Popular Politics in the History of South Africa, 1400–1948 Paul S

Index

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19603-1 - Popular Politics in the History of South Africa, 1400–1948 Paul S. Landau Index More information

Index

Note : Page numbers in italics indicate fi gures. Unmarked single capitalized terms are places.

Abantu-Batho , 200 ancestor, 2 , 8 , 11 , 14–16 , 22 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 32 , Aborigines’ Protection Society, 163 36 , 39–41 , 59–61 , 62–64 , 68–69 , 70–71 , Abrams, Joe, 207 85–87 , 91–93 , 115 , 120 , 122 , 182–84 , African Independent Churches (AICs), 195–96 , 198 , 240 , 242–44 , 248 184–85 , 190 , 217 , 242–43 , 245 , 250 A. A. S. le Fleur and, 201 See also specifi c churches ancestry and, 16 African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), defi ned, 17–21 171–74 , 179 , 181 , 185 , 190 , 198 as God, 99–100 , 102 , 117 , 133 , 153 African National Congress (ANC), 190 , 200 , grammar and, 106 206 , 244 , 250 historical subjectivity of, 230 , 232–25 Afrikaner, Jonker, 77 koro and khulu and, 89 Afrikaners, 179 , 206 , 223–27 , 239 , 249 as modimo , 15–16 , 18–19 , 32 , 62 See also Boers ; Coloureds slippage of concept of, 103–5 age-grades, 42 spiritization of, 235–26 See also circumcision ; gender ; youngmen surnames and, 129 alcohol, 176 , 200 Xhosa, 171 Aliwal North, 21 , 138 , 142 Anderson, Rev. William, 13–17 , alliance, 7 , 12 , 21 , 27–28 , 31 , 33–34 , 39n95 , 59 , 88 40–42 , 49 , 59 , 62–65 , 70–72 , 77 , 82 , 84 , Anglicanism, 120 , 159 , 161–63 , 171 , 174 , 86 , 91 , 103 , 106 , 108–9 , 214 , 242–44 , 190–92 , 196 , 198 , 216 , 218 , 229 246–48 Church Missionary Society and, 120 immigration and, 25 in Thaba Nchu, 142–44 , 149–54 Seleka and, 156 Anglo-Boer War, see South African War Youngmen and, 196 anthropology and anthropologists, 59 , with Boers, 122 , 133 62 , 69 Zimbabwe and, 173 Adam Kuper, 141 See also partnership ; twin court German, 146 amalgamation (in politics), 12 , 37 , 59 , 71 , 84 , Isaac Schapera and, 80 , 97 108 , 214 , 242–44 , 246–48 See also Isaac Schapera and Christianity, 181 Apartheid, 46 , 240–41 , 245 , 248 and Tati District, 187–89 Apies River, 73 AmaNdebele, See Tebele apocalypse, the, 99 , 206–7 America, United States of, 78 , 121 , 171–73 See also millenarianism infl uence on highveld, 181–83 apostolic churches, 242–43 , 245 rumors about, 7 , 206 , 213 See also Pentecostals

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Apostolic Faith Mission, 181 , 242 batlhanka , 72 Apostolic Sabbath Church of God, 242 , See also labor ; slavery 245–46 Batlhaping, see fi sh, people of the place of Arbousset, Rev. Thomas, 2 , 18n45 , 20 , 87 , Batswana, see Bechuana 117 Beach, David, 42–46 , 53–54 , 56 See also Paris Evangelical Missionary Bechuana, 7 , 9 , 18 , 22 , 32 , 41 , 72 , 109 , Society (PEMS) 114 , 116 , 164 , 193 , 219 , 221 , 222–23 , archaeology and archaeologists, 8 , 36 , 42–45 , 225–26 , 232–37 , 240–42 , 245 51–52 , 65 , 72 The Bechuana (William Crisp), 153 Archbell, Rev. James, 2 , 30n72 , 33 , 105 , 117 , defi ned, 9–10 119 , 136 , 157 -land, 80 , 174 , 186 , 194 Coloureds and, 122–23 -land Protectorate, 80 , 165 , 179–80 , 188 , Arden-Clarke, Col. Charles, 169 191–92 , 219 , 245 Augustine, 80–81 London Missionary Society District Committee, 123 Bahurutshe, see rotse mission ledger classifi cation of, 130–31 , 138 Bambatha Rebellion, 182 “tribes,” 121 , 145 See also Maphumulo; Zulu See also Basuto ; Botswana ; Tswana ; métis ; Bantu rolong ; rotse Coloured and, 243 Beckett, Canon H.F., 151–52 defi ned, 47 beer, 134 , 171 , 243 “House,” 49–50 , 239 See also food ; grain languages, 1 , 8 , 12 , 14 , 49 , 53 , 73 , 79 , 87 , Beinart, William, 207 120–24 , 128–29 , 226–28 , 235 Bergenaars (mountain rebels), 19 , 34 , 78 , 119 population, 137 See also métis as “race,” 9 , 227 , 235 Bethelsdorp, 12 “religion,” 236 Bible, 14–15 , 22 , 27 , 32 , 76 , 89 , 117 , 185 , S-Group in, 48 , 55 189 , 203 , 217 , 221 , 240 surnames, 129 A. A. S. le Fleur and, 205 Barends, Barend (chief), 5 , 7 , 12 , 14 , 78 , 117 , history, 44 , 152–53 119–20 , 129 , 135 metaphors in, 27 , 103–4 Barkly, Sir Henry, 153n136 , 200 Rastafarians and, 207 Barolong, see rolong translations of, 90 , 100 , 124 Barolong Progressive Association (BPA), 218 , Spiritual Healing Church and, 242 220–21 , 227–32 , 238–40 See also literacy Barotse, see rotse Bitjuana, 7 , 9–10 Barth, Frederick, 127 See also Bechuana “Bastards” (or Bastaards), 4 , 12 , 23n60 , 34 , bina (“dance”), 40 , 51 , 61 , 72 , 118 145 , 219 honoring, 89–90 Methodists and, 122 praising, 86 , 185 , 205 , 213 , 228 Moffat and, 77–78 rain and, 80 , 82 Samuel and, 158–59 song, 197 , 210 , 213 See also métis See also totem Basotho, see Basuto Binnelanders, 118 , 122 Basuto, 147 , 149 , 155 , 160–61 , 164–69 , 178 , See also métis 186–88 , 200 , 207 , 219 , 231 , 236 , 245 , 247 Bisseux, Rev. Isaac, 18n5 Basotho, Sesotho, and, 84 , 132 , 144–45 , Blacksmithy, 97–98 236 See also iron ethnic formation of, 124–29 , 131 Blauwberg, 82 -land, 60 , 144 , 188 , 199 , 205 Bleek, Wilhelm, 147 See also Bechuana ; Lesotho ; Moshoeshoe ; Bloemfontein, 66 , 111 , 128 , 135 , 144–45 , Tswana 150 –53 , 163–64 , 169 , 170 , 179 , 181 , Bataung, 63–64 , 67–69 , 134 190 , 193–98 , 200 , 211 , 219 , 229–30 , See also lion 240 , 242

