Textbook of Oncofertility Research and Practice Teresa K

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Textbook of Oncofertility Research and Practice Teresa K. Woodruff Divya K. Shah Wendy S. Vitek Editors Textbook of Oncofertility Research and Practice

A Multidisciplinary Approach Editors Teresa K. Woodruff Divya K. Shah Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Northwestern University University of Pennsylvania Chicago, IL Philadelphia, PA USA USA

Wendy S. Vitek Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Rochester Rochester, NY USA

ISBN 978-3-030-02867-1 ISBN 978-3-030-02868-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02868-8

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To Megan Connolly Preface

The field of oncofertility began with an clinicians to learn either in person, online, urgent unmet need – the fertility concerns or through this textbook. Education that of young cancer patients. Today, due to the has no boundaries is boundless! I am grate- research and clinical interventions docu- ful to them for their partnership in each of mented in prior books, the field of oncofer- these endeavors. tility has matured. Now, clear didactics are needed to ensure that clinicians who are This textbook could not exist without the new to this field of medicine can quickly time and expertise of our authors; their come up to speed with treatment strate- dedication ensures this is a volume that is gies. In this first everTextbook of Oncofer- highly valuable to the field today and will tility Research and Practice, the coeditors be the foundation for updates in our col- and coauthors met this need with two lective future. These chapters and cases are kinds of chapters. First, in the didactic built on experience, and the truths that are chapters, questions are posed that are presented are hard-won, first-person voy- instructional and provide the best evi- ages into delivery of care when intentions dence available on each of the subjects. were good but guidelines were scarce. Our They may also provide a springboard authors are on the front lines, but rarely toward new research or improvements in make headlines – they are the champions clinical care. The second chapter type is of oncofertility. represented by case studies. Every oncofertility case differs significantly based on the It would also not exist without the expert age of the individual, expectations about handling of the administrative details of this fertility needs, timing, and the type of can- and other Oncofertility Consortium educa- cer care, and this complexity is detailed in tional tools by Lauren Ataman-Millhouse each chapter. As a collection, they repre- and Brigid Martz-Smith. These two out- sent the best thinking of clinicians who standing leaders have enabled our field to have been on the frontline of oncofertility flourish for more than half a decade. Their care since its inception. In the end, we personal commitment and professional pas- hope these chapters and the case studies sion for oncofertility ensure that the field is enable the kind of learning that is endur- coordinated so that patient treatment is ing and propels the field forward. optimized. Team science often moves more slowly because of coordination penalties. The coeditors on this book are Divya Shah, Oncofertility is different, and the difference MD, and Wendy Vitek, MD. Both of these is Lauren and Brigid. They make possible clinicians are extraordinary educators and any idea that I imagine, and, as a conse- have dedicated their careers to teaching quence, we have made remarkable advances oncofertility practices to residents and fel- in a short period of time. Our field is made lows across the multiple subspecialties that better by and is grateful to Lauren and represent this diverse field. They are the Brigid for their expertise and partnership. founders and directors of the Oncofertility Fellow Education Day that brings students This book was also aided by the team of edi- together on an annual basis to learn about tors, including Tracy Marton, at Springer the field and how to collaborate across Nature, and, most importantly, Kristopher disciplines. They also led the Oncofertility Spring. This is my seventh book with Kris- Consortium’s efforts to create free online topher, and his careful handling of our field didactics that are available through the as we coalesced our ideas over the years is American Society of Reproductive remarkable. Indeed, our first book, pub- Medicine (ASRM). Through these efforts, lished in 2007, was immediately after the they are enabling the next generation of word oncofertility was coined. One has only VII Preface to peruse the titles of our books to know content so that it becomes a vibrant part of that Springer has never shied away from the the fertility preservation movement. The needs of our field as it developed [1–6]. Oncofertility Consortium meetings will continue because the field has problems it must Most importantly, I want to thank the field continue to solve and only by convening do of oncofertility. This will be my last preface we understand each other’s points of view. in a book that I edit on this topic. I have been part of a global movement that cre- Finally, this textbook is dedicated to all of ated the basic science rationale, clinical the cancer patients who have fought this investigatory opportunities, and clinical disease. Megan Connolly, to whom this breakthroughs that we now take for granted book is dedicated, is my personal hero, and in fertility management of the young can- she represents the many heroes who have cer patient. My first conversations with overcome the adversity of cancer to shine clinicals – REIs, oncologists, and embryolo- as a beacon on health and hope to many gists – were met with incredulity. The time generations to come. She is living proof was too long; the patients were too ill; the that the promise of basic science in medi- need to protect fertility was subordinate to cine is that tomorrow’s patient will be all else. These early discussions led directly treated better than todays. the creation of the Oncofertility Consor- tium, a global community of care that rep- This textbook is the tangible evidence of resents a collegial group of members across that promise. the disciplinary spectrum who are “the 1. Woodruff TK, Snyder K. (Eds). community of the willing.” As a conse- Oncofertility. New York: Springer; 2007. quence of this groups’ good work, young 2. Woodruff TK, Zoloth L, Campo- cancer patients now expect a fertility con- Engelstein L, Rodriguez SB. (Eds). sult, and while not yet universal, options Oncofertility: ethical, legal, social, and are available in many clinical settings pro- medical perspectives. New York: viding hope for an expectant future. Today, Springer Publishing Company; 2010. there are five states that have enacted insur- 3. Woodruff TK, Gracia C. (Eds). ance and reimbursement legislation, ensur- Oncofertility medical practice: clinical ing access to patients from all socioeconomic issues and implementation. New York: backgrounds. In the end, my contribution Springer Publishing Company; 2012. has been as a grassroots organizer, recog- 4. Woodruff TK, Clayman ML, Waimey nizing from the beginning that for the field KE. (Eds). Oncofertility communica- to reach its full potential in the shortest tion: sharing information and building possible timeframe, we needed to think not relationships across disciplines. just about the research breakthroughs or New York: Springer Publishing clinical options, but we had to think about Company; 2013. practice management strategies and what 5. Woodruff TK, Gosiengfiao YC. (Eds). questions the patient might have including Pediatric and adolescent oncofertility: about legal issues, ethical concerns, and best practices and emerging technolo- faith-based crisis that could modify deci- gies. Cham: Springer International sioning. By including all of the wisdom of Publishing; 2017. the academy, we accelerated the work. 6. Goetsch A, Kimelman D, Woodruff TK. (Co-authors). Fertility preserva- While this is my last chapter in oncofertility, tion and restoration for patients with my own work with continue in the lab, which complex medical conditions. is the best outcome for research – that a once New York: Springer Publishing intractable problem now has tangible solu- Company; 2017. tions. Drs. Shah and Vitek will take over as coeditors of this textbook in future years, Teresa K. Woodruff, PhD ensuring that we have the most up-to-date Chicago, IL, USA VIII Preface

