22Nd Color and Imaging Conference 2014 (CIC22)

22nd Color and Imaging Conference 2014 (CIC22)

Color Science and Engineering Systems, Technologies and Applications

Boston, Massachusetts, USA

3-7 November 2014

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Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: 845-758-0400 Fax: 845-758-2634 Email: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

Table of Contents

Conference Committees ...... ii CIC22 Technical Papers Program ...... iii Conference At-a-Glance ...... iv IADP 2014 Technical Papers Program ...... xvii Author Index ...... xxxi

Jennfer L. Glle, Qualcomm QTI Francose Vénot, Museum Natonal Chrstoph Godau, Technsche D'Hstore Naturelle Program Committee Unverstät Darmstadt Greg Ward, Dolby Laboratores Po-Cheh Hung, Konca Mnolta Sophe Wuerger, Unversty of CIC22 General Chair Interactive Paper Chairs Technology Ctr., Inc. Lverpool Jennfer Glle Juan Ln Jun Jang, Apple Inc. Kada Xao, Unversty of Lverpool Qualcomm Technologes, Inc. Rcoh Amercas Corporaton Youngshn Kwak, Ulsan Natonal Xueme Zhang, Apple Inc. Albrecht Lndner Insttute of Scence and Peter Zollker, Empa (Swss Federal IADP General Chair Qualcomm Technologes, Inc. Technology Laboratores for Materals Scence Yukako Yag Steven LeMoan, Technsche and Technology) Massachusetts General Hosptal CIC Steering Committee Unverstät Darmstadt and Harvard Medcal School Ven Cheung Juan Ln, Rcoh Amercas IADP Paper Review Committee Technical Program Chairs Clément Fredembach, consultant Corporaton and Board of Directors Ven Cheung Jennfer Glle Albrecht Lndner, Qualcomm Stanley Cohen, Rutgers-New Jersey Unversty of Leeds Suzanne E. Grnnan, IS&T Technologes, Inc. Medcal School Phlpp Urban Phlpp Urban Wen Luo, Unversty of Leeds John Glbertson, Massachusetts Fraunhofer Insttute for Computer Geoff J. Woolfe, CISRA Gabrel Marcu, Apple Inc. General Hosptal and Harvard Graphcs Research IGD John McCann, McCann Imagng Medcal School CIC22 Paper Review Committee Mahnaz Mohammad, Axalta Gan Kayser, Unversty of Freburg, IADP Technical Program Chair Masao Azu, Canon, Inc. Coatng Systems Germany Pnky Bautsta Ncholas Bonner, Canon Ján Morovc, Hewlett-Packard Klaus Kayser, Humboldt Unversty Massachusetts General Informaton Systems Research Company (Charte) Hosptal Australa Pty., Ltd. Peter Morovc, Hewlett-Packard Jacques Klossa, TRIBUN JIST/CIC Papers Guest Editor Ajt Bopardkar, Samsung Advanced Company Arvydas Laurnavcus, Vlnus Insttute of Technology, Inda Lab Marus Pedersen Mchael Murdoch, Phlps Research Unversty Hosptal Mchael H. Brll, Datacolor Gjøvk Unversty College Marus Pedersen, Gjøvk Unversty Vncenzo Della Mea, Unversty of Ven Cheung, Unversty of Leeds College Udne Short Course Chairs Davd Connah, Unversty of East Joshua Pnes, Techncolor Marcal Garca Rojo, Hosptal de Angla Ncolas Bonner Caterna Rpamont, UCL Insttute of Jerez de la Frontera Max Derhak, Onyx Graphcs Canon Informaton Systems Ophthalmogy Yves Sucaet, Pathomaton Mark Drew, Smon Fraser Unversty Research Australa (CISRA) Alessandro Rzz, Unverstà Degl Janusz Szymas, Poznan Unversty of Patrck Emmel, Clarant Internatonal Mchael Murdoch Stud d Mlano Medcal Scences Ltd. Phlps Research Ramondo Schettn, Unverstà Degl Gullermo Tearney, Harvard Mark Farchld, Munsell Color Crag Reve Stud d Mlano-Bcocca Medcal School Scence Lab / RIT FFEI Lmted Su-Ke Tn, Canon USA, Inc Bernard Tetu, Unversty of Laval Clément Fredembach, consultant Normch Tsumura, Chba Unversty Yasunar Tsuchhash, Lous Pasteur Workshop Chairs Bran V. Funt, Smon Fraser Phlpp Urban, Fraunhofer Insttute for Centre for Medcal Research Unversty Jéréme Gerhardt Computer Graphcs Research IGD Ronald S. Wensten, Arzona Alexs Gatt, Apple Inc consultant Mara Vanrell-Martorell, Unverstat Telemedcne Program Jéréme Gerhardt, consultant Jon Y. Hardeberg Autònoma de Barcelona Yukako Yag, Massachusetts Graeme Gll, Computer Graphcs Gjøvk Unversty College Javer Vazquez-Corral, Unverstat General Hosptal and Harvard Technology P.L. Pompeu Fabra Medcal School

IS&T Board of Directors July 2014 - June 2015 President: Treasurer Immediate Past President Alan Hodgson, 3M UK PLC Scott Slence, Xerox Corporation Robert Buckley, National Archives of the UAE Executive Vice President Vice Presidents Chapter Directors Geoff Woolfe, Canon Information Systems Research Renhard Baumann, Fraunhofer Einrichtung for Europe: Wolfgang Schmdt, Schoeller Technocell Australia Pty. Ltd Electronic Nano Systems, ENAS, and Chemintz GmbH & Co. KG, and Detmar Wueller, Image Conference Vice President University of Technology Engineering GmbH & Co. KG Francsco Ima, Canon USA, Inc. Sergo Goma, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. Korea: Choon-Woo Km, Inha University Publications Vice President Steven Smkse, Hewlett-Packard Company Rochester: Mchel Molare, Molaire Consulting LLC Susan Farnand, Rochester Institute of Technology James Stasak, Hewlett-Packard Company Tokyo: Junch Hanna, Tokyo Institute of Technology Secretary IS&T Executive Director Steve Korol, Evolutionary Technology We Sun, Drexel University Suzanne E. Grnnan Werner Zapka, XaarJet AB

©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology CIC22 Technical Papers Program: Schedule and Contents see IAPD Program beginning on page xvii; page numbers in program refer to the paginated proceedings book found on the enclosed usb stick; papers without page numbers do not have a corresponding paper.

WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 5, 2014

Welcome and Joint Opening Keynote spectra smlar to those encountered when vewng pathology sldes wth Session Chairs: Jennifer Gille, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and staned tssue samples. [See Appendix 01 for short paper and figures.] Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School 9:00 – 10:00 AM Validation of Whole Slide Imaging*, Liron Pantanowitz, University of Amphitheater Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Shadyside (USA)

9:10 Sensing Surfaces with GelSight*, Ted Adelson, Massachussetts 11:00 —11:40 AM Coffee Break Institute of Technology

Keynote sponsored by Canon USA, Inc. Joint Keynote Session Chair: Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School 11:40 AM – 12:35 PM Amphitheater

Digital Pathology, Color, and Imaging Joint Panel 11:40 Microimaging: Seeing the Unseen in Living Patients, Session Chair: Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and Guillermo J. Tearney, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Harvard Medical School Medical School, and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (USA) 10:00 – 11:00 AM Abstract: Today’s gold standard for medcal dagnoss s hstology of Amphitheater excsed bopses or surgcal specmens where tssue s taken out of the body, processed, sectoned, staned and looked at under a lght mcro- The Important Aspects in Digital Pathology Standardization*, scope by a pathologst. There are many lmtatons of ths technque, Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) ncludng the fact that t s nherently nvasve, tme consumng, costly, and dangerous for some organs. Furthermore, oftentmes the dseased tssue Clinical Implementation of Digital Pathology*, John Gilbertson, s not readly seen by vsual nspecton and as a result the tssue s sam- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) pled at a random locaton, whch can be hghly naccurate. If we could nstead conduct mcroscopy nsde the body, then we could provde tools Color Management in Digital Pathology, W. Craig Revie¹, Mike Shires², for screenng, targetng bopses, makng prmary dsease dagnoss, and Pete Jackson², David Brettle³, Ravinder Cochrane¹, and Darren Treanor²,³; gudng nterventon on the cellular bass. Ths promse has motvated the ¹FFEI Ltd., ²University of Leeds, and ³Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS development of a new feld, termed n vvo mcroscopy, the goal of whch Trust (UK) ...... s to obtan mcroscopc mages from lvng human patents. Two n vvo In dgtal mcroscopes and whole slde magng systems, mages of sldes mcroscopy technologes, confocal mcroscopy and optcal coherence are captured, transmtted and reproduced on a computer dsplay. In tomography, are currently avalable and n clncal use. Upcomng devel- order to allow pathologsts to nterpret these mages accurately and eff- opments, ncludng whole organ mcroscopy, swallowable mcroscopy cently t s mportant that colors from the sldes are dsplayed n a con- capsules, molecular magng, and very hgh resoluton mcroscopc sstent and relable fashon. devces are n the ppelne and wll lkely revolutonze how dsease s The fnal color of the mage presented to the vewng pathologst dagnosed and how medcne s practced n the future. depends on several steps through the magng pathway, ncludng sample llumnaton, magnfcaton, mage capture, compresson, storage, and 12:35 — 2:00 PM Lunch Break reproducton on the computer dsplay. There are many possble system desgns and, wthn a sngle system, dfferent setup optons whch can affect the fnal mage leadng to sgnfcant varaton n mage appearances. Do You See What I See? Ths paper summarzes recent work by members of the Internatonal Session Chair: Alessandro Rizzi, Università Degli Studi di Milano Color Consortum Medcal Imagng Workng Group to develop test mate- 2:00 – 3:20 PM rals and methods for the assessment of color calbraton of dgtal mcro- Amphitheater scope systems. Ths work ncludes sharng of deas on devce calbraton, mage processng and dsplay. 2:00 Observer Variability in Color Image Matching on a LCD Monitor The paper further dscusses the challenges encountered n the devel- and a Laser Projector, Yuta Asano¹,², Mark D. Fairchild¹, Laurent opment of a sutable color target that ncludes a set of patches wth Blondé², and Patrick Morvan²;¹Rochester Institute of Technology (USA) and ²Technicolor (France) ...... 1 *No abstract or paper avalable. Wde color gamut meda are emergng n the market, and ths trend has

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts . l r l a r y o f t o a g F a o f t , e o y i ) l e i e i g T i c m g k o u n g g i n , i U e h s o g a i W o t t L y n s n T g D ( e a p s i d i r a a t g e a , y . S : Y s s u r n P d n g l e o s l S s l s n i o e m l 2 E a A i a o I V s b s a o T e s a t l s k e r i S t o s h a a c e e i e m E s t t r a n a - H c e I H b h o g y k a W b . r F t l i r o p i - r n . u P i G e n K . l a u d F D u i t n h - s P e P Y w e r i S t a n , c k r M n y r l a u e n o c D t e n m i T e A d o a c s e a d a c y e e l i v H s u f n a v o A g K l i C n i n e L b L r I a L - L e a y n n T a i a p o s g n g l t o i f r fi d y o g t u r t f a a C o n o k p . d a o i t e t m g c c e i C a o c u a l R r e e s i I s l m l A t e i o i c R I w e n e o a l : t , r K G m r a o r P M r e o B o H u i n o e a l e e m i t , a . l t h o t o f m o h . a D p d d g ? l t t i t A o D i o a . t n o o i B s C f S n l M l H a t A a i o a c h 2 o a I b e e . n S s a , e u t P i i t fi g m l C P r P y s i g I w o t u l y A h t A n e o w s e 7 l i e e n D D r p a x A e n e c R u r t y n o g i e o m a i c n k e m A h l d K r y h t N e I a g s r u o a i n a o n o b i i i n t t i e r h i u t A D C w A F Q W S A D C T D P C n b k k n i e 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 a o e e m 4 0 2 4 0 J 0 2 4 C r r : : : : : : : : t e b B 0 1 1 1 2 9 9 9 s d v 1 1 1 1 1 1 e h n c e 2 o a f n f e . u o N l e g n L h s c t r c a n a n i e i n t : r y e t n t s e d y e e g e n r u a s h g n o B P a e e i l n r e f n , o i . d s , f n l d C o C k i y i o S f e r m U o o M c l i n k r t p D t s h a k P fi , v r y M t i l S a o F a 0 M r s x t a a o o l e x c o a P D C r t 4 o r n s a e s R e e n u l p – A P – r t . A e n o - v o h n o D 5 p l W J e f I i r b d 0 l e v f e o e t n o i o r c 1 o C L s n J e e 3 s i n : o o e n x u O T e t c i C r h a t , o e t e 5 a y h n M f r s o e : n r c m n a f f z r e l i g a t o t g o g k M a t C P e i o i f s l t e o J I r L n a s K a c c s c l r , e t p i r w l r C e p n o d o e e d d o o s o h e e o g w r fl t t a z B g n o h c e t C i d d e o r c u n s W a C s a c e L i S n o R k a M n a n l u i s e g i s r t f r T F h f C w e a fl ; M I o g a n h o o r e m K o r i e t l . A n 4 c n t r l C t d y . o i c r R n l a n t f C 0 W n r o a r T a e a a o s o o e o e 3 u n i t m z e i . p e t C n i d e s e o C u l s P I m c S p 1 D i e s n t o e e i n H C c S e g r a r i . e a d h R u r g e n s u s v P e n l g i e F f n r p s i i i o o v a g g l E o r a n a m l a o m t z a a o o e n h o o n u e s e v l e l m m R M I J C I A C I C d E M a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 2 4 0 2 4 1 3 : : : : : : : : : : : 2 0 0 8 2 2 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 t e , s . . d x l i g l e l v e l n s e a n a a s s l g s a i o m r o a a t y t r t n m e e n p r t o H e l a i r e A a u i e t . o l - g t n r O v y r b j l k t m f , a r o i : i d : a g p s a b g i o e e f s d o u a c l t a t t y l i a F o t i i o J g s l e 1 i n e v r r n n s d a l h c u a t e i i h k g l t a i n e e p r r . C g o r D r g e l l i o L a s c a W a e e h A i s a o a i R e a t e e g r p T t e P W a l t t r S b C t h i h l f p i r . t y U - W c v c r e p s y l u s r D a e n t o c D L s : c i h i o o s w o e g o d o n i i s e r e n e a s f : L a i s S p s o t a a h l a s u s d n n h v j a , a r r R ) t p m t n e d r k t d i a e o f I c s I u e P n g f o t c n r . n o l l n D s o u y e i o i m n o n a o l n , i r t n a o p r e r o i t a s e e S i C c i i n e u f t y g : o h T E t o h - r n y g r e e A o y C i c h u V s a m t e s a P e v i n e s a w N B i t B P t b t o a i h t P l a e z t l g t o B d t ' l e g A e t g S t y p h n : e l e l e o l t f o a W e i n c n c W y d e r s s m s h S r u s c ( a e c c i e o L c e o u n a a a h P t n , A a h o t o o r y i l s e a a h u l t x t h n e c r c t I a o t e r A T s t d a P n i i o n i e i l a e i h s z S : S o c m W o v m D N g i t g d r v p c a M t , n A o f ) n m k n e I i P a t s s C e . i i r e G B l u I b e o O i a n n h u i E t a m s t L , l n a a a d M o n e r E e o i G A t u i h e i r l a d d y v D r I o e r r S l S a s i c h c e x t h y I i y t l . a o f a e t l u t p t c g g l n n n u e v w g y g u . l h i s P s c c m u G w g e v i p e t d a i o g v g s n o c n i y y o e n S a n u J a l s a e a i e i p p o i d a a g a l a e y i W o l o x p a e u t i S v A J y s e A L n o t U m s e o p u d g h n g t e n v n k , x r , s n l P r e o t h s t i i p d l l S t v E n n m m i o l n p f s u S t s t , o D o w x r o D r o o h I y a I E I I D t a T n n t f e o a m e r a A ( i l u l s e i i t S a s G Y r a o o ? c o a a t e a a x t e s , d i e l t f c S e , l h h o v i i y t t a B o o o d n l S V e l c e l 5 r t e h o s l i M z d i , n P d S s s y a i P s u T t t v e a o t E t x n o A M i P h e t h r i V o s W o e e t f d e , d n R a i a r e a s l t t b s n A l i t i A s D i n i a E l W e a e i n s e i r g t s s e r h v l c l y y y o l n s r r M u D m e n B p o t e N a a a e a d i i a , g w r c P U t i o i l s t h d r r e o t e l s a a a y S S e i v m g i g s g e n e o c T P n s o P i , n r P f A n l F fi t g o i l t a t t i n A y e t x I t a a c t a a P n i g a v W i p i g m n s n h o i i o t o e l l I n l l s s v a a u t c c n l e e b e l n o l i c r a e a e b a e a a e e s o e l a l c l e e e i c o o t u d n y a a 0 a g n e o d L d t e n L o g i n r o a o a o o i U Y l d r t t t p c H e s d i n a i o o o t l o l p n r c g g g n m E r i i i i a t i c w t v k i n t a t w k o s k n 3 h o h d h i g r E a e r s l n m s v h i h t e n i t r t v a p r a a e a e l : n s s g g g D a e G u e u a r A a u o . a n a t i i o n n g s e i i u i i a a s e y l l t l c t e x n a r a k a e a e h e g e e 5 o e m m n m o W V P b I W D P Z P T W S H S A M V f A D P S U Q A L T T E M D I B I S E P H W M e S V I D P C D a a r n i v t e S b g r n t r p : a o n s o r n r i t h b i p l r d i s l i d l e s c a n e e l o o t e t N g i e e d f . g a n n e d l x r n p i e o i h r C e o i i n , u t r s f e n a i a y n r s P : r b g l L a f h i y a t a s n v e r r e i . s t a P t R M f e e e k e t a e l o h P e c g . o ; d e a e X z s i v l i l a n n c , S b r I d w a i g I n B m n s i l e I i p - r y o g o a n g o t d r h r a s r L a r o e M e A w f a p o t t e t G t a n a c e P e C C o s s d d a h o i s t t r e c c f o D i e i u R h i n r o n i T d r s e D g y l e s n S a e e d n a r s K b t e w h o d a m C i y o e i e fl i a A - o e , u g r N a G s r o K t I Y d i e g e o s n C e a c g r f e n t I i n m u i d . i u u c P l i n r a y , a l a n h u i n n a R l e H c l L o M h d i M v u / e C e a g n o L i a o t b e M s 0 o T m e a t c , e o c r M i e R e C d o d n t h n R r a n e s t . e 4 d M S n i n i p l b n r o S d L t J n I t s v e e o o a o C e a l d g e a e o i e . r f A c e J e r I P l T n E a i y m i . r t r t L e S c M n n n t t R s l d t a u T e u i i , t r x , E h h C c fi v e e s r c r e l a h t a a s : n f t t F t f r i n a n n e n i e . f o a v r Q m a s e s e l h r e t u i b n g u s o P h d r o a a t a s z e r e i n w f i n s i u n g e d t a p N c a a e t a D h n s t o v r o r S i e a n t r r i o f o a l o t S a n n i e z w t e a a i t g e p r n i B P c e o o r a e s t A e p p , e m M i n n n l R o G a r o P a n s t e l m y - i B l m t k : o m I u R t e t r N , e m e M o . U l y n g R a a C a u s o n l l o d c s a l a l n e , n k l o I d , o b e i o i e n C l l t f l e y a e a n o e u S I e s C p n r t v n t l y C r d d L C g a d n i e B i s t t c o t e A P I g i o m n fi i a m r i e e t s a n l e i d g i r c e i t n c n n i l t n i e S i o r c i a z e D i a a n t e r a o L l n S K o a r a l a M i a a - i P i r e r n l t s - n d t a - u r p p c e s P n W e n n m t C i c i u r e e - o a r s i r d o n o m s a i p l C m l i o t l i i c t c a g r o i e I o o z e a n l u e l m l a h p e n n m h m f r e m p g n fl t o b a C S t f e u i C i a a m . i x f e o o a u d p r o a i g e l p i a a e l r i l i n m l n I I w I b C M A P S N R P C G P L A A U R M D D A S M D C I a S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 5 3 5 1 0 2 4 0 2 4 0 2 4 0 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 2 0 0 1 1 2 9 9 9 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o h z y m s i k e g o p e e o n z d e v a e u . d i r c o l k g t o g k f . n A d o f i c l n n . a i r t a a a a u l l s a t o e a t d d E t h y t i a a l y u S Y k t s t c o m t m r n , e , c n g I . n r e I s , d n a u s s s e o a e fi e F n s o c o n e l . g i b a e l i a e i y i o e l . r r Y c e r s t s t f r o o l n s W m u o i a r h A n g a i w i o a s s l e M r B , a c h o l a t h a s u n e t g a a u e e a o t l i a c t Q o g f a l t a l n a r f e T s e C a n a t s fi a a n d l n a F i s o m W n n i s j o t o n I C M z . o c P e h o e e i a s i E ) m i a a r J y o + u u e n d t l t n t i I l l F s o l s h p . i a a i , a f O e e i S M 2 H l F n e u a s l o a o a a y F y a h i y i l t C s n i t t S m a - m l b a a n a i d w a s P z I t o i 2 m g l z t y m h v o o m n i y t o o C o e e c i e r u e F g t t r a s v M h l R e o i s D a M i r t ( i e i n o g e e n n l n C s d u o e o t c i i r E s m a P b l g G i u f m S a , s o u s i r D o r i o u R A l o n c c c t s e l y t k e i s s s d l I w o e , a H l e P l r r n l f V i l y n a t o e D a a s a n u n e 0 f h m a e s a t i l i Y o g o a g i - T i e a a D r o d t t , p y e A e T a i d : d n e h 3 m v a a n 3 G r d u h m n , h u H l D r a C C : o , e t f t g d I o o n a t c A E 5 o m o r M a i , g p A z t e k A a B m r r g l r a o S n c t 7 . i r o g n i J s K u I a o a t D t l n u t i Q e n n a c a y i a t i t r a n v e h C d o n l L i d l d l l 3 , e i a t P n i – n i l F i k s A m n n e g b S g a r E a r u e u e v d e . u f i . t n s e v y l l l n i a g M a e l o u o r s i l l T S c a a a t i b n i P h o 0 q t g e o i a y c a n t b g y a i T Y a a P e l e i t y p i , U m a x n a l l W E t l n o a g m t t t t 3 t s n : r c c t D i m I , o g n i d M i e p f u : c o J n e a P H o I r a h l i , m s c s n i n e e o a o t e l l m r , s e c o o t r e o t i g e t 5 t u g l o e e n s n a o y l h d i p o u m a o y g c e k i d i . t e e n m a c a t r t l c d D o i e l e i g a g o c r e i i h n h o C G a g o S b a n D n m d n i p n p J a e t j t i v a l g s B k t v i h a d 3 a a a S g — n D e r r a i o - h L v n o e o e u a y i e r n p d a e a l f a a - a n r t o i r l a t o o o y m m n g L , e S o I f Y A B I H f T I D A U C S P D E C A H 2 e B A C P b n G o P a r e n g - g n o i N h l h b P t t i h i z K n t t n c s t i g n i a i e l i e r t n l n a t y p u a a n a d i e g a w e e i u n f r P t q f r s e e e n i L f a a e g i a s o m c z n l i e o a s a . a l o e p o I n e g s d L r o a e n c a V o i J m e D ? D c o y y I t s O ; a t i c d t V m d R U g t a i i a i e I i C d e D f h k t l t f n t t e o r r a i i p n e r e e g i e e m n r o a c u d e a s i e s f e a r i b n b u . c S a n i h e m d c l i i n n i . w t I c a m n i i o l S y s v D t s n n r w h I f l , t a a M n r i A d s o b r o i i c a s a t r e x g m l e o r t e r S e g J r t t e t V i n n o t i t i e . e d r P n e n c l h e i o l r n c d t n i o l i i , f c b a e 0 l i n U t v i e e r o r a e i r e e a e s t C n n e s t a l a a f l 4 h a l P o i a e f i P W t t n e e n C t e n e o n p r o a r i a E n e i r f n C e n o e k S t e . t n s g i s C P e a u . l g W n h o o P M o I t m c i e i n , S u a n o : e D l o i a F i V a M y t A v u u p C e e C r o r g m y l e e C n p y c t n n r W l r e L r e d t t m i e I c a n a e e e e D i a e g n e i r i e b c g l m e . f u n e n s r r i g r m e p S v g u L r l o C g t M R a o i m l e r e o e l d e l b L a a o i A c r a a c a a t p e , t e e i P d m d T u a a o p a A e f n I i a u s r i n P g a n n a f I f m n i P F S r t o v f i h , m e f B j b o n a i o o u m f o a t I i u n a . a e o e h i o Y o t l o n g c t o a r n D p m O t l c Y a o V n h v D a n a M a s c u n i i i e a i g i , o a o a G P n g e S r , t r t t g r m r g e i r o r n p c t M s n I o e i d g c u l d , e e n T D i a e n i i M i l t o d i i y i S v s a t o t i r n l a l n l v d t a , a V l r e a i n e m i c h c e a h l i u t e s r s i r n a i o l p l e s a m i i c o i l e a c r s s u h r g m I o t d s g t j e d p r r a a n l p g g T o i o C V t C p a t s o a e b e o m l l i s a o o o d n i 0 e i r r o a n n m m Y b • D I • • T • C G A S I O I M P 4 A C C G M I D P F M 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 2 4 0 2 0 2 4 0 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 1 1 2 9 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 1 1 1 1 i d h r . d i o c c l r n n d s o n t s a a a I y t u C e p m t , e i e r d e e , s g e s s n n S v . s t g e n i g o g o y c o s f f o e l n u i i n i i e a s e l t y i e t l R l h L h o i l M l e S e e g e n , g c t c d c 4 o e o e m d e ) n y e g 3 e d n n u l a e t i a I c h t n . i e e g y e C t i C s T S D n a . l t K r s a c m l s R S I d r V s a s h e i W y t y r V r s o , n f n t a à r e t ( n f m t i f i I o a h e n o o n o . i i O v i s i b l r ) o r C s i e O g t s n m r c p M s r c r s D s u r i o p n n a r N m t a n e o a i l e y e y a v , c I p e m N t t f ) O u i p y v D g a U c a v i C i s e l e v i l A n l s r i C l a o s i s t a o u f t Y r p e e o n r r s e s t s s n c C r C a l Y G i h e d A A A n e h u p o I n T i ) e m s y n e o e s u : A p u n p U I i m R R R l U , c A s v o i r U S A m e o v r v G i y M g i r l r i e ) V u J o t h i e i d p S S S i D h u e t T o t a r Q ) k d I I I n d r k u s , u C I g m l , D c i f n n i s n a r i i - r h d s o s A u o n s n S o r u r i n p ) ) l R t , r o v y g n o f w I v t C C C l o s i z u P d 2 i l U S U a s e ( F s s P o E a N v , S t ( a u i o l h S n n e T ø g r r ø n , z o l o t r g , , , I j s C , m j s i , u e e e y f , r , D o a k A a a u u C n m U i s e d h h n R i s e e e s n n O a R c g I c l l a i o k 8 n h h i I f f f m r i G l m l i o o g r A o T G v ( m l l l r g y e g u e h o C r o i - , s v I c p o r l a e e r o e p h h h o v L i k a o n L ø o o o o , h M f R u c t : , y a i i o 2 d g g j C g f a a r C o s b t c t t R ( n e n m i o o o i B n W o p r r n o a y C o : S n W c n n l s f 5 g e b 2 f 2 d i M D M s e P p G p ( ( ( h e b n e a m o a o c n f E E o d U g M U n e a i i n f l c 1 0 a i i a m e a l a L e R t u G l r W W W o , y n n : l A l n n o r e e n S S F - r g a n e i a h d i 0 0 a i a o M m m m a i M p Q T n c s a o d s f f f d t r s h l a o g D 2 : r g A i y t n r i z l R R f f f d p i t G k , s n i i 3 t a G p p p e n o i p r n a o h o e a s e g a i r d 1 : 2 i b m r o o o J d 0 t m u s o n a t C e v o l l p n U U l I e e a i g c d n m l r r d l i i b a i m n a o i a i i t e e e a g n 5 1 s k a i 0 5 0 0 i a a I m n a t t o D – d l c e h h a o . d d n h : e A J n s O O o l e G a l i p C h i e l 4 3 3 a n P P M D G G N N W G G T C y l m d n – – P d r e c 0 : : : a : : R I e g m V l t a C G s u i O r a C C H i m D r e u a n : : : : : : : : : : : : s : s L f : a a F , n - t 1 5 5 3 r r L s r r t r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r e r r t m l P a a r m m m c t d i i o h , o o T T o a o e h s o r i g t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o l l v o l o l e a l n u g D – t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t a a – – – t g t l e s g o o i r p n i o o d R R o o p i o 5 u E m i a c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c o p c u n C C e C S M D A L C N c O C F L H i h C e u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 i u r t : : O O l n a c : : : : : : : : m r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r : : : : : r : l : t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t s 0 4 3 3 0 3 p i a A A A A B B B B C C C C C D D e W o s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s a 1 0 : : : : : : H H y p 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n 1 8 S A M 3 M C 1 G M 1 S 8 M I S 8 T I T I T I T I T I T I T I T I T I T I T I T I T I T I T I

v ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology been accelerated by ITU recommendaton, Rec.2020 n 2012. Wde col - 2:40 Modeling Observer Variability and Metamerism or gamut meda possess spectrally narrow prmares, whch would poten - Failure in Electronic Color Displays (CIC/JIST tally ncrease the degree of observer metamersm. In ths study, t was Paper*) , David L. Long and Mark D. Fairchild, nvestgated f observer metamersm could be a serous ssue under prac - Rochester Institute of Technology (USA) ...... 14 tcal vewng condtons. Namely, real mages were used as a matchng stmulus nstead of unform colors. We carred out the color mage match - The electronc dsplay ndustry has begun a mgraton towards hgher col - ng experment on two dfferent meda: an Apple Cnema HD LCD mon - or gamut devces drven by LED, OLED, quantum dot and laser technolo - tor and a Mcrovson laser projector. The results from 28 color-normal ges capable of generatng near monochromatc color stmul n the trad - observers were analyzed. The obtaned nter-observer varablty was tonal red, green, blue three-channel paradgm. The use of hghly large enough that observer metamersm would be a serous ssue where selectve spectral stmul, however, poses a rsk to the consstency of vsu - the laser projector s vewed together wth conventonal meda. Each al experence amongst a group of dsparate, but otherwse normal, col - observer had a match pont that was sgnfcantly dfferent from those of or observers. Several models of spectral color vson have surfaced n other observers. It was found that effectve feld sze changes (and an recent research and are helpng nvestgators to better understand the observers CMFs change) dependng on mage contents. Complex mages mplcatons for color experence varablty. The present research serves requre smaller feld sze whereas smple mages requre larger feld sze. to summarze varous color dfference ndces that may be useful n pre - dctng the magntude of observer response nconsstences and apples them to smulatons of current electronc dsplays as examples of potental 2:20 Improving the Perceptual Uniformity of a Gloss Space, concerns these new hgh-gamut technologes mght rase. In partcular, Adria Fores and Mark D. Fairchild, Rochester Institute of Technology, varous laser-based dsplays are shown to perform wth sgnfcantly and Ingeborg Tastl, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories (USA) . . . . . 7 ncreased observer varablty versus tradtonal ITU-R Rec. 709 and The perceptual gloss space defned n Pellacn et al. Could be used for SMPTE 431 RGB-prmary dsplays utlzed n the cnema ndustry. Further, qualty control applcatons to brng smlar benefts as seen n color wth observer metamersm can be reduced sgnfcantly wth proper optmza - the use of CIELAB. However, a dstance metrc to relate all the dmensons ton of a multchannel projecton system comprsng seven explctly n the space does not exst, and the space was only valdated wth the desgned prmary spectra. materals used to defne the space. The current space’s dstance metrc does not allow relatng dffer - ences n lghtness to the other dmensons: contrast gloss and dstnctness 3:00 Prediction of Incomplete Chromatic Adaptation under Illuminant of mage gloss. The lghtness percepton unformty of the space was frst A from Images (CIC/JIST Paper*) , Shoji Tominaga, Takahiko evaluated n a psychophyscal study, where the observers’ lghtness ds - Horiuchi, Shiori Nakajima, and Mariko Yano, Chiba University crmnaton was found to decrease as lghtness ncreased. A functon was (Japan) ...... 28 derved to model the lghtness percepton observed and t was ncluded The authors propose a method of mage renderng to predct the ncom - nto the dstance metrc of the space. plete chromatc-adaptaton effect for pantngs. A smple model of ncom - The space unformty around sxteen postons n the gloss space plete chromatc adaptaton s developed to predct the appearance of the was evaluated n a second psychophyscal study to assess the overall pantngs under the llumnaton of an ncandescent lght source and to space unformty. The space was found to be perceptually non-unform produce the full color mage on a dsplay devce. The authors extend the outsde the samples used when the space was created. Also, an von Kres framework to ncomplete chromatc adaptaton. An ndex mproved gloss dfference equaton that takes nto account the non-unfor - parameter representng the degree of ncomplete chromatc adaptaton s mty of the space s presented, showng a statstcal sgnfcant mprove - defned based on the color temperature of the black-body radators. Frst, ment over the current gloss dfference equaton of the space and reduc - ng the STRESS value from 39.76 to 22.96. * CIC/JIST Papers appear in Vol. 58, Issue 3 of the Journal of Imagng Scence and Technology, are presented at CIC, and are found within the CIC proceed - ings as a reprint from JIST.

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22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology v CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

the optmum value of the ndex parameter s determned by vsual exper - materal appearances and art work, wth the focus on reproducng ments on memory matchng usng real pantngs and color patches, so aspects such as colour, surface texture and gloss varatons. However, for that the color mage produced on the dsplay s matched to the orgnal materal surfaces of whch the level of glossness vares, the colour s often appearance of objects n a real scene. Ths approach s shown to have affected due to the appled gloss effect. The effect of the (local) gloss lev - better performance n comparson wth the tradtonal CIECAM02. Next, el on the colour s not ncorporated n the colour management, whch an algorthm s presented to estmate the ndex parameter of the ncom - results n a msmatch wth respect to the ntended colour. We propose a plete adaptaton ndex based on the mage data of colormetrc render - workflow to control the reproducton of colour for the case of usng mult - ng for a target pantng. It s found that the ndex parameter can be est - ple gloss modes n a prntng system. Although currently one sngle ICC mated usng only three features extracted from the color mage. The color profle s used to manage the colour of the prntout, our workflow propos - mages rendered wth the estmated parameter are used to predct the es usng one ICC profle per gloss level that adapts the colour transforma - ncomplete chromatc-adaptaton effect for the orgnal pantng under the tons locally based on the appled gloss level. Our results show an ncandescent lght source. The feasblty of the proposed method s con - mproved reproducton of the colour and smoother colour transtons frmed based on a seres of experments usng a varety of pantngs. between gloss levels of prnts wth varant gloss.

3:20 —4:00 PM Coffee Break Interactive Previews I* Session Chairs: Juan Lin, Ricoh Americas Corp., and Picture Perfect Albrecht Lindner, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. Session Chair: Paul Hubel, Apple Inc. 5:00 – 5:30 PM 4:00 – 5:00 PM Amphitheater Amphitheater Noise Characteristics of a Single Sensor Camera in Digital Color Image 4:00 An Image Difference Metric based on Simulation of Image Detail Processing, Tamara Seybold, Arnold & Richter Cine Technik; and Özlem Visibility and Total Variation, Marius Pedersen, Gjøvik University Cakmak, Christian Keimel, and Walter Stechele, Technische Universität College (Norway) ...... 37 München (Germany) ...... 53 Many mage qualty and mage dfference metrcs have been proposed Denosng algorthms are usually tested on standard test mages wth art - over the last decades. An mportant factor when evaluatng the mage fcal whte Gaussan nose added. Ths nose model cannot be appled qualty or mage dfference s the vewng dstance. In ths paper we pro - n the denosng of dgtal mages taken wth a sngle sensor camera pose a new mage dfference metrc based on the smulaton of detal because of the sgnal-dependence of the nose, the demosackng and the vsblty and total varaton. The smulaton of detal vsblty by usng color transformatons. We study the nose characterstcs wth respect to shearlets takes nto account the vewng condtons and the vewng the sgnal doman. Nose dstrbuton and varance are measured n the dstance, and calculaton of the mage dfference s done by total vara - raw data and approxmated usng a Gaussan dstrbuton wth a var - ton. Evaluaton has been carred out to verfy the smulaton of mage ance lnearly dependent on the sgnal. We evaluate the nfluence of whte detal vsblty, and t s showng promsng results. Evaluaton of the new balance, debayerng and the sgnal doman and calculate the spatal cor - mage dfference metrc s also promsng. relaton of the nose. In our experments we both evaluate the nfluence of the nose characterstcs on human percepton and on the performance of denosng methods. Based on a subjectve test wth 18 partcpants we 4:20 Considering Saliency in a Perception Inspired Gamut Reduction, can show that the spatally correlated camera nose s more vsble than Javier Vazquez-Corral, Syed Waqas Zamir, and Marcelo Bertalmío, the whte Gaussan nose and decreases the vsual qualty of color mage Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Spain) ...... 43 sequences sgnfcantly. To evaluate the mpact of the nose characterstc Gamut reducton transforms the colors of an nput mage wthn the range on denosng, two state-of-the-art denosng methods are appled to our of a target devce. A good gamut reducton algorthm wll preserve the test data. When the nose s sgnal-dependent and spatally correlated experence felt by the vewer of the orgnal mage. Salency algorthms pre - through debayerng the peak sgnal-to-nose rato (PSNR) decreases by up dct the mage regons where an observer frst focuses. Therefore, there to 8 dB. We conclude that t s very mportant to take nto account the cor - exsts a connecton between both concepts snce modfyng the salency of rect nose characterstcs for ncreasng the vsual qualty of color mage the mage wll modfy the vewer’s experence. However, very lttle attenton sequences n future research. has been gven to relate salency and gamut mappng. In ths paper we pro - pose to modfy a recent gamut reducton algorthm proposed by Zamr et al. In order to better respect the salency of the orgnal mage n the repro - Unveiling PM 2.5 Pollution Layer for Viewing Clear Scenes, duced one. Our results show that the proposed approach presents a gamut- Hiroaki Kotera, Kotera Imaging Laboratory (Japan) ...... 59 mapped mage whose salency map s closer to that of the orgnal mage Atmospherc polluton by PM2.5 s a serous problem now at Bejng, wth a mnor loss n the accuracy of perceptual reproducton. Chna and ts neghborng countres. The de-hazng or de-foggng meth - ods for degraded mages have been a long-pendng queston at NASA Langley Research Center. Recently ther basc Retnex model advanced 4:40 Colour Management of Prints with Variant Gloss, Teun Baar¹ ,², nto Vsual Servo system. Whle the current man stream for unvelng the Maria V. Ortiz Segovia¹, and Hans Brettel²; ¹OCE Print Logic atmospherc polluton layer s based on scatterng physcs. Above all, a Technologies S.A. and ²Institut Mines-Telécom Telécom ParisTech, sngle mage de-hazng model based on Dark Channel Pror hypothess s CNRS LTCI (France) ...... 48

Advanced prntng technques are currently used to ncorporate specal *These papers are prevewed durng ths sesson and presented Thursday from 4:00 – 5:30 PM effects n prntouts. There s an ncreasng nterest n the reproducton of durng the Interactve Paper Presentaton Sesson. v ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology most notable n practce. The keys to unvelng the polluton layer le n opponent-color FCS satsfyng both orthonormalty and the two ponts: [1] how to extract the skylght and [2] how to estmate the chromatc graynesss s derved from ths new Golden scene transmttance. Ths paper proposes a smple but effectve de- Vectors. The paper shows how the proposed opponent- hazng algorthm wth bandng-free and low computaton costs referrng color FCS works well to separate the opponent-color components for natu - to the Dark Channel Pror hypothess. The smulaton shows how the ral mages and ntroduces an applcaton to the mage color segmentaton. proposed model works to look the scene through heavy ar polluton.

