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ACG Practice Guidelines: Esophageal Reflux Testing American Journal of Gastroenterology ISSN 0002-9270 C 2007 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00936.x Published by Blackwell Publishing PRACTICE GUIDELINES ACG Practice Guidelines: Esophageal Reflux Testing Ikuo Hirano, M.D.,1 Joel E. Richter, M.D.,2 and the Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology∗ 1Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and 2Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Investigations and technical advances have enhanced our understanding and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The recognition of the prevalence and importance of patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease as well as those refractory to proton pump inhibitor therapy have led to an increasing need for objective tests of esophageal reflux. Guidelines for esophageal reflux testing are developed under the auspices of the American College of Gastroenterology and its Practice Parameters Committee and approved by the Board of Trustees. Issues regarding the utilization of conventional, catheter-based pH monitoring are discussed. Improvements in the interpretation of esophageal pH recordings through the use of symptom-reflux association analyses as well as limitations gleaned from recent studies are reviewed. The clinical utility of pH recordings in the proximal esophagus and stomach is examined. Newly introduced techniques of duodenogastroesophageal reflux, wireless pH capsule monitoring and esophageal impedance testing are assessed and put into the context of traditional methodology. Finally, recommendations on the clinical applications of esophageal reflux testing are presented. (Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:668–685) ACG Guidelines on the clinical applications of ambula- search terms that included esophageal pH monitoring, GERD, tory esophageal pH monitoring were last published 10 yr esophageal impedance, asthma, laryngitis, chest pain, Bilitec, ago (1). Since that time, research investigations and tech- and bile reflux. nical advances have enhanced our understanding of both the utility and limitations of this diagnostic modality. Stud- ESOPHAGEAL AMBULATORY pH MONITORING ies have examined whether placement of pH probes in the pharynx, cervical esophagus, and proximal stomach yield in- Technical Aspects formation that alters the management of gastroesophageal WIRELESS pH MONITORING. First introduced over 30 reflux disease (GERD). Newer techniques for esophageal years ago, catheter-based esophageal pH recording remains functional testing such as wireless pH capsule monitoring, both a widely accepted and available technique for quan- duodenogastroesophageal (formerly referred to as alkaline tifying esophageal acid exposure. The technique has been or bile reflux) reflux detection, and esophageal impedance extensively examined and critically reviewed in earlier clin- testing have been introduced over the past decade and are ical guidelines (1,2). The most significant recent technical currently available in clinical practice. A recent, prospec- advance in pH recording has been the incorporation of the tive study compared the indications for esophageal pH mon- antimony electrode into a wireless capsule that transmits itoring in clinical practice with the indications in practice pH data to an external receiver via radiofrequency teleme- guidelines (2, 3). Less than half of the studies performed try (433 MHz). The current data sampling at 6-s intervals were in accordance with the recommendations. Two stud- of the wireless pH capsule (Bravo system, Medtronic, Min- ies reported that pH testing resulted in a change in manage- neapolis, MN) (0.17Hz) is slower than the 4-s intervals used ment in approximately 50% of investigated patients, although by the Slimline pH catheter systems (0.25Hz) (Medtronic, such changes were maintained in only half of the cohort Minneapolis, MN) and 5-s intervals used by the Sandhill (4, 5). pH catheter system (0.20 Hz) (Sandhill Scientific, Highlands This second practice guidelines summarizes advances in Ranch, CO). Prior studies have demonstrated that faster sam- GERD diagnostic testing and how they have modified the pling frequencies up to 1 Hz lead to the detection of a greater clinical management of esophageal disorders. A literature total number of reflux events but do not change the overall search was conducted for English-language articles deal- acid exposure values (6). Using the wireless pH system, the ing with functional evaluation of the esophagus from 1994 95th percentile for distal esophageal acid exposure for control to 2006. Databases included Medline and PubMed with subjects was 5.3%, a value higher than values reported in sev- eral although