The academic medical center endorses a The book is structured with two types of tripartite mission: providing excellent chapters: topical and case-based. The top- clinical care, advancing cutting-edge med- ics are selected for their relevance to the ical research, and educating the next gen- clinical practice of oncofertility and are eration of physicians and leaders. Though intended to appeal to an international the three goals are typically described in a audience from a variety of disciplines. The single breath, medical education has fre- authors were selected for their expertise in quently taken a back seat to research and the field as well as their ability to distill clinical programs. In recent years, how- complex evidence into a structured and ever, medical education is increasingly easily digestible format. The case-based valued as an independent mission – one chapters are intended as an adjunct to the that requires a team of professionals who topical chapters but with a different goal. are both committed and specifically Each begins with a real clinical scenario trained to advance it. encountered by the authors; like clinical medicine itself, the cases can be compli- Never is this need more evident than in cated, messy, multifaceted, and rely upon oncofertility, where the multidisciplinary knowledge and judgment from a wide and interprofessional nature of the field array of topics. The intent of the cases is to requires an as-yet-undetermined approach illustrate the breath and complexity of this to education and training. Under the guid- field through the eyes of experts, provid- ance of Dr. Teresa Woodruff, the Oncofer- ing a springboard for thoughtful discus- tility Consortium has assumed this sion and reflection on one’s own challenge. An early needs assessment iden- experience. Questions for learner self- tified both the desire for and the dearth of assessment are available at the end of each a structured, formalized, easily accessible chapter. If you are new to the field, we rec- curriculum in fertility preservation among ommend that you read the topical content obstetrics and gynecology fellows, with for foundational knowledge and the asso- subsequent roundtable discussions clarify- ciated cases for application and self-assessing the goals and structure of such an ment. We anticipate that you will find it endeavor. The outcome of these efforts has helpful to return to the cases for guidance been the launch of a multimodal curricu- when you encounter complex cases in lum in fertility preservation that offers a your own practice. If you have been pro- variety of learning opportunities to address viding oncofertility care in your practice, the heterogeneous learning styles and per- we anticipate that reading the topical con- sonal preferences of the targeted adult tent and cases will provide a concise learners. Part one includes a free online update of the recent progress made in the certificate course, representing a collabo- field. ration between the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Oncofer- As faculty in Reproductive Endocrinol- tility Consortium, that is comprised of 12 ogy and Infertility as well as medical modules spanning the breath of fertility educators, we embraced the challenge of preservation and survivorship. This is sup- distilling the field of fertility preservation plemented by an in-person one-day course down to what we hope is a practical but at the annual Oncofertility Consortium also thought-provoking text. We look for- meeting, which includes both didactic- ward to keeping this resource up to date and case-based instruction, the latter of and relevant for years to come. which occurs in multidisciplinary teams. This text represents the culmination of this Wendy S. Vitek, MD educational effort and is directed specifi- Rochester, NY, USA cally toward trainees and independent practitioners who are new to the field of Divya Kelath Shah, MD, MME oncofertility. Philadelphia, PA, USA IX Preface