Evaluating Visibility of Age Spot and Freckle based on Analysis and A Complete Opponent-Color Space with Golden Vectors, Hiroaki Kotera, Synthesis of Facial Color Image, Misa Hirose, Yuri Tatsuzawa, Kotera Imaging Laboratory (Japan) ...... 65 Saori Toyota, and Norimichi Tsumura, Chiba University (Japan) ...... 71 Opponent-color mechansm n the retnal ganglon cell carres the lum - In ths research, we evaluate the vsblty of age spot and freckle wth nance-chromnance transform mportant to human vson. Though a var - changng the blood volume based on the actual facal color mages and ety of opponent-color spaces have been proposed, the orthonormalty compare the result wth that of pgmentaton patterns generated by smu - and the achromatc grayness n the bass functon are not always guar - lated spectral reflectance. We acqure the concentraton dstrbuton of anteed. Ths paper dscusses a foundaton of complete opponent-color melann, hemoglobn and shadng components by applyng the nde - space based on the concept of FCS (Fundamental Color Space) derved pendent component analyss on a facal color mage. We reconstruct from Matrx-R theory. A complete opponent-color space s constructed by mages by usng the obtaned melann and shadng concentraton and the 1) choosng the Golden Vectors as an orthogonal trplet for FCS, 2) changed hemoglobn concentraton to generate facal mages wth replacng ts lumnance bass by the fundamental of EE spectrum, and 3) changng the blood volume. Fnally, we evaluate the vsblty of pgmen - orthonormalzng the bass functons wth GramSchmdt method. The fun - tatons usng these mages and compare wth the result of pgmentaton damental of EE spectrum s bmodal-shaped. Ths dstnct bass makes the patterns based on smulated reflectance. In our prevous study, we have mathematcal completeness n the opponent-color FCS possble. So far, already evaluated the vsblty of pgmentaton patterns, and the vsbl - the Golden Vectors wth fundamentals for ( 1=455, 2=513, 3=584 ty became lower as the blood volume ncreases. However, we can see nm) by J. B Cohen s known to gve an dealλorthogonλal trplet, bλut s not that a specfc blood volume reduce the vsblty of the actual pgmenta - an optmal set. The author found a new set of Golden Vectors wth the fun - tons from the result of evaluatng the skn color mages. damentals for ( 1=461, 2=548, 3=617 nm) as the best. A complete λ λ λ

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology v CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

Subspace-Clustering-Based Multispectral Image Compression, try. Usng a gono-spectrometer to measure the amount of lght reflected at df - Farnaz Agahian and Brian Funt, Simon Fraser University (Canada) . . . 77 ferent ncdent and reflecton angles s a tme consumng and an expensve Ths paper descrbes a subspace clusterng strategy for the spectral com - process and s manly performed n laboratores for research purposes. presson of multspectral mages. Unlke standard PCA, ths approach In order to perform mult-angle planar measurements, at relatvely fnds clusters n dfferent subspaces of dfferent dmenson. Consequently, cheaper and faster way, we use a geometrcal method whch can be used nstead of representng all spectra n a sngle low-dmensonal subspace wth an mage based measurement setup to measure such materals. The of a fxed dmenson, spectral data are assgned to multple subspaces mage based measurement setup help record the lght reflected from the havng a range of dmensons from one to eght. For a gven compresson sample, n the dgtal pxel array sensor. The geometrcal method estmates rato, ths tradeoff reduces the maxmum reconstructon error dramatcal - the ncdent ( ) and reflecton ( r) angles at a gven pont (P) on the sam - ly. In the case of compressng multspectral mages, ths ntal compres - ple surface. Itθalso maps the pxθel postons on the camera sensor array to son step s followed by lossless JPEG2000 compresson n order to the correspondng pont (P) on the sample surface. Ths nformaton can remove the spatal redundancy n the data as well. therefore be used to understand the amount of lght ncdent and reflected from a gven pont (P) on the sample surface and record t accordngly. The proposed measurement setup can be used n, for example pack - Adaptive and Affective Luminance Contrast on Optimal Brightness of agng ndustry, to perform onlne gono-metrc measurements durng mate - Displays, Nooree Na and Hyeon-Jeong Suk, KAIST (Korea) ...... 81 ral reproducton process and estmate the ncdent and reflecton angles In ths study was nvestgated the range of optmal lumnance contrast of homogeneous flexble object materals when measurng lght ncdent needed to enhance user physologcal comfort and psychologcal satsfac - and reflected from the sample at dfferent angles. ton whle vewng dsplays. Dverse nstances of lumnance contrast were The results obtaned show that the geometrcal method corrects for collected, of whch both ambent lumnance and object lumnance were the geometrcal dstortons and estmate the ncdent ( ) and reflecton measured, and subjectve judgment was notes for frst-tme vewng and ( r) angles successfully. θ after contnuous vewng. The result revealed that the optmal lumnance θ contrast s not statc. The optmal rato between ambent lumnance and object lumnance changes gradually as vewng tme ncreases, and n A Multispectral Acquisition System Using MSFAs, Pierre-Jean Lapray, partcular, t converges nto a smaller range. The optmal brghtness of Jean-Baptiste Thomas, and Pierre Gouton, University of Burgundy (France) . 97 object lumnance n a dark envronment needs to be ncreased, whereas Thanks to techncal progress n nterferental flter desgn, we can fnally that n brght envronments needs to be decreased. Therefore, the dura - mplement n practce the concept of Multspectral Flter Array based sen - ton of vewng should be consdered to defne optmal lumnance con - sors. Ths artcle presents the characterstcs of the elements of our sensor trast, and hence a dynamcally adaptve lumnance contrast s proper to as a case study. The spectral characterstcs are based on two dfferent mantan affectve vewng qualty of nternally lt objects such as smart - spatal arrangements that dstrbute eght dfferent bandpass flters n the phone dsplays and e-books. vsble and near-nfrared area of the spectrum. We demonstrate that the system s vable and evaluate ts performance through sensor spectral sm - ulaton and characterzaton. A Ground Truth Data Set for Nikon Camera’s Spectral Sensitivity Estimation, Maryam Mohammadzadeh Darrodi¹, Graham Finlayson¹, Teresa Goodman¹ ,², and Michal Mackiewicz¹; ¹University of East Anglia Ultrathin Color Filter for Wearable Displays and Multispectral Imaging, and ²National Physical Laboratory (UK) ...... 85 Z. Zhan¹, M. DeMarie¹, B. Zhou², X. Liu³, J. Sun¹, and A. H. Titus¹; Camera spectral senstvty functons are obtaned ether by measure - ¹University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; ²KLA-Tencor; and ments n the laboratory or va estmaton algorthms. A procedure for cam - ³Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) ...... 103 era spectral senstvty measurement s explaned n ths artcle, whch We present a new approach to makng n-pxel color flters for a wear - ams to provde hgh accuracy ground-truth values wth known uncertan - able dsplay such as LCOS (lqud crystal on slcon) or a DLP (dgtal lght ty. The measurements were carred out on a Nkon D5100 camera at the processng) system. Unlke current color flters or methods used n these Natonal Physcal Laboratory, London. devces, our approach enables Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color mages usng We use the obtaned ground truth spectral senstvty functons to color flters fabrcated usng semconductor ultra-thn flm. These flters are evaluate the performance of some estmaton algorthms reported n the less than 100 nm thck, makng them better suted to ntegraton wth lght lterature. We conclude that the estmated senstvtes are not as accurate modulators than tradtonal pgment-based flters. Addtonally, these flms as the ground truth spectral senstvtes and further mprovements are are fabrcated va e-beam evaporaton or RF sputterng, whch s compat - requred. We valdate prevous work, whch shows that a known camera ble wth most modern chp manufacturng. In ths paper, we present the bass provdes a powerful constrant for estmaton. desgn concept for these flters, ncludng smulaton results that demon - We have made the ground truth spectral senstvtes measured at strate mproved lqud crystal control when usng these flters, demonstrate NPL along wth the detaled uncertanty levels avalable onlne for the an example RGB flter array and also present an enhanced structure communty to use as a reference data set. whch could meet requrements of DLP based multspectral magng. Ths s the frst tme the use of these flters s presented for use n lqud crystal based dsplays and DLP. An Image based Multi-Angle Method for Estimating Reflection Geometries of Flexible Objects, Aditya Sole and Ivar Farup, Gjøvik University College (Norway), and Shoji Tominaga, Chiba University (Japan) ...... 91 Evaluation and Comparison of Multispectral Imaging Systems, Gono-spectrometers and mult-angle spectrophotometers are successfully used Raju Shrestha and Jon Yngve Hardeberg, Gjøvik University College for performng mult-angle measurements of non-dffuse materals lke metallc (Norway) ...... 107 nks and pants used n the prnt and packagng ndustry and car pant ndus - Multspectral magng, whch extends the number of magng channels v ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology beyond the conventonal three, has demonstrated to be benefcal for a culated for each color channel n the Fourer doman. wde range of applcatons. Its ablty of acqurng mages beyond the vs - The weght s determned by the ampltude of the cross ble range and applcablty n many dfferent applcaton domans lead spectrum. The weghted normalzed cross spectra of all to the desgn and the development of a number of multspectral magng color channels are combned and nverse Fourer transformaton s con - technologes and systems. Gven dfferent systems to choose from, t s ducted to obtan a POC functon. An expermental evaluaton of the mportant to be able to compare them n a general and n many stua - matchng accuracy between the conventonal POC-based method and the tons specfc to a certan applcaton of nterest. In ths paper, we evalu - proposed method shows that RMSE decreased approxmately 25%. Ths ate several conventonal and recently proposed multspectral magng sys - paper also descrbes an applcaton of the proposed method to a stereo tems, both qualtatvely and quanttatvely. Both spectral and colormetrc mage matchng. The average detecton rato of correspondences accuraces are used as the crtera n the quanttatve evaluaton. The sys - between a stereo-pare mage s mproved 64% to 95%. tems are evaluated and compared for two specfc applcatons: magng of natural scenes and pantngs (cultural hertage), as well as for a gen - Automatic Color Reference Target Detection, Luis E. García Capel and eral spectral magng soluton. Ths work provdes a framework for the Jon Y. Hardeberg, Gjøvik University College (Norway) ...... 119 evaluaton and comparson of dfferent multspectral magng systems, The use of standard color reference targets at mage acquston allows to whch we beleve, would be very helpful n dentfyng the most appropr - compensate for dfferent camera characterstcs, llumnaton condtons ate technque or system for a gven applcaton. and exposure tmes, ensurng true colors n dgtal photo workflows. Relable automatc detecton of reference targets makes color correcton faster, and ths becomes crtcal n mass dgtzaton processes. The exst - Efficient POC-based Correspondence Detection Method for Multi-Channel ng automatc algorthms usually assume that there s lttle perspectve ds - Images, M. Tsuchida¹, S. Sakai², K. Ito², K. Kashino¹, J. Yamato¹, and torton and/or that the scannng resoluton s known, achevng very lm - T. Aoki²; ¹NTT Corporation and ²Tohoku University (Japan) ...... 113 ted results for example when the relatve sze of the color target s We propose a new POC (phase-only correlaton)-based hgh-accuracy unknown. In ths paper we present a preprocessng step that ams at auto - correspondence detecton method for mult-channel mages. There s the matcally detectng a regon of nterest (ROI) where the reference target s possblty of mprovng detecton accuracy because conventonal POC- located. We compare the performance of one of the avalable automatc based methods do not use color nformaton. In the proposed method, a tools (CCFnd) wth and wthout ths preprocessng step, and show a con - normalzed cross spectrum (or cross-phase spectrum) and weght are cal - sderable mprovement n the detecton of color reference targets n a new

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22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology x CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

challengng dataset. In addton, a smple template matchng approach s THURSDAY NOVEMBER 6, 2014 compared wth the performance of CCFnd. The results show that the selecton of a smaller ROI complements well wth the exstng approach - es and helps to mprove detecton. Keynote and IS&T Awards Session Chair: Jennifer Gille, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 9:00 – 10:10 AM Enhancement of Visibility by Adjusting Brightness based on App Image Amphitheater Categorization in Mobile Device, Dae-Chul Kim¹, Bong-Seok Choi¹, Wang-Jun Kyung¹, Dong-Wook Kang², Kyung-Mo Kim², and 9:10 Plenoptic Cameras and Microscopes: Multimodal Capture*, Yeong-Ho Ha¹; ¹Kyungpook National University and ²Samsung Electronics Todor Georgiev, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (USA) Co. LTD (Korea) ...... 125 The vsblty of mages dsplayed on moble devces can vary sgnfcant - Keynote sponsored by Hewlett-Packard Company ly accordng to the lghtng condtons. Generally, the brghtness of a moble devce s adjusted to enhance vsblty accordng to the ntensty of llumnaton. However, dfferent brghtness settngs can be more sut - able to dfferent types of content even under the same llumnaton. Accordngly, ths paper presents a method to adjust a devce’s brghtness accordng to the features of the dsplayed app mages. We started by Beyond the Rainbow performng two subjectve tests under varous lghtng condtons for Session Chair: Aditya Sole, Gjøvik University College selectng the features concernng vsblty for several apps screenshots 10:10 AM – 12:10 PM and for selectng a satsfactory range of devce brghtness for each of Amphitheater those. Then, we analyzed the relatonshp between the app mage fea - tures and the satsfactory brghtness levels. Subsequently, the mages are 10:10 Spectral Printing with a CMYKRGB Printer: A Closer Look, categorzed by usng two features: the average brghtness and the dstr - Steven Le Moan, Technische Universität Darmstadt and buton rato of advancng colors related to satsfactory brghtness. The Philipp Urban, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research optmal devce brghtness for each category s then selected by the max - IGD (Germany) ...... 131 mum frequency of satsfactory devce brghtness. Expermental results Wth the advent of mult-channel technologes, prnters offer more and show that the categorzed app mages wth optmal devce brghtness more possbltes for spectral reproducton. In order to prnt a specfc col - have hgh satsfacton rato under varous lght condtons. or sensaton, there are now more degrees of freedom when t comes to combnng nks (.e. more metamersm). In ths paper, we take the exam - CONFERENCE RECEPTION ple of a CMYKRGB prnter and propose to vsualze the extent of ts spec - 5:30 – 7:30 tral varablty (or degree of metamersm) through the analyss of so-called Foyer paramer-msmatch gamuts. We then evaluate the sutablty of the recent - ly proposed LabAB nterm connecton space n the desgn of look-up tables for spectral color management. We demonstrate n partcular that the spectral varablty of ths prnter s small enough to drastcally reduce the number of necessary grd ponts needed to sample the connecton space wthout loss of perceved qualty.

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x ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology 10:30 Nano-Media: A Novel Multi-Channel Color Image Display with Interactive Previews II* Embedded Covert Information, Reza Qarehbaghi, Hao Jiang, and Session Chairs: Juan Lin, Ricoh Americas Corp., and Bozena Kaminska, Simon Fraser University (Canada) ...... 136 Albrecht Lindner, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. In ths paper, a novel color mage dsplay wth concurrent data storage 12:10 – 12:35 PM s presented. We use a Nano-Meda concept that conssts of a nano- Amphitheater fabrc based on sub-wavelength pxelated structures and an ntensty con - trol layer (ICL) deposted on top of a fabrc. The ICL s used to tune the brghtness of ndvdual RGB sub-pxels and to obtan the desred pattern, Methods to Assess the Relative Number of Discernible Colors for data or mage. Usng ths technology, any nformaton can be stored and Displays, Yuan Li, Stephen Westland, Qianqian Pan, and Vien Cheung, dsplayed as optcal machne and/or human readable. The expermental University of Leeds (UK) ...... 151 work s presented to show the Nano-Meda used for the multspectral The quanttatve descrpton of the sze of a dsplay gamut s crucal for layers of nformaton storage and dsplay. The fabrcaton results are desgnng the wde-gamut dsplay of hgh saturaton prmares. Three dscussed together wth the practcal examples for varous applcatons. methods are proposed for the calculaton of the number of dscernble col - ors n a dsplay gamut volume. The methods are demonstrated wth a 10:50 —11:30 AM Coffee Break comparson of two moble phone dsplays, one based on AMOLED tech - nology and the other based on LCD technology. The AMOLED has 60- 80% more dscernble colors than the LCD dsplay. Not only s the result 11:30 Rapid Simulation of Translucent Material with Contrast-Reversing relatvely nvarant to the computatonal method but t s also smlar when Rendering, Ryota Domon¹, Shoji Yamamoto², Kentaro Hikosaka³, the analyss s carred out n CIELAB space or CIECAM02 space. and Norimichi Tsumura¹; ¹Chiba University, ²Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, and ³Nikon Corporation Color Naming Transitions, Maria J.S.P. Brasil, Physics Institute, UNICAMP (Japan) ...... 141 (Brazil), and Stephen Westland and Qianqian Pan, University of Leeds We present a renderng method to reproduce translucent appearances n (UK) ...... 155 real-tme. Snce the translucency s caused by complcated lght behavor We explore the noton that varatons n cone spectral senstvtes could such as scatterng and absorpton, reproducng translucent materal cause varatons n color-name boundares between ndvduals. Ffteen requres computatonally expensve cost. Due to ts computatonal cost, t observers made color matches to a test stmulus (580 nm) wth three pr - s dffcult to apply the dgtal mock-up wth the computer graphcs for the mary lghts n a vsual colormeter. The same observers took part n two purpose of cost reducton and acceleraton of developng products. In psychophyscal experments to determne the color-namng boundary order to reproduce the translucent appearance rapdly, we focus on the between two focal colors (yellow and green). In one experment observers contrast-reversng mage processng. We embed ths smple mage pro - used a slder bar to ndcate the boundary; n the other they were present - cessng method to the reflecton model. Our proposed method can repro - ed wth a color stmulus and asked to state whether t was yellow or green duce n real-tme wth almost the same appearance compared to commer - n a 2afc desgn. In the case of the 2afc experment the results ndcate cal renderng software. some evdence to suggest a correlaton n the poston of the name bound - ary and the rato of red and green lghts used n vsual color matches.

11:50 Principal Component Analysis for Skin Reflectance Perceptual Spatial Uniformity Assessment of Projection Displays with a Reconstruction, Kaida Xiao¹ ,², Zhenghui Qin¹, Tushar Chauhan², Calibrated Camera, Ping Zhao¹, Marius Pedersen¹, Jean-Baptiste Thomas², Changjun Li¹, and Sophie Wuerger²; ¹University of Science and and Jon Yngve Hardeberg¹; ¹Gjøvik University College (Norway) and Technology Liaoning (China) and ²University of Liverpool (UK) 146 ²Université de Bourgogne (France) ...... 159 Prncpal component analyses (PCA) were conducted for skn spectral Spatal unformty s one of the most mportant mage qualty attrbutes n reflectance of a new skn colour database. Results for skn colours from vsual experence of dsplays. In conventonal researches, spatal unfor - dfferent ethnc groups were analysed and reflectance reconstructon mty was mostly measured wth a radometer and ts qualty was assessed based on frst three components obtaned by PCA were nvestgated. wth non-reference mage qualty metrcs. Cameras are cheaper than Sgnfcant dfferences n the derved prncpal components for the three radometers and they can provde accurate relatve measurements f they ethnc groups were found. Furthermore, a new nonlnear optmzaton are carefully calbrated. In ths paper, we propose and mplement a model based on all reflectance data was developed for generatng the work-flow to use a calbrated camera as a relatve acquston devce of three bass functons for reflectance reconstructon. Comparson results for ntensty to measure the spatal unformty of projecton dsplays. The cam - reflectance predctons show the bass functons obtaned from the new era ntensty transfer functons for every projected pxels are recovered, optmsaton model are better than those obtaned from PCA. so we can produce multple levels of lnearzed non-unformty on the screen n the purpose of mage qualty assessment. The experment results suggest that our work-flow works well. Besdes, none of the frequently referred unformty metrcs correlate well wth the perceptual results for all types of test mages. The spatal non-unformty s largely masked by the hgh frequency components n the dsplayed mage content, and we should smulate the human vsual system to gnore the non- unformty that cannot be dscrmnated by human observers. The smulaton can be mplemented usng models based on contrast senstvty functons, con - trast maskng, etc.

