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Social Portrait of Europe SOCIAL PORTRAIT OF EUROPE eurostat Statistical Office of the European Communities eurostat STATISTISCHES AMT DER EUROPAISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES OFFICE STATISTIQUE DES COMMUNAUTÉS EUROPÉENNES L-2920 Luxembourg —Tél. (352) 43 01-1 —Télex COMEUR LU 3423 B-1049 Bruxelles, rue de la Loi 200 — Tél. (32-2) 299 11 11 Eurostat hat die Aufgabe, den Informa­ It is Eurostat's responsibility to use the Pour établir, évaluer ou apprécier les dif­ tionsbedarf der Kommission und aller am European statistical system to meet the férentes politiques communautaires, la Aufbau des Binnenmarktes Beteiligten requirements of the Commission and all Commission européenne a besoin d'infor­ mit Hilfe des europäischen statistischen parties Involved in the development of the mations. Systems zu decken. single market. Eurostat a pour mission, à travers le sys­ Um der Öffentlichkeit die große Menge an To ensure that the vast quantity of ac­ tème statistique européen, de répondre verfügbaren Daten zuganglich zu machen cessible data is made widely available, aux besoins de la Commission et de l'en­ und Benutzem die Orientierung zu and to help each user make proper use of semble des personnes impliquées dans erleichtem, werden zwei Arten von Publi­ this information, Eurostat has set up two le développement du marché unique. kationen angeboten: Statistische Doku­ main categories of document: statistical mente und Veröffentlichungen. documents and publications. Pour mettre à la disposition de tous l'im­ portante quantité de données accessibles The statistical document is aimed at spe­ Statistische Dokumente sind für den et faire en sorte que chacun puisse cialists and provides the most complete Fachmann konzipiert und enthalten das s'orienter correctement dans cet ensem­ sets of data: reference data where the ausführliche Datenmaterial: Bezugs­ ble, deux grandes catégories de docu­ methodology is well-established, stand­ daten, bei denen die Konzepte allgemein ments ont été créées: les documents ardized, uniform and scientific. These bekannt, standardisiert und wissenschaft­ statistiques et les publications. data are presented in great detail. The lich fundiert sind. Diese Daten werden in statistical document is Intended for ex­ einer sehr tiefen Gliederung dargeboten. Le document statistique s'adresse aux perts who are capable of using their own Die Statistischen Dokumente wenden spécialistes. Il fournit les données les plus means to seek out what they require. The sich an Fachleute, die In der Lage sind, complètes: données de référence où la information is provided on paper and/or selbständig die benötigten Daten aus der méthodologie est bien connue, standar­ on diskette, magnetic tape, CD-ROM. The Fülle des dargebotenen Materials auszu­ disée, normalisée et scientifique. Ces white cover sheet bears a stylized motif wählen. Diese Daten sind In gedruckter données sont présentées à un niveau très which distinguishes the statistical docu­ Form und/oder auf Diskette, Magnet­ détaillé. Le document statistique est des­ ment from other publications. band, CD-ROM verfügbar. Statistische tiné aux experts capables de rechercher, Dokumente unterscheiden sich auch The publications proper tend to be com­ par leurs propres moyens, les données optisch von anderen Veröffentlichungen piled for a well-defined and targeted requises. Les informations sont alors durch den mit einer stilisierten Graphik public, such as educational circles or disponibles sur papier et/ou sur disquette, versehenen weißen Einband. political and administrative decision­ bande magnétique, CD-ROM. La couver­ makers. The information in these docu­ ture blanche ornée d'un graphisme stylisé Veröffentlichungen wenden sich an eine ments Is selected, sorted and annotated démarque le document statistique des ganz bestimmte Zielgruppe, wie zum to suit the target public. In this instance, autres publications. Beispiel an den Bildungsbereich oder an therefore, Eurostat works in an advisory Entscheidungsträger in Politik und Ver­ capacity. Les publications proprement dites peu­ waltung. Sie enthalten ausgewählte und vent, elles, être réalisées pour un public auf die Bedürfnisse einer Zielgruppe Where the readership is wider and less bien déterminé, ciblé, par exemple abgestellte und kommentierte Informa­ well-defined, Eurostat provides the infor­ l'enseignement ou les décideurs politi­ tionen. Eurostat übernimmt hier also eine mation required for an initial analysis, ques ou administratifs. Des informations Art Beraterrolle. such cs yearbooks and periodicals which sélectionnées, triées et commentées en contain data permitting