Teresa does it again! I was there when Dr. family building is synonymous with quality Woodruff first shared her idea for a NIH of life. It all starts with basic education and Roadmap grant proposal focusing on fertil- awareness of the facts and what opportuni- ity preservation for the cancer patient, with ties and treatment options are possible. This leaders of the reproductive research com- book, co-edited by Drs. Vitek and Shah, two munity. The application was successful and up and coming reproductive medicine spe- the discipline of oncofertility was born and cialists and educators, provides all the now espoused worldwide. One of the origi- needed information; it should be a “must nal aims of this novel transdisciplinary ini- read” for any healthcare provider, primary tiative was the education and training of care or specialist treating pediatric cancer providers who treat cancer patients, but do patients or patients of reproductive age with not have reproduction on their radar cancer. screens. Dr. Woodruff launched the now global Oncofertility Consortium, hosted Christos Coutifaris, MD, PhD annual Oncofertility Conferences, published Celso-Ramon Garcia Professor numerous scientific studies and now, this Department of Obstetrics inspired effort culminates in the publication and Gynecology of the Textbook of Oncofertility Research and University of Pennsylvania Practice. For most, if not all cancer survivors, President, ASRM XI

Contents

I Fertility Implications in Oncologic and Non-oncologic Settings

1 Fertility Risk with Cancer Therapy ...... 3 Leslie Coker Appiah and Daniel M. Green

2 Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer: Fertility Implications and Clinical Practice ...... 15 Karen E. Kinahan, Barbara A. Lockart, Christina E. Boots, and Aarati Didwania

3 Cancer Genetics: Risks and Mechanisms of Cancer in Women with Hereditary Predisposition to Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ...... 29 Andrew F. Wagner, Lee P. Shulman, and Jeffrey S. Dungan

4 Fertility Preservation in Patients with Disorders (Differences) of Sex Development ...... 45 Diane Chen, Emilie K. Johnson, and Courtney Finlayson

5 Fertility Preservation in Patients with Gender Dysphoria ...... 55 Jason Jarin, Emilie K. Johnson, and Veronica Gomez-Lobo

II Options for Preserving Fertility

6 Embryo and Oocyte Banking ...... 71 Lynn M. Westphal, Jamie A. M. Massie, and Jessica A. Lentscher

7 Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplantation ...... 81 Yuting Fan and Sherman Silber

8 Surgical and Pharmacologic Fertility Preservation: The Role of Ovarian Transposition and Medical Suppression ...... 89 Kara N. Goldman

9 Fertility Preservation Options for Female Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology Patients ...... 103 Michael Kinnaman, Kathleen Shea, and Jennifer Levine

10 Optimal Technique for Laparoscopic Oophorectomy for Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation in Pediatric Girls ...... 115 Kristine S. Corkum and Erin Rowell

11 Fertility Preservation in Adult Male Cancer Patients ...... 121 Joshua A. Halpern and Robert E. Brannigan XII Contents

III Care of the Opatient

12 Assessing Ovarian Reserve ...... 145 Yasmin Gosiengfiao and Veronica Gomez-Lobo

13 Contraception and Menstrual Suppression for Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Patients ...... 153 Carley Zeal, Janie Benoit, and Holly R. Hoefgen

14 Female Sexual Function in Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Survivors ...... 177 Terri L. Woodard, Andrea Bradford, and Sukhkamal Campbell

15 Pregnancy Considerations in Patients with Cancer and Cancer Survivors ...... 191 Yuriko Iwahata, Hideyuki Iwahata, and Nao Suzuki

16 Assessing Testicular Reserve in the Male Oncology Patient ...... 199 James A. Kashanian and Robert E. Brannigan

17 Male Fertility Preservation: Current Options and Advances in Research ...... 209 Kathrin Gassei, Hanna Valli-Pulaski, Allison G. Close, Erika D. Friehling, Rajeev Chaudhry, Patrick J. Fox, Glenn M. Cannon, Thomas M. Jaffe, Lillian R. Meacham, and Kyle E. Orwig

18 Male Sexuality ...... 229 Anne Katz, Brooke Cherven, Linda Ballard, Chad Ritenour, and Lillian R. Meacham

IV Oncofertility in Clinical Practice

19 Setting Up an Oncofertility Program ...... 245 Chelsea Webb Fox and H. Irene Su

20 Building a Pediatric Oncofertility Practice ...... 255 Karen Burns and Lesley Breech

21 The Fertility Preservation (FP) Consult ...... 265 Barbara A. Lockart

22 Genetic Counselors: Bridging the Oncofertility Information Gap . . . . 273 Allison L. Goetsch

23 Psychosocial Impact of Cancer-Related Infertility ...... 281 Mollie Rose Canzona, Bansari G. Patel, and John M. Salsman XIII Contents

24 Oncofertility Consults in the REI Setting ...... 289 Jason Elliott, Rhonda Zwingerman, Jinglan Han, Tamas Gotz, and Eileen McMahon

25 The Birds and the Bees and the Bank: Talking with Families About Future Fertility Amidst a Cancer Diagnosis ...... 297 Gwendolyn P. Quinn, Caprice Knapp, and Devin Murphy

26 Patient and Family Tools to Aid in Education and Decision-Making About Oncofertility ...... 305 Gwendolyn P. Quinn, Susan Thomas Vadaparampil, Ivana Sehovic-Neff, and Marla L. Clayman

