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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82139-1 - A History of Modern Iran Ervand Abrahamian Index More information

Index

Abadan 56 Babis 19 Abadan cinema fire 159 Bahais 19, 130, 138, 147, 181, 189 Abdul qAzim Mosque 16, 20, 112, 178 Bahar, Muhammad Taqi (Malek al-Shu’ara) Abu Zarr 143 xiii, 73, 110 Ahmad Shah xvii, 53, 61 Bakhtiyaris Ahmadinejad, Mahmud xvii, 187, 193–94 after Reza Shah 104, 106 Al-e Ahmad, Jalal xvii, 110, 172 during the Qajars 12, 22–23, 31–32 Ala, Hussein 128, 129 in the Constitutional Revolution 52, 54 Alam, Assadallah xvii, 25, 129, 130, 149 under Reza Shah 93 Amin al-Dowleh 14, 25 Baluchis 22 Amin al-Saltaneh 14 Bani-Sadr, Abul-Hassan xiii, 157, 181, 187 Amini, Abul-Qassem 104 Baqer Khan 51–52 Amini, Ali 128, 129, 131 bast (sanctuary) 43, 89 Anglo-Persian Agreement (1919) 60–62, 64 Bayat, Morteza 102–03, 133 Anglo-Persian (Iranian) Oil Company 38, 39, 55, bazaars 29, 42, 138, 147, 151–52, 178–79 57, 96, 116–17 Bazargan, Mehdi xviii, 162–63, 168 Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) Behazin 110 49–50, 58 Behbehani, Ayatollah Abdallah xviii, 43, 46, 51 Arabs 21 Behbehani, Ayatollah Muhammad xviii, 121 see also Sheikh Khaz’al Beheshti, Ayatollah 171, 177 Arani, Taqi xvii Black Friday (Bloody Friday) 159 armed forces Boir Ahmads 12, 18, 21, 112 after 1906 revolution 55 borders, of Iran 1 during 1919–21 59–60 Borojourdi, Ayatollah Hussein xviii under Islamic Republic 176, 184, 194 Bozorg Alavi xix, 110 under Muhammad Reza Shah 98, Britain 124–26, 132 in the Constitutional Revolution 41–42 under Nasser al-Din Shah 11–12 in nineteenth-century Iran 36–37 under Reza Shah 66–67, 68–70, 92–93 in 1909–21 period 49–50, 54–55, 58–59, 60–62 Armenians in 1921 coup 63–64 in the Constitutional Revolution 51, 52 in 1941–46 period 97–99 in the Islamic Majles 166 in 1953 coup 118–22 in the nineteenth century 17, 19, 26, 40 Browne, Edward 20, 44, 46, 53 Arya Mehr (Aryan Sun) 123, 150 Bullard, Reader 97, 100, 103, 111 Ashraf, Princess xviii, 118 bureaucracy Ashtiyan 10 in the Constitutional Revolution 54–55 Ashtiyani family 103, 115, 128 under Islamic Republic 169, 176, 183–84, 189 Assyrians 17, 19, 40, 166 under Muhammad Reza Shah 126–27, 133, 134, Axis of Evil speech 192–93 138, 151 Azalis 19, 69 under Qajars 9, 11, 12–13 Azerbaijan autonomy (1945) 111 under Reza Shah 65, 67, 70, 77, 84–85, 87–88 224