*These papers are prevewed durng ths sesson and presented Thursday from 4:00 – 5:30 PM durng the Interactve Paper Presentaton Sesson.

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology x CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

High-Precision Color Communication for Paper Making between Color Processing in Pathology Image Anaylsis System for Liver Biopsy, Graphics Arts and Paper Industry, Hanno Hoffstadt, GMG GmbH & Co. Yuri Murakami¹, Tokiya Abe², Yoshiko Yamashita³, Masahiro Yamaguchi¹, KG (Germany) ...... 165 Masahiro Ishikawa 4, Akinori Hashiguchi², Kiyuna Tomoharu³, Akira Saito³, Ths paper explores some nfluences on measurement results and means and Michiie Sakamoto²; ¹Tokyo Institute of Technology, ²Keio University, to tghten achevable tolerances. A set of unprnted paper samples nclud - ³NEC Corporation, and 4Saitama Medical University (Japan) ...... 184 ng IR3 reference calbraton standards was prepared and measured wth We have been developng a prototype system for the automatc detecton 5 benchtop nstruments (Elrepho-lke) and 7 hand-held nstruments (X-Rte of hepatocellular carcnoma (HCC) from whole slde mages (WSIs) of lv - Spectrolno). The samples were selected by surface (uncoated, matte, er bopsy based on mage analyss technques. In ths paper, we present semmatte, glossy, hgh glossy) and effect of optcal brghteners (OBA, two color-related topcs of ths system: color correcton and the calcula - from very low to hgh fluorescence). The nstruments were tested frst for ton of color-related features of cytoplasm. A WSI-bass color correcton ther short-term repeatablty, then for nter-nstrument agreement, whch method was mplemented for the prototype system. We tested the color was better for the Elrephos, but could be matched for the Spectrolnos by correcton usng more than 300 WISs, and t was confrmed that the col - adjustng for gloss and OBA response. Sample nhomogenety requred or correcton works well and stably. In addton, t was found that the suc - multple Spectrolno measurements to match the El-repho’s XLAV aperture. cess rate of nucle detecton sgnfcantly ncreaseed due to color correc - Wth these methods and some precautons n calbraton, measurements ton. As for color-related features, we propose a method to calculate the can be translated from one type of nstrument to another wth tolerances representatve color of cytoplasm and the clearness of cytoplasm. It was well below 1 ∆E. found that there was slght dfference between the dstrbutons of the rep - resentatve colors of HCC and non-cancer tssues. In addton, there was slght correlaton between the clearness of cytoplasm and nucle densty, Calibration Sets for Multiprimary Displays: Representation, whch mples a promsng role of the clearness ndex n a nucle-based Visualization, and Applications, Carlos Eduardo Rodríguez-Pardo and HCC detecton. Gaurav Sharma, University of Rochester (USA) ...... 171 In ths paper, we consder dealzed addtve multprmary dsplays and provde: a) a complete mathematcal characterzaton for the calbraton Using Different Color Models to Test JPEG and Modified JPEG, set, i.e., the set of control values that produce a gven color, b) a subspace Muhammad Safdar¹, M. Ronnier Luo¹ ,², and Xiaoyu Liu¹ ,³; ¹Zhejiang decomposton of the devce control space that decomposes the control sg - University (China), ²University of Leeds (UK), and ³Harbin Engineering nals nto constraned and unconstraned dmensons, and c)a method for University (China) ...... 189 vsualzng and analyzng alternatve calbraton strateges va the repre - In ths paper, ssues of storage and transmsson of hgh qualty color sentaton and the subspace decomposton. Specfcally, we demonstrate mages were dscussed. JPEG s the most robust algorthm beng used for that the calbraton set for a gven color s a convex polytope n the devce mage compresson. The cubc splne nterpolaton (CSI) has prevously control space whose vertces correspond to alternatve tessellatons of the been used n JPEG1992 to mprove ts performance for medcal mages. gamut n a prevously proposed representaton. For a K prmary dsplay, In current work, CSI was amalgamated wth JPEG 1992 standard for we decompose the K dmensonal control space nto a 3 dmensonal con - color mage compresson. In addton, dfferent color models were also trol vsual sub-space (CVS) that s completely determned by the desred ncorporated nto JPEG to compare the performance of JPEG and mod - color and a (K −3) dmensonal control black space (CBS) that contans the fed JPEG named as CSI-JPEG. The JPEG was modfed at two stages alternatve calbratons wthn ts lnear varetes, .e., affne translatons. called color space converson and down samplng stage and was tested We use these results for ready vsualzaton and analyss of these sets and by ncorporatng dfferent color models. The results showed that CSI-JPEG of alternatve calbraton strateges for multprmary dsplays. For dsplay algorthm provded about 30% more compresson rate on average for technologes such as OLED, where power s swtched at the ndvdual px - same vsual qualty as compared to tradtonal JPEG algorthm. el level, our methodology reduces the mnmum and maxmum power cal - Moreover, CAM02-UCS was found to perform best n terms of compres - braton strateges to lnear programs on polytopes, whch are well-studed son rate and mage qualty for both of the algorthms. By statstcal sg - and allow correspondng calbratons to be mmedately determned as nfcance test, the performance of CAM02-UCS was proved sgnfcantly approprate vertces of the polytopes for calbraton sets. The vsualzatons better comparng wth non-unform color spaces and the performance df - confrm the ntuton that these calbraton strateges are not necessarly ference of CSI-JPEG and JPEG was also sgnfcant. Ths also mples that well-behaved n the presence of devce varablty we hghlght how alter - CAM02-UCS s a more vsually unform color space than CIELAB and natve strateges can be formulated wthn the proposed framework. CIELUV. Psychophyscal experments were also conducted that valdated the test results.

Color Rendering Pipeline of a Color Tunable Reflective Display, A Study on Special Surface Effects: Diffuse Coarseness and Glint Huanzhao Zeng, Qualcomm Technology Inc. (USA) ...... 180 Impression*, Z. Winston Wang, 1 M. Ronnier Luo, 1, 2 and Binyu Wang 3; A color tunable reflectve dsplay (CTRD) s a reflectve dsplay n whch 1Zhejiang University (China), 2Univiersity of Leeds (UK), and 3Clarient prmary colors are tunable. Wth the avalablty of a large amount of Greater China (China) hgh chromatc prmares, t produces much rcher colors than other reflec - tve dsplays. However, due to a large amount of prmares and the lack of ntensty depths, a regular dsplay color ppelne cannot be appled. Ths paper presents a method to enable superor color gamut of the CTRD technology.

*No abstract or paper avalable. x ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology Colour Separation of n-Colour Printing Process Using Inverse Printer mpact of color on gloss usng prnted color samples Models, Kiran Deshpande, London College of Communication (UK); varyng between low and medum gloss levels. A psy - Phil Green, Gjøvik University College (Norway); and Michael R. Pointer, chophyscal experment was conducted to relate specu - University of Leeds (UK) ...... 194 lar gloss measurements to percepton. Results show that second order Although the n-colour prntng process ncreases the colour gamut, t pres - polynomals descrbe well ths relatonshp ndependently of the underly - ents a challenge n generatng colour separatons. Ths paper evaluates ng color. Followng the same trend for all colors, the magntude of per - dfferent methods of mplementng the nverse prnter model to obtan the ceved gloss decreases wth ncreasng lghtness. colour separaton for n-colour prntng processes. The constraned optm - saton and the look-up table based nverson methods were evaluated. The colorant space was dvded nto sectors of 4-nks and the nverse 2:20 Gaussian Illuminants and Reflectances for Colour Signal prnter models were appled to each sector. The results were found to be Prediction, Hamidreza Mirzaei and Brian Funt, Simon Fraser adequate wth the mean CIEDE2000 values between the orgnal colours University (Canada) ...... 212 and the model predcted colours below 1.5 for most of the models. The An alternatve to the von Kres scalng underlyng the chromatc adapta - lookup table based nverson was computatonally faster than the con - ton transforms found n colour appearance models such as CIECAM02 straned optmsaton approach. The 9-level lookup table model gave s suggested for predctng what the colour sgnal (e.g., XYZ) reflected accurate predcton wthout costng the processng tme. It can be used to from a surface under a frst llumnant s lkely to become when lt nstead replace spot coloured nks wth the 7-colour prntng process n packag - by a second llumnant. The proposed method, G2M, employs metamer - ng prntng to acheve sgnfcant cost savngs. c Gaussan-lke functons to model the llumnant and reflectance spectra. The method’s predcton s based on relghtng the Gaussan-lke reflectance spectrum wth the second Gaussan-lke llumnant. Tests show Performance of Various Color Difference Models in Challenging Regions that the proposed G2M method sgnfcantly outperforms CIECAT02. of CIELAB Color Space, Renzo Shamey, Renbo Cao, Weethima Sawatwarakul, and Juan Lin, North Carolina State University (USA) . . 200 2:40 Pixel-Wise Illuminant Estimation for Mixed Illuminant Scenes To examne the performance of a select group of advanced color dffer - based on Near-Infrared Camera Information, Joschua Thomas ence equatons aganst vsual color dfference data, we report the devel - Simon-Liedtke, Jon Yngve Hardeberg, and Per Ove Husøy, Gjøvik opment of a combned vsual dataset consstng of samples n the CIE low University College (Norway) ...... 217 and hgh chroma blue color centers (NCSU-B and NCSU-B2), a recent set Computatonal color constancy or whte balancng methods for dgtal cam - of near black samples (NCSU-BK) and a new dataset around a gray cen - eras emulate the ablty of the human vsual system to adapt to dfferent lght - ter (L*=50.56, a*=-0.11, b*=0.03), hereafter called NCSU-Gr, usng ng stuatons and to mantan color constancy. Global whte balancng algo - the gray scale method. The new gray dataset conssted of 21 matte pant - rthms have been shown to gve remarkable results for scenes llumnated by ed samples, and the vsual dfference between each of the samples one lght source, but proven less adequate for mult-llumnaton scenes aganst the standard was assessed by 35 color normal observers under where multple lght sources are present. Usng nformaton from an addton - hghly controlled vewng and llumnaton condtons and usng the al near-nfrared channel can be used to estmate the whte pont at every px - AATCC gray scales, n three separate sttngs, and a total of 2205 el n the mage by comparng the pxels’ NRGB values to a mult-dmenson - assessments were obtaned. The performance of two groups of color df - al lookup table wth precomputed NRGB values. Ths estmated whte pont ference equatons consstng of: 1) those based on CIELAB color space can then be used for whte balancng va lnearzed Bradford transform. The and 2) those based on more unform color spaces/appearance model lookup table requres measurement of multple reflectance and llumnaton such as DIN, CIECAM02 and OSA, aganst the vsual dataset was exam - spectra that are representatve for an offce envronment. The method per - ned for the NCSU-Gr, and also for the combned dataset (NCSU-COM). forms better than conventonal global whte balancng methods. The results show that CIEDE2000 (2:1:1) exhbts the best performance for the NCSU-Gr dataset n comparson to other equatons examned. Ths confrms that the G term n the CIEDE2000 sgnfcantly mproves ts 3:00 Light Profile Uniformity in Linear Lighting Applications, performance n the near neutral gray regon. An examnaton of the per - Michael J. Murdoch, Philips Research (the Netherlands); formance of the models aganst the combned dataset, however, shows Susanne Seitinger, Eric Roth, and Peter Goldstein, Philips Color that the more unform color space/appearance models produce better Kinetics (USA); and Ulrich Engelke, Commonwealth Scientific and results than models based on CIELAB color space, wth CAM02-SCD per - Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) (Australia) ...... 222 formng sgnfcantly better than other equatons except CAM02-UCS. LED lghtng n a lnear form factor can provde valuable accent lghtng and vertcal llumnaton n archtectural cove and graze applcatons. Ideally, lnear lghts provde a smooth gradent of lght onto a surface wth - Bright Ideas out dsturbances along ther length. However, socket shadows between Session Chair: Patrick Emmel, Clariant International Ltd. dscrete fxtures and multple LEDs per fxture can lead to vsble nonunfor - 2:00 – 3:20 PM mtes, often worse near the lght source but mxed to unformty further Amphitheater away. Perceved mxng dstances n the llumnaton patterns of a varety of lnear lght sources were assessed vsually, and objectve metrcs based 2:00 Color-Printed Gloss: Relating Measurements to Perception, on llumnaton measurements were developed. Accurate predctons of Sepideh Samadzadegan and Jana Blahová, Technische Universität mxng dstances are shown based on trends n CIE DE2000 color errors Darmstadt, and Philipp Urban, Fraunhofer-Institut für Graphische computed between the measured lght pattern and analogous Gaussan- Datenverarbeitung IGD (Germany) ...... 207 weghted local neghborhood regons. Effects of varatons n parameters In order to assess the prnt qualty, color and gloss are two mportant fac - of DE threshold and neghborhood sze and shape are dscussed. tors that should always be consdered. In ths paper, we nvestgate the

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology x CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

Colorful Language FRIDAY NOVEMBER 7, 2014 Session Chair: Youngshin Kwak, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 3:20 – 4:00 PM CIC22 Workshops Amphitheater Workshops run concurrently, with a coffee break from 10:00 – 10:30 AM in various rooms, posted onsite. Select one from the following. If papers are presented within a 3:20 Adapting Color Difference for Design, Danielle Albers Szafir¹ ,², workshop, they are listed below that workshop. Maureen Stone¹, and Michael Gleicher¹; ¹University of Wisconsin- 8:00 AM – 12:30 PM, unless noted Madison and ²Tableau Research (USA) ...... 228 10:00 —10:30 AM Coffee Break CIELAB s commonly used n desgn as t provdes a smple method for approxmatng color dfference. However, these approxmatons model color percepton under laboratory condtons, wth correctly calbrated W1: From Image Processing to Visual Neuroscience through the dsplays and carefully constraned vewng envronments that are not Retinex Theory of Color Workshop reflectve of complexty of vewng condtons encountered n the real Chairs: Marcelo Bertalmío, University Pompeu Fabra (Spain); Alessandro world. In ths paper, we present a data-drven engneerng model for Rizzi, University of Milano (Italy); and John McCann, McCann Imaging parametrc color dfference that extends CIELAB to be more broadly (USA) applcable to real-world condtons. Our model can be tuned to a desred The Retnex theory of Edwn Land proposed a model of human color range of vewers and condtons usng a smple modelng procedure, vson based on color percepton experments. The orgnal Retnex algo - whle mnmally ncreasng the complexty of the model. We demonstrate rthm, by Land and McCann, s capable of performng color correcton our approach emprcally by modelng color dfferences for the web by and contrast enhancement of mages, wth some lmtatons regardng leveragng crowdsourced partcpants. overexposed pctures and vsual artfacts stemmng from ts mplementa - ton based on one dmensonal paths. By replacng these paths by two 3:40 A Similarity Measure for Large Color Differences, dmensonal kernels whle mantanng all the basc tenets of the theory, Nathan Moroney, Ingeborg Tastl, and Melanie Gottwals, Hewlett- another Retnex algorthm was obtaned that does not produce artfacts Packard Laboratories (USA) ...... 234 and can be extended nto a varatonal formulaton allowng to handle

Hundreds of large color dfferences, of magntude 20 ∆E 00 , were gener - naturally both over and underexposed mages. Furthermore, ths vara - ated and used n a vsual sortng experment. The process of generatng tonal formulaton lnked Retnex wth hstogram equalzaton n mage these color dfferences and two specfc experments are descrbed n processng and wth effcency of representaton and lghtness nducton

detal. The results show that small color dfference metrcs, such as ∆E 00 , n vsual neuroscence. do not consstently model the vsually sorted dfferences for large dffer - Ths workshop provdes attendees wth a clear and novel look at the ences. A new smlarty measure, based on a cosne smlarty between Retnex theory of color vson, seeng ts contrbutons n a new lght and categorcal vectors of colors, s descrbed and used to more consstently showng the potental for applcatons to problems n mage processng model large color dfferences. Ths smlarty metrc can be used to better and computer graphcs such as color constancy, contrast enhancement, characterze large color errors durng reproducton, for mage processng haze removal, tone mappng of hgh dynamc range mages, gamut operatons such as segmentaton or as a feature for content retreval. The reducton and extenson for cnema, and color transfer. new measure can also be appled to vsual phenomena, such as categor - cal percepton, n whch wthn category color dfferences are perceved W2: New Insights on Metamerism Workshop as smaller than across category dfferences. Chair: Michal Mackiewicz, University of East Anglia (UK) Note: This workshop begins at 9:00 AM Ths workshop brng researchers who work n varous parts of the rele - Interactive Paper Presentation Session vant felds together so that the most recent nsghts can be shared and 4:00 – 5:30 PM new deas stmulated. The relevant dscplnes nclude those that touch Lobby and Foyers upon varous aspects of metamersm from the general mathematcs of col - or formaton equaton to metamersm ssues related to certan specfc applcatons. The dea here s to present the current research n the relat - ed research felds and the specfc challenges n those felds. The colla - ton of presentatons on ths specfc topc n one workshop should provde new nsghts that beneft the related relevant dscplnes.