27 Establishing Insurance Coverage for Iatrogenic Infertility ...... 317 Joyce D. Reinecke, Nanette Elster, Joseph Letourneau, and Meghan Bowman-Curci

V Ethical and Legal Considerations in Oncofertility

28 Legal Issues in Oncofertility Treatment ...... 333 Susan L. Crockin

29 Adoption in the Cancer Setting ...... 349 Jessica R. Gorman, Adam S. DuVall, and Brandon Hayes-Lattin

30 Common Ethical Issues in Oncofertility ...... 355 Lisa Campo-Engelstein

31 The Importance of Disclosure for Sexual and Gender Minorities in Oncofertility Cases ...... 363 Gwendolyn P. Quinn, Christina Tamargo, Matthew B. Schabath, Amani Sampson, and Susan Thomas Vadaparampil

32 Ethics of Posthumous Reproduction ...... 375 Lisa Campo-Engelstein

VI Basic Science Advances in Oncofertility

33 Fertility Preservation and Restoration in Pediatric Males ...... 385 Maxwell E. Edmonds, Kyle E. Orwig, and Robert E. Brannigan

34 Uterus Transplantation ...... 395 Mats Brännström and Jana Pittman

35 Protecting and Extending Fertility for Females of Wild and Endangered Mammals ...... 401 Nucharin Songsasen and Pierre Comizzoli XIV Contents

VII Case Studies: Egg Banking

36 Cervical Cancer (Large Tumors): Conservative Surgery, Ovarian Transposition, and Oocyte and Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation: A Combined Approach ...... 415 Mauricio Barbour Chehin, Lívia Munhoz, Joyce Fioravanti, Bruna Barros, and André Lopes

37 Oocyte Cryopreservation in the Setting of Cervical Cancer ...... 419 Ashley Graul and Clarisa R. Gracia

38 Alternative Stimulation Protocols ...... 425 Marissa Steinberg Weiss, Seema Niphadkar, David M. Mintzer, and Divya Kelath Shah

39 Oncofertility in the Premenopausal Breast Cancer Patient ...... 431 Dana Marie Scott, Nikita M. Shah, and Jacqueline S. Jeruss

40 Oncofertility Case Study: Breast Cancer in a 33-Year-Old Woman . . . . 439 Ellen M. Greenblatt, Eileen McMahon, and Tulin D. Cil

41 Fertility Preservation: Convergence of Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer, Desired Fertility, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome . . . . 443 Michael S. Mersol-Barg and Jeffrey H. Margolis

42 Fertility Preservation for a Transgender Man ...... 449 Olivia Higgins, Amy R. Benjamin, Katherine B. Greenberg, and Wendy S. Vitek

43 Fertility Preservation in an Adolescent with an Ovotesticular Disorder of Sexual Development ...... 453 Teresa Almeida-Santos, R. Cardoso, A. Carvalho, and Ana Paula Sousa

44 Case Presentation: Adoption in the Cancer Setting ...... 457 Adam S. DuVall, Jessica R. Gorman, and Brandon Hayes-Lattin

VIII Case Studies: Embryo Banking

45 In Vitro Activation Following Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation: A Case of Patient with POI ...... 463 Hideyuki Iwahata, Seido Takae, Kazuhiro Kawamura, and Nao Suzuki

46 Fertility Preservation in Young Women with Breast Cancer: A Case Study ...... 467 Marouen Braham, Sarah Amari, Hammouda Boussen, Mohamed Khrouf, and Fethi Zhioua

47 Childhood Cancer: Secondary Malignancy and Fertility Implications ...... 471 Karen E. Kinahan XV Contents

48 Fertility Preservation at an Advanced Reproductive Age: When Hope and Reality Collide ...... 477 Jacquelyn Shaw and Kara N. Goldman

IX Case Studies: Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation

49 Case Presentation: Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Subsequent Transplantation in the Setting of Lymphoma . . . . . 485 Clarisa R. Gracia

50 Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation in a Rare Case of a Pregnant Woman with Acute Leukemia ...... 489 Mahmoud Salama, Evgenia Isachenko, Sebastian Ludwig, Thomas Einzmann, Gohar Rahimi, Peter Mallmann, and Vladimir Isachenko

X Case Studies: Adult Male Fertility Preservation

51 Case Presentation: Sperm Banking in Patient Diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukemia ...... 495 Adam S. DuVall, Jason C. Hedges, and Brandon Hayes-Lattin

52 Management of Male Infertility Secondary to Chemotherapeutic Agents During Childhood Cancer Treatment ...... 501 Aarati Didwania

XI Case Studies: Pediatric Male Fertility Preservation

53 Assessing and Supporting Adolescent Boys Having Fertility Preservation ...... 507 Antoinette Anazodo and William Ledger

54 Fertility Preservation Approaches to Patients with Leukemic Involvement of the Testes ...... 513 Michael H. Hsieh

55 Testicular Tissue Cryopreservation Prior to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: Two Case Studies Illustrating Family Decision-Making ...... 517 Emilie K. Johnson, Nicoleta Arva, and Barbara A. Lockart