Index 225

calendar 83, 152 Fardust, General 125 Cannon Square 11, 29, 50–51, 53, 90 Farhangestan (Cultural Academy) 86 capitulations 37, 64, 76, 157 Farmanfarma, Abdul Hussein 25, 53, 58 Carter, Jimmy 157, 168 Farmanfarma, Firuz (Nowsrat al-Dowleh) xix, 75, chadour (full veil) 84, 95, 99, 177, 190 76, 87, 89 Chahar Lang 22–23, 32, 93 Farmanfarma, Muzaffar Firuz 104 Chahar Mahal 22, 26, 32, 52, 93, 106 Farokhi-Yazdi, Muhammad 74 Chubak, Sadeq 110, 127 Fatemi, Hussein xix CIA 118–22 Fath Ali Shah 62, 70 cinemas 89, 90, 127, 191 Fawzieh, Queen 92, 99 clerical establishment Fayzieh Seminary 158 in the 1906 constitution 48, 52 Fazlollah Nuri, Sheikh xx, 50–51, 53, 170 under Muhammad Reza Shah 99, 146, 152–53 Fedakar, Taqi 106 under Qajars 15, 17 Fedayan-e Islam xii, 116 under Reza Shah 85–86, 93, 95 Fedayin-e Khalq 148, 162, 166, 168 under the Islamic Republic 163 Ferdowsi 2, 87 concessions 38–39, 47 see also Shahnameh Confederation of Iranian Students 144, 148 “Fifty-three,” the xix, 107, 115 conscription law (1925) 68, 77 Fitzgerald, Frances 126, 142 constitutional laws flag 47 of 1906, 47–48 Foroughi, Ali 101–02 1925 changes, 74 Foucault, Michel 7, 159 1949 changes, 112 Freemasons 138 of 1979–80, 163–69 1989 changes, 183 Gav (Cow) 127 Cossacks Georgians 12, 26, 51 in the Constitutional Revolution, 43, 44–45, 51, 53 Gharbzadegi (Plague from the West) 20, 147, 186 in 1909–21 period, 55, 59 Great Civilization 131, 152 in 1921 coup, 63–64 Guevara, Che 6, 144, 145 under Nasser al-Din Shah, 11–12, 3 Gulestan Treaty (1813) 36 court patronage 71–72, 99, 112, 118, 127–28 Curzon, Lord xix, 8, 11, 37–38, 60–61 Hafez 20 Haft Lang 22–23, 26, 31, 32, 93 Dar al-Fanon 13, 39, 44, 75 Haim, Samuel 74 Dashnak Party 33 Hakimi, Ibrahim 101, 112 Dashti, Ali 89 Hamshahri (Citizen) 191 Davar, Ali Akbar 75–76, 87, 89 headgear 9, 83–84, 93–94 Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar xix, 36, 46, 118, 172 Hedayat, Sadeq xix, 110 Dezful Dam 133 Hekmat, Sarder Fakher 104 Diba, Abdul Hassan 76 Hezhir, Abdul-Hussein 100–101, 116 Diba, Farah 76, 131 Hoveida, Abbas xx, 129, 130, 150, 181 Donya xvii Huntington, Samuel 149, 154 Dowlatshahi family 92 Imperial Guards 125 Ebadi, Shiren xix, 190 industrial workers 138–39 educational system 84–85, 126, 134, 189 International Commission of Jurists 157 electoral laws 45, 53, 58, 73, 166 Iran Novin Party 130, 149 Elqanian, Habeb 176 Iraq War 171, 176, 181 Eqbal, Manucher 128, 129 Ironside, General 12, 64 Eshqi, Mirzazadeh 74 Iskandari, Iraj 107, 111, 112 Iskdandari, Sulayman xx, 57, 59, 107–08 Fallaci, Oriana 153 family names 68, 77, 83 Jahanbani, General 92, 176 Family Protection Law 134 Jaleh Square 159–60, 162 Fanon, Franz 144 Jam, Mahmud 92