From Metamerism to Metamer Mismatching and Beyond*, Alexander D. Logvinenko, Glasgow Caledonian University (UK)

Metamer Mismatch Volumes of Flat Grey, Brian Funt and Hamidreza Mirzaei, Simon Fraser University (Canada); and Alexander D. Logvinenko, Glasgow Caledonian University (UK) ...... 240 Metamer msmatchng refers to the fact that two objects reflectng lght causng dentcal colour sgnals (.e., cone response or XYZ) under one llumnaton may reflect lght causng non-dentcal colour sgnals under a

*No abstract or paper avalable. xv ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology second llumnaton. As a consequence of metamer msmatchng, two The workshop begns wth a seres of nvted talks objects appearng the same under the frst llumnant can be expected to from establshed researchers from prntng companes appear dfferent under the second llumnant. Metamers of the flat grey and academa who present ther vews on the future of reflectance (i.e., 50% across the vsble spectrum) are of partcular nter- prntng. A panel dscusson follows. lead by a group of postgraduate stu- est snce they show the potental serousness of metamer msmatchng. dents and postdocs conductng research n the feld of spectral-, multlay- Metamer msmatchng of flat grey s very sgnfcant for some lghts and erng-, and 2.5D-prntng. Partcpants have the opportunty to ask ques- ncludes the possblty of 20 objects havng the same colour sgnal as flat tons and gve a short presentaton of ther ongong research or grey under red lght dspersng nto a whole hue crcle under a neutral development. The workshop concludes wth a demonstraton sesson (“whte”) lght. Flat grey under LED llumnaton s also shown to have a showng new prntng applcatons, openng further dscusson between sgnfcant metamer msmatch volume when the lght s changed to D65. partcpants who are encouraged to brng ther own hands-on materals

Metamerism in Printing: Bane or Boon*, Philipp Urban, Fraunhofer Institute Colour Printing 7.0: Next Generation Multi-Channel Printing, for Computer Graphics Research IGD (Germany) Ludovic Gustafsson Coppel, Aditya Sole, and Jon-Yngve Hardeberg, Gjøvik University College (Norway) ...... 242 Calculating Metamer Sets for Spectrally Tunable LED Illuminators*, Colour Prntng 7.0: Next Generaton Mult-Channel Prntng (CP7.0) s a Michal Mackiewicz, University of East Anglia (UK) tranng and research project funded under the Mare Skłodowska-Cure Intal Tranng Networks (MCITN) call n EU’s seventh framework W3: Camera Color Characterization Workshop programme (FP7) . The project s led by Gjøvk Unversty College n Organized by Dietmar Wueller, Image Engineering GmbH & Co. KG collaboraton wth fve full network partners and sx assocated partners (Germany); Moderated by Sabine Süsstrunk, EPFL (Switzerland) from academa and ndustry. The project addresses a sgnfcant need for Ths workshop covers the whole process of camera characterzaton n research, tranng and nnovaton n the prntng ndustry. The man ob- theory and practce; a talk s provded on all mportant aspects. The talks jectves of ths project are to tran a new generaton of prntng scentsts are followed by a practcal demonstraton of spectral characterzaton who wll be able to assume scence and technology lead-ershp n ths and mplementaton of the data (n cooperaton wth all speakers) establshed technologcal sector, and to do research n the colour prnt- Many camera manufacturers stck to old test chart based color char- ng feld by fully explorng the possbltes of usng more than the conven- acterzaton methods because they reluctant to change a runnng system tonal CMYK nks. The research fo-cuses partcularly on spectral reproduc- or have not fully understood what modern technology can do. ton (new spectral colour modellng, spectral gamut mappng, halftonng The goal of the workshop s to dentfy and demonstrate known and mage qualty assessment) and on multlayerng prntng methods to ssues n ths process and provde potental solutons usng latest technol- control nk mxng, relef (2.5 D prnts) and surface propertes. Ths paper ogy lke multspectral LED lght sources n combnaton wth n stu meas- revews the achevements of the project so far n conjuncton wth a top- ured spectral radances of natural objects and modern mplementatons cal workshop at the 22nd Colour and Imagng Conference on ”Next gen- of color look up tables so that partcpants get all the nformaton they eraton colour prntng.” need to mplement advanced color correcton n ther cameras and software. What is the Colour of Your Eye?* Reiner Eschbach, Xerox Corporation (USA) Why Cameras Need to be Characterized and Calibrated*, Kevin Matherson, Microsoft Corporation (USA) Next-gen Printer: Let's Make a Wish*, Nicolas Bonnier, Canon Information Systems Research Australia Pty Ltd (Australia) Target-based versus Spectral Camera Calibration*, Eric Walowit (USA) Halftone-Palate Type of Both Soft-proofing and Hard-proofing Applications via Multispectral Approach for High-Fidelity Printing Target-based versus In Situ Spectral Training Data*, Dietmar Wueller, Systems*, Mei-Chun Lo, Shih Hsin University (Taiwan) Image Engineering GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) 12:30 —1:30 PM Lunch Break Impact of Color Correction on General Image Quality*, Paul Hubel, Apple Inc. (USA) IADP Closing Joint Keynote CCM versus Color Lookup Tables*, Michael Vrhel, Artifex Software, Inc. Session Chairs: Klaus Kayser, Humboldt University (Charite), Institute of (USA) Pathology, and Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School 1:30 – 2:20 PM W4: Next Generation Color Printing Workshop Amphitheater Chairs: Ludovic Gustafsson Coppel and Radovan Slavuj, Gjøvik University College (Norway) 1:30 Human Factors in Telepathology: The 21st Century Agenda*, Emergng technques such as mult-channel and mult-layerng (2.5D/3D) Ronald S. Weinstein, Arizona Telemedicine Program (USA) prntng open new research areas and applcatons n prntng. Ths workshop gves researchers n color scence, appearance modellng and/or prntng technology the opportunty to share deas and dscuss potental applcatons wth representatves from leadng prnter manufacturers. The goal s to provde a forum for branstormng the future of prntng and *No abstract or paper avalable. dentfyng new research problems and potental ndustral applcatons. 22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology xv CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

Putting Color to Work 3:20 Image Sensor Modeling: Color Measurement at Low Light Levels Session Chair: Caterina Ripamonti, UCL, Institute of Ophthalmology (CIC/JIST Paper) , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh and James J. Clark, 2:20 – 3:40 PM McGill University (Canada) ...... 265 Amphitheater The nvestgaton of low lght magng s of hgh mportance n the feld of color scence from dfferent perspectves. One of the most mportant 2:20 Imaging Color Target for Off-Axis Illumination Reflectance challenges that arses at low lght levels s the ssue of nose or, more gen - Microscopy, Jennifer D. T. Kruschwitz and Roy S. Berns, Rochester erally speakng, low sgnal-to-nose rato (SNR). In the present work, Institute of Technology (USA) ...... 247 effects of dfferent mage sensor noses, such as photon nose, dark cur - A color target has been desgned and fabrcated for off-axs llumnaton rent nose, read nose, and quantzaton error are nvestgated n low reflectance mcroscopy that utlzes mcrolens arrays and color mrrors. lght color measurements. In ths regard, a typcal mage sensor s mod - The color mrrors are optcal nterference coatngs that are smlar to eled and employed for ths study. A detaled model of nose s consdered desgns used for ant-counterfetng effect pgments. Ths system of n the process of mplementng the mage sensor model to guarantee the mcrolenses and color mrrors allows the user to mage dfferent colored precson of the results. Several experments have been performed over specular hghlghts. An nfnte number of spectral reflectance profles can the mplemented framework and the results show the followng: frst, pho - be created wth these color targets and used not only colormetrcally, but ton nose, read nose, and quantzaton error lead to uncertan measure - also for multspectral magng applcatons. The targets are not lmted to ments dstrbuted around the nose free measurements and these nosy the vsble regon; they can also be desgned to work n the ultra-volet samples form an ellptcal shape n the chromatcty dagram; second, and nfrared wavelength regons. Ths paper wll descrbe how these even for an deal mage sensor, n very dark stuatons, stable measure - targets work, the mage capturng consderatons (flat-feldng, whte ment of color s mpossble due to the physcal lmtaton mposed by the balance, etc.), and some expermental results. fluctuatons n photon emsson rate; thrd, dark current nose reveals dynamc effects on color measurements by shftng ther chromatctes towards the chromatcty of the camera black pont; fourth, dark current 2:40 An Engineering Model for Color Difference as a Function of Size, domnates the other sensor nose types n the mage sensor n terms of Maureen Stone¹, Danielle Albers Szafir¹ ,², and Vidya Setlur¹; affectng measurements. Moreover, an SNR senstvty analyss aganst ¹Tableau Research and ²University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) 253 the nose parameters s presented over dfferent lght ntenstes. Ths work descrbes a frst step towards the creaton of an engneerng model for the percepton of color dfference as a functon of sze. Our approach s to non-unformly rescale CIELAB usng data from crowd - CIC22 Closing Keynote: Color in Boston sourced experments, such as those run on Amazon Mechancal Turk. In Session Chair: Jennifer Gille, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. such experments, the nevtable varatons n vewng condtons reflect 4:00 – 5:15 PM the envronment many applcatons must run n. Our goal s to create a Amphitheater useful model for desgn applcatons where t s mportant to make colors dstnct, but for whch a small set of hghly dstnct colors s nadequate. 4:00 Color Research in Boston, John McCann, McCann Imaging . 276 In the 22 years of the Color Imagng Conference, ths s the frst tme we meet n Boston. The hstory research on color by Bostonans begns wth 3:00 Compression of Reflectance Data Using an Evolved Spectral Benjamn Thompson’s (Count Rumford's) study of complementary colors Correlation Profile, Peter Morovic and Ján Morovic, Hewlett- n 1793. The hstory ncludes the experments of Olver Wendell Homes, Packard Company (Spain); Michael H. Brill, Datacolor; and Wllam James, Leonard Troland, Alfred Munsell, Smtte Stevens, George Eric Walowit (USA) ...... 259 Wald, Paul Brown, John Dowlng, Edwn Land, Davd Hubel, Torsten Snce spectral data s sgnfcantly hgher-dmensonal than colormetrc Wesel, Bevl Conway, and many more. The talk wll trace the many con - data, the choce of operatng n a spectral doman brngs memory, stor - nectons between physcs, psychology, photography, and color that have age and computatonal throughput hts wth t. Whle spectral compres - roots n Boston. son technques exst, e.g., on the bass of Multvarate Analyss (manly Prncpal Component Analyss and related methods), they result n repre - 5:00 Presentation of the Paper Awards sentatons of spectra that no longer have a drect physcal meanng n Best Student Paper Award sponsored by MERL that ther ndvdual values no longer drectly express propertes at a spe - cfc wavelength nterval. As a result, such compressed spectral data s not sutable for drect applcaton of physcally meanngful computaton and analyss. The framework presented here s an evoluton and exten - son of the spectral correlaton profle publshed before. It s a smple model, drven by a few adjustable parameters, that allows for the gener - 5:05 Closing and plans for 2015 in Europe aton of nearly arbtrary, but physcally realstc, spectra that can be com - puted effcently, and are useful over a wde range of condtons. A prac - tcal applcaton of ts prncples then ncludes a spectral compresson approach that reles on dscardng spectral wavelengths that are most redundant, gven correlaton to ther neghbors. The goodness of repre - sentng realstc spectra s evaluated usng the MIPE metrc as appled to the SOCS and other databases as a reference. The end result s an eff - cent, yet physcally meanngful, compressed spectral representaton that benefts computaton, transmsson and storage of spectral content. xv ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology IADP Technical Papers Program: Schedule and Contents see CIC22 Program beginning on page iii; those IADP papers with short papers and figures are noted below, and found in the appendix of the CIC22 proceedings book, found on the accompanying usb stick. The IADP program is also published in Analytical Cellular Pathology.

WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 5, 2014

Welcome and Joint Opening Keynote opment of a sutable color target that ncludes a set of patches wth spec- Session Chairs: Jennifer Gille, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and tra smlar to those encountered when vewng pathology sldes wth Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School staned tssue samples. [See Appendix 01 for short paper and figures.] 9:00 – 10:00 AM Amphitheater Validation of Whole Slide Imaging*, Liron Pantanowitz, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Shadyside (USA) 9:10 Sensing Surfaces with GelSight*, Ted Adelson, Massachussetts Institute of Technology 11:00 —11:40 AM Coffee Break

Keynote sponsored by Canon USA, Inc. Joint Keynote Session Chair: Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School 11:40 AM – 12:35 PM Amphitheater Digital Pathology, Color, and Imaging Joint Panel Session Chair: Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and 11:40 Microimaging: Seeing the Unseen in Living Patients, Harvard Medical School Guillermo J. Tearney, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard 10:00 – 11:00 AM Medical School, and Wellman Center for Photomedicine (USA) Amphitheater Abstract: Today’s gold standard for medcal dagnoss s hstology of excsed bopses or fsurgcal specmens where tssue s taken out of the The Important Aspects in Digital Pathology Standardization*, body, processed, sectoned, staned an looked at under a lght mcro- Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical scope by a pathologst. There are many lmtatons of ths technque, School (USA) ncludng the fact that t s nherently nvasve, tme consumng, costly, and dangerous for some organs. Furthermore, oftentmes the dseased tssue Clinical Implementation of Digital Pathology*, John Gilbertson, s not readly seen by vsual nspecton and as a result the tssue s sam- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) pled at a random locaton, whch can be hghly naccurate. If we could nstead conduct mcroscopy nsde the body, then we could provde tools Color Management in Digital Pathology, W. Craig Revie¹, Mike Shires², for screenng, targetng bopses, makng prmary dsease dagnoss, and Pete Jackson², David Brettle³, Ravinder Cochrane¹, and Darren Treanor²,³; gudng nterventon on the cellular bass. Ths promse has motvated the ¹FFEI Ltd., ²University of Leeds, and ³Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS development of a new feld, termed n vvo mcroscopy, the goal of whch Trust (UK) ...... s to obtan mcroscopc mages from lvng human patents. Two n vvo In dgtal mcroscopes and whole slde magng systems, mages of sldes mcroscopy technologes, confocal mcroscopy and optcal coherence are captured, transmtted and reproduced on a computer dsplay. In tomography, are currently avalable and n clncal use. Upcomng devel- order to allow pathologsts to nterpret these mages accurately and eff- opments, ncludng whole organ mcroscopy, swallowable mcroscopy cently t s mportant that colors from the sldes are dsplayed n a conss- capsules, molecular magng, and very hgh resoluton mcroscopc tent and relable fashon. devces are n the ppelne and wll lkely revolutonze how dsease s The fnal color of the mage presented to the vewng pathologst dagnosed and how medcne s practced n the future. depends on several steps through the magng pathway, ncludng sample llumnaton, magnfcaton, mage capture, compresson, storage, and 12:35 — 2:00 PM Lunch Break reproducton on the computer dsplay. There are many possble system desgns and, wthn a sngle system, dfferent setup optons whch can affect the fnal mage leadng to sgnfcant varaton n mage appearances. 3D Imaging, Visualization, and Analysis Ths paper summarzes recent work by members of the Internatonal Session Chairs: Stanley Cohen, Center for Biophysical Pathology, Color Consortum Medcal Imagng Workng Group to develop test mate- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, and rals and methods for the assessment of color calbraton of dgtal mcro- Masahiro Yamaguchi, Tokyo Institute of Technology scope systems. Ths work ncludes sharng of deas on devce calbraton, 2:00 – 3:20 PM mage processng and dsplay. 3rd floor, Rotunda The paper further dscusses the challenges encountered n the devel- 2:00 Analysis of 3D Histology Imaging*, Yukako Yagi, MGH PICT *No abstract avalable Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (USA)

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology xv CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

2:20 Understanding 3-Dimensional World from 2-Dimentional Immuno- and healthcare cost. Spectrally encoded confocal mcroscopy (SECM) s Fluorescent Adjacent Sections, Sho Fujisawa, Dmitry Yarilin, Ning Fan, a hgh-speed confocal mcroscopy technque [1] that can vsualze cellu- Mesruh Turkekul, Ke Xu, Afsar Barlas, and Katia Manova-Todorova, lar and sub-cellular features of an unstaned fresh tssue. SECM s 10-100 Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer tmes faster than conventonal confocal mcroscopes and has been Center (USA) ...... demonstrated to mage an entre endoscopc mucosal resecton (EMR) Background: In many felds of bologcal scences ncludng embryology esophageal tssue (10 mm by 10 mm) wthn 15 seconds [2]. The hgh and cancer research, understandng of 3-dmensonal structures s crucal magng speed of SECM may make t possble to rapdly mage the mar- to uncoverng normal and pathologcal phenomena. Whle the most opt- gns of entre lumpectomy specmens to comprehensvely determne mar- mal method would be to drectly observe the complete object wthout any gn status wthout samplng error. Real-tme feedback regardng the mar- destructon, stanng and magng of thck sectons and whole mount sam- gn status could enable the surgeon to acheve more thorough tumor ples can be challengng. For decades, researchers have serally sec- removal n a sngle surgery and wll sgnfcantly reduce the need for toned large tssues, staned each wth chromogen-based mmunohstolog- addtonal surgeres. The am of ths prelmnary study was to test SECM cal methods and panstakngly reconstructed the 3-dmensonal volume. for vsualzng breast cancers wth varous morphologc features. [See The lmtng factor wth mmunohstologcal stanng s the dffculty n Appendix 04 for short paper and figures.] detectng multple antgens wth dfferent chromogens on the same tssue. At our Molecular Cytology Core Faclty at Memoral Sloan-Ketterng 3:20 — 4:00 PM Coffee Break Cancer Center, we successfully and routnely perform mmuno-fluorescent stanng usng automated stanng machnes and have combned IF stanng and 3D reconstructon of seral sectons. Ths method allows smulta- Digital Pathology Systems and Evaluations neous detecton of up to four dfferent antgens on the same sectons n a Session Chairs: John Gilbertson and David Wilbur, Massachusetts General hghly reproducble and specfc manner. The resultng stack can be a Hospital and Harvard Medical School stunnng vsualzaton of 3D structure and be quanttatvely analyzed. 4:00 – 5:20 PM [See Appendix 02 for short paper and figures.] 3rd Floor, Rotunda

4:00 Point of Use QA in Digital Pathology Slides, David Brettle and 2:40 Connection and Deformation of Pathological Images via a Macro Darren Treanor, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Craig Revie, Image for Comparing Different Modality Images of Brain Tumor, FFEI; and Mike Shires, University of Leeds (UK) Takashi Ohnishi, Takuya Tanaka,Yuka Nakamura, Noriaki Hashimoto, Background: In dgtal hstopathology tradtonally prepared and staned and Hideaki Haneishi, Chiba University (Japan); Jennie Taylor, sldes are scanned n a dedcated scanner to produce extremely hgh res- Massachusetts General Hospital (USA); Matija Snuderl, New York oluton mages. The resultant mage fdelty s affected by many varables University Langone Medical Center (USA); and Yukako Yagi, ncludng the stanng processes, scanner desgn/setup and ultmately the Massachusetts General Hospital Pathology Imaging and mage dsplay. Lttle or no routne qualty control s appled at any of Communication Technology (PICT) Center and Harvard Medical these stages and as a result wdely varyng mages can be produced for School (USA) ...... the same sample. Background: Magnetc Resonance Imagng (MRI) s a preferred modalty for dagnoss of bran tumor. However, because nfltrated regons wth tumor Method: It s proposed an ntra slde test tool would allow each varable are often ndstnct on the MR mage, t s dffcult to dentfy tumor regons n the magng chan to be quantfed. Ths wll allow routne qualty con- exactly. For revealng the relatonshp between tssue nformaton and MR trol montorng as well as the ablty to normalze or correct the mage. A sgnal of the tumor, pathologcal mages and MR mages at the same Pont Of Use QA (POUQA) test tool s proposed made of two key zones regons have to be analyzed. However, t s not easy to correspond patho- that can be appled to every slde: logcal mages to MR mages because pathologcal mages are dvded Zone 1: Fxed color patches to allow accurate postonng of the and deformed through tssue specmen makng. We propose a regstraton resultant mage n colour space. The patches can ether be for a wde scheme of a set of pathologcal mages and MR mage by referrng a gamut of color space and/or more localzed dependng on the stan. macro mage that s captured by an optcal camera. In the frst step, part- Zone 2: Comprsed of a sutable substrate that wll uptake the stan ed pathologcal mages are peced together and deformed wth macro proportonally to the clncal sample. Ths wll allow quantfcaton of the mage. In the second step, connected pathologcal mage s regstered to varablty n stanng and provde a reference for slde fadng. MR mage. Ths paper shows connecton and deformaton methods for the Other zones can be added as requred e.g for whte balance or res- pathologcal mage. [See Appendix 03 for short paper and fgures.] oluton measurement.