56 Adolescent Testicular Sperm Retrieval ...... 523 I-Shen Huang, Robert E. Brannigan, and Barbara A. Lockart

57 Spontaneous Conception in a Breast Cancer Woman Carrying a BRCA2 Mutation: When Two Children Are Not Enough . . . 529 Teresa Almeida-Santos, Margarida Brito, and Ana Paula Sousa XVI Contents

XII Case Studies: Pediatric Female Fertility Preservation

58 Fertility Preservation in a Premenarchal Girl ...... 535 Ksenya Shliakhsitsava, Chelsea Webb Fox, and H. Irene Su

59 A Clinical Case of Fertility Preservation in an Adolescent with Hodgkin Lymphoma ...... 541 Mohamed Khrouf, Marouen Braham, Selim Khrouf, and Fehmi Msaddak

60 Case Study of Postpubertal Adolescent Female Undergoing Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Oophoropexy Prior to Gonadotoxic Therapy ...... 547 Timothy Lautz, Barbara A. Lockart, and Elizabeth Sniderman

61 Fertility Preservation in a Female Adolescent with a Hemoglobinopathy ...... 551 Mary Ellen Pavone, Sharrón Manuel, and Alexis Thompson

Supplementary Information Index ...... 561 XVII

Contributors

Teresa Almeida-Santos, MD, PhD The Ohio State University Comprehensive Center for Fertility Preservation, Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital Reproductive Medicine Unit and Solove Research Institute Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Columbus, OH, USA Coimbra, Portugal Nationwide Children’s Hospital Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Columbus, OH, USA Coimbra, Portugal [email protected]

Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology Nicoleta Arva, MD, PhD University of Coimbra Department of Pathology and Laboratory Coimbra, Portugal Medicine Human Reproduction Department Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital Coimbra University Hospital of Chicago Coimbra, Portugal Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Linda Ballard, APRN, CPNP Sarah Amari, MD Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Gynecology, obstetrics and Reproductive Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Medicine Department Atlanta, GA, USA Aziza Othmana University Hospital [email protected] Tunis, Tunisia Bruna Barros, BSc Faculté de Médecine de Tunis Huntington Medicina Reprodutiva Tunis, Tunisia São Paulo, SP, Brazil [email protected] [email protected] Antoinette Anazodo, BSc, MSc, MBBS Department of Paediatric Oncology Amy R. Benjamin, MD Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sydney, NSW, Australia University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry Department of Adult Oncology Rochester, NY, USA Nelune Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital [email protected] Sydney, NSW, Australia

School of Women’s and Children’s Health Janie Benoit, MD, FRCSC University of New South Wales Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sydney, NSW, Australia Ste-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal [email protected] Montreal, QC, Canada [email protected] Leslie Coker Appiah, MD [email protected] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Ohio State University College Christina E. Boots, MD of Medicine, The Ohio State University Division of Reproductive Endocrinology Wexner Medical Center and Infertility, Northwestern University Columbus, OH, USA Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] XVIII Contributors

Hammouda Boussen, MD Lesley Breech, MD Medical Oncology Department Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Mahmoud Materi Hospital Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute Ariana, Tunisia Cincinnati, OH, USA [email protected] Faculté de Médecine de Tunis Tunis, Tunisia Margarida Brito, MD [email protected] Instituto Português de Oncologia Meghan Bowman-Curci, MPH Francisco Gentil Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal Alliance for Fertility Preservation (501 ©(3)) [email protected] Moffitt Cancer Center, Health Outcomes and Behavior Program Karen Burns, MD, MS Lafayette, CA, USA Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Health Outcomes and Behavior Program Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute Moffitt Cancer Center Cincinnati, OH, USA Tampa, FL, USA [email protected] [email protected] Sukhkamal Campbell, MD Andrea Bradford, PhD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division of Reproductive Endocrinology Department of Medicine and Infertility, Baylor College of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA Houston, TX, USA [email protected] [email protected] Lisa Campo-Engelstein, PhD Marouen Braham, MD Alden March Bioethics Institute Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine Department Albany Medical College Aziza Othmana University Hospital Albany, NY, USA Tunis, Tunisia [email protected] Faculté de Médecine de Tunis Tunis, Tunisia Glenn M. Cannon, MD [email protected] Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Robert E. Brannigan, MD Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Division of Male Reproductive Surgery and Pittsburgh, PA, USA Men’s Health, Department of Urology [email protected] Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Mollie Rose Canzona, MA, PhD Chicago, IL, USA Assistant Professor [email protected] Department of Communication Wake Forest University Mats Brännström, MD, PhD Winston-Salem, NC, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Social Sciences Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Health Policy Gothenburg, Sweden Wake Forest School of Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Winston-Salem, NC, USA Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg [email protected] Gothenburg and Stockholm IVF Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] XIX Contributors

R. Cardoso, MD Tulin D. Cil, MD, MEd, FRCSC Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Department of Surgery, University of Toronto Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Breast Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Universitário de Coimbra Cancer Centre and Women’s College Hospital Coimbra, Portugal Toronto, ON, Canada [email protected] [email protected]