more in-depth fonction de ce public lui sont apportées. Für einen breiteren Benutzerkreis gibt studies. These publications are available Eurostat joue, dès lors, le rôle de conseil­ Eurostat Jahrbücher und periodische on paper or in videotext databases. ler. Veröffentlichungen heraus. Diese enthal­ ten statistische Ergebnisse für eine erste To help the user focus his research, Dans le cas d'un public plus large, moins Analyse sowie Hinweise auf weiteres Eurostat has created themes', i.e. subject défini, Eurostat procure des éléments Datenmaterial für vertiefende Unter­ classifications. The statistical documents nécessaires à une première analyse, les suchungen. Diese Veröffentlichungen and publications are listed by series: e.g. annuaires et les périodiques, dans les­ werden in gedruckter Forni und in Daten­ yearbooks, short-term trends or method­ quels figurent les renseignements adé­ banken angeboten, die in Menütechnik ology in order to facilitate access to the quats pour approfondir l'étude. Ces zugänglich sind. statistical data. publications sont présentées sur papier ou dans des banques de données de type Y. Franchet Um Benutzem die Datensuche zu erleich­ vidéotex. Director-General tem, hat Eurostat Themenkreise, d. h. eine Untergliederung nach Sachgebieten, Pour aider l'utilisateur à s'orienter dans eingeführt. Daneben sind sowohl die ses recherches, Eurostat a créé les Statistischen Dokumente als auch die thèmes, c'est-à-dire une classification Veröffentlichungen in bestimmte Reihen, par sujet Les documents statistiques et wie zum Beispiel „Jahrbücher", „Kon­ les publications sont répertoriés par junktur", „Methoden", untergliedert, um série — par exemple, annuaire, conjonc­ den Zugriff auf die statistischen Informa­ ture, méthodologie — afin de faciliter tionen zu erleichtem. l'accès aux informations statistiques. Y. Franchet Y. Franchet Generaldirektor Directeur général SOCIAL PORTRAIT OF EUROPE September 1998 * * TUT Tür Tür -fr Tür τίτ Tür L TÜr^TÜr eurostat A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1998 ISBN 92-827-9093-2 © European Communities, 1998 Printed in Belgium Symbols and abbreviations provisional or estimated data not available nil not applicable or data not statistically significant less than half the unit used EU-15 European Union of Fifteen EU-12 European Community of Twelve (without A, FIN, S) EUR-11 Participating countries in the EURO (B, D, E, F, IRL, I, L, NL, A, P, FIN) Β Belgium DK Denmark D Germany EL Greece E Spain F France IRL Ireland I Italy L Luxembourg NL Netherlands A Austria Ρ Portugal FIN Finland S Sweden UK United Kingdom SOCIAL PORTRAIT OF EUROPE E0 eurostat Contents Page Foreword 1 Chapter 1 - Economic background — Recession in the early 90s Catherine Blum Chapter 2 - Population — A faster ageing population 27 Population Team Chapter 3 - Households and families — Changing living arrangements 51 Peter Whitten Chapter 4 - Education and trainino — Towards a knowledge based society 73 Rachel Harris, Bettinal<nauth Chapter 5 - Labour market — Creating jobs and combating unemployment: the challenge ahead 103 Joachim Recktenwald Chapter 6 - Working environment — Aspects of today's working life 135 Didier Dupré, Johny Dyreborg Chapter 7 - Earnings — A key factor in prosperity 153 B. Delville, A. Nobre, G. Thomas Chapter 8 - Income — Disparities and poverty 171 Catherine Blum Chapter 9 - Consumption, Housing Conditions — The decisive role of income 185 Sylvain Jouhette, Peter Whitten Chapter 10 - Life expectancy and health — The effect of lifestyle 209 Jacques Bonte Bibliography 229 EUROSTAT Directorate E - Director Lidia Barreiros Editors: Catherine Blum and Peter Whitten Tel: 4301 33274/33012 Internet: [email protected] Foreword The European Union is currently undergoing profound change in numerous economic and financial spheres. This comes at a time when the provisions of the Treaty of Amsterdam and the outcome of the special Employment Summit are strengthening EU social policy. The essence of the policy challenge is to combine the individual's need for security with society's demands for mobility and adaptability. This third edition of the Social Portrait of Europe is therefore a welcome and timely addition to the development of the awareness of Social Europe. Almost all Member States experienced economic recession in the early 1990s. Thus, the economic and social back­ ground to the Portrait is one of stagnant orfalling employment levels and increasing unemployment rates in some coun­ tries. Simultaneously, a more flexible Labour Market is developing. With respect to GDP per head, gaps between EU-1 5 countries have narrowed between 1 990 and
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