3:00 Spectrally Encoded Confocal Microscopy for Guiding Results: Ths presentaton wll nclude ntal stage proof of concept results Lumpectomy, Elena F. Brachtel, Barbara L. Smith, Guillermo J. of an ntra-slde QA tool usng H&E stan and demonstrate how slde var- Tearney, and Dongkyun Kang, Massachusetts General Hospital ablty can be normalzed. (USA) ...... Background: Complete removal of breast cancer durng a sngle breast- Conclusion: A dgtal pathology POUQA test tool has been developed conservng lumpectomy procedure s often challengng due to the lack of that allows both color and stan assessment and ntroduces mage assur- adequate ntraoperatve tools to accurately determne the margn status. ance nto potentally every dgtal pathology slde. About one thrd of lumpectomy patents are found to have postve margns upon fnal hstologc analyss, whch usually s reported wthn a week after surgery. These patents are then requred to undergo addtonal surgeres, whch ncreases the patent morbdty, cosmetc challenges, xv ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology 4:20 Development of a Prototype for Hepatocellular Carcinoma a prototype desgned specfcally for morphologcal feature vsualzaton Classification Based on Morphological Features Automatically n an easy-to-understand manner. [See Appendix 05 for short paper and Measured in Whole Slide Images, Yoshiko Yamashita¹,4, figures.] Tomoharu Kiyuna¹, Michiie Sakamoto², Akinori Hashiguchi², Masahiro Ishikawa³, Yuri Murakami4, and Masahiro Yamaguchi4; ¹NEC Corporation, ²Keio University, ³Saitama Medical University, 4:40 Enhancing Automatic Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and 4Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) ...... Images through Image Masking, Tissue Changes and Trabecular Introduction: The advent of new dgtal magng technologes ncludng Features, Maulana Abdul Aziz¹, Hiroshi Kanazawa¹, Yuri Murakami¹, hgh-throughput slde scanners s makng a very compellng case as part Fumikazu Kimura¹, Masahiro Yamaguchi¹, Tomoharu Kiyuna², of the clncal workflow. Tools developed for morphometrc mage analy- Yoshiko Yamashita¹,², Akira Saito², Masahiro Ishikawa³, ss are acceleratng the transton of pathology nto a more quanttatve Naoki Kobayashi³, Tokiya Abe4, and Akinori Hashiguchi4; ¹Tokyo scence. The system for detecton of regons suspected to be cancerous n Institute of Technology, ²NEC Corporation, ³Saitama Medical gastrc and colorectal tssue s already avalable. There s a real need for University, and 4Keio University (Japan) ...... not only cancer detecton but also quantfcaton of hstologcal features, Background: Hepatocellular carcnoma (HCC) s a malgnant tumor wth because quanttatve morphologcal characterstcs can nclude mportant hepatocellular dfferentaton and one of the most common cancer n the dagnostc and prognostc nformaton. If an assocaton between quant- world. Ths type of cancer s often dagnosed when the survval tme s tatve features and clncal fndngs s ndcated, quantfcaton of morpho- measured n months causng hgh death rates [1]. For the purpose to sup- logcal features would be extremely useful to select the best treatment. port hstopathology dagnoss of HCC, we have developed an exper- Image measurement technology has the potental for nvestgatve pathol- mental system of “Feature measurement software for lver bopsy” [2]. The ogy also. We have developed a prototype system for both quantfcaton system provdes pathologsts the quanttatve measurement of tssue mor- of morphologcal features and automated dentfcaton of hepatocellular phology usng a dgtal slde of hematoxyln-eosn (HE) staned lver tssue carcnoma (HCC) wthn whole slde mages (WSI) of lver bopsy based specmen, as well as the HCC detecton based on those measurement on mage recognton and measurement technques. Our system dsplays results. In ths study, we are focusng on the classfcaton process of HCC quantfed cell and tssue features as hstogram, bar graph, and heat map mages n the system. Prevously, Kyuna et al [3] had ntroduced an auto- on the screen. Dsplayng all features n such a unfed vsualzaton matc classfcaton of HCC mages based on 13 types of nuclear and makes t easy to nterpret quanttatve feature. In ths paper, we present structural features, where each feature conssts of 6 statstcal dstrbu-

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology xx CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

tons. In order to mprove the classfcaton performance, we have devel- THURSDAY NOVEMBER 6, 2014 oped methods to segment the lver tssue and quantfy addtonal tssue features such as trabecular morphology [4]. Ths paper reports the eval- IADP Special Lectures 1: Digital Pathology Perspectives uaton results on the mpact of the segmentaton and the addtonal fea- Session Chairs: Arvydas Laurinavicius, Vilnius University, and tures n the HCC detecton performance. [See Appendix 06 for short Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School paper and figures.] 9:00 – 10:00 AM 3rd Floor, Rotunda 5:00 Comparative Study between Quantitative Digital Image Analysis and Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) of Breast Cancer 9:00 An Editors Perspective on Digital Pathology, Stanley Cohen, Equivocal HER2 2+ Cases, E. Ayad, M. Mansy, D. Elwi, and Center for Biophysical Pathology, Rutgers NJMS (USA) M. Salem, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University (Egypt); M. Salama, There s currently a major dsconnect n the publshng unverse not only University of Utah and ARUP Reference Lab (USA); and K. Kayser, for retenton, transmsson, and analyss of dgtal mages n pathology Humbold University (Charite), Institute of Pathology (Germany) but also for new and emergng computatonally ntensve magng Background: Optmzaton of workflow for breast cancer samples wth methodologes. Many authors gravtate towards engneerng journals, equvocal HER2/neu score 2+ results n routne practce, remans to be a whch are not usually read by pathologsts or, for that matter, most bo- central focus of the ongong efforts to assess HER2 status. Accordng to medcal nvestgators. Often, the pathobologcal applcaton shown s a the College of Amercan Pathologsts/Amercan Socety of Clncal proof-of-concept rather than a sophstcated nvestgatve study. Papers Oncology gudelnes equvocal HER2/neu score 2+ cases are subject for that appear n pathology journals have the opposte problem; they are further testng, usually by FISH nvestgatons. It stll remans on open sketchy about the physcal/engneerng sde of the work, and do not queston, whether quanttatve dgtal mage analyss of HER2 mmunohs- attract many readers from the engneerng and physcs communty. tochemcally (IHC) staned sldes can assst n further refnng the HER2 Nature Methods partally brdges ths gap, but t s more about the tech- score 2+. nology than the applcaton of ths technology for novel scentfc dscov- ery. For ths reason, there s a need for a journal that can attract both Aim of this work: To assess utlty of quanttatve dgtal analyss of IHC knds of authors (and readers) and serve as an ntegratve focus for work staned sldes and compare ts performance to fluorescence nstu n these felds. Our evolvng work towards ths goal wll be dscussed. hybrdzaton n cases of breast cancer wth equvocal HER2 score 2+.

Materials and Methods: Sxty specmens from breast cancer patents wth 9:20 Digital Teleconsultation: Clinical Perspectives, David Wilbur, prevously (nteractvely) dagnosed represented the study populaton. Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) Her2 staned sldes were scored. Cases wth HER2/new score of 2++, Abstract: The emergng feld of dgtal pathology has many applcatons were dgtally scanned by Scan [Produced by BoImagene (Now Roche- ncludng the ablty to easly and quckly consult wth colleagues at a ds- Ventana)]. The IHC sgnals of HER2 were measured usng an automated tance. Teleconsultaton can take a varety of forms and has a number of mage analyzng system (MECES, www.Dagnomx.eu/meces). dfferent applcatons. Immedate analyss of specmens, such as rapd Contemporary new cuts were prepared for FISH examnaton. cytology adequacy determnaton and frozen secton nterpretaton are now employed usng real tme screen sharng and whole slde magng Results: Three out of the ffteen cases wth equvocal HER2 score 2+, technologes. Both have been shown to be accurate and have proven to turned out to be postve (3+) by quanttatve dgtal analyss, and 12 be substantal productvty enhancers for pathologsts. Secondary consul- were found to be negatve n FISH too. Two of these three postve cases taton practces have employed predomnantly the whole slde magng proved to be postve wth FISH, and only one was negatve. approach and have also been shown to be accurate. Uptake of teleconsultaton for second opnons has been lmted by the expense and there- Conclusions: Quanttatve dgtal analyss s hghly senstve and relatvely fore avalablty of scannng technology, but n the future, as whole slde specfc when compared to FISH n detectng HER2/neu overexpresson. magng become more routne and cost-effectve, ths aspect of teleconsul- Therefore, t represents a potental relable substtute for FISH n breast can- taton s certan to grow. Ths presentaton wll dscuss the workflow and cer cases whch desre further refnement of equvocal IHC results. components necessary for the types of teleconsultaton noted above. Avalable data n support of each applcaton wll be revewed. Practcal consderatons for mplementaton and ptfalls wll be dscussed. CONFERENCE RECEPTION 5:30 – 7:30 9:40 Pathology Through Pixels: Image Analysis in Biotechnology*, Foyer Robert Dunstan, Biogen Idec (USA)

*No abstract avalable xx ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology WSI User Interface oratve envronment and then to create a seres of scenaros for ts use Session Chairs: Klaus Kayser, Humboldt University (Charite), Institute of nvolvng patent care, medcal educaton and research. The goal was to Pathology, and Craig Revei, FFEI Limited create a tool that would allow the user to manpulate the WSI n ways 10:00 – 10:50 AM smlar to common WSI vewers. 3rd Floor, Rotunda Results: We were able to develop a usable prototype of a SAGE tool for 10:00 Scalable Adaptive Graphics Environment (SAGE): A Novel Way the use of WSI. Our ntal prototype can mport only the NDPI fle format to View and Manipulate Whole-Slide Images, Bruce Levy and utlzed by Hamamatsu, whch we chose as our prmary scanner s a Victor Mateevitsi, University of Illinois at Chicago (USA) Nanozoomer. Once the WSI s mported, the tool allows the manpula - Background: The Scalable Adaptve Graphcs Envronment (SAGE) was ton of the WSI (pannng and zoomng) from a computer through SAGE developed at the Unversty of Illnos at Chcago’s (UIC) Electronc Ponter. A very smple annotaton tool has been created as a prototype. Vsualzaton Laboratory (EVL) to facltate collaboratve efforts that requre We can open multple WSI mages smultaneously on out sx by three the sharng of data-ntensve nformaton for analyss. SAGE s a cross-plat - screen tled dsplay (the equvalent of a 250 nch montor). Demonstraton form, communty-drven, open-source vsualzaton and collaboraton tool scenaros have been created for ts use n patent care, medcal educa - that enables users to access, dsplay and share a varety of data-ntensve ton and research. The very hgh resoluton of ths tled dsplay allows for nformaton, n a varety of resolutons and format, from multple sources, on detaled examnaton of the WSIs. tled dsplay walls of arbtrary sze. SAGE walls have had the capablty to dsplay dgtal-cnema anmatons, hgh resoluton mages, hgh-defnton Conclusions: SAGE s an deal envronment to dsplay WSI for patent vdeo-conferences, presentaton sldes, documents, spreadsheets and com - care, educaton and research. We have demonstrated ts use n patent puter screens; however, there was no way to dsplay and manpulate hsto - care, educaton and research. Whle our tool s merely a prototype at ths logc whole-slde mages (WSI). Our desre was to create a tool to permt the tme and only basc functonalty, we hope to expand the tool n the mportaton, dsplay and manpulaton of WSI n the SAGE envronment. future. We wll expand the WSI fle formats that can be mported to make the tool vendor neutral. We wll ncrease the versatlty of the annotaton Methods: The Pathology Department and the EVL at UIC, through a grant tools. We wll create a mechansm for manpulatng the WSI drectly on from the Unversty’s Center for Clncal and Translatonal Scence set out the screen through the touch nterface. We wll explore the collaboratve to develop a prototype of a SAGE tool for the use of WSI n ths collab - advantages of ths tool through sendng them between SAGE walls.

www.sakura.com

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology xx CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

10:20 Using a Novel WSI Software Platform for an International Results: The volume fractons of fbross obtaned by PCR Colocalzaton Multi-Center Validation Study to Assess the Histological Growth (9.38-+8.77) were closest to the reference value of PCR estmated by Pattern of Liver Metastases, Yves Sucaet and Wim Waelput, Stereology (12.6-+11.55) whle other methods ndcated underestma- Pathomation (Belgium) and Peter Vermeulen and Gert Van den ton. The PCR stereology values correlated strongly wth the values Eynden, CORE, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, on obtaned usng the Colocalzaton (r = 0.95, p < 0.001) and Gene (r = behalf of the Liver Metastasis Research Consortium 0.98, p < 0.001) software. Sngle lnear regresson analyss demonstrat- (Belgium) ...... ed some advantage of the PCR Gene analyss over the PCR Background: The hstologcal growth pattern (HGP) of sold tumor metas- Colocalzaton,transent elastography and PCA. In log-transformed meas- tases to lver s an easy-to-assess and ntegratve hstopathologcal param- urements for r-square 0.96 the slope was 0.925 for PCR Gene, versus r- eter of tumor–stromal nteractons (1). Wth prelmnary data suggestng square 0.91 wth a slope of 0.986 for PCR Colocalzaton, r-square 0.76 that the HGP of colorectal cancer lver metastases has prognostc value wth a slope of 0.42 for PCA and r-square 0.35 wth a slope of 0.917 (2), we hypothesze that t also mght predct response to therapy (1,3). for elastography. ANOVA revealed statstcally sgnfcant dfferences of To enhance pathologcal assessments, we organzed an nternatonal PCR Colocalzaton and PCR Gene results between METAVIR II, III, IV mult-center valdaton study wthn the Lver Metastass Research groups, ncludng parwse comparsons, except I versus II groups. Consortum. [See Appendix 07 for short paper and figures.] Conclusion: Dgtal analyss methods appled to Pcro Srus Red hsto- 10:40 —11:30 AM Coffee Break chemcal stanng of bopsy materal revealed almost perfect correlaton wth crteron standart obtaned by stereology pont countng and outper- formed Masson’s trchrome stanng and transent elastography. PCR Analysis Approaches in Digital Pathology Gene algorthm could be the method of choce wth a slght underestma- Session Chairs: Stanley Cohen, Center for Biophysical Pathology, ton bas, whch s consdered acceptable for both clncal and research Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, and Klaus Kayser, Humboldt purposes. Univeristy (Charite), Institute of Pathology

11:30 AM – 12:30 PM 11:50 Aggregation Dynamics of Particulate Blood Platelets, Suresh 3rd Floor, Rotunda Ahuja, Xerox Corporation (USA) Abstract: Blood s a multphase flud composed of erythrocytes, red blood 11:30 Quantification Accuracy of Liver Fibrosis by in vivo Elastography cells, erythrocytes (RBC), whte blood cells, leukocytes and thrombocytes, and Digital Image Analysis of Liver Biopsy Histochemistry, platelets suspended n plasma. Red blood cells are known to form aggre- Justinas Besusparis¹, Skirmante Jokubauskiene¹, Benoit gates n the form of rouleaux. Formaton of rouleaux s affected by the Plancoulaine², Paulette Herlin², Aida Laurinaviciene¹, Arida ntrnsc propertes of RBCs such as the elastc behavor of the RBC mem- Buivydiene³,4, and Arvydas Laurinavicius¹; ¹Department of brane whch contrbutes to the resstance of RBCs to aggregate. Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Hydrodynamc nteractons between the thrombus shape, RBCs and Medicine, Vilnius University (Lithuania), ²Path-Image/Bio TiCla, platelets can result n certan azmuth postons where the drop n veloc- University of Caen (France), ³Centre of Hepatology, ty occurs at the proxmty of both the upstream and downstream edge of Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Vilnius University Hospital the thrombus that s accompaned by a rapd velocty ncrease n the nar- Santariskiu Clinics, (Lithuania), and 4Clinic of Gastroenterology, rowed regon. The RBCs alter the flow profles sgnfcantly from the typ- Nephrourology and Surgery, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University cal low Reynolds (Re) number flow, and also enhance the deposton of (Lithuania) free flowng platelets onto the thrombus. There are at least two compet- Background: Chronc hepatts C s a rapdly spreadng nfecton and con- ng models, based ether on brdgng or on depleton. Thromboss, the tnues to be leadng cause of chronc lver dsease. Lver fbross stagng pathologcal process of the hemostatc system to form unwanted blood s essental n management on these patents. The accurate assessment of clots, can mpar blood flow to vtal organs and ultmately result n stroke hepatc fbross plays an mportant role for determnng treatment, screen- or myocardal nfarcton. Platelets are the prncpal components of the ng strateges and prognoss. The am of ths study was to evaluate accu- hemostatc plug formed to arrest bleedng after an njury to the vascular racy of non-nvasve transent elastography and three dgtal mage analy- wall. Ther adheson to the ste of damage and to the prevously adsorbed ss tools, for measurng the extent of fbross n human lver bopses, platelets s a crtcal stage n the formaton of both hemostatc plugs and based on the bopsy fbross reference data obtaned by stereologcal pathologcal thromb. pont countng method. There s a contnual platelet drft from the RBC-rch regon of the vessel towards the wall by a successon of turnng and crossng events. Methods: Lver bopsy cores from 68 patents dagnosed wth vral hepa- Ths s a consequence of the deformaton of the RBC caused by the tts C were used n ths study. Total lver fbross was evaluated by tran- platelet upon collson. Margnaton of the platelets toward the vascular sent elastography, dgtal mage analyss on Masson s trchrome (MAS) wall s crtcally dependent on ther nteracton wth the red blood cells. and Pcro Srus Red (PCR) staned tssue specmens, usng Leca/Apero Margnaton of the platelets can be due to the volume excluson process Colocalzaton, Gene mage analyss software and a home made prnc- whereby the platelets are pushed towards the wall by a lateral moton pal component analyss algorthm (PCA). Stereology grd count (20 out of the RBC towards the center of the vessel. The lateral mgraton of the of 68 dgtal sldes) and pathologst’s vsual score usng METAVIR grad- RBC n a shear flow arses due to ts deformablty. The deformablty ng system were performed. Stereologcal estmaton of the volume frac- of RBC s determned by the geometry, elastcty and vscosty of ts ton of fbross was taken as a reference. All methods were compared, membrane Another cause of margnaton s due to shearng flow, usng correlaton, lnear regresson analyss and ANOVA test. where the contnuous collson between the RBC and platelets results n the RBC mgraton that causes a concentraton gradent forcng a net xx ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology flux of platelets beng pushed (mgrate) towards the vessel wall. In aton that the resstance mposed by a sngle whte cell n capllares s hemostass, platelets are placed closer to the njured vessel wall and much larger than that of a sngle red cell. Fortunately, we have much few - the njured ste er leukocytes than erythrocytes n the crculaton. The vscous coeffcent Aggregaton of platelets s accelerated by shear rate durng blood s several orders of magntude hgher than that of erythrocytes, and ths flow. The adheson of platelets to each other and to Red Blood cells s manfest n ablty of leukocytes to cause ntermttent cessaton of capl - depend on collsons of elastc platelets to soft RBC n a hydrodynamc lary flow. Leukocytes stffness rgdty s largely determned by the flow wth Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) models In ths way the cohesve cytoskeleton of actns and actns-bndng proten and ts degree of cross mpulse, requred for the hard-sphere model, s calculated together wth lnkng. As large number of leukocytes move at a wde range of speeds, other parameters, namely the collson duraton and the coeffcent of collsons occur. These collsons result n abrupt changes n the moton resttuton. Aggregate morphology, elastc modulus and surface energy and appearance of leukocytes. The formaton of adhesve bonds are crtcal n determnng adheson to straght and tortuous capllary depends on local velocty and shear forces to the captured cells. The rhe - walls and to Red Blood Cells for requred optmzng coagulaton. Model ologcal changes allow enable the defence aganst foregn organsms to predctons are compared wth expermental results. be controlled, but also contrbute to the mcrocrculatory falure. Durng local or systematc schema, mcrocrculatory obstructon s facltated by the reduced leukocyte deformablty and ncreased adheson. Mgraton 12:10 Leukocyte Adhesion, the Endothelial and Vascular Dysfunctions, of leukocytes n blood flow and collson wth vessel wall depends on the Suresh Ahuja, Xerox Corporation (USA) drect hemodynamc nteracton of leukocytes wth erythrocytes results n Abstract: The leukocytes or Whte Blood Cells membrane has numerous pushng leukocytes aganst the endothelum. A collson model between folds mcrovll, whch provde an excess area about 100%, whch prob - leukocyte and erythrocyte s presented whch results n leukocyte beng ably allows cell deformaton wthout a change n surface area and vol - adhered to endothelum as shear stress and surface energy ncreases. ume. Whereas erythrocytes consst of a vscoelastc membrane wth cyto - plasm of relatvely low and constant vscosty, all leukocytes exhbt 12:30 — 2:00 PM Lunch Break vscoelastc propertes depend on nternal structures. Leukocytes stffness rgdty s largely determned by the cytoskeleton of actns and actns- bndng proten and ts degree of cross lnkng. Together wth the fact that whte blood cells have a larger volume than red cells ths leads to a stu -

http://www.jvckenwood.com/healthcare/display/en/

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology xx CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