A. Carvalho, BS, MS Marla L. Clayman, PhD, MPH Center for Fertility Preservation Department of Health Care Research and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Centro Hospitalar Evaluation, American Institutes for Research e Universitário de Coimbra Chicago, IL, USA Coimbra, Portugal [email protected] [email protected] Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Allison G. Close, MD Coimbra, Portugal Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology [email protected] Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children’s Rajeev Chaudhry, MD Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Department of Urology Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine [email protected] Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, PA, USA Pierre Comizzoli, DVM, PhD [email protected] Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Mauricio Barbour Chehin, MD, PhD Front Royal, VA, USA Huntington Medicina Reprodutiva [email protected] São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Gynecology Department Kristine S. Corkum, MD Universidade de Santo Amaro – UNISA Division of Pediatric Surgery São Paulo, SP, Brazil Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s [email protected] Hospital of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA Diane Chen, PhD Department of Surgery Assistant Professor, Division of Adolescent Northwestern University Feinberg School Medicine, Departments of Child & Adolescent of Medicine Psychiatry and Pediatrics Chicago, IL, USA Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of [email protected] Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Susan L. Crockin, JD Chicago, IL, USA Georgetown U. Law Center, O’Neill Center [email protected] for National & Global Health Law Washington, DC, USA Brooke Cherven, MPH, RN, CPON [email protected] Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Aarati Didwania, MD, MSCI Atlanta, GA, USA Division of General Internal Medicine [email protected] Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] XX Contributors

Jeffrey S. Dungan, MD Joyce Fioravanti, BSc Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Huntington Medicina Reprodutiva Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School São Paulo, SP, Brazil of Medicine, Northwestern University [email protected] Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] Chelsea Webb Fox, MD Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Adam S. DuVall, MD, MPH Infertility and Moores Cancer Center, Oregon Health & Science University University of California San Diego Knight Cancer Institute La Jolla, CA, USA Portland, OR, USA [email protected] [email protected] Patrick J. Fox, MD Maxwell E. Edmonds, BS, BA, Department of Urology MD/PhD Candidate University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC of Medicine, OB/GYN Pittsburgh, PA, USA Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] [email protected] Erika D. Friehling, MD Thomas Einzmann, MD Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department of Obstetrics and Department of Pediatrics Gynecology, Medical Faculty University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Cologne Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Cologne, Germany Pittsburgh, PA, USA [email protected] Jason Elliott, MD, MSc, BSc, FRCSC, FRCSC Kathrin Gassei, PhD Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Department of Obstetrics Reproductive Sciences, Heartland Fertility Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Clinic, University of Manitoba Magee-Womens Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine [email protected] Pittsburgh, PA, USA [email protected] Nanette Elster, JD, MPH Stritch School of Medicine, Allison L. Goetsch, MS Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern Loyola University Chicago University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] Division of Genetics, Birth Defects Yuting Fan, MD, PhD and Metabolism, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Infertility Center of St. Louis Children’s Hospital of Chicago St. Louis, MO, USA Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Courtney Finlayson, MD Kara N. Goldman, MD Assistant Professor, Division of Endocrinology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Pediatrics New York University Langone Medical Center Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of New York, NY, USA Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] [email protected] XXI Contributors

Veronica Gomez-Lobo, MD Daniel M. Green, MD Department of Women and Infant Department Epidemiology and Cancer Control Services, Department of Surgery Division of Cancer Survivorship, Department of MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Children’s National Medical Center Memphis, TN, USA Washington, DC, USA [email protected] [email protected] Joshua A. Halpern, MD, MS Jessica R. Gorman, PhD, MPH Department of Urology Oregon State University, College of Public Weill Cornell Medicine Health and Human Sciences New York, NY, USA Corvallis, OR, USA [email protected] [email protected] Jinglan Han, BSc, MD, FRCSC Yasmin Gosiengfiao, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hematology, Oncology & Stem Cell Mount Sinai Fertility Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Toronto, ON, Canada Children’s Hospital of Chicago [email protected] Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] Brandon Hayes-Lattin, MD Oregon Health & Science University, Tamas Gotz, MD Knight Cancer Institute Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Portland, OR, USA University of Calgary [email protected] Calgary, AB, Canada [email protected] Jason C. Hedges, MD, PhD [email protected] Department of Urology Oregon Health & Science University Clarisa R. Gracia, MD, MSCE Portland, OR, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology [email protected] University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA Olivia Higgins, MD [email protected] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Rochester School of Ashley Graul, MD Medicine & Dentistry Department of Gynecologic Oncology Rochester, NY, USA University of Pennsylvania [email protected] Philadelphia, PA, USA [email protected] Holly R. Hoefgen, MD Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology Katherine B. Greenberg, MD Washington University School of Medicine/ Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics St. Louis Children’s Hospital and Gynecology, University of Rochester St. Louis, MO, USA School of Medicine & Dentistry [email protected] Rochester, NY, USA [email protected] Michael H. Hsieh, MD, PhD Ellen M. Greenblatt, BSc, MDCM Department of Surgery, Division of Urology Children’s National Medical Center Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington, DC, USA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology [email protected] and Infertility, Sinai Health System Toronto, ON, Canada [email protected] XXII Contributors