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Bloemhof, 25 English language and, 80 , 122–23 Boer(s), 2 , 5 , 6 , 23–24 , 76 , 96–97 , 109 , 112 , Liberalism, 149 , 225 118–20 , 138–39 , 163 , 165 , 206 newspaper, 143 , 145 alliances of, 122 , 133 settlers, 86 , 130 , 134–39 , 149 , 188 Christianity and, 123 rule, 12 , 109 , 127–28 , 130 , 149 , 168 , farms of, 130 , 149 171–72 , 176–80 , 187–89 , 200 , Great Trek and, 122 214–16 , 226 , 236 inheritance and, 154 , 158 Victorians, 44 of Orange Free State, 135–37 , 138–40 British South Africa Company (BSAC), 173 , war and violence and, 132–34 , 151 , 166 178 See also Afrikaners ; Dutch Broadbent Boer War, see South African War Luisa, 22–33 Boeyens, Jan, 65 Rev. Samuel, 2 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 15 , 22 , 26–34 Bogachu (and Bogacu) (chief), 96–99 , 103 , (travels and work) , 37–39 , 79 , 87–94 151–53 , 155 , 174 , 187 (language work) , 104–5 , 149 , 248 interrogation of, 160 Bulawayo, 222 Jacob, 140 Bundy, Colin, 207 Timothy, 189 , 215 Burchell, John W., 10–12 , 54 William, 196–97 , 199 , 209 , 211 , 215 Burgers, T.F., 141 violence and, 164–70 burials, 32 , 44 , 51 , 115 , 168 , 184–85 , 229 , See also alliance ; twin courts 230 bogologolo (greatness, long ago, the domain See also court ; death of the ancestors), 14–16 , 19–20 , 26 , 28 , Bushmen, 1 , 6–8 , 12 , 14 , 201 30 , 32 , 34 , 37 , 84 , 87 , 89 , 107 , 118 , 122 , “Khoisan” label, 120 , 135 , 145–47 131 , 153 , 181 , 210 , 226 , 232–26 Samuel and, 154 , 158 as a political idea, 45–47 , 131 uncertainty of defi nition of, 9 , 12 , 72 Booshuana, see Bechuana variable status of, 22–24 , 30 , 34 , 91 , 109 Booth, Rev. Joseph, 181 Buthelezi, Wellington, 206 Booysen, J.P., 232 bongaka , 120 Calabrese, John, 52 See also healers Calderwood, Rev. Henry, 122–23 Borcherds, Petrus, 8 , 11 , 64 Caledon River and Valley (Willow borderlands, 2–6 (defi ned), 7 , 8 , 9 , 11–12 , 17 , [Mohokare] or “Middle” River), xii, 19 , 36 , 65 , 97 , 103 , 134 , 138 , 200 , 248 97 , 110 , 111 , 118 , 120–23 , 128 , 130 , Bosutswe, 48 , 51 , 58 134 , 138 , 142 , 155 , 157 , 169 , 170 , 174 , Botha, Louis, 181 , 193 199 , 215 , 230 , 239 , 243 Botlolo (chief), 62 Callaway, Henry, 144 Botswana, 40 , 47 , 49 , 56 , 69 , 80 , 132 , 138 , Cameron, Rev. James, 2 , 112 , 128–29 , 134 , 226 , 246 , 249 136 , 143 , 166 See also Bechuana (-land Protectorate) Campbell, Rev. John, 2 , 9 , 10 , 13–16 , 20 , 23 , Brand, Johannes H., 138–39 , 141 , 151 , 27 , 32 , 38 , 54 , 65 , 66 , 76–77 , 88 , 92 154–55 , 162–63 , 166 , 168–70 , 220 , 223 , Campbell Town, 31 , 111 231–32 cannabis (marijuana), 7 arbitration of Thaba Nchu chiefship, cannibalism, 25 , 31 156–61 Cape See also Orange Free State Colony, 2–4 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 33–34 , 65 , 73–74 , Breutz, P.–L., 59 , 68 , 236 78 , 105 , 109 , 113 , 131 , 240 , 245 , 248 oral traditions collected by, 59–66 Eastern, see Eastern Cape briqua (alt. brickje ), 4–7 of Good Hope, 2–4 , 109 , 129 , 146 , 149 , British, xiii, xiv, 145 152 , 222–23 , 249 arrival of, 2 parliament, 138 closeness to missionaries of, 97 Town (Cape Town), 2–7 , 13 , 17 , 22 , 192 , conquest by, 200 194 , 201 , 224 culture, 2 , 150 , 180 , 188 Casalis, Rev. Eugene, 2 , 18n45 , 93n54 , 127 , 131

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cattle, xii, 1 , 5–9 , 17–20 , 25 , 27–28 , 31–33 , chiefship and, 106 , 133 38–40 , 43–47 , 52 , 58 , 70–72 , 82 , 86 , 165 , ethnicity and, 119–22 , 137 , 141 , 144 , 167 , 169 , 174 , 177–78 , 183 , 189 , 192–97 149–56 as “ancestor,” 84 as form of power, 114–16 , 121 Central Cattle Plan or -Pattern (CP), métis and, 114–16 , 122–24 45–48 , 50 , 54 origins in South Africa of, 93 inheritance, 158 surnames, 129 -killing, 86 , 132 translation and, 117 marriage and, 160 writing and, 214 , 216 métis and, 114 Chuin ( chwaing, tswaing, letshwaing, preaching and, 91 letshwaeng ), 95–106 , 113 , 114 raiding, 138 , 140 , 151 Church Missionary Society, 120 tribute, 112 circumcision, 10 , 14–15 , 21 , 28–29 , 31 , 40 , ceramics, 44 42 , 47 , 51 , 66 , 140–41 , 156 , 196–97 Nkope (Urewe), 46–47 age-regiments and, 68 Zhizo (or Leopard’s Kopje), 52 in grasslands, 84 Chaka, see Shaka Moroka and, 112 , 140 Chake (brother of Moroka), 134 , 158–59 Moshoeshoe and, 133 , 247 Adam, 159 rotse and, 54 Champion, A.W.G., 210 Clulee, Rev. Charles, 145 Changamire (kingdom), 53 coal, 188 chiefdom(s), 12 , 15 , 78–79 , 87 Cobley, Alan, 244 apartheid and, 245 Coetzee, Judge J., 239 of Basuto, 139–40 Colenso, Bishop John William, 152 , 171 Christianity and, 92 , 96 , 101–6 coloured(s), also Coloured(s), xii, 129 , 180 , inheritance of, 158–60 190 , 203 , 208–11 , 243 , 249 of Kafue River, 58 Griqua Church and, 203–5 of Kalanga, 245 making of, 122–24 , 144–47 lion and, 67 rebellion and, 135 of Moroka, 128 , 134 Samuelites and, 168–70 of Pedi, 139 See also Griqua ; métis rolong , 67–70 , 73 Comaroff, Jean and John L., 59 , 62 , 69 , 74 rotse , 56–59 , 63–64 commando system, 5–6 , 73 , 108 , 130 , 137 Segregation and, 238–39 Communist Party of South Africa, 206, 244 Seleka, 153–61 Congo, 50 of Tawana, 110 Congregationalism, 33 , 115 tebele–tebeyane courts and, 60–64 See also London Missionary Society chiefship, xiv, 1 , 6 , 11 , 15 , 21 , 44 , 153–61 , Corana, see Korana 178 , 189 , 198 , 201 , 207–8 , 217–23 , Cornea (alt. Cornet) (pastor), 203 , 205 232–33 , 238–39 , 247 counterfactual hypothesis, 135–36 children, 34 , 36 , 40 , 41 , 77–78 , 91 , 102 , 109 , court (kgotla ), 6 , 7 , 14 , 16–18 , 25–31 , 37 , 114 , 121 , 139 , 145 , 157 , 159 , 167 , 194 , 40–41 , 44 , 46 , 51–52 , 59 , 62 , 66 , 67 , 219–20 , 242 70–72 , 84–85 , 93 , 96 , 104 , 110–12 , 115 , essays written by, 232–36 222 , 225–26 , 239 , 243 Griqua, 114 Bogachu’s, 163 , 190 , 211 kidnapping into servitude of, 112 , 130 , 134 Christianity and, 116 , 153 legitimacy of, 160–61 of junior status, 140–41 school, 109 , 121 metaphorical, 131 , 150 Chimurenga (Zimbabwean 1896–7 war), 173 pico (pitso ) or large meeting and, 230–38 Chose, Rev. Jeremiah, 198 rolong , 58–59 Christ, see Jesus Christ Seleka, 135 , 149–55 Christianity, xii, xiii, 73 , 106 , 116 , 117 , 121 , Tshidi, 108 127–28 , 133, Chapter Three passim , women and, 81–82 221–22 , 224 , 230 , 241–44 , 248 , 250 Youngmen’s, 196 ancestor “veneration” and, 235–36 See also chiefship ; twin court