226 Index

Jangalis (Men of the Forests) 59 MI6 118–22 see also Kuchek Khan Millspaugh, Arthur 67, 91 Jews 17, 19, 40, 166, 176,189 minority languages 39–40 judicial system minority religions 68–69 under Qajars 12–13 Mission for My Country 130–31, 150 under Reza Shah 87–88 missionaries 40 under the Islamic Republic 176–77 Modarres, Ayatollah xxii, 74, 170 Mojahedin-e Khalq 148, 162, 166, 168, 181 Ka’ab Moqadam family 25, 74, 133 see Sheikh Khaz’al Mossadeq, Muhammad xxii, 102–03, 113–14, kadkhuda (headman) 22, 23, 27, 28, 92, 107 122, 172 kalantar (bailiff) 27 oil nationalization 116–17, 118–20 Karbala 15, 64 opposes Shah’s powers 114, 117–18 see also Muharram mostazafen (dispossessed) 145, 148, 167, 183, Kashani, Ayatollah xx, 115–16, 171 186, 193 Kasravi, Ahmad xx, 30, 95–96, 116 Mostazafen Foundation 164, 178 Kaver Desert 26 Mostowfi, Abdallah 12, 15, 25 Khalatbari, Rahman 104 Mostowfi al-Mamalek 10, 49, 53, 58 Khalel Maleki 115 mostowfis (accountants) 9–11, 20, 41, 48, 67, 103 Khamenei, Ayatollah xxi, 179, 181, 182, 187 Muhammad Ali Shah 47, 49, 52–53 Khamseh 32–33 Muhammad Reza Shah xxii Khatemi, Muhammad xxi, 185–91, 192 accession to throne 97, 99 Khiabani, Sheikh 59, 61 assassination attempt on, 1949 112 Khomeini, Ayatollah xxi control over armed forces of 98–99, 117, death of, 182 124–26 ideas of, 146–49, 179–80 control over cabinets 128–30 return of, 161 control over parliaments 130–31 titles of, 4, 164 marriage of 92 Komiteh (Committee) 162 upbringing of, 70 Kuchek Khan 59, 61, 170, 177 Muharram 5, 16–17, 94, 144, 161, 168 Kurdish autonomy (1945) 111 Mukhber al-Dowleh 13, 14, 51 Kurds 21, 22 Musher al-Dowleh 14, 40 Musher al-Dowleh (Pirnia) 48, 58 labor laws 110, 180, 185 Muzaffar al-Din Shah 14, 41, 45, 46 labor unions 108–10 Lahuti, Major 68 Nasser al-Din Shah 4, 9, 39–40, 41 land reform 131–32, 156, 180 Nasser al-Mulk, Abul Qassem (Qarahgozlu) 53 landowners Nasseri, General 126 and land reform, 132–33, 139, 156 National Front 115–16, 117–18, 122, 148, in parliament, 57, 73, 100, 104–05 162, 168 under Qajars, 15, 23–26 national identity 38–39, 44, 70, 194–95 Liakhoff, Colonel 51, 53 National Iranian Oil Company 117, 127 literacy 39, 134, 142, 180 National Party 115 Literacy Corps 134 Navab-Safavi, Mojtaba xxii, 170 lutis (toughs) 28 newspapers 41, 46, 86, 108, 151, 186, 191 nomadic population 39, 58, 73–74, 133 mahalleh (wards) 28, 29, 31 Noshin 110 majles (parliament) 41–46, 57, 72–74, 104–05, Nowruz (New Year) 19, 83, 178 166–67 nuclear program 15, 195 Mansur, Ali 101–02 Nur 10 Mansur, Hassan 129, 130 Mardom Party 130, 149 oil 38, 39, 55, 57, 96, 116–18 Mashed 15, 42, 59, 93–94, 151 revenues under Islamic Republic 169, 175 Mas’oud, Akbar 105–06 revenues under Muhammad Reza Shah 123–24 Mazanderan, 63, 72 revenues under Reza Shah 67