not all catheter-based system studies (2, 7, 8). ∗The members of the Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of The higher acid exposure threshold reported in healthy con- Gastroenterology are listed in the Appendix. trols using the wireless pH system may be the consequence 668 ACG Practice Guidelines 669 of less restriction in daily activities or the result of a thermal ror (14). The difference was due to a higher detection of short calibration error that existed in the pH catheter systems. Both reflux episodes and likely secondary to the lower sampling of these issues will now be addressed. rate of the wireless pH compared with Slimline catheter sys- A major advantage of the wireless pH system is patient tem. It should be noted that both the wireless pH and Slimline tolerability. Nasally passed pH electrodes are both uncom- systems miss a proportion of short reflux events due to their fortable and conspicuous leading patients to avoid poten- sampling frequencies being lower than the optimal frequency tially reflux provoking stimuli such as meals and physical of 1 Hz (6). Whether the short reflux episodes are associated activity (9). However, a second study from Spain reported with symptoms and may affect the sensitivity of symptom that patients’ dietary, sleep, and tobacco use did not vary association of pH testing with the wireless pH system is un- during the performance of pH studies, although 65% of pa- certain. Moreover, such short events do not alter the overall tients did report diminished physical activity (10). Wong et al. acid exposure times. randomized 50 patients to either catheter-based or wireless LIMITATIONS OF WIRELESS pH TESTING. Disadvan- pH monitoring and reported less interference with daily activ- tages of the wireless pH system exist. The current capsule size ity and improved overall satisfaction with the pH capsule (11). does not allow for reliable nasal passage such that oral pas- Taking advantage of the improved patient comfort with the sage of the delivery catheter is necessary. Endoscopy is gen- wireless pH system, Pandolfino et al. demonstrated a three- erally performed immediately prior to wireless pH capsule fold increase in acid exposure during physical exercise com- placement to determine the position of the squamocolumnar pared with nonexercise periods (12). Therefore, pH record- junction, thereby adding cost to the procedure. Early capsule ings using the wireless pH system improve patients’ ability to detachment prior to 24 h is uncommon but can add additional perform their daily activities and thus provide a more accu- costs for incomplete data acquisition. In one report, 12% of rate picture of their acid exposure profile as well as improve capsules failed to attach properly on first attempt necessitat- their compliance with the study. ing a replacement capsule. Modifications to the catheter deliv- COMPARISON OF WIRELESS pH CAPSULE AND ery system have since been performed by the manufacturer. A CATHETER-BASED pH RECORDINGS. During studies second report from two centers reported capsule detachment simultaneously using the wireless pH and Slimline catheter prior to 16 h in 3/85 subjects and prior to 36 h in 9/85 subjects pH systems, a significant offset was noted in the pH values (7). Detachment that occurs during the 48-h recording period reported by the two systems (13–15). As a result of this offset, could lead to erroneous interpretation of the acid exposure the Slimline system reported a median percent time pH <4 time consequent to intragastric pH recording (Fig. 1). This of 3.5% in a group of healthy subjects compared with 1.75% potential error can be minimized by manual inspection of the with the wireless pH system. Swallowed orange juice with pH pH tracing as well as querying the patient regarding the timing of 3.88 measured ex vivo using a benchtop pH glass electrode of loss of esophageal foreign body sensation. Finally, a sin- was used as a reference standard and demonstrated that the gle case report described a proximal esophageal perforation wireless pH system gave a median pH value of 3.84 compared following an attempted wireless pH capsule placement (17). with 3.11 for the Slimline catheter. This difference in calibra- Serious complications including perforation have not been tion has been determined to be due to a thermal calibration reported in the published series totaling over 850 subjects (7, correction factor error inherent to the Slimline software. This 12, 13, 15, 16, 18–25). error has since been corrected. Another difference noted be- Additional drawbacks are minor. The validity of using tween the wireless pH capsule and Slimline catheter was in the squamocolumnar junction as a reference point for the the detection of number of acid reflux events.
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