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court (of a magistrate), 166 , 170 , 182 , 208–9 , Dutch, 2–6 , 11–12 , 23 , 76 , 97 , 118 , 120 , 211 , 227–30 , 239 122–23 , 145 , 157 crime and criminality, 4 , 23 , 31–32 , 39 , 92 , and métis , 114 170 , 190 , 208–11 , 250 surnames, 114 , 129 Crisp, Rev. William, 143 , 151–53 , 163 , Dutch East India Company, 4–6 165–67 Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), 203 crocodile (kwena ), 1 , 31–32 , 37 , 39 , 51–52 , 55 , 57 , 61 , 64 , 66 , 70–73 , 83–84 , 97 , eagles, 44 , 57 108 , 112 , 114 , 119 , 154 , 158 , 170 , 174 , East Africa, 188 , 209 178 , 186 , 234 , 237 Great Lakes and, 46–47 Kwena and Mokwena, 63 , 66 , 237 language of, 89 oral tradition of, 58 , 61–63 migration and, 52 See also totem Eastern Cape, 118 , 129–36 , 215 , 222 Curtis, Lionel, 180 See also Grahamstown ; grasslands ; Mlanjeni dance, see bina Eco, Umberto, 79 Daniel, Rev. John, 142–43 , 145 , 162 , 207 education, 108–9 , 143 , 145 , 163 , 171 , 176 , Daniel, Rowland Mortimer, 209 182 Dart, Raymond, 224 See also circumcision Daumas, François, 20 , 117 Edward VII, King, 189 David, Peter ( métis settler), 118n27 , 119 Edwards, Rev. Edward, 23–24 , 33 death, 91 , 107 , 133 , 141n100 , 143 , 156 , 164 , Edwards, Rev. John, 2 , 11 , 28 , 30–33 166–68 , 170 , 173 , 184 , 194 , 197 , 199 , Eldredge, Elizabeth, 36 , 38 216 , 218 , 220 , 222 , 233 , 235 , 241 elephant, 3 , 34 , 71 funerals and, 163 , 184 See also totem missionaries’ eschatology of, 89 , 98–102 , Ellenberger, Rev. D.F., 2 , 20 110 , 115 , 117 oral tradition collected by, 59–62 , 63 , democracy, 11 , 114 , 155 , 231–32 , 238–39 67–68 Denbow, James, 48 , 51–52 Engelbrecht ( métis family), 23 , 24 , 78 De Rust, 203 environment, 53 , 67 , 94 , 96 devil, see Satan degradation of Thaba Nchu’s, 216 diamond fi elds (mining), 127 , 138 , fertility and, 110 141 , 199 Tati District’s, 240–41 “Difaqane,” 11–12 , 20 , 22 , 24–33 , 34–35 , water and, 31 , 40 , 67 73–74 , 110 , 125 , 247 Etherington, Norman, 37 explanation for, 34–41 ethnicity, xi, 1 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 14 , 27 , 38 , 41 , 47 , 50 , translation and, 87–103 81–83 , 85–86 , 109 , 119–30 , 137 , 141–51 , See also “Mfecane” 156 , 161 , 163 , 173 , 181 , 186–87 , 215 , Dingane (also Dingaan), 85 , 120 , 173 , 184 218 , 234–37 , 244–47 disease and illness, 22–23 , 165 , 170 , paradigm of, 214 , 224 , 237 194–95 , 221 trans-ethnicity and critique of, 52 , Dithakong, 8–12 , 14–17 , 23 , 32–34 , 36 , 41 , 54 , 57 48 , 64–65 , 77–79 , 96 , 113 See also chiefdom ; race ; tribe Battle of, 36 , 41 European(s), xi, xvi, 2 , 4–5 , 9–11 , 13 , 23 , Ditsirigae (also John), 29 27 , 57 , 72 , 74 , 78 , 96 , 122–24 , 141 , 151 , Diutlwileng, 96 159 , 161 , 163 , 165 , 178–79 , 184 , 188 , division and decentralization (in polities), 34 , 192 , 198 , 201 , 207–8 , 211 , 220 , 224 , 43 , 57 , 71 , 234 , 246 226 , 229 Dower, Edward, 186 , 192–94 categorizing tribes, 121 , 124 , 128 Dowie, Rev. Alexander, 181 Christianity and, 151 Drakensberg (mountain range), 1 , 49 , 72 , Coloureds and, 145 84–85 , 107 , 110 , 171 , 182 as settlers, 114 , 118 , 130 , 204 Drennan, Matthew, 224 translation and, 80 , 96 drosters , 4 See also Boers ; British Durkheim, Emile, 94 Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 224

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Faku (chief), 135 Gabashane famine, see food Rev. Abel, 172 farmers and farmlands, 12–14 , 20 , 119 , Rev. Marcus, 174 124 , 132 , 137 , 178 , 196 , 206 , 218 , Gariep River, see Orange River 222–23 Garveyism, xiii, 178 , 181 , 206 , 207 defi ned, 3–4 , 6–9 , 36–39 (Rastafarianism) gender and, 36–39 Gawler, John, 171 plows and, 110–11 Gaza (chiefdom), 37 politics and, 49–50 , 60 , 72–73 gender, 6 , 29 , 246–47 vocabulary of, 91 , 94 feminine, 3 , 8 , 12 , 36 , 38 , 42 , 91 , 96 father (political idea of), 14–16 , 18–19 , 21 , masculine, 28 , 34 , 40–41 , 46 , 82 24–28 , 33 , 38 , 41 , 58–59 , 64 , 68–69 , production and, 140 70–73 , 89 , 104 , 110 , 115 , 117 , 183 , 188 , relational, 50 , 100 197 , 200–1 , 210 , 213 See also warfare ancestor and, 16–21 George, King, 204 biology and, 158–60 Gladstone, William E., 163 Christianity and, 92–95 , 99 , 101 , 242 goats, 4 God as, 90 God, 15–16 , 18–19 , 32 , 76 , 81 , 87–95 , 99 , land and, 102 , 229–30 101–6 , 152 , 182–84 , 189 , 199–200 , rulership and, 105 201–2 , 208 , 210 , 220 , 229–30 , 240 , 242 , Fauresmith, 142 , 145 247–48 Fenyang, Walter, 190 , 197 , 230 , 244 chiefs and, 85 “Fingoes” ( mfengu, ukumfenguza ), 83 , 86 , Moshoeshoe and, 133 135 , 145 , 161 , 166 Mlanjeni and, 134 , 143 fi rst-fruits ceremony, 91 , 107 , 132 , teaching the idea of, 115–17 152 , 184 See also ancestor Christian metaphor and, 91–92 Goeyman (métis family), 5 Firth, Raymond, 224–25 gold mining, 176 , 196 , 198–99 , 221 , 242 Fischer, Judge P., 239 Gonntse (chief), 70 , 96 , 100 , 114 , 127 fi sh, people of the place of ( batlhaping ), 7 , Gordon, Col. Robert Jacob, 6–7 , 58 , 82 11–15 , 18 , 21 , 34 , 57 (explained) , 64 , 69 , Goronyane 78–79 , 210 , 233 , 245 David, 158–59 Fish River, 3 , 131 J.D., 190 , 197 , 244 fokeng (or Fokeng ) (totem, chiefdom), 61–63 , Gosselin, Rev. Constant, 18n45 68 , 83 , 101 , 158 Grahamstown, 86 , 122–23 (Schism) , 144 , food, 4 , 34 , 36 , 179 148 hunger and famine, 9 , 21 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 73 , grain, xii, 33 , 39 , 164 , 178 , 186 , 195–96 92 , 165 , 170 , 196 , 241 Great Zimbabwe and, 44 rations, 232 millet, 36 sharing, 30 sorghum, 96 See also grain ; stock-keeping See also food ; maize Fortes, Myer, 224 Gramsci, Antonio, 212 Fourie, Mattys, 119 grasslands (eastern South Africa), 1 , 35 , See also Bergenaars ; métis 46 , 49 , 83 , 84–87 , 169 , 170–71 , franchise, 180 , 220 205–6 , 222 Francistown, 167 , 175 , 176 , 190 , 194 , 198 , Matebele and, 60–64 209 , 227–29 , 243 Mfecane in, 72–73 See also Tati District Mlanjeni and, 131–32 , 135 Frazer, Sir J.G., 79 Nxele and, 77 Fredericks, H.J., 203 , 205 greatness, see bogologolo Friend of the Free State , 143 Grey, Sir George, 149 , 188 Fritsch, Gustavus, 117 , 146–48 , 225 Griqua (people), xiii, 13–18 , 23–27 , 32–33 , frontier, 3 , 4 , 12 35–36 , 77–80 , 122–23 , 126–27 , 162 , See also borderlands ; Cape 187 , 200–5 , 248