I-Shen Huang, MD Jason Jarin, MD Department of Urology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center National Yang-Ming University Dallas, TX, USA Taipei, Taiwan [email protected]

Department of Urology Jacqueline S. Jeruss, MD, PhD, Director Taipei Veterans General Hospital Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Taipei, Taiwan Rogel Cancer Center [email protected] Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Evgenia Isachenko, PhD Breast Care Center Department of Obstetrics and Ann Arbor, MI, USA Gynecology, Medical Faculty [email protected] University of Cologne Emilie K. Johnson, MD, MPH Cologne, Germany Assistant Professor, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Vladimir Isachenko, PhD Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Department of Obstetrics and Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg Gynecology, Medical Faculty School of Medicine University of Cologne Chicago, IL, USA Cologne, Germany Division of Urology Hideyuki Iwahata, MD, PhD Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Chicago Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA Chicago, IL, USA [email protected]

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology James A. Kashanian, MD St. Marianna University School of Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine – Urology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan Weill Cornell Medical Center [email protected] New York, NY, USA [email protected] Yuriko Iwahata, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Anne Katz, PhD, RN, FAAN, RN, PhD Northwestern University CancerCare Manitoba, Prostate Center Chicago, IL, USA Winnipeg, MB, Canada [email protected] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kazuhiro Kawamura, MD, PhD Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology [email protected] St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan Thomas M. Jaffe, MD [email protected] Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Mohamed Khrouf, MD Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Pittsburgh Medical Center Medicine Department, Aziza Othmana Pittsburgh, PA, USA University Hospital [email protected] Tunis, Tunisia

Faculté de Médecine de Tunis Tunis, Tunisia [email protected] XXIII Contributors

Selim Khrouf, MD Joseph Letourneau, MD Hopital Abderrahmane Mami Department of OB/GYN Tunis, Tunisia University of Utah [email protected] Salt Lake City, UT, USA [email protected] Karen E. Kinahan, DNP, APN, FNP-BC Division of Hematology and Oncology Jennifer Levine, MD, MSW Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center or Northwestern University Weill Cornell Medicine Chicago, IL, USA New York, NY, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Michael Kinnaman, MD Barbara A. Lockart, DNP, APN Pediatric Oncology, Memorial Sloan Solid Tumors and Fertility Preservation Kettering Cancer Center Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital New York, NY, USA of Chicago [email protected] Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] Caprice Knapp, PhD Department of Health Policy and André Lopes, MD Administration Instituto Brasileiro de Controle do Câncer, Pennsylvania State University São Paulo, SP, Brazil University Park, PA, USA Hospital Paulistano, [email protected] São Paulo, SP, Brazil [email protected] Timothy Lautz, MD Division of Pediatric Surgery Sebastian Ludwig, MD Department of Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Department of Obstetrics and Children’s Hospital of Chicago Gynecology, Medical Faculty Chicago, IL, USA University of Cologne Northwestern University Feinberg Cologne, Germany School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA Peter Mallmann, MD [email protected] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty William Ledger, MD, PhD University of Cologne School of Women’s and Children’s Health Cologne, Germany University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia Sharrón Manuel, MD, PhD Prentice Women’s Hospital Fertility and Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick Feinberg School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia Northwestern University [email protected] Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] Jessica A. Lentscher, MD Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madigan Army Medical Center Tacoma, WA, USA [email protected] XXIV Contributors

Jeffrey H. Margolis, MD Seema Niphadkar, DO Division of Clinical Hematology and Medical Drexel University College of Medicine Oncology, Rose Cancer Treatment Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology William Beaumont Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA Royal Oak, MI, USA Abington Hospital – Jefferson Health [email protected] Abington, PA, USA [email protected] Jamie A. M. Massie, MD Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyle E. Orwig, PhD Madigan Army Medical Center Department of Obstetrics Tacoma, WA, USA Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, [email protected] Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Eileen McMahon, RN(EC), MN, PNC(C) Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/ [email protected] Mount Sinai Fertility, Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada Bansari G. Patel, MD [email protected] Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Medicine Lillian R. Meacham, MD Wake Forest Baptist Health Department of Pediatrics, Emory University Winston-Salem, NC, USA School of Medicine, Aflac Cancer Center/ [email protected] Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta, GA, USA Mary Ellen Pavone, MD, MSCI [email protected] OB/GYN, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Michael S. Mersol-Barg, MD Northwestern Memorial Hospital Michigan Reproductive Medicine Chicago, IL, USA Bloomfield Hills, MI, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

David M. Mintzer, MD Jana Pittman, MSc Abramson Cancer Center at Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Western Sydney University Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia Philadelphia, PA, USA [email protected] [email protected] Gwendolyn P. Quinn, PhD, MS, BS Fehmi Msaddak, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hematology Department, Military Hospital New York University of Tunis, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis New York, NY, USA Tunis, Tunisia [email protected] [email protected] Gohar Rahimi, MD Lívia Munhoz, MD Department of Obstetrics and Huntington Medicina Reprodutiva Gynecology, Medical Faculty São Paulo, SP, Brazil University of Cologne [email protected] Cologne, Germany

Devin Murphy, MSW, OMSIII Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, AL, USA [email protected] XXV Contributors

Joyce D. Reinecke, AB, JD Dana Marie Scott, MD Alliance for Fertility Preservation (501 ©(3)) Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Lafayette, CA, USA Rogel Cancer Center [email protected] Ann Arbor, MI, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Chad Ritenour, MD Ivana Sehovic-Neff, MPH Division of Men’s Health/Infertility Department of Research Integrity & and General Urology, Department of Urology Compliance, University of South Florida Emory University Tampa, FL, USA Atlanta, GA, USA [email protected] [email protected] Divya Kelath Shah, MD, MME Erin Rowell, MD Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Ann and Robert Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago University of Pennsylvania Chicago, IL, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Surgery, Northwestern [email protected] University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA Nikita M. Shah, MD [email protected] Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center Mahmoud Salama, MD, PhD Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Obstetrics and [email protected] Gynecology, Medical Faculty University of Cologne Jacquelyn Shaw, MD Cologne, Germany Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Northwestern University, New York University Feinberg School of Medicine, Langone Medical Center Northwestern University New York, NY, USA Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] [email protected] Kathleen Shea, MS, CPNP John M. Salsman, PhD Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Associate Professor, Director of Clinical Research Transplantation in Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Columbia University Medical Center Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy New York, NY, USA Wake Forest School of Medicine [email protected] Winston-Salem, NC, USA [email protected] Ksenya Shliakhsitsava, MD Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Amani Sampson, BA Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology San Diego, CA, USA New York University School of Medicine [email protected] New York, NY, USA [email protected] Lee P. Shulman Matthew B. Schabath, PhD Division of Clinical Genetics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute, Cancer Epidemiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, University of South Florida Northwestern University Tampa, FL, USA Chicago, IL, USA [email protected] [email protected] XXVI Contributors

Sherman Silber, MD Alexis Thompson, MD, MPH Infertility Center of St. Louis Department of Hematology Oncology St. Louis, MO, USA Transplantation Ann and Robert H. Lurie [email protected] Children’s Hospital of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA Elizabeth Sniderman, MSN [email protected] Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics Susan Thomas Vadaparampil, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s PhD, MHSE, MPH, BS Hospital of Chicago Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior Chicago, IL, USA Program [email protected] Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL, USA Nucharin Songsasen, DVM, PhD Department of Oncologic Sciences Center for Species Survival, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Health Outcomes & Behavior Program, Front Royal, VA, USA University of South Florida, [email protected] Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA Ana Paula Sousa, PhD Center for Fertility Preservation H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Reproductive Medicine Unit Institute, University of South Florida Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Tampa, FL, USA Coimbra, Portugal [email protected]

Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology Hanna Valli-Pulaski, PhD University of Coimbra Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Coimbra, Portugal Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens [email protected] Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine H. Irene Su, MD, MSCE Pittsburgh, PA, USA Division of Reproductive Endocrinology [email protected] and Infertility and Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego Wendy S. Vitek, MD La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics [email protected] and Gynecology University of Rochester School Nao Suzuki, MD, PhD of Medicine & Dentistry Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Rochester, NY, USA St. Marianna University School of Medicine [email protected] Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan [email protected] Andrew F. Wagner, MD Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Seido Takae, MD, PhD Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine, Northwestern University St. Marianna University School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan [email protected] [email protected] Marissa Steinberg Weiss, MD Christina Tamargo, BA Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Miami, FL, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA [email protected] [email protected] XXVII Contributors

Lynn M. Westphal, MD Fethi Zhioua, MD Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Stanford University School of Medicine Medicine Department, Aziza Othmana Stanford, CA, USA University Hospital [email protected] Tunis, Tunisia

Terri L. Woodard, MD Faculté de Médecine de Tunis Tunis, Tunisia Department of Gynecologic Oncology [email protected] and Reproductive Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Rhonda Zwingerman, Cancer Center MD, MSc, FRCSC, FRCSC Houston, TX, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and University of Toronto Infertility, Baylor College of Medicine Toronto, ON, Canada Houston, TX, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Carley Zeal, MD, MPH Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington University in St. Louis – Barnes Jewish Hospital St. Louis, MO, USA [email protected] Abbreviations

AAP American Academy of Pediatrics GD Gender dysphoria ACOG American College of Obstetricians GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and Gynecologists AMH Anti-Müllerian hormone HPG Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal ART Assisted reproductive technology IOM Institute of Medicine ASCO American Society of Clinical Oncology LGBTQ Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual/ transgender, queer/questioning AYA Adolescent and young adult LH Luteinizing hormone BPA Bisphenol A NCCN National Comprehensive Cancer CDC Centers for Disease Control Network and Prevention PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls DES Diethylstilbestrol PCOS Polycystic ovarian syndrome DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone PESA Percutaneous sperm aspiration DSDs Disorders of sexual development QoL Quality of life DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders TESA Testicular sperm aspiration ESHRE European Society of Human TESE Testicular sperm extraction Reproduction and Embryology WHO World Health Organization FP Fertility preservation WPATH World Professional Association for FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone Transgender Health