Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical www.jmpas.com And Allied Sciences ISSN NO. 2320 - 7418

REVIEW ARTICLE Correspondence

Narinder kaur School of Pharmacy & ON EFFECTIVE MEDICINAL Emerging Sciences, Baddi University, Himachal Pradesh HERB- BRYOPHYLLAM India. Email Id: [email protected] PINNATUM-A Keywords Alkaloids, Bufadienolides, 2 3 *1 Bains Raman , Niazi Junaid , Kaur Narinderpal Flavonoids, 1. School of Pharmacy&Emerging Sciences, Baddi immunomodulator. University, India Received 15 November 2014 2. Grecian Superspeciality Hospital, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Reviewed India 20 November 2014 3. Rayat& Bahara College of Pharmacy, Patiala, Punjab Accepted 30 November 2014

ABSTRACT Bryophyllum pinnatum is used in folk medicine in tropical Africa, tropical America, India, China, and Australia. It contains a wide range of active compounds, including alkaloids, triterpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, bufadienolides, lipids and organic acids. It is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of variety of ailments like anthelmentic, immune suppressive, hepato-protective, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic, nephron- protective, anti-oxidant activity, anti-microbial activity, analgesic, anti-convulsant, neuro pharmacological and anti-pyretic. It is well known for its haemo-static and wound healing properties. This review focus on folk occurrence and the wide phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Bryophyllum pinnatum.

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INTRODUCTION Common Names: Cathedral Bells, Air Medicinal have been known for (USA), Life Plant, Miracle Leaf, Goethe millennia and are highly esteemed all over Plant and Katakataka. Also called “Wonder the world as a rich source of therapeutic of the World” in the English speaking agents for the prevention of diseases and Caribbean.’Oliwa Ka Kahakai (Hawai'i), ailments.(1,2,3). The plant, Bryophyllum Mother Of Thousands, Herbe Mal Tete pinnatum () is commonly (Dominica) Never Dead, Parvu, Hoja Del known as air plant, love plant, miracle leaf, Aire (Bolivia). life plant, Zakham-e-hyat, panfutti, Synonym: Bryophyllum calycinum, Ghayamari has been accepted as a herbal Bryophyllum pinnatum. remedy in almost all parts of the world (4,5, Taxonomical tree 6) etc.They widely grow in hot and humid Kingdom: Plantae areas, around the dwelling places, along Division: Magnoliophyta road sides and in abandoned farm and fields. Class: Magnoliopsida They are widely used in folk medicine of its Order: indigenous region (Madagascar, Tropical : Africa, India, China, Australia, Hawai and Section: Bryophyllum Tropical America) (7,8,9). It is astringent, : K. pinnata sour in taste, sweet in the post digestive PHYTOCHEMISTRY effect and has hot potency. It is well known Preliminary phytochemical investigation of for its hemostatic and wound healing different partsof plant extracts of B. properties. The plant have considerable pinnatum showed the presence of alkaloids, attention for their medicinal properties and phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, find application in folk medicine, as well as carotenoids, glycosides (12,13,14), in the contemporary medicine (10,11). sitosterol, anthocyanins, (15) malic acid, quinines, tocopherol (16), lectins (17,13), Plant description coumarins (18) and bufadienolides (19,20). Botanical Name: Bryophyllum pinnatum The leaves are found to contain various Family Name: Crussulaceae chemical constituents including 1- octane3- Sanskrit Name: Pashanabheda O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-6) gluco Hindi Name: Patharchur pyranoside (21,22), isorhamnetin-3-O-a-L-