Education and Telepathology 2:20 Ten Years of Experience Teaching Oral Pathology to Dental Session Chairs: Klaus Kayser of Humboldt University (Charite), Students Using Whole Slide Imaging (WSI): What Have We Institute of Pathology, and Liron Pantanowitz, Learned?, Janusz Szymas, Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Shadyside Poznan University of Medical Sciences (Poland), and Mikael Lundin 2:00 – 4:00 PM and Johan Lundin, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM 3rd Floor, Rotunda (Finland) Introduction: Ths study brngs together key fndngs followng our ten-year 2:00 The Use of Virtual Microscopy and a Wiki in Pathology experence of usng whole slde magng (WSI) for teachng oral pathol - Education: Tracking Student Use, Involvement, and Response, ogy to dental students. It not only provdes nvaluable nformaton about Zev Leifer, New York College of Podiatric Medicine (USA) students and teachng assstants, t s also an ncredbly rch resource for Background: The Pathology Laboratory course at the New York College of research nto the student experence wth WSI as a vehcle for under - Podatrc Medcne nvolves the use of Vrtual Mcroscopy. As wth trad - standng oral pathology by students. We summarse the results of two tonal mcroscopes, the students can scan the whole slde, secton by sec - analyses: an analyss of the scores obtaned by students at practcal ton, and zoom n or out for further detaled study. Usng the advantages exams n 2005 – 2014 and an analyss of the surveys that followed. of Dgtal Pathology, the students can, n addton, access the slde collec - tons from other medcal schools and put up normal hstology (control) Methods: We used 225 whole slde mages (WSIs) coverng 15 enttes sldes sde-by-sde wth the patholgy. They cut and paste and preserve the n oral pathology to teach and then evaluate 544 dental students durng ROI that they fnd. They edt and annotate (crcle, underlne, label, add the practcal exam concludng the Oral Pathology course. All WSIs were arrows, etc). The creaton of a wk, ts applcaton and the student lnked wth stll macro- and mcroscopc mages, CT and MRI pctures, response to t s yet another level of pre-professonal tranng to the above. and clncal data organsed nto vrtual cases, and supplemented wth text fles, a glossary, PowerPont presentatons and anmatons on the web. Method: A wk was created (pathlab2014.wkfoundry.com)for the Class After ther examnatons, the students rated the use of the software, the of 2014. The students saved, edted and uploaded ther sldes. In the wk qualty and ease of handlng of WSIs, and the effectve use of vrtual cas - format, other students could comment, further edt, even delete the sldes. es durng the laboratory practcals. In order to provde a comprehensve coverage of studed subjects and allow relable comparsons between stu - Results: 216 mages were uploaded. These were avalable n one full dents of dfferent years and groups, the same basc questonnare and presentaton. They were also grouped nto sxteen albums, grouped by practcal exam system have been used all the tme. Ths enabled us to the topcs n Systemc Pathology. They were avalable to all. The student look n detal at preferences of ndvdual students as well to obtan char - access was followed by Google Analytcs. Ths provded a detaled acterstcs of student groups and years, such as study subjects. analyss of student use. At the end of the course, a questonare was ds - trbuted, assessng ther mpresson of the wk format and solctng Results: A comparson of the results of students of dfferent years showed strengths and weaknesses. Over one hundred sets of comments were a hgh degree of stablty n terms of scores over tme. Throughout all the obtaned. Most comments were favorable, descrbng partcular features years of the study (2005 – 2014), the correct student answer rates that they lked, such as ease of use, sharng of notes, ads n exam prepa - ranged from 91.3% – 98.0%, wth an average of 94.4% ± 2.4. raton, and allows students to work together. Negatve comments were However, at the end of every academc year, there were some student mostly drected to techncal ssues of accessng and usng the ste. groups whch scored hgh and some whch scored low. Dfferences between these groups were statstcally sgnfcant (p-value < 0.050) n Conclusions: The use of a wk as descrbed has a number of mportant all academc years except one (2009 – 2010). Unfortunately, the rota - advantages n Pathology Educaton. It trans the students n the more ton of teachng assstants n our Department s hgh but we could dent - sophstcated sklls that they wll use as professonal pathologsts or as cl - fy at least three teachers whose groups permanently scored hgh or hgh - ncans: (1) Telepathology—t enables them to gan skll n puttng up sldes est durng the exam durng the study perod as well as a couple of on the nternet, sharng and dscussng the observatons. Ths parallels the unsuccessful teachng assstants. The research results that we report here process of Tumor Boards and and consultaton for group concensus. (2) confrm that the dfferences n results between student years and groups, Archvng and Retreval—It models the challenge faced by hosptals, dag - albet small, are real and are not artefacts. We have also shown that a nostc labs and physcans n mantanng a collecton of sldes n a form vast majorty of dental students at Poznan Unversty of Medcal Scences that s easly accessble, always avalable and unversally sharable. Wth regarded a possblty of usng WSIs at ther convenence as hghly desr - the album feature, sldes can be multply stored, by patent name, by able (average > 9 on a 1-10 scale). pathology, by tssue type and so on. (3) Image Analyss—Whle not gen - erally used n an undergraduate lab, famlarty wth a wk format allows Conclusions: WSI s a promsng tool for both teachng students oral them to jump easly to capturng and storng mages found n the lterature pathology durng laboratory practcals and for practcal examnatons. or provded by colleagues or the dagnostc lab pathologst’s report that Nevertheless, despte wdely avalable self-study possbltes, good have been staned for tumor markers other dagnostc stanng technques. teachers stll create a substantal value. The potental of research usng Experence wth the use of a wk n Pathology Educaton has been WSI s hgh. Further work could assess the mpact of the students percep - qute satsfactory from both the faculty and the student’s pont of vew. It ton of WSIs on ther decson makng durng practcal exams and on has a number of tranng advantages n the ever-expandng world of ther scores, especally n terms of the way they watch the mages. Dgtal Pathology.

xxv ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology 2:40 Exploring Viewing Behavior Data from Whole Slide Images to optonal part of t. In total, we collected nformaton about approxmately Predict Correctness of Students’ Answers during Practical Exams 150,000 vew felds comng from about 170 dental students vewng in Oral Pathology, Slawomir Walkowski¹, Mikael Lundin², WSIs durng the exams. Gathered data was analyzed numercally, wth Janusz Szymas³, and Johan Lundin²; ¹Poznan University of some help from generated vsualzatons. A set of statstcs was calculated Technology (Poland), ²University of Helsinki (Finland), and per student per queston and t ncluded, for example, number of vew ³Poznan University of Medical Sciences (Poland) felds, magnfcaton level, and dsperson of vew felds. Statstcal meth - Background: The use of whole slde mages (WSIs) allows trackng and ods were used to assess the correlaton between calculated metrcs and recordng how a hstologcal slde s vewed. Gathered data about vew - correctness of students’ answers. We also utlzed machne learnng ng behavor whle nterpretng WSIs may result n a varety of analyses. approaches to check to what extent vewng behavor data can be used When the trackng s done durng an exam, we can dscover how stu - to predct a correct or ncorrect answer comng from a student. For ths pur - dents vew WSIs. Moreover, we may try to correlate ther way of vew - pose, we used gathered and processed data as a labeled set of nstances. ng sldes wth correctness of the answers they gve. Especally, we can potentally fnd out to what extent a specfc vewng behavor s lkely to Results: Three exams were successfully conducted wth the vew path trackng result n a correct or ncorrect answer from a student. turned on, whch resulted n a dataset coverng students’ WSI vewng behav - or. The aggregated metrcs depcted certan vewng patterns. Analyss of the Method: To record vewng behavor, we utlzed a software-based vew calculated statstcs allowed fndng some correlatons between metrcs’ values path trackng method, whch does not requre any specalzed equpment. and exam answers. When used as features for machne learnng, the metrcs It gathers nformaton about subsequently vewed fragments (vew felds) of helped n estmatng probabltes of answers’ correctness. WSIs. The method was used durng exams n oral pathology n Poznan Unversty of Medcal Scences n Poznan, Poland n years 2012-2013. Conclusion: Software-based vew path trackng appears to be a useful Each dental student was gven 50 exam questons wth a WSI attached to method of dscoverng WSI vewng behavor and nvestgatng decson each of them. The students were nformed about and agreed on the track - makng process of dental students who take a practcal exam n oral ng. Stored data and further analyss results are anonymous and so far pathology. Analyss of collected data provdes nterestng nsghts nto wthout any mpact on the fnal students’ evaluaton and scores. The WSI how the sldes are vewed, how the vewng patterns correlate wth stu - vewng system used durng the exam was WebMcroscope (Fmmc Ltd, dents’ answers and what the potental of the vew path trackng data s Helsnk, Fnland) and the vew path trackng method s an ntegrated, but when predctng correctness of the answers.

Feature measurement software Quantify for liver biopsy A prototype system that automatically quantify suspected cancer area, cell morphology and tissue structure from a whole slide image Detect suspected cancer area

Analyze measurement results

Auto-extract ROIs Color correction

IADP Presentations Nov. 5 4:00-5:20pm “Digital Pathology Systems and Evaluations” * Development of a Prototype for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Classification based on Morphological Features Automatically Measured in Whole Slide Images, by Yoshiko Yamashita * Enhancing Automatic Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Images through Image Masking, Tissue Changes, and Trabecular Features, by Maulana Abdul Aziz CIC Interactive Paper Nov. 6 4:00-5:30pm * Color Processing in Pathology Image Analysis System for Liver Biopsy, by Yuri Murakami Consortium for the development of image analysis technology for quantitative pathology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Keio University School of Medicine NEC Corporation, Saitama Medical University

The project is commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan.

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology xxv CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

3:00 MGH Whole Slide Imaging Teleconsultation Practice in Dgtal pathology nformaton s characterzed by a complex struc - Dermatopathology, Nicholas C. Jones, Rosalynn M. Nazarian, ture and hgh data volumes. Effectve handlng and sharng demands n- Lyn M. Duncan, and David C. Wilbur, Massachusetts General depth nter-dscplnary sklls whch, along wth ndustral vendor propr - Hospital and Harvard Medical School (USA) etary formattng and data lockng, makes essental nformaton brokerage Background: Non-subspecalzed pathologsts frequently request expert a challengng process. consultaton n challengng dermatopathology cases. Tradtonal consul - Dgtal pathology magery and annotaton dstrbuton s, to date, taton practce utlzng shpment of glass sldes s costly, slow, and of lm - partally covered by specfc portons of Dgtal Imagng and ted educatonal beneft to the referrng physcan. Whole slde magng Communcatons n Medcne (DICOM) and Open Mcroscopy (WSI) has been suggested as a potental method of overcomng these lm - Envronment (OME) standards. In addton, DP nformaton sharng bears tatons n the current glass slde consultaton practce, but there have sgnfcant smlartes to other dscplnes (e.g., Geographcal Informaton been concerns regardng the adequacy of mage qualty for nterpreta - Systems), the dstrbuton of whch has been hghly standardzed for ton of challengng dermatopathology cases. We amed to nvestgate the decades. performance of WSI n challengng dermatopathology consult cases. The proposed recommendaton (DPIWS) delvers a standard web nterface defnton allowng requests for DP nformaton elements han - Method: 52 consecutve clncal consultaton dermatopathology cases dlng and sharng across the web, through platform-ndependent and sent from a communty hosptal to an academc medcal center were sam - mage format-agnostc calls. pled and dagnosed by tradtonal mcroscopc examnaton and by whole slde mage examnaton. Matched pars of dagnoses were eval - Methods: DPIWS comes as an ndependent recommendaton. It strctly uated for dagnostc accuracy rates va a masked adjudcaton process. conforms to and expands the DICOM Standard [2], wth respect to the Open Mcroscopy Envronment [3], and the Open Geospatal Results: 2 of 52 cases (3.8%) had major dscrepances. After adjudca - Consortum Web Map Servce (WMS) & Web Feature Servce (WFS) ton the WSI dagnoss was preferred n one case and the glass slde Standard [4]. dagnoss was preferred n the other. 13 of 52 cases (25%) had mnor Dgtal pathology mages are partally covered by the DICOM dscrepances, wth the WSI dagnoss preferred n 6 cases, the glass Standard, accordng to the procedures of the DICOM Standards slde dagnoss preferred n 4 cases, and wth no preference n 3 cases. Commttee 2011-Part 3: Informaton Object Defntons under VL Dfferences n dagnoss were prmarly due to nterobserver varablty Mcroscopc Image Informaton Object Defnton Content Constrants and thresholdng nherent n challengng dermatopathology consult cases A.32.2 and VL Whole Slde Mcroscopy IOD Content Constrants A32.8. and not due to mage qualty. In addton, generc URL requests for retrevng a DICOM Vsual Lght Image are defned under DICOM 2011-Part 18: Web Access to DICOM Conclusions: Overall, the sampled accuracy rates of both WSI and glass Persstent Objects (WADO). However, the response s a sngle, standard slde technques were equvalent. These results suggest that WSI may be encodng mage wth all annotatons rendered (burned) on the mage; no feasble for even challengng dermatopathology consultaton cases. method for requestng or handlng annotatons n any form other than an mage s dentfed. Biography: Ncholas Jones s a clncal pathology magng techncan at MGH Meta data, lke annotatons, on mcroscopy mages are, on the oth - Pathology wth areas of nterest n dgtal pathology laboratory management, er hand, exhaustvely covered by the Open Mcroscopy Envronment – pathology magng nformatcs, and clncal valdaton studes. Model and Formats 2013-06 Documentaton n a well-structured manner. Dr. Rosalynn Nazaran s a dermatopathologst at MGH and an Assstant 2-D and 3-D regons of nterest (RoI) may be defned and treated and a Professor at Harvard Medcal School. She volunteers as a consultant on challeng - seres of annotaton elements dentfed and supported; ths makes OME ng telepathology cases provdng web based dagnostc and educatonal support an approprate tool for handlng DP annotatons. to physcans practcng n East Afrca and partcpates n the dgtal pathology con - In addton, the Open Geospatal Consortum (OGC), through Web sultaton plot study. Map & Web Feature Servces (WFS), effectvely defnes the web-han - dlng of multple-layered, complex raster mages and vector data, makng t the deal nterface to (a) unformly query and retreve composte large- 3:20 Digital Pathology Data Brokerage: A Standard Recommendation scale DP mages consstng of supermposed mult-resoluton raster vector for Complex Digital Pathology Information Web-Services, and textual annotaton layers; and (b) unformly share the results across Aristidis G Anagnostakis, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of the web, despte the complexty and structure of the requested content. Epirus (Greece); Agelos Pappas, Smartcode Software Development (Greece); and Yves Sucaet and Wim Waelput, Pathomation Results: DPIWS s an nterdscplnary standard, desgned to address the (Belgium) specfctes of DP nformaton brokerage needs. Abstract: A novel recommendaton for the Dgtal Pathology Informaton For ths, t (a) conforms to DICOM: mages treated nternally and Web-Servces (DPIWS) standard s presented, wth respect to specfc char - served by DICOM-complant systems may dstrbute content to DPIWS acterstcs of the nformatve content of dscourse. The recommendaton complant clents, as s; (b) adopts the OME annotaton structure to form establshes a common software nterface for the exchange of dgtal annotaton-handlng requests based on well-structured XML OME annota - pathology (DP) mages and related meta data over the web, ndependent - tons; and (c) adopts and extends the WFS nterface for nformaton web- ly of storage, encodng and nternal handlng detals. The proposed struc - handlng and delvery operatons. ture s mplemented and tested n a “Pathomaton” software envronment. Buldng DPIWS-complant servces wll eventually elmnate the rsk of long-term vendor content lockng, thereby boostng the dgtal transton Background: One of the major obstacles to establshng and adoptng n the feld of pathology. effectve telepathology processes over tme has been ther lack of nfor - maton brokerage standardzaton [1]. Conclusions: A standard for DP nformaton brokerage across the web s xxv ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology defned, mplemented and tested n a real-lfe, cloud-based, dstrbuted Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) based Digital Pathology Network between operatng envronment. The standard effectvely manages the specfcty Pakistan and USA Microimaging: Seeing the Unseen in Living Patients, of DP nformaton by leveragng well-establshed nterdscplnary Fatima Absar MGH PICT Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) methodologes. Background: In 2007, a modern dgtal pathology faclty was conceved at the Telemedcne Center of the Holy Famly Hosptal (HFH), Rawalpnd, Pakstan, n collaboraton wth the pathology department of 3:40 Image File Management to Support International Telepathology, the Massachusetts General Hosptal (MGH), Boston, US [1]. A patholo - Liron Pantanowitz¹, Jeffrey McHugh², William Cable², gst from HFH was traned at MGH and was provded equpment wth the Chengquan Zhao², and Anil V. Parwani²; ¹Department of relevant software nstalled. Between December 2011 and August 2012, Pathology and ²Department of Information Services, University of weekly hour-long teleconferences were held between the two centers, Pittsburgh Medical Center (USA) where statc hstopathology mages were dscussed usng PowerPont. Background: Telepathology practce across nternatonal borders has The followng month, Pakstan’s frst Whole Slde Imagng (WSI) scanner become ncreasngly popular. Two years after the Unversty of Pttsburgh was nstalled at the Telemedcne Center at HFH; however, before t could Medcal Center (UPMC) launched a telepathology consultaton servce become functonal, ther pathologst left the country. The am of the proj - wth KngMed Dagnostcs Laboratory n Guangzhou, Chna, latency ect had been for MGH to provde dgtal pathology support to HFH and ssues occurred when vewng Whole Slde Images (WSI). Our am was other facltes n the country, however, the untmely ext of the traned to explore varous mage fle management solutons to mprove the vew - pathologst had led to a breach n communcaton and a hatus n the ng experence of dgtal consult cases. actvtes. In early 2013, we reestablshed the connecton, utlzng the Telemedcne Center, but ths tme wth pathologsts from the Federal Methods: WSI fles generated by Kngmed when scannng glass sldes for Government Poly Clnc (FGPC) Hosptal, Islamabad. Due to the needs of consultaton ntally resded on a Hammamatsu server, usng the teleconsultaton n Pakstan, we have changed the protocol to organze NDP.serve database management system. These remote fles were teleconsultaton to ft the current stuaton. securely accessed usng a custom portal va the Internet. To try solve ongong latency ssues, WSI fles were nstead transferred from Chna to Method: To date, eght hstopathology cases have been dscussed. These the UPMC data center usng an open source product (Fast Data Transfer, cases were from tssues that ranged from the Gentournary System, developed by CERN). Ths was a command lne utlty placed nto a batch Central Nervous System, Gastrontestnal System and Soft Tssue areas. process. A faster hgh speed fle transfer software soluton (Aspera) was At present, a consultant hstopathologst and hs team of four tranee subsequently employed. Ths commercal software allowed mmedate fle pathologsts from FGPC Hosptal are the partcpants from Pakstan sde. transfers to occur wthout a user ntatng the transfer. The pertnent case sldes are sent to HFH three days ahead of tme by hand. They are scanned usng the Panoramc Desk (40x objectve lens Results: Vewng dgtal consult cases from Pttsburgh n the USA wth WSI verson), 3D Hstech LTD, Hungary, as a slde scanner. Each slde takes fles resdng on a server n Chna negatvely mpacted vewng of approxmately thrty mnutes to be scanned. One to two sldes are mages. Image dsplay deterorated to about 2 mnutes/case. scanned per case. When sldes are ready for dscusson, a coordnator Transferrng fles wth the open source product provded transfer speeds at MGH s notfed va emal, who then arranges a teleconference va of 2-3MB/second, but suffered from ntermttent dropped connectons. “GoToMeetng,” Ctrx Onlne, CA, USA. Durng the conference, the Employng the commercal software permtted more relable transmsson screen controls are handed over to HFH, who present the case and ds - of dgtal fles wth 75-100MB/second transfer speeds. play the related WSIs usng the MIRAX vewer. The pathologst from MGH dscusses the case and captures screenshots of the relevant areas Conclusion: Successful global telepathology requres dedcated mage usng hs desktop. The Telemedcne Center at HFH have provded a net - management. Transfer of fles to local servers delayed the process by up work server IP address to MGH for them to access the WSI storage data - to 24 hours, but greatly mproved the overall turn-around tme of dgtal base at any tme. consultatons. Ths was partly negated by employng hgh speed fle trans - fer software. Transfer of dgtal fles helped overcome network latency Result: The teams conducted ther frst teleconference n September 2013. ssues experenced wth Chna, and enhanced the vewng experence for Subsequently, hourly meetngs are held as per the requrement of FGPC, end-user dgtal consultants. where 3-4 cases are studed. Out of the eght cases that have been ds - cussed, the pathologst at MGH was n agreement wth the FGPC dagno - ss for two of the cases. Hs dagnoss was the same for three of the cases Poster Paper Session but after consultaton wth other subspecalsts at MGH. He suggested a 4:00 – 5:30 PM dfferent dagnoss for one case. For two of the cases, he suggested further Lobby and Foyers mmunohstochemcal stanng. At the local front, the scanner s beng used at the weekly multdscplnary meetngs at HFH. These are attended by ImmunoCount-A Novel Open-Source Quantification Software for physcans from other facltes, ncludng, the surgcal, hstopathology, Immunohistochemical Proliferation Marker Ki67*, Justin Lee, MGH PICT radology, oncology and nuclear medcne departments at HFH, FGPC Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) Hosptal, Nuclear Medcne Oncology and Radotherapy Insttute (NORI), and the Captal Development Authorty (CDA) Hosptal, Islamabad.