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Christianity and, 114–18 “hottentot(s)” (offensive), 6 , 9 , 11–12 , 16 , 22 , expansion, 120–21 76 , 109 , 131 , 135 , 145 , 166 , 177 , 225 -land, 120 See also bushmen ; Khoikhoi -land East, 135 , 201 Huffman, T.N., 42–47 , 50 -town, 23–24 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 77–80 , 90 , 113 Hume, David, 3 Griqua Church, 202–4 hunting, 3 , 6 , 72 , 96–97 , 98 , 140 See also A. A. S. le Fleur Hurutshe, see rotse Griqua National Independent Church of Husuni Kubwa, see Swahili South Africa, see Griqua Church Guha, Ranajit, 212 immigration, 49 , 70 guns, 3 , 12 , 34 , 41 , 78 , 166 , 230 , 242 to Lesotho, 127 , 139 Guthrie, Malcolm, 49 to Tati District, 177 , 192–94 , Gyzikoa (chiefdom), 7–8 240–41 , 245 See also twin court imperialism, 132 , 135 , 180 , 187–88 , 192 , 194 , 209 , 215 , 218 , 224–5 , 230 , 231 , Hammond-Tooke, W.D., 224 245 , 247 Hannie, Phillip, 203 Orange Free State and, 136 ha rotse , see rotse Sir Harry Smith and, 130 Harrismith District, 183 , 186 of “Tau,” 69 Harts River, 109 , 112 , 113 , 120 , 121 , 141 Indian Ocean, 10 , 45 , 56 , 72 Haskins & Sons, 221 industrial revolution, 127 , 137 , 149 , 221 healers, 1 , 185 International Commercial Workers’ Union heaven, 84–86 , 88–90 , 94 , 115–17 , 119 , 199 , (ICU), xiii, 187 , 205–7 , 210 , 213 , 215 208 , 248 iron See also up ; zulu -age, 45, Chapter Two passim , 61 , 72 hell, 106–7 , 115 , 199 manufacture, 50 , 64 , 97–99 Hendricks, Jan, 12–13 , 16 , 77–78 , 135 plows, 137 highveld (defi ned), xii, 2–4 “praising,” 73 hippopotamus, 51 , 57 trade in, 8 , 12 , 58 , 64 historians, 3 , 11 , 34–37 , 42 , 45 , 90 , 93 , 102 , Israel, 27 , 195 132 , 179 , 181 , 212 , 248–49 Israelites (at Bullhoek), 208 , 221 Beinart, William, 207 ivory trade, 3 , 12 , 72 , 176 Bundy, Colin, 137 , 207 Eldredge, Elizabeth, 36 , 38 Jabavu, D.D.T., 215 Etherington, Norman, 37 Jesus Christ, 28 , 106 , 115 , 151 , 184 , 242 Keegan, Tim, 136 crucifi ed, 100–1 Legassick, Martin, 65 Eucharist of, 151 Macmillan, William, 225 Moroka and, 154–55 Mandala, Elias, 39 Jews, 15 , 24 , 188 , 201–2 , 242 Molema, S.M., 158 See also Bible Murray, Colin, 56n17 , 221 Johannesburg, 193 , 229 , 242 Peires, Jeff, 85 , 131–32 Vail, Leroy, 176 K–2 , 44 Vansina, Jan, 50 Kadalie, Clements, 205–6 , 210 Vaughn, Megan, 39–40 See also International Commercial White, Luise, 207 Workers’ Union (ICU) Hlabangwe, David, 179 Kaditshwene, 14 , 21 , 37 , 64–65 , 73 , 96 , 98 , Hodgson 102 , 111 Ann, 2 “kaffi r” (alt. caffre, kafi r: offensive), 86 , 131 , Rev. Thomas, 2 , 8 , 22 , 24–33 , 37 , 41 , 54 , 147 , 151 , 203 82 , 94 , 105 Basuto and, 144 Hoernlé, Winifred, 223 College, Zonnebloem, 149 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 247 line (Warden’s line), 132 horses, 24 , 98 , 112 , 134 , 154 , 166 , 196 Kafue River, 37 , 48 , 58

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Kalahari Desert, 48 , 72 recruitment of, 221 Kalanga (language), 58 , 64 , 69 , 72 , 176–77 , Lack, Rev. Walter, 190 , 191–96 , 212 179 , 219–34 , 245 Lagden, Sir Godfrey, 188 See also Shona land, 64 , 66 , 69 , 72–73 , 122 , 124 , 128 , 136 , Kamiesberg, 15 141–43 , 154 , 189–90 , 193 , 205–21 Kaptein, Jan, see Taaibosch administration of, 9 , 64–65 , 67–68 , 129–30 , Karanga, see Shona 130 , 132 , 154 , 222–23 , 230–32 Karoo, 3 , 202–5 alienation of, 2 , 5 , 31 , 102 , 129 , 139 , 189 , Kay, Rev. David and Mrs., 23–24 , 79 220–21 Keegan, Tim, 136 Basuto and, 136–40 , 144 Kehiloe, John S., 197 , 200 , 209–12 , 216–17 Boers and, 119–21 , 129–30 , 138–39 Kei River, 3 , 131 chiefship and, 38 , 54 , 61–62 , 137 , 154–55 , Kelley, Robin, 244 157 , 159 , 192–93 Kgabo (chief), 51 , 70 church, 150 Kgatla (people), see tan monkey locative (grammatical case) and, 59 , 61–62 Kgompini, Daniel (“Gumpie”), 199 “Nomansland,” 200 , 202 Kongke, 95 , 99 , 100 ownership (landlordism), 109–10 , 112 , Khama (chief), 83 , 163 , 174 , 178–79 , 189–90 136 , 200 , 220–21 , 231 Khoikhoi (Khoe-speaking, Khoekhoe), 3–6 , “prestige,” 55–63 , 65 , 73 8–9 , 12–14 , 53 , 109 , 112 , 114 , 130 , 131 , restitution, 1 , 102 161 Samuel Marks and, 188–89 “Khoisan,” 1 , 9 , 14 , 52–53 , 72 , 225 Tati District and, 191–95 , 197 , 238–41 Khomo (chief), 67 Thaba Nchu and, 112 , 128 , 141 , 143 , Khulukwe (chief, chiefdom, tribe), 186–87 , 208 160–61 , 230–32 Khumalo (chief, chiefship), 83 Langalibalele (chief), 169 , 183 See also Tebele Lebetse (lord), 151 Khunwane, 14 , 21 , 37 , 110n5 , 174 , 193 Le Fleur, A. A. S., 178 , 187 , 200–6 , 208 Kimberley, 138 (described), 140 , 146 , 152 , legislation, 145–46 , 239 164 , 176 , 190 , 193–94 , 203 , 207 , 211 , Moroka and, 190 229 “Native Bills,” 222 See also diamonds Natives’ Land Act (1913), 140 Klaarwater, 12–14 Ordinance 50 , 78 See also Griqua Lekgomenyane (lord), 96–97 , 103 Kok, 14 , 134–35 Lemue, Rev. Prosper, 1 , 18 , 20 Adam, 5 , 11 , 16 Lepui (chief), 65 Adam III, 59 , 200 , 201 Lesotho, 132 , 139 , 165 , 171 , 180 , 186–87 , Claas, 4 199 , 235 , 248–49 Cornelius, 12–16 , 200 Lestrade, G.P., 236 Jan, 11 Letlamoreng (chief), 210 Koni (people), 1 , 57 Letsie (chief), 134 , 168–70 Korana (people), 4–6 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 23–24 , 28 , Lichtenstein, Hinrich, 10 , 54 30 , 34 , 53 , 73 , 79 , 97 , 109 , 114 , 120 , Lihoya (lihoja, dihoya, dihoja ) (chief, chief- 126 , 147 , 154 , 161 , 168 dom), 25 , 97 Samuel and, 156–58 Limpopo River, 12 , 44 , 50 , 53–55 , 56 , 70 , 73 , Korsten Basket Makers, 245 84 , 119 , 178 Kruger, Nicolas, 121 Lindley, Rev. Daniel, 83 , 122–23 Kuakuakatsi, see Rhenoster River Links Kuper, Adam, 141 Jacob, 41 Peter, 5 , 23 , 30 , 119–20 , 127 labor, 3 , 9 , 29 , 36 , 41 , 50 , 78 , 119 , 130 , 146 , Linkshand (family), 66 158 , 161 , 192 , 214 , 218 lion, 11n26 , 21 , 34 , 64 , 72 , 96 , 103 , 126 , agrarian, 212 , 223 134 , 137 , 138 , 141n100 , 186 , 200 , 208 , gender and, 138–40 219 , 220 mining, 188 , 222 chief as, 57–58 , 61