Index 227

Pahlavi Foundation 127, 128 Sefid Rud 12, 63 peasantry 23–24, 139, 142, 180 Senate 47, 112, 118 Persia Sepahdar, Muhammad Vali (Sepahsalar) xxiv, 25, name change to Iran 86–87 26, 52, 53, 58, 63, 67 Pishevari, Jafar 111 Shahbanou (Lady Shah) 131 place names 87–88, 177 Shahnameh (Books of Kings) 2, 5, 19, 20, 29, 65, police force 13 113, 194 population 2, 6, 134, 180, 184, 196 Shahrokh, Kaykhosrow 74 provinces 14, 28, 71, 126 Shahsavens 12, 51, 56 Shahyad Monument 131 Qajars 9 Shamlu, Ahmad 110 clerical system of 63–65, 67 Shams, Princess 92 educational system of 60 shari’a (Islamic law) 12–13, 88, 176, 190 judicial system of 59–60 see also judicial system taxation system of 54–55, 75 Shariati, Ali xxiv, 143–46, 148, 172 qanats (underground canals) 23 Shariatmadari, Ayatollah 158, 159, 163, Qarahgozlus, 103, 133 168, 181 Qashqa’is 21, 22, 33 Sharif-Emami, Jafar 128, 129 Qasr Prison 89 Sheikh Khaz’al 25, 52, 56–57, 67, 93 Qavam, Ahmad xxii–xxiii, 102–03, 112 Shuster, Morgan 10–11, 55, 58 Qavam al-Mulk 25, 26, 33, 49, 56, 92 Simku, Ismael 59, 92 Qom 16, 43, 158, 159 Soheily, Ali 100 Soraya, Queen 99, 131 Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi xxiii, 30, 155, 179, South Persia Rifles 59, 62, 64 182, 183, 184, 187 Soviet–Iranian Treaty (1921) 64–65 Rajai, Muhammad 187 Sowlat al-Dowleh (Qashqa’i) 25, 55–56, 93 Razmara, General 100, 116 Sufi orders 28–29, 30 Resurgence Party 149–54, 158 Sunnis 17, 195 Revolutionary Guards 162, 176 Reza Shah xxiii Tabatabai, Ayatollah Muhammad Sadeq xxiv, 43, abdication 97 46, 51 control over cabinets 75 Tabriz 30, 52, 159 control over parliaments 73–74 Takiyeh Dowlat (Government Theater) 16 coronation 65–66 Taleqani, Ayatollah xxiv coup of 63–64 Tangsir 127 death 97 Taqizadeh, Hassan xxiv, 46, 57, 58, early years 63 100, 112 mausoleum 112 Tehran 29–30, 90, 139, 142 wealth 71–72 Tehran University 85 roads 40, 77, 133 telegraph 13, 39 Roosevelt, Kermit 121 Third Force Party 115 rowshanfekr (intellectual) 35, 138 Timourtash, Abdul Hussein 75 Rushdie, Salman 182, 189 tobacco crisis 38–39 Russia 36–37, 49, 58–59, 61–62, 64, Trans-Iranian Railway 77, 97, 133 97, 111–12 tribes 18, 21–23, 31–33, 55–57, 92–93 Tudeh Party 106, 107–13, 149, 181, 148 Sadr, Mohsen 101–02 Turkmanchai Treaty (1828) 36 Sa’ed, Muhammad 101–02 Turkmans 26–27, 56 Saedi, Ghulam Hussein 110, 127 Samsam al-Saltaneh (Bakhtiyari) 52, 54, 57 United States 97, 118–21, 122, 168, 189, 195 Sangalaji, Shariat 86 Sardar As’ad (Bakhtiyari) xxiii, 52, 53, 55 velayat-e faqeh (jurist’s guardianship) 146–47, 161, Sattar Khan 51–52, 58, 59 163, 164, 165, 182, 191 SAVAK 126, 152, 176 Vossuq, Hassan (Vossuq al-Dowleh) xxiv, Sayyed Ziya (Tabatabai) xxiii, 63, 65, 104 61–62

228 Index

Wassmus, Wilhelm 60 Zahedi, General xxv, 70, 121, women’s status 134, 152, 177, 189, 190 128, 129 Writers Association 158 Zands 33 Zill al-Sultan 12, 14, 25, 32, 37, 59 Yazdanpanah, General 70 Zoroastrians 17, 19, 40, 166 Yeprem Khan xxv, 51, 53, 58 zurkhanehs (gymnasiums) Yushej, Nima 110 2, 28, 121