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1C4-rhamnopyranoside, 40- methoxy- diagremotianin (37). 18α-Oleanane, ψ- myricetin-3-O-a-L 1C4-rhamnopyranoside taraxasterol, β-arnyrin acetate was also and proto catechuic-40-O-b-D-4C1 gluco elucidated along with a mixture of α- and β- pyranoside (23), 24- epiclerosterol (24(R)- amyrins and their acetates (35) The aqueous stigmasta-5, 25-dien-3β-ol), 24(R)-5α- leaf extract from the medicinal plant B. stigmasta-7, 25-dien-3β-ol, 5α-stigmast-24- pinnata (Crasaceae) afforded a kaempferol en-3β-ol and 25-methyl-5α-ergost-24 (28)- diglycoside, named kapinnatoside, identified en-3β-ol (24,25). A new steroidal derivative, as kaempferol 3-O-a-Larabinopyranosyl (1! Stigmast-4, 20 (21), 23-trien-3-one was also 2) a-L-amnopyranoside known to have anti isolated from the plant leaves extract along leishmania activity(22).The major elements, with stigmata-5-en-3β-ol , α – amyrin- β-D- comprising calcium, phosphorus, sodium, glucopyranoside , nundecanyl n-octadec-9- potassium malate, magnesium and trace en-1-oate and n-dodecanyl noctadec- 9-en-1- elements (iron and zinc) were also oate (26). Different naturally occurring determined in the plant extracts along with flavanoids from leaves are flavones, falvans, vitamins like ascorbic acid (26.42 to 44.03 flavanones, isoflavonoids, chalcones, mg/100 g), riboflavin (0.20 to 0.42 mg/100 aurones and anthocyanidines (27,28,29), 5I g), thiamine (0.11 to 0.18 mg/100 g), and Methyl 4I, 5, 7 trihydroxyl flavone 1 and 4I, niacin (0.02 to 0.09 mg/100 g) casein 3, 5, 7 tetrahydroxy 5-methyl 5I- hydrlylsate, nicotinamide(38,14,39). propenamine anthocyanidines 2(29). Syringic acid, caffeic acid (40), 4-hydroxy- Compounds with potent biological activity 3-methoxy-cinnamic acid, 4- hydroxyl are bersaldegenin- 1, 3, 5-orthoacetate (30) benzoic acid, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, and bufadienolide- bryophyllin B (31,25) paracoumaric acid, ferulic acid, and Bryophyllin C (32,33),, bryophyllol, protocatechuic acid, phosphoenolpyruvate, bryophollone, bryophollenone, bryophynol protocatechuic acid isolated from aerial (34)are isolated from the aerial part of the parts of plants (41,33). Extract obtained by plant. Phenanthrene derivatives isolated decoction of the bryophyllum leaves from the plant extract are 2(9-decenyl)- contains various enzymes i.e Phosphoenol phenanthrene and 2-(undecenyl)- pyruvate carboxykinase (PCK), phenanthrene (II) ,1 ethanaomino 7 hex-1- Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), yne-5-one phenathrine (35,36), Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK),

Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 35-46 37 ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (rubisco) (42) along with Phosphoglycerate kinase, Carbonic anhydrase, Glycolate oxidase, Fructosebiphosphate aldolase, DNA topoisomerase which most of having role in metabolism (43). Bryophollenone

Fig.1. Compounds isolated from Bryophyllum pinnatum PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Antimicrobial activity Two novel flavanoids; 5 methyl 4,5,7 trihydroxyl flavones and 4,3,5,7 tetrahydroxy 5 methyl 5 propenamine anthocyanidines showed potential antimicrobial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger (29). When 60% methanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf used to inhibits the growth bacteria, at a concentration of 25 mg/ml it showed good antibacterial effects (44). Further the Plant is effective in the treatment of typhoid fever and other bacterial infections, particularly those caused by S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, K. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae and S. typhi due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Researchers findings supported

Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 35-46 38 its use in treating the placenta and navel of significant hypoglycaemia in rats. The newborn baby, which not only heals fast but different flavonoids, polyphenols, also prevent the formation of infections triterpenoids and phytosterols of the herb are (45,26,46). Some researchers suggested that speculated to account for the observed the active constituents Bufadienolides: antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and bryophyllin A and bryophyllin C from B. antidiabetic properties of the plant. It exert Pinnatum showed strong insecticidal activity antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory against third instar larvae of the silkworm effects probably by inhibiting the release, (32).The Fungitoxic and phytotoxic effects synthesis and /or production of of extracts on the fungal pathogens have inflammatory cytokines and mediators, also studied by the researchers (47,48). including: prostaglandins, histamine, Anti-diabetic Activity polypeptide kinins and so on (49). The presence of zinc in the plants could Anti-ulcer activity mean that the plants can playvaluable roles It also been demonstrated by the in the management of diabetes, which result investigators that the Methanol-soluble from insulin malfunction. Ojewole evaluated fraction of B. pinnatum leaf extract inhibited the antinociceptive effect of the herb's the development of a variety of acute ulcers aqueous leaf extract by the 'hot-plate' and induced in the stomach and duodenum of 'acetic acid' test models of pain in mice. The rats and guinea pigs (50). anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of the plant extract were investigated in rats, Anticonvulsant activity using fresh egg albumin-induced pedal CH2Cl 2/CH3OH extract of B. pinnatum oedema, and streptozotocin –induced were found to reduce seizures induced by diabetes mellitus. The aqueous leaf extract pentylenetetrazol, strychnine sulphate and produced significant (P<0.05-0.001) thiosemicarbazide and increases in the antinociceptive effects against thermally and latency period of seizures and to reduced the chemicallyinduced nociceptive pain stimuli duration of seizures induced by the three in mice. The plant extract also significantly convulsive agents. The extract protected (P<0.05-0.001) inhibited fresh egg 20% of animals against death in seizures albumininduced acute inflammation and induced by TSC and STN (51). cause

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Hepato-protective and Nephro-protective: include formation of foams in aqueous Juice of the fresh leaves is used very solutions, hemolytic activity, cholesterol effectively for the treatment of jaundice in binding properties and bitterness .These Bundelkhand region of India. Yadav et al properties bestow high medicinal activities studied that the juice of leaveswas found on the extracts from B.Pinnatum. Tannins more effective than ethanolic extract as have astringent properties, hasten the evidenced by invivo and invitro healing of wounds and inflamed mucous histopathological studies for membranes. These perhaps, explain why hepatoprotective activity of plant and traditional medicine healers in Southeastern justifies the use of juice of plant leaves in Nigeria often use herb in treating wounds folk medicine for jaundice. The protective and burns . Dra Amalia et al investigated the effect on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity anti-inflammatory activity of the fluid in rats which may involve its antioxidant extract of the leaves against the edema and oxidative radical scavenging activities.It caused by carrageen in rats. It was is also used for the treatment of kidney confirmed that the fluid stones in India where is goes by the name of extract with 4.5 % of total solids at doses of Pather Chat or Paan-futti.The Quercetin has 100 mg/kg of weight has an anti- neproprotective and antioxidant role (52). inflammatory effect (55) . Aqueous extract Anti-hypertensive of B.Pinnatum can demonstrate strong The aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of analgesic potency comparable in a time and B. pinnatum decreases in arterial blood dose-dependent manner to a non-steroidal pressures and heart rates of anaesthetized anti-inflammatory drug. Igwe investigated normotensive and hypertensive rats (53,54). that the aqueous extract was devoid of severe toxic effects, increased the pain Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and threshold in rats using the hot plate or Wound Healing activity: The high thermal methods, inhibited or reduced saponins content justifies the use of the phenyl benzoquinone-induced writhing or extracts to stop bleeding and in treating abdominal stretches in mice in a dose- wounds. Saponins has the property of dependent manner, and produced a weak or precipitating and coagulating red blood an inferior anti-inflammatory activity than cells. Some of the characteristics of saponins

Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 35-46 40 aspirin. The plant leaf contains hypersensitization with ovalbumin were all Hydroxyproline heals the wounds(56). protected against death. It was stated that Oral protection was accompanied by a Immunomodulatory effect reduced production of OVA-specific IgE The aqueous extract of leaves causes antibodies, reduced eosinophilia, and significant inhibition of cell-mediated and impaired production of the IL-5, IL-10 and humoral immune responses in mice.The TNF- α cytokines. Oral treatment with the spleen cells of animals pre-treated with plant quercitrin flavonoid isolated from plant extract showed a decreased ability to extract prevented fatal anaphylaxis in 75% proliferate in response to both mitogen and of the animals. The abovesaid findings antigen in vitro as well as the specific indicated that oral treatment with antibody responses to ovalbumin were also Bryophyllum pinnatum effectively significantly reduced by treatment. downmodulates proanaphylactic inducing Investigation found that leaf extracts immune responses (59). inhibited invitro lymphocyte proliferation Antileishmanial activity: Infections caused and showed invivo immunosuppressive by protozoa of the genus Leishmania are a activity, hence it has been proved that the major worldwide health problem, with high aqueous extract of leaves possesses endemicity in developing countries. The immunosuppressive activities(57). It has incidence of the disease has increased since been stated that the fattyacids present in the emergence of AIDS. L.G. Rocha et al B.Pinnatum may be responsible for its refered in a review on a plant extracts that a immunosuppressive effect invivo as from chemically defined molecules (coumarin, the ethanolic extract a purified fraction quercetin) of natural origin showing (KP12SA) of B.Pinnatum found twenty-fold antileishmanial activity(60,61) . Quercitrin, more potent to block murine lymphocyte a flavonoid is responsible for the proliferation than the crude extract(58) antileishmanial activity of B.Pinnatum. The Further the resrachers studied quercetin immunomodulatory effect of bryophyllum aglycone-type structure, as well as a pinnatum and reported that mice daily rhamnosyl unit linked at C-3, seem to be treated with oral B.pinnatum during important for antileishmanial activity . Da Silva et al investigated the antileishmanial

Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 35-46 41 properties of three flavanoids (quercitrin, of Bryophyllum pinnatum are potential quercetin and afzelin) of leaf extract in mice cancer chemopreventive agents (65). MTT against L. amazonenis amastigotes and assay on a highly metastatic human HT- found oral route was more effective than 1080 fibrosarcoma cell line showed that other (i.v. or tropical) routes. The protective metanolic. Methonolic aqueous, aqueous effect of plant in leishmaniasis may not be extract have mild antiproliferative activity due to a direct effect on the parasite itself (66). but rather activation of the reactive nitrogen Uterine relaxant and uterine contractility intermediates pathway of macrophages. B. pinnatum showed its relaxant effect Anti-cancer invitro on the contractility of human Prescreening method for cytotoxic effect myometrium on oxytocin-stimulated showed that the ethanolic extract of contraction at a minimum concentration bryophyllum pinnatum has anti-cancerous almost 100-fold lower than in the case of activity (62,63). In BSL bioassay, the spontaneous contraction (67). ethanolic extract showed lethality against CONCLUSION the brine shrimp nauplii. It showed different Bryophyllum pinnatumis a perennial herb mortality rate at different concentrations growing widely and used in folkloric (64). Five bufadienolides isolated from the medicine in tropical Africa, India, China, leaves of B. pinnata were examined for their Australia and tropical America. A number of inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early active compounds, including flavonoids, antigen (EBV-EA) activation in Raji cells glycosides, steroids, bufadienolides and induced by the tumor promoter, 12- organic acids, have been identified in Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. All Bryophyllum pinnatum. Its bufadienolides bufadienolides showed inhibitory activity, are structurally similar to Cardiac glycosides and bryophyllin A exhibited the most and have demonstrated in clinical research marked inhibition among the tested to possess antimicrobial, antifungal, compounds. Bryophyllin C, a reduction anticancer, anti tumour, insecticidal actions. analogue of Bryophyllin A, and It also possess other activities like anti-ulcer, bersaldegenin-3-acetate lacking the anti-inflammatory and analgesic, orthoacetate moiety were less active. These antihypertensive, hepato-protective, Nephro- results strongly suggest that bufadienolides protective, diuretic, anti-diabetic, anti-

Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (Vol-3_2014) 06; 35-46 42 convulsion, anti-oxidant, uterine relaxant, 5. Gupta R, Lohani M, Arora S, 2010. muscle relaxant and neuro-sedative activity Anti-inflammatory activity of the and tocolysis activity. Thepresent review leaf extractsfractions of Bryophyllum shows the pharmacological potentials of pinnatum; 3(1):003. Bryophyllum pinnatam which is very helpful 6. Igwe SA, Akunyili DN, 2005. to researcher to explode more about this Analgesic Effects of Aqueous valuable plant. extracts of the leaves of B. Pinnatum.

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