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of junior house, 67–70 Marothodi, 48 , 63 Moletsane as, 70 marriage, 1 , 4 , 13 , 22 , 85 , 109 , 154 , 160 , 172 , Lishuani (dishwane ), 111 , 117–18 241 , 246 literacy, 6 , 14–15 , 17 , 22 , 86 , 115 , 124 , 128 , divorce and, 38 183 , 185 , 203 , 208 , 227–28 , 232–36 , 247 forced, 38 , 41 , 150 –51 See also Bible European, 124 Livingstone, David, 38–39 , 56 of Moshoeshoe, 133 Lobengula (chief), 173 of Samuel, 159 London Missionary Society, 12 , 13 , 21 , 23 , Masepa (“Masepie”) (past chief), 8 , 11 , 58 , 69 108 , 124 , 201 , 226 , 235 , 248 , 250 Mashowe (chief), 64 , 121 , 155 , 161 Griqua and, 120 Masilo and Masiloane, 141 Robert Moffat and, 76 , 122 Masowe, Johannes, 245–46 lords, 41 , 59–60 , 71 , 74 , 96–97 , 127 , 138 , Masupa, David (lord), 137 153 , 205 , 243 Matabele, see Tebele Lord’s Prayer, The , 31–32 , 89–90 , 92 Matebele, see Tebele Lose, 52 Matiatele, 205 See also ceramics Matiwane (chief), 35–36 , 86n34 Lovedale College, 149 , 172 Matlabi (lord), 127 , 141 , 143 , 158 , 160 Lozi (people), see rotse Matopo Hills (Matobo Hills), 173 Lugard, Lord Frederick, 209 Matsheka John ( Lang Jan ), 167 , 222 machela (regiment), 68 Kali John, 215 , 220 , 222 , 227–32 , 238–40 , Mackenzie, John, 2 241 , 243–44 Maclear, 201 Matsiloje, 174–76 , 179 , 190 , 195–99 , 209 , Macraca (alt. Makrakki) (lord), 64 , 125n48 219 , 221–22 , 240–44 , 250 Madikizela (chief), 245 Matthews, Z.K., 226 Maggs, Tim, 52–53 , 61 Mattita, Rev. Walter, 199–200 Mahura (chief), 109 , 121 Mbiti, Joseph, 75 maize, 36 , 54 , 72 , 110 , 137 , 172 , 188 , 242 McVeigh, Malcolm, 81 Makabua, Rev., 203 , 205 Mengwe (chief), 62 , 65 Makgwareng, 46 Mentor, John, 204 Makhaba (Makaba, Makhabha ) (chief), 93 , Merino sheep, 136 99 , 107n72 , 125 Merumetsho, 111 , 118 Makhetha (chief), 37 metalanguage, 79 , 107 Makuana (chief), 20 metals, 12 , 137 Malawi, 39 , 181 , 205 See also iron ; trade Malinowski, Bronislaw, 224 métis , metissage, xiv, 11–17 , 22–24 , 72–73 , Malope (past chief), 61–63 , 67 , 70 79 , 87 , 109–12 , 114–20 , 122 , 124 , 131 , Malotstshwane (chief), 70 136–37 , 144 , 147 , 161 , 166–70 , 214–18 , Maluti Mountains, 12 , 72 , 111 , 132 , 138 , 225–26 , 236–37 , 243 , 249–50 144 , 200 explained, 4n8 , 5–6 Mamdani, Mahmood, 209 re Coloured, 109 Mandala, Elias, 39 Bergenaars and, 19 , 34 Manganeng, 14 and Christianity, 74–77 , 96–99 Manyikweni, 48 , 53 Mfazi, Rev. Moses, 197 Mapungubwe, 43 , 44 , 48 , 72 “Mfecane,” 11–12 , 34–37 , 34n84, 73 , 247 Maquassie (makwassie, matlwase ), 26 , See also “Difaqane” 29–33 , 68 , 113 Mfolozi (uMfolozi) River, 73 Maremane, David, 143 Mgijima, Enoch, 208 Maribaneng, 69 Mhudi , 119 Marico River, 53 , 73 , 83 , 135 Middleburg, 240 Marillac, Gerrit de, 168 “Middle” River, xii, 19 , 128 , 134–38 , Maritz, Gerrit, 119 142–43 , 155 , 157 , 170 Marks, Samuel, 188–89 See also Caledon

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millenarianism, millennialism, 86 , 99 , 100 , Moletsane (chief), 28 , 33–34 , 37 , 59–60 , 70 , 106 , 132 , 182 , 244–45 , 250 97 , 110 , 126 , 134 , 137–39 , 160 , 186 Milner, Lord Alfred, 180 , 188 Molopo River, 48 , 54 , 63 , 73 , 143 mines, see diamonds ; gold mines Monaheng (chief), 20 , 33 missions, missionaries, 2 , 8–13 , 15–16 , Monametse (lord), 14 21–22 , 27–28 , 56 , 60 , 69 , 107–10 , Monametsi, David, 195 Chapter Three passim , 112 , 120–26 , Montshiwa (alt. Montsioa) (chief), 160 , 128–29 , 132–33 , 142–44 , 149–50 , 152 , 164 , 166 163–66 , 171 , 181–82 , 184 , 192–97 , morafe , 11 199–201 , 226 , 230 , 248 , 250 Morapeli ( morwapedi ), 68 purpose of, 116–18 Mopedi (chief), 63–64 , 67–68 rejection of, 121 Mopeli, Paulus, 137 See also individuals by name Moroas ( morwa , pl. barwa ), 72 Mitchell, Rev. George, 161 , 230–34 Moroka (chief), 27–28 , 127 , 141–46 , 149–54 , Mlanjeni (prophet, chief), 131–35 163–67 , 169 , 174 , 237–38 MmaKololo (chiefdom), 37 , 40 , 63 , 103 Boers and, 118–20 See also rotse chiefdom of, 108–10 MmaNtathisi (“Manatees”), 30 , 38 , 40 , 83 , circumcision of, 28–29 96 , 102 , 110 , 118 , 186 death of, 156 MmaNtshopha (prophetess), 132–33 invoked, 222 , 227 , 229 , 231 , 233 , 238–39 Mochochoke, Rev. Walter, 216–17 kills, 32 Modder River, 73 , 135–36 , 155 Siding, or Village, Stadt, 221 , 243 “modernity,” 132 as a surname, 155 critiqued, 145 , 213 , 249 trek to Thaba Nchu of, 110–12 , 113 modimo , Modimo , 85 , 87 , 93 , 102 , 153 , 173 , Moroka 230 , 235 , 237 Albert, S.M, 238 , 240 See also ancestor ; God George Morwagabuse, 150 Modirwagale (chief), 69 Godfrey, 143 , 145–46 Moffat, Rev. Robert, 2 , 20 , 33 , 36–37 , Dr. James S., 218–19 , 221 , 230 , 240 114–15 , 120–24 , 132 , 152–53 , 168 , 202 , John Phetogane S. (Tshipinare) Moroka, 207 209, 222 , 229 ministry of, 87–107 Koko, 155 hymn by, 229 , 248 Percy Tshabadira, 124 , 222 , 227–31 , 238–39 Rev. Broadbent’s dialogue with, 89–92 Richard Tshabadira, 155 Mogalakwena River, 82 See also Samuel Mogale (past chief), 62 Morokweng, 69 Mohokare River, xii, 110 , 111 Morolong, Harry, 198–200 , 242–43 See also Caledon River Morton, Barry, 47n12 Mohurutshe (past chieftainess), 63–71 , 73 , Mosega, 48 , 83 , 113 157 Moseme (chief), 112 , 128 , 136 See also rotse Mosetlha (chief), 62 Moilana (Samuel Moroka’s mother), Moshaneng, 142 157–59 Moshoeshoe (chief), 19–20 , 37 , 40–41 , Moilwa (chief), 120–21 72 , 83–84 , 110–12 , 115 , 117–18 , 120 , Mokaleng, see Motswaosele, Jacob 127–28 , 130–38 , 143–44 , 150 , 155 , 161 , Mokgothu, Samuel, 229 163 , 186 , 199–200 , 208 , 236 “Mokohare” (Middle) River, see Caledon ; Moshoete (alt. Moswete) (chief), 144 , 164 “Middle” River ; Mohokare Motebang, see Tebele ; twin courts Molapo (past chief), 134 , 137 Motebele, see Tebele ; twin courts Molehabangwe (chief), 11–12 , 64 , 104 Motebejane, see Tebele ; twin courts Molema (chief), 127 Mothibe (alt. Mothibi) (chief), 12 , 14–16 , Molema, S.M., xiii, 69 , 107n68 , 158 34 , 54 , 59 , 64–65 , 72 , 96 , 103 , 107n88 , “Molemo,” 62–63 , 69 125 , 129 See also modimo Motito ( bothitong ), 113 , 120–21

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motse , 12 , 49 Ngidi, William, Jonathan, and Motswaosele, Jacob, 241–43 Mbiyana, 171 Motuba (lord), 141 , 155 Nguni (linguistic designation), 54 , 57 , 60–64 , Mount (Mt.) Currie, 200 , 204 83–87 , 134 moyo , see soul See also grasslands Moyo, Ephraim, 246 Ngwaketse (chief, chiefdom), 58 , 63 , 97 , 99 , Mpangazitha (chief), 35–36 , 38 101–2 , 120 , 125 Mphoeng (chief), 175 , 178 Ngwane (chief, chiefdom), 35–36 , 73 , 84 Mpondo (past chief, chiefdom), 135 , 205 , Ngwato (chief, chiefdom), 63 , 68 , 171 , 174 , 210 , 245 178 , 189 , 198 , 226 , 233 , 237 Mthethwa (past chief, chiefdom), 84 See also Khama ; Raditladi Mzilikazi (chief), 21 , 35 , 37 , 64 , 73 , 86 , 93 , Niger-Congo (linguistic designation), 47 96 , 110 , 118–20 , 127 , 133 , 173 Nkope, see ceramics See also Tebele ; zulu Nku, Rev. Christinah, 242 Notwane River, 73 Nama (language), 5 , 30 , 119 Nta River, 67 -qua, 23 , 77 , 127 Nthethe (chief), 68 Namibia, 12 , 221 Ntsikana (pastor), 86 , 171 Napo (past chief), 61–62 Ntsoana Tsatsi, 61 Napoleonic Wars, 2 Nxele (alt. Makana, Makanda) (chief), naties , 121 , 154 , 239 86–87 , 131 See also ethnicity ; tribe nationalism, 84 , 131–32 , 180 , 212 , 239 , 241 , Okavango River, 37 , 47 , 48 244–45 , 248 Oori River, 50 , 63 “Native,” xii, 104 , 122 , 128–29 , 131 , 136 , oral tradition, 57 , 59–71 , 225 , 246 145–46 , 149 , 165 , 174 , 176 , 180 , 192 , of the crocodile, 70–73 211 , 221–23 , 224 , 226 , 249 of fokeng , 61–62 , 158 , 174 métis and, 202–6 , 208 of the lion, 67–70 “Native experts,” 188 , 190 , 192 of the twin court, 59–67 Native Administration Act (1927), 109 , 209 , Orange Free State, 129 , 136–38 , 140 , 211 , 220 , 238 143–44 , 150 , 152–55 , 161 , 168 , 170 , 179 , Native Affairs Department (NAD), 181–82 , 187 , 190 , 239 186 , 192 , 208 , 214–15 , 217 , 220–23 , Orange River, 3–12 , 16 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 34 , 227–28 , 230 , 232 , 238–40 60 , 68 , 73 , 97 , 109–10 , 129 “Native Bills,” see legislation Orange River Colony, 136 Native Economic Commission (NEC), 219 , Orange River Sovereignty, see Orange Free 228 State “Native Reserves,” 191–92 , 196 , 228 , Orphen, Joseph, 200 240–41 , 243 Oudtshoorn, 202–4 Natives’ Land Act (1913), 190 , 193 Owen and Hogge Commission, 136 Nazarite Church (Isonto lamaNazaretha ), Owen, Rev. Francis, 120–21 , 132 see Shembe, Isaiah Ndebele, see Tebele Panzera, F. W., 188 , 191–93 , 195 Ndondondwane, 46 Paris Evangelical Missionary Society (PEMS), Ndwandwe (chief, chiefdom), 84 18–20 , 60 , 127 , 131 , 199 , 236 Nettleton, G.E., 194 , 219–22 partnerships in politics, 17 , 42 , 50 , 58 , 64 , Newlanders, 118 68–70 , 78 , 156 , 207 , 209–12 , 245 See also Bastards ; Griqua ; métis pass laws, 80 , 97 , 145 , 163 , 172 , 196 , 199 , New Platberg, 110 , 118 , 122 204 , 220–21 , 229 , 231 “New Zealanders,” 28 , 122 Patani (chief), 65 Ngakantsi peasants and peasantry, xiii, 110 , 137 , 142 , Daniel, 231–32 178 , 186–88 , 212 , 216 , 223 , 230 , 231 , David, 157–60 , 167 244 Jacob, 140 See also cattle ; farmers ; food ; grain

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Pedi (chiefdom), 83 , 127 , 135 , 138–39 , 186 , Pretoria, 173 233 , 248 Pretorius, Andries (Boer), 130 Peete (alt. Pete) (lord), 19 , 133 Pretorius, Andries ( métis ), 12 Peires, Jeff, 85 , 131–32 Pretorius, Barend and Gert, 165–66 Pentecost, Pentecostalism, 118 , 181–83 , 199 Price, Roger Rev., 2 See also apocalypse ; Christianity ; Prieska, 6 millenarianism Pringle, Thomas, 86 petitions, 186–91 , 197 , 212 , 219 Pule (lord), 135 Phalaborwa, 8 , 48 , 64 pygmies, 50 Phalane (people), 1 Philippolis, 21 , 76 , 107–9 , 113 , 120 , Queen, 136 , 164 , 171 122 , 124 Philip, Rev. John, 10 , 14 , 76 , 108 , 120 race and racism, 3–4 , 7 , 27 , 79 , 85 , 122–23 , Phogole (people), 1 129 , 145–46 , 151 , 156–58 , 172 , 200–1 , photography, 117 , 138 , 146–49 , 161 , 225 213 Phuthing (totem, people), 1 , 64 , 68 Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., 224 , 226–7 pico , see pitso Raditladi (chief), 178 Pieketberg, 5 railway, 174 , 176 , 193 , 221 Pienaar (family), 5 Rand, the, see gold mining ; Johannesburg Pifo (lord), 96–103 , 114 , 121 rain, 79–83 , 91 , 94 , 102 , 105 , 135 , 165 , 229 , pigs, 182 , 198–99 , 206 237 pitso , 11 , 114 , 155 , 231–32 , 238–39 Ramagaga Plaatje, Solomon K., 119 Elias, 222 Platberg, 21 , 110 , 144 Elijah, see Elisha Plumtree, 198 , 221 Elisha, 229 , 239 Pokwane, 240 Zachariah, 197 police, xiii, 191 , 194 , 196 , 199 , 203–6 , 208 , Ramajafi , Job, 165 , 167 211 , 247 , 249 Ramaquabana (alt. Ramakgwebama, Baroling Progressive Association and, 229 , Ramakgwebana) River, 174 , 175 , 178 , 231–32 221 , 234 Christianity and, 123 Ramatlabama, 210 Tati District and, 216 rankings, 1 , 15 , 29 , 40 , 53 , 57–58 , 62 , 64–66 , Tshipinare’s, 155 68 , 70 , 82 , 91 , 96 , 108–9 , 112 , 114 , politics (defi ned), xi, xiii, 213 127–29 , 140–41 , 154 , 156 , 189 , 196–97 , Pondoland, 205 , 210 244 , 247 See also Mpondo See also alliance; circumcision poor whites, 117 , 121 , 123–24 , 131 , 133–34 Rastafarianism, 207 See also Boers ; Coloured ; Europeans ; métis Ratlou (chief), 69 , 97 population fi gures, 52 , 54 , 71–72 , 112 , 116 , Rawe (Rawe Sekoko) (chief), 137 , 139 , 142–43 , 168 , 211 , 222 , 240 175 , 177 Portuguese, 2 , 42 , 47 , 53 , 58 , 65 , 101n77 , 188 Read, Rev. James Snr., 12–16 , 77n6 , 78 , 87 , Potchefstroom Convention, 178 95 , 107 , 120 Potgieter, Andries Hendrick, 8–9 , 11 , 121 , Retief, Piet, 120 130 Retief, Rev. J.A., 203 praises and praising, see bina Rheinallt Jones, J.D., 227 , 232 prayer and praying, 18 , 22–23 , 81–82 , 89–91 , Rhenoster River, 52 , 67–68 94 , 100–2 , 105 , 115–17 , 131 , 142–45 , Rhodes, Cecil John, 178 150 –52 , 171 , 182 , 185 , 189 , 198 , 210 , Rinderpest, the, 172 215 , 217 , 231 , 239 , 246 Robben Island, 146 preaching, 31–32 , 77n7 , 89 , 95 , 97–98 , 101 , Rogers, Robert Athlyi, 207 106 , 122 , 142–45 , 151–52 , 172 , 182–83 , Rolland, Rev. Samuel, 18n45 , 132 185 , 189 , 199 , 202–4 , 207 , 242–44 , 246 rolong (prestige-place association), 1 , 8 , 22 , prestige-place association, 56–58 , 60 , 62–65 , 27 , 34 , 55 , 58 , 62 , 64 , 69–70 , 73 , 96–98 , 67 , 69 , 73 108–9 , 112 , 114 , 119 , 200