Conclusion: As the groundwork for teleconferencng had already been lad, all that was requred was to brdge the communcaton gap to coor - dnate the actvtes between both centers. In ths phase, we are focused *No abstract avalable more on utlzng the WSI scanner n both local and onlne meetngs.

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology xxv CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

These dscussons are a learnng opportunty for pathologsts and tranees fact mage adjustment (Hubbard, et al) or applcaton of current color man- at the Pakstan sde, and expose the US sde to rare cases. Although there agement practces (Bull). [See Appendix 09 for short paper and figures.] s no current fundng for the project, t has been successful due to the mutual nterest and dedcaton shown by both sdes. We have now been able to establsh regular teleconferences usng WSIs and our am s to Stromal Filters in Automated Immunostain Scoring, Kunal Patel¹, ncrease ther frequency as requred. Anthony Bui¹,², Greg Riedlinger¹, and Yukako Yagi¹; ¹Massachusetts General Hospital and ²Boston Children’s Hospital (USA) Reference: [1] Yukako Yag, Imtaz Quresh, Asf Zafar Malk, Davd C Wlbur, Introduction: KI-67 s a marker for cell prolferaton whch bnds a nuclear Challenges n Establshng the WSI based Dgtal Pathology Faclty and antgen and s thus a prme antbody n mmunohstochemstry. Scorng Telepathology Network between Pakstan and USA, 102nd USCAP Annual methodologes derved from KI-67 mmunostanng have shown promse Meetng, Baltmore, Maryland March, 2013 as predctors of lethalty n a range of cancers1. The most common scorng method s the labellng ndex, a rato of KI-67 postve cells to the entre populaton1. Registration Between Pathological Image and MR Image for Comparing Manual calculaton of a labellng ndex can be a tme consumng Different Modality Images of Brain Tumor, Yuka Nakamura, process for pathologsts, who count cells n a brght feld. Automated Takuya Tanaka, Takashi Ohnishi, Hideaki Haneishi, and scorng algorthms and programs have been wrtten to generate labellng Noriaki Hashimoto, Chiba University (Japan); Jennie Taylor, Massachusetts ndces, but they are non-specfc wth respect to cell type and most often General Hospital (USA); Matija Snuderl, Langone Medical Center (USA); skew results by ncludng stromal cells n the ndex. Ths problem s par- and Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital Pathology Imaging tcularly relevant n breast cancer, where tumors are often located n a and Communication Technology (PICT) Center and Harvard Medical feld of fbro-adpose tssue. We have adapted algorthms for mmunos- School (USA) ...... tan scorng and tested 2 stromal cell fltraton algorthms whch remove Magnetc Resonance Imagng (MRI) s a preferred modalty for bran these cells based on ther elongated nuclear morphology. tumor detecton and preoperatve localzaton. However, nvasve regons of tumor are often unclear n MR mage and thus t s dffcult to dentfy Methods: An automated scorng algorthm was adapted from Immunorato2 tumor from MR mage. Therefore, for revealng the relatonshp between and wrtten n Python programmng language. Wthn ths scorng program, cells and genetc nformaton of the tumor of MR mage, t s requred to two methods of stromal fltraton were tested. The frst fltered cells below a compare pathologcal mages wth MR mages on the same regons. In threshold defned by the sopermetrc quotent of labeled cells, whle the ths study, we deal wth globlastoma among bran tumors. However, t second used a shape property known as the Hu moment nvarant. The would be dffcult to compare them drectly because pathologcal mages algorthm was appled to a dataset of breast cancer mages, and results are deformed through tssue specmen makng. Thus, regstraton from were correlated wth non-stromal fltraton and a pathologst score. MR mage to pathologcal mage s performed through the macro mage Results: Prelmnary results show that algorthms wth stromal fltraton cor- of gross secton whch s taken before cuttng the bran nto blocks. relate better wth pathology results than non-fltered counterparts. Pathologcal mage to be compared wth MR mage s combned from Addtonally, the Hu moment nvarant s a better varable for stromal cell multple hstology mages and deformed by referrng the macro mage. fltraton due to ts non-relance on permeter. Devaton of automatc The detal of ths technque s descrbed n another paper submtted to ths scores from pathologst-scored results are drectly correlated wth the conference IADP2014. In ths paper, we assume to have obtaned such amount of stromal tssue n the mage feld. a pathologcal mage. It s necessary to search approprate curved plane from MR mage because macro mage to be referred n mergng patho- Conclusions: Stromal cell fltraton s a promsng technque n the devel- logcal mages has a possblty to be extracted as a curved plane from opment of automatc scorng algorthms. Addtonal methods should be bran. [See Appendx 08 for short paper and fgures.] explored to address the fltraton of non-elongated stromal nucle. Wth mprovements n usablty, t can be ntegrated nto whole slde magng systems n the near future. Analysis of Color Consistency in Retinal Fundus Photography: Application of Color Management and Development of a Eye Model References Standard, Christye P. Sisson, Susan Farnand, and Mark Fairchild, [1] Bann Hrata, B. K. et al. Molecular Markers for Breast Cancer: Predcton on Rochester Institute of Technology, and Bill Fischer, University of Rochester Tumor Behavor. Ds. Markers 2014, 513158 (2014). Medical Center, Flaum Eye Institute (USA) ...... [2] Tuomnen, V. J., Ruotostenmäk, S., Vtanen, A., Jumppanen, M. & Isola, J. Background: Color varaton n retnal fundus photography represents a ImmunoRato: a publcly avalable web applcaton for quanttatve mage analyss sgnfcant gap n the standardzaton of color for fundus cameras. of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and K-67. Breast Cancer Res. Fundus cameras are used n n the context of ophthalmology as a method 12, R56 (2010). of documentng a patent’s retna to montor pathology over tme. Ths form of ophthalmc magng s also used n clncal tral research and ncreasngly, tele-ophthalmology, as a stand n for an n-person examna- Pathological Diagnosis with a Whole Slide Imaging System, ton. Gven the ncreased relance on these mages as representaton’s of Daiki Taniyama, Kazuya Kuraoka, Akihisa Saito, Miho Tanaka, Yoko the appearance of a patent’s eye, t becomes mportant to dentfy ncon- Kodama, Junichi Sakane, Yukari Nakagawa, Naoko Yasumura, Toshinao sstences between devces and provde the most accurate renderng of Nishimura, and Kiyomi Taniyama, National Hospital Organization Kure the retna possble. Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan Ths research ams to dentfy these nconsstences and reconcle Background: Whole slde magng (WSI) s ncreasngly popular n them by proposng an eye color model standard. The authors could not pathology. At our nsttute, we utlze a WSI system, an automated slde dentfy other attempts to reconcle retnal color at capture, only after the preparaton (ASP) system, an auto-staner and specfed software as an xxv ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology ancllary method n makng pathologcal dagnoses of samples submtted FRIDAY NOVEMBER 7, 2014 as routne work.

Methods: Dagnoss: A VS800 (OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan) n a WSI sys- Color Image Processing tem and anAS-400 (KURABO, Tokyo, Japan) for the ASP system were Session Chairs: Craig Revei, FFEI Limited, and used. Up to 100 sldes consstng of bopsy, endoscopc mucosal resec- Masahiro Yamaguchi, Tokyo Institute of Technology ton (EMR), or endoscopc submucosal dssecton (ESD) specmens were 9:00 – 10:00 AM scanned and stored dgtally n one set and the dgtal mages were Amphitheater vewed on a montor n a separate room usng a VS800 vewer. Ocular observaton usng a conventonal mcroscope was used when necessary 9:00 Whole Slide Image Analysis System for Quantification of Liver to look at the specmens drectly. One-hundred-sxty-sx bopsy specmens Fibrosis, Tokiya Abe¹, Yuri Murakami², Masahiro Yamaguchi², were analyzed to evaluate the basc ablty of the current WSI system n Yoshiko Yamashita³, Tomoharu Kiyuna³, Ken Yamazaki¹, makng a pathologcal dagnoss. Akinori Hashiguchi¹, Yutaka Yasui4, Masayuki Kurosaki4, Auto-analyss: Immunohstochemstry (IHC) fndngs for breast can- Namiki Izumi4, and Michiie Sakamoto¹; ¹Department of Pathology, cer samples by a labeled streptavdn botnylated-peroxdase (LSAB) School of Medicine, Keio University; ²Global Scientific Information method usng a Benchmark XT (Roche, Basel, Swtzerland) were ana- and Computing Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology; ³Medical lyzed automatcally usng a NanoZoomer 2.0-HT (Hamamatsu Photoncs, Solutions Division, NEC Corporation; and 4Department of Hamamatsu, Japan) as a WSI system and specfed software (Gene, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital Vsta, CA) for mage analyss. Twenty-fve breast cancer specmens were (Japan) ...... auto-analyzed to provde IHC of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone Background and Aims: Hstologcal evaluaton of fbross after a lver receptor (PgR), HER2,Toposomerase (Topo) II alpha, and K-67. The bopsy s crucal for evaluatng the pathology of patents wth chronc lv- results were compared wth those by ocular observaton. er dsease. We have reported mage analyss allow quantfcaton of lver fbross usng Elastca van Geson (EVG) staned whole-slde mages Results: Dagnoss: Of 166 bopsy samples, drect ocular observaton was (WSIs) of lver bopsy specmens [1]. In ths paper, a whole slde mage necessary n only 13 (7.8%) to confrm the pathologcal dagnoss that analyss system for quantfcaton of lver fbross was developed to apply was made by the WSI system. Dffculty n makng a dagnoss was found a large number of cases n routne practce. [See Appendix 10 for short n seven (4.2%), and nadequate focus or scannng n small parts of spec- paper and figures.] mens was observed n 19 (11.4%) samples. EMR and ESD specmens were also scanned. In addton to HE stan, EVG stan or D2-40 mmuno- stan was also scanned and vewed on the same screen when necessary. 9:20 Staining Correction in Digital Pathology with Dye Amount Comparson of dfferent stans for the same area became much easer on Look-up-table (LUT), Pinky A. Bautista and Yukako Yagi, one or two separate montors n the WSI system. Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) Auto-analyss: For all antbodes, except for HER2, concordant Automated mage analyss of hstology mages s affected by the stanng results were obtaned n 24 ER postve cases. The K-67 ndex (r=0.96) varatons n hstology sldes. In general, tranng mages are used to opt- and TopoII alpha ndex (r=0.95) also showed a sgnfcant correlaton mze the parameters of an mage analyss system. Color, beng one of the (p<0.001). For HER2, all four specmens wth a Hercep-score of two by domnant features of staned tssue samples, s beng commonly utlzed as ocular observaton, and one by auto-analyss, revealed no HER2 gene feature for to segment or classfy the dfferent staned tssue components. amplfcaton. However, the colors mpressed on the tssue components vary wth the stanng condton of the sample. Hence, when the stanng condtons of Conclusion: Pathologcal dagnoss utlzng a WSI system s useful, the sldes for the tranng and test mages dffer the accuracy of the analy- although there contnue to be some ssues that need to be addressed. The ss results would lkely degrade. In ths work we present a method to cor- transference of a whole hstologcal slde nto dgtal form enables the rect the stanng condton of the hstology mages by constructng a look- evaluaton and nterpretaton of pathology samples wth analytcal soft- up-up table of the staned pxels’ dye amounts. The present method allows ware n a manner where several observers can jon together or by an the user to not only correct the stanng condton of a gven hstology ndvdual at anytme. Well-organzed auto-analyss s more lkely to result mage wth respect to the stanng condton of the reference slde, but to n an objectve observaton and provde a means by whch to standard- also re-create hs/her preferred stanng condton for the gven mage. The ze IHC methods for breast cancer. results of our experments wth Hematoxyln and Eosn (H&E) staned tssue mages showed the effectveness of the present method.

9:40 A New 2D Histogram in HSV Space For Color Image Retrieval, K. Elasnaoui, B. Aksasse, and M. Ouanan, Faculty of Science and Technology Errachidia (Morocco) The problem we consder that s about fndng smlar mages n a large database. The most effcent algorthms use local mage descrptors. In ths paper, we propose a new algorthm based on the ntersecton of 2D hstograms n HSV space. The proposed hstogram s based not only on the ntensty of pxels but also on a 3x3 wndow. Ths approach over- comes the drawback of the classcal hstogram whch gnores the spatal dstrbuton of pxels n the mage. By comparng ts performances to

22nd Color and Imaging Conference Final Program and Proceedings and 2nd Congress of the International Academy of Digital Pathology xxx CIC22 / IADP 2014 November 3 - 7, 2014 • Boston, Massachusetts

several methods of the state of the art, we wll show that the developed of regons of nterest (ROI), standardzed mage transformaton procedures, method presents several advantages. The proposed hstogram s faster, and sophstcated statstcal algorthms of flexble and self learnng classfers. reduce memory consumng and t doesn’t requre learnng. For valdaton of our results, ths algorthm wll be appled to search smlar mages n a Perspectves: No techncal constrant seems to exst that would prohbt a database of over than 1000 mages. Fnally, we show that the proposed self learnng automated dsease detecton system based upon TBD. algorthm s effcent than the method of searchng by the ntersecton of Indvdual brcks are already avalable, and have been tested n stll classcal hstograms n HSV and RGB spaces. crude but promsng trals. Internet test forums such as EAMUSTM or the recently created Vrtual Internatonal Pathology Insttute (VIPI, dag - 10:00 —10:40 AM Coffee Break nomx.eu/vp) can be consdered to be mlestones n developng IT sup - port n TBD and surgcal pathology. The pathologst and the medcal com - munty can decde about velocty and support, not about or . IADP Special Lectures 2: Digital Pathology and Imaging Applications Session Chairs: Arvydas Laurinavicius, Vilnius University, and 11:00 Computational Cancer Pathology*, Andrew H. Beck, Harvard James Michaelson, Massachusetts General Hospital Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (USA) 10:40 AM – 12:00 PM Amphitheater 11:20 The Role of Micro CT in the Imaging of Cancer, M. Griffin, 10:40 Digital Pathology – How Far Are We From Automated Tissue- P. Anand, R. Tang, M. Lewin-Berlin, A. Bui, J. Singh, K. Patel, based Diagnosis?, Klaus Kayser, Charité – Universitätsmedizin W. Sarraj, J. Gilbertson, Y. Yagi, D. Kopans, R. Moore, A. Ly, Berlin (Germany); Stephan Borkenfeld, IAT Heidelberg (Germany); M. Saksena, G.P. Nielsen, G. Harris, N. Gershenfeld, B. Smith, Amina Djenouni, Pathology Institute, Batna (Algeria); Herbert Kaltner, and J. Michaelson, Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) Maximilians University (Germany); and Gian Kayser, Institute of Abstract: The absence of real-tme, detaled, 3D, nformaton on the com - Pathology, University of Freiburg (Germany) poston surgcal specmens presents an enormous challenge n surgcal Background: Tssue based dagnoss (TBD) ncludes all dagnostc proce - oncology and pathology. The problem s especally pressng for breast dures that are performed on human tssue for dsease classfcaton and cancer, where as many as ~1-n-3 patents undergong lumpectomy have treatment. It s computerzed nformaton analyss s called Dgtal been found, upon pathologcal examnaton of the sldes, to be margn Pathology. Heren we wll dscuss the present stage of IT tools and the postve. These patents need to return to the hosptal for re-excson, assumed clncal perspectves on medcal performance and treatment. sometmes multple tmes, n order to acheve negatve margns. A solu - ton may be found n a relatvely new technology, Mcro CT, a hgh res - Theory: Bascally, TBD nvestgates the functon and structures of bolog - oluton X-ray magng method, that has been wdely used n ndustry and cal meanngful ndvdual unts, such as macromolecules, genes, nucle, materals scence, but lttle used n medcne. Over the past three years, cells, vessels, organs, etc. All functons are bound to structures that ensure we have maged a great varety of surgcal specmens wth three Mcro a relable and effectve nformaton and energy exchange. Dsturbance of CT machnes (a SkyScan 1173 Mcro CT, an Xrada McroXCT-200, and structures nduces less effectve or complete loss of functons. The complex a Nkon Metrology XTH225). Our fndngs ndcate the Mcro CT s able nteractons at molecular bologcal level (macromolecules) and ther con - to provde 3D mages of surgcal specmens, whch can dentfy, wthn tnuous reproducton requre extensve computatons n addton to the 10 mnutes, most of those breast cancer patents later found to be margn sophstcated bochemcal analyss systems. Nearly all assessable nfor - postve on pathologcal analyss, as well as to dentfy a small number of maton s of vsual nature, or can be vsualzed. Thus, mage content patents whose cancers appear to be margn postve on Mcro CT alone. analyss appled n a sophstcated manner mght be one key procedure Mcro CT can also dentfy lymph nodes n cancer specmens, ncludng to assst human mage nterpretaton or to even replace t. nodes not detected by pathologcal dssecton. These fndngs suggest Image content nformaton ncludes nformaton that can be derved that Mcro CT has a consderable potental for provdng the surgeon and from predefned functonal unts (objects), ther spatal arrangement (struc - pathologst wth rapd, accurate, actonable nformaton on the status of ture), pxel derved features pror of after mage transformatons (texture), the surgcal specmen whle the patent s stll n the OR. and syntactc compostons of objects or of pxel based prmtves (syntac - tc structure analyss). Statstcally sgnfcant clusters can represent ether 12:00 — 1:30 PM Lunch Break new bologcal sgnfcant unts (for example tubular arrangement of spe - cfc (endothelal) cells form a vessel, spatal composton of cells of dffer - ent nature (cellular socology) form a bronchus), or other new tems such IADP Closing Joint Keynote as entropy flow charts, dffuson denstes, etc. All these parameters form Session Chairs: Klaus Kayser, Humboldt University (Charite), Institute of a powerful set of mage nformaton features. They can be consdered to Pathology, and Yukako Yagi, Massachusetts General Hospital and be ndependent from each other, and calculated ndependently for ther Harvard Medical School specfc clncal sgnfcance (dsease assocaton). 1:30 – 2:20 PM Amphitheater Present status: The development of whole slde mage scanners, ther mple - mentaton nto laboratory and hosptal nformaton systems, and of nternet 1:30 Human Factors in Telepathology: The 21st Century Agenda*, based open access mage measurement systems permt the constructon of Ronald S. Weinstein, Arizona Telemedicine Program (USA) automated dsease classfers wth nbult mage qualty control and montor - ng. The prerequstes nclude mage standardzaton (of gray value range, dstrbuton, magnfcaton n relaton to object measurements, etc.), detecton *No abstract avalable xxx ©2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology