Watson & Rayner, 1920/2013) *Narrative citation: Watson and Rayner (1920/2013) Kübler-Ross, E. (with Byock, I.). (2014). On death & dying: What the dying have to teach doctors, nurses, clergy & their Book published with own families (50th anniversary ed.). Scribner. (Original work 4. new foreword by published 1969) another author *Parenthetical citation: (Kübler-Ross, 1969/2014) *Narrative citation: Kübler-Ross (1969/2014) Harris, K. R., Graham, S., & Urdan T. (Eds.). (2012). APA educational psychology handbook (Vols. 1–3). American Several volumes of a 5. Psychological Association. multivolume work *Parenthetical citation: (Harris et al., 2012) *Narrative citation: Harris et al. (2012)
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