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Ba- ( barolong , Barolong, “Baralong”), 167 , The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa 215–23 , 227 (1930), 225 becomes Barolong (tribe), 124–31 , 135 , Schultze, Leonard, 225 138 , 147 , 149 , 153–58 Schwarz, E.H.L., 226 defi ned, 57 , 72 Sebego (chief), 101–2 reduction of meaning of, 153–58 Sechele (chief), 70 , 73 Roman Catholic Church, 143 , 173 Sechuana (language of the highveld), xvi, 1 , Rooikrans, 46 4 , 12 , 16 , 37 , 55–56 , 58 , 72 , 77 , 80 , 89 , rotse (prestige-place association), 29 , 59–60 , 95 , 101 , 103 , 108 , 110 , 114 , 129 , 147 , 62–63 , 65 , 67–71 , 72–73 , 83 , 96–98 , 152–53 , 173–74 , 189 , 217 , 232 101–3 , 108–9 , 151 , 157 , 177 , 187 , 207 , differentiation from Setswana of, 95 226 , 237 , 245–47 names in, 129–30 Ba-ha- ( baharotse , Bahurutshe, origin of concept of, 10–12 Bakhurutshe, Bafhurutshe), 1 , 29 , Robert Moffat and, 98–99 , 155–52 54–55 , 59n47 , 119–22 , 177 , 187 , 245 , as written, 124 247 See also Basuto ; Bechuana ; Tswana defi ned, 54–55 , 121 Sefunelo (chief), 23–34 , 36–37 , 41 , 59 , rozi , see rotse 68–70 , 77 , 87 , 94–97 , 104 , 126 , 153 , 186 Rozvi, 53–59 , 59n47, 67n67 , 73 Sefunelo (son of Moroka), 108 , 110 , 134–35 See also rotse (death) , 154 , 156–59 rumor, 182 , 207 , 211 , 231 sego and segwana , 82 , 91 , 106 Rustenberg District, 187 Segopa, Paul, 198 Segregation, 30 , 122 , 181 , 185 , 208–12 , 216 , Sabe (alt. Save) River, 12 , 53 236 , 240 S-Group Bantu languages, see Bantu See also court ; legislation Sahba, Piet, 109 Seitshiro (chief), 69 St. Augustine’s College, 150 Sekaniela, see Sekonyela St. John’s Apostolic Church, 242 Sekgoma (chief), 28 Samuelites, xii, 153–54 , 160 Sekgoma, Rev. Peter, 198 committees of, 193–95 Sekhukhune (chief), 115 denouement of, 208–12 Sekoati, see Sekwati millenarianism and, 198–200 Sekonyela (chief), 20 , 96 , 110 , 112 , 118 , 127 , search for land by, 187–98 133 , 136 self-fashioning of, 215–22 , 227–30 , 232 , Sekwati (chief), 83 , 135 238–45 Sekwati Mampuru, 240 Samuel (Samuel Lefhulere Moroka) Selbourne, Lord (W.W. Palmer), 180 , 188–89 early life of, 149–61 Seleka (chief, chiefdom), 26–27 , 31 , 33 , 39 , expressions of, 215–21 , 240–43 64 , 66 , 68–70 , 96–97 , 126–27 , 134–35 , land-purchase plan, 191–200 , 205 , 141 , 149 , 163–64 , 209 , 217 208–13 defi ned, 25 in Tati District, 174–79 , 187–90 Isaac Schapera and, 237–38 , 240 , 245 in Thaba Nchu, 163–70 See also rolong Sandile (chief), 131 Sepitwane (chief), 58–59 Satan, 87 , 105–6 , 115 , 120 Serrakutu (lord), 12 Schapera, Isaac, 59 , 62–63 , 69 , 80 , 84 , 97 , Setabeng, 96–99 , 100 124 Setilo (lord), 127 The Bantu-Speaking Tribes of South Setlogelo, Abraham, 165 Africa (1937), 226 Seitshiro (chief), 69 collection of material by, 232–38 , 240–41 Setswana, xvi, 8–10 , 95 , 233 early life of, 223–27 See also Sechuana The Ethnic Composition of Tswana Tribes Seventh Day Adventists, 181 (1952), 236–38 Shaka, Shaka Zulu, 35 , 83–86 , 134 , 186 , 210 A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom See also “Mfecane” (1938), 236 Shakespeare, 104–5

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sharecropping, 171 , 178 , 188 , 190 , 207 , 222 , dipping and, 191 236 , 248 metaphors drawn from, 106 , 169 Shashi River, 48 , 174 , 175 , 190 , 234 and Trust lands, 231–32 , 238 , 240 , 243 Shaw, Rev. William, 2 , 25 , 88 , 136 Stockenström, Andries, 17 , 86 sheep, 32 , 118 , 127 , 136 , 183 stone walling, 42–45 , 48 , 52–53 , 56–57 , 64 , Shembe, Isaiah, 178 , 183–86 , 199 , 206 , 208 65–66 , 72 , 91 , 246 Shirazi, see Swahili Stormsvlei, 205 Shona (people), 44–47 , 49 , 54–56 , 64 , 72 , Stow, George, 35 , 69 , 186 173–74 Swahili, 45 See also Kalanga Swazi (Mswati, uMswati) (chief), 20 Shoshong, 14 , 46 , 56 , 137 Swaziland, 180 Shrewsburg, Rev. William, 2 Sia (people), 1 , 63–64 Taaibosch, 12 , 13 , 28 , 119 , 127 , 136 Sichuaan, see Sechuana Gert, 133 Silver Fountain, 23 Jan (Jan Kaptein), 118–19 Slavery and slaves, 3 , 36 , 41 , 47 , 53 , 83 , 108 , Tabana (alt. Thabane), see Tebele 142 , 221 tan monkey (people), 1 , 29 , 40 , 51 , 55 , abolition of, 129–31 62–64 , 225 , 237 anti-slavery and, 12 , 108 Kgafela, 62 , 137 Boers and, 112 , 134 Kgatla, 1 , 64 raids and, 130 Tati Smith, Sir Andrew, 2 , 54–58 , 69 , 87 , 109 , Barolong Progressive Association and, 117 , 126 239–46 Smith, E.W., 2 , 226 Company, 177 Smith, Harry, 128 , 130 , 131 District, 174–78 , 187–90 , 195–98 , 209 , Smuts, Jan Christian, 181 , 196 215–22 , 230 Sneeuberg San, 50 , 53 land purchase attempt, 190–94 See also Bushmen Tau, see lion Soldaat, Jeremy or Jeremiah, 221–22 , 228 Taung, 63–64 , 67 , 113 , 180 Somerset, Lord Charles Henry, 131 Tawana (chief), 58–59 , 70 Sopane (lord), 135 See also lion sorghum, 96 Tebele (chief, “senior court”), 62 , 63–68 , 71 , See also grain 127 , 135 , 141 soul, 82 , 92–94 , 99 , 106 , 115 , 183–84 , 229 , – ane (dim.), 68–69 , 71 240 Ma- (also AmaNdebele), 21 , 35 , 37 , 57 , 60 , South African Institute of Race Relations 64–65 , 67 , 83 , 108 , 110 , 119–20 , 133 , (SAIRR), 223 173–74 , 187 South African Native Affairs Commission Mo – ane (dim.), 63 , 65–66 , 246 (SANAC), 180–81 , 188 Mo – (chief), 62–67 , 246 South African Native National Congress, twin courts and, 141 see African National Congress (ANC) text, see Bible ; literacy South African Republic (ZAR), 137 , 139–41 , Thaba Nchu, 21 , 111 , 112–19 , 122 , 127–46 , 179 150 –56 , 158 , 160–70 , 174 , 179 , South African War, 174 , 178–80 190–200 , 207–11 South West Africa, see Namibia Thabeng, 14 , 26–29 , 66 , 69 , 82 , 87 , 89 Soutpan, 163 Thaele, James, 206 Spanish Infl uenza, 194 Theal, George M., 35 , 119 Spiritual Healing Church (SHC), 243–44 theology, 75 , 103–7 , 197–98 Stanley, Lord, Earl of Derby, 163 African Independent Church, 242–43 Steelport River, 21 , 83 , 139 confessional difference in, 152 Stellenbosch, 76 early discussion of, 89–92 stock-farming, xii, 1 , 6 , 9 , 44–46 , 91–93 , 96 , terms in, 91 , 116 102 , 114 , 117 , 165 , 169 , 177–78 , 183 , Thom, Rev. George, 76 189 , 192 , 196 , 219 Thovela (past chief), 56 , 67

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19603-1 - Popular Politics in the History of South Africa, 1400–1948 Paul S. Landau Index More information

Index 299

Thulamela, 48 , 53 Tswana, 9 , 49n13 , 54–56 , 81–82 , 95 , 210 , Thulare (chief), 63–64 , 67 224–28 , 236–37 , 244 Thuloane (chief), 67 See also Bechuana Tile, Rev. Nehemiah, 171 Tswapong, 56 , 71 , 82 time, 76 , 87 , 88–89 Twells, Bishop Edward, 150 , 152 Tiyali (chief), 169 twin courts, 6 , 7 , 21 , 41 , 57–59 , 62–70 , 72 , Tlala (chief), 110 , 127 , 153 , 159 84 , 108–12 , 141 , 155 , 157 , 161 , 207 , Tlhaping, see fi sh, place of 243–46 Tlharo (past chief, people), 8 , 34 Tlokwa (past chief, people), 1 , 36 , 38 , 63–64 , Uithaalder, Wilem, 131 , 135 186–87 , 234 , 237 Umtata, 144 tlou , see elephant Umteteli wa Bantu , 229 tobacco, 3 , 7 , 30 , 72 , 94 , 188 , 199 Umvoti, 172 as bribe, 101 up, 32 , 84 , 86 , 88–90 , 93 , 144 rain and, 79–83 See also zulu torwa , Torwa, 43 , 46 , 53 , 207 Urewe, see ceramics totems, 51 , 53 , 57 , 60 , 63 , 65–68 , 70–71 See also specifi c animal Vaal River, xiii, 21 , 24–25 , 37 , 52 , 62 , 65 , Toutswemogala, Toutswe, 48 , 51 , 72 67–68 , 73 , 83 , 87 , 109 , 112 , 115 , 130 , Touws River, 202 138 , 141 , 143 towns, 1 , 14 , 42–53 , 56–58 , 62–66 , 70–72 , Trans-, 65 , 119–21 , 130 , 135 , 142 , 145 , 84 , 88 , 97 , 153–55 239–40 chiefs and, 97 Vail, Leroy, 176 decentralization of, 43 , 57 Van der Kemp, Rev. Johannes Theodorus, gender and, 91 12 , 88 mixed nature of, 41 , 56–57 , 93 , 109 , 161 Van Riebeeck, Jan, 4 , 247 Orange Free State, 143 Vansina, Jan, 50 trade, 2–4 , 11–12 , 20 , 35 , 50 , 53 , 65 , 72 , 78 , Varemba (people), 54–56 99 Vaughn, Megan, 39 translation, 4 , 15 , 79 , 81 , 87–95 , 98–100 , Vegkop, 119 168 , 183 , 210 , 218 , 225 , 229 , 240 Venda (people), 64 , 178 in Bible, 18–19 , 100 , 102–6 , 115–17 , 123 Vereeniging Estate, 188 of God, 18–19 Viervoet, 111 , 134 , 151 , 154 , 156 , 158 , 160 rotse and, 56 violence, see war Transvaal, see Vaal voice, 32 , 92–93 , 103 , 135 tribe, xi, 1–2 , 7–10 , 17–20 , 24 , 27–28 , Volkundiges , 225 , 236 33 , 38 , 41 , 46 , 59n77 , 67 , 73 , 81 , 96 , Vrede District, 186 , 227–29 , 250 109–12 , 123 , 124–37 , 192–93 , 197 Vryburg, 95 , 180 Central Cattle Plan and, 50 , 54 Griqua and, 121 war and warfare, 3 , 5–6 , 11 , 19–20 , 31 , making of, 140–49 , 154 , 161 36–41 , 65 , 72 , 86–87 , 173 , 215 self-representation as, 169 , 186–87 Basuto and, 133–35 , 137 , 140–42 , 144 , 159 See also Schapera, Isaac; land; ethnicity Boers and, 138 Trust and Land Act (1936), 222–3 , 230–2 of the Cannon, Tshabadira (chief), 25–26 , 31 , 34 , 135 cattle and, 37–38 Tshawe (chief), 85 , 104 Coloureds and, 135 Tshidi (chief, chiefdom), 34 , 69–70 , 108 , gender and, 40 , 65 , 68–70 , 96 110–12 , 126–27 , 134 , 141 , 226 Matebele and, 83–84 , 120 Tshipinare (chief), 110 , 112 , 134 , 141 , 149–61 midcentury war(s), 131–36 , 200 Buku, 166 over Thaba Nchu succession, 159–60 , Ellen, 168 164–70 Joel, 165–67 violence and, 53 , 56 , 65 , 164–67 , 168–70 , Tsindi, 53 179 , 182 Tsukulu (chief), 67 Warden, Major Henry, 130 , 135–36 , 139 , 154

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19603-1 - Popular Politics in the History of South Africa, 1400–1948 Paul S. Landau Index More information

300 Index

Watchtower (Jehovah’s Witnesses), 181 in oral tradition, 60 Waterboer violence toward, 96 Andries, 13 , 23–24 , 33 , 35 , 78 , 106 , 114 , war and, 38 , 40 135 , 200 widowhood of, 159 Nicolas, 200 See also farming ; gender Weber, Max, 142 Wookey, Rev. A.J., 235 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society (WMMS, MMS), 6 , 15 , 22–24 , 28 , 30 , Xaba, Rev. Jacob, 179 33 , 97 , 114–15 , 120 , 123 , 135 , 162–63 , Xhosa (language, people), 85 , 88 , 131–32 , 168 , 174 , 243 169 , 205 , 237 West Indies, 181 , 206–7 Xiri (language), 12 wheat, 110 , 137 White, Luise, 137 youngmen (magasa age regiment), 38–41 , Wikar, Hendrik J., 6–7 , 58 , 82 195–99 , 200 , 210 wildlife, 3 , 88 , 96–97 , 98 , 115 , 118 , 140 , 236 Zambesi (later Zambezi) River, 46 , 49 , 72 , See also hunting 101 Wilge River, 73 Zambia, 207 Willoughby, Rev. William Charles, 2 Zhizo, see ceramics Willow River ( Mohokare ), see Caledon River ; Zimbabwe, 149 , 173 , 198 , 221 , 233 , 245 “Middle” River Zimbabwe birds, 44 , 57 Winberg, 134 , 193 Zimbabwe Plan (ZP), 4 , 42–47 , 51–53 , 57 , 65 witchcraft, 172 , 206 Zimbabwean highlands, 1 , 12 , 51–53 , 56 , 73 , Witsieshoek, 187 , 240 173 , 221 Wittenbergen, 142 “Zion” churches, 181 , 184–85 , 218 women Zonnebloem College, 149–50 African Independent Churches and, 185 zulu and Zulu, 35–37 , 73 , 83–85 , 89 , 108 , farming and, 96 119–20 , 121 , 172 , 183 , 184–85 , 206 , girlhood, 15 , 23 , 37 237 , 248 as leaders, 39–40 , 157 See also up