POWER SHIFT AND SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGES ON IN 19TH-20TH CENTURY

Wisnu Subroto Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, University Lambung Mangkurat

Abstrak: Kedatangan Belanda di Banjarmasin merupakan pilar historis yang menan- dai perubahan kehidupan masyarakat dalam berbagai aspek. Dalam aspek ekonomi, ia memperkenalkan ekonomi uang. Dalam aspek politik, ia menciptakan administrasi yang terpusat dan sistem manajemen pemerintahan. Sistem ini ditolak oleh para bang- sawan karena tidak sesuai dengan sistem lokal yang sudah lama diterapkan dan di- turunkan dari generasi ke generasi. Terlepas dari penolakan ini, pemerintah kolonial tetap menerapkan sistem manajemen administrasi untuk mencapai tujuan politisnya. Setelah penaklukan Banjarmasin pada 1860, kekuatan pemerintah kolonial semakin besar, akibatnya pemerintah menerapkan berbagai kebijakan dan konsolidasi untuk mengatur pemerintahan. Pemerintah kolonial Belanda tetap menerapkan idenya ten- tang manajemen administrasi untuk memastikan pengawasan dan sentralisasi pemerintahan yang memiliki dampak yang besar pada cara berpikir dan cara pandang masyarakat tentang pentingnya administrasi. Implementasi dari sistem administrasi ini pada pemerintahan kota berakibat pada berbagai perubahan yang sangat berbeda dengan kebudayaan sebelumnya. Status seseorang tidak lagi ditentukan oleh latar belakang keluarganya, tapi posisinya di pemerintahan.

Kata-kata kunci: perubahan hidup, masyarakat, administrasi pemerintahan.

Abstract: The arrival of Dutch at Banjarmasin has become the historical pillar which signifies the changes in the life of people in many aspects. In an economic aspect, it introduced money economy. From a political aspect, it created centered administration and managed government system. This system management was refuted by the nobles because it did not suit local people system which had been long established and passed down from generation to generation. Despite this objection, the colonial government insisted on performing the management of government system in order to achieve its political goal. After the conquest of Banjarmasin in 1860, the power of colonial gov- ernment got stronger. As a result, the government performed the implementation of policies and consolidation in the effort to manage administration. The Dutch Colonial government kept insisting on the idea of the administration management to ensure mon- itoring and centralized governance. The government’s policy had greatly influenced the mind set and perspective of the society about the importance of administration. The implementation of this administration system on the city government has resulted in changes which are greatly contrast with the prevailing culture. The status of people was no longer determined by its family background, but their position in government..

Key Words: life changes, society, government administration.

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INTRODUCTION curred in South and Central Ka- limantan was the longest fight against the The record of Meijer dated in 1887 about Dutch government in the History of Indone- Banjarmasin people who lived in riverbanks sia (Sjamsuddin, 2001: 472). or in villages located on the banks of the river On the aftermath the Banjar War along both sides of Martapura was a proof (1859-1906), the power of the colonial gov- that Banjarmasin society highly depend on ernment even got stronger. Thus, the Dutch the river water (Bock, 1887:50). The reality government set the implementation of poli- is undeniable because many large and small cies and consolidation in the development rivers flow along Banjarmasin. Those rivers plan of Banjarmasin. The planning design are Barito and its smaller rivers such as and city development which the Dutch gov- , Mei river and Kelayan river. ernment intended to establish resulted in The long-existing scenery in Banjarmasin greatly different orientation from the previ- was the settlements built along the river ous one. Therefore, what was the standpoint banks. This condition persisted until the arri- of local elite group during the intervention val of the Dutch Colonial government which and establishment of the Dutch bureaucracy changed the city landscape. The settlements in Banjarmasin?. What was the impact from of the citizens in Banjarmasin along the right the enforcement of bureaucracy in Banjarma- and left sides of the river banks were altered. sin when the Dutch government shifted the The location was moved to mainland facing position of local rulers in political aspect?. the road. This condition was so obvious from the rela- The arrival of the Dutch in Kalimantan tionship between the sultanate aristocracy was originally simply a form of trade eco- and the people of Banjarmasin and the Dutch nomic contact. In its further development, the government. relationship between the people in Kaliman- tan with the grew into political relations that led to colonialism, economic THE POWER TRANSITION exploitation, and the application of Dutch bu- De Kroniek van Bandjarmasin, a book reaucratic in Kalimantan. The Dutch govern- written by A.A. Cense (1928:141-146), de- ment used various methods to conquer partic- scribed the history of Banjarmasin - ular areas. In Kalimantan, Banjarmasin in ate.1526 M dated the beginning of the Banjar particular, the Dutch government established Sultanate. The establishment of this sultanate an agreement in which the king recognized was marked by the end of war between the Dutch rule over the area. At the same Prince Samudera and his uncle, Prince Tu- time, there were many resistances against the menggung, the last king of Daha Kingdom Dutch government. The confrontation from the dynasty of Raden Sekar Sungsang. against the colonial government occurred in Prince Samudera escaped to Banjar kampong almost all regions, including South Kaliman- located in the estuary of the . Ban- tan by the outbreak of Banjar War. The pro- jar Kampong was the dwelling place of Ma- longed resistance in 1859-1906 which oc- lay merchants led by Patih Masih. Patih Masih was the official appointed by Daha 122 SEJARAH DAN BUDAYA, Tahun Keduabelas, Nomor 2, Desember 2018

Kingdom to lead the area of the Barito river’s support Sultan Tamjidillah because his be- estuary. With the help of Patih Masih and the haviors deviated from the teachings of Islam. , Prince Samudera suc- The aristocrats and high leaders of the Sul- ceeded at defeating his uncle and established tanate did not agree if Tamjidillah became a the Banjar Sultanate (Ras, 1968:428-430). sultan. Finally, the loyal followers of Hi- This Sultanate growth rapidly. dayatullah, i.e. Pangeran Antasari, Demang The rapid development of this Sultan- Lehman, Aminullah and Jalil, set the uprising ate was marked by rapid economic growth (Sjamsuddin, 2001:175). Sultan was not able through the spice trade. Besides, the devel- to cope with this situation, so Colonel AJ An- opment was spurred by the global influence dresen took over his power, and Sultan was of Islam since the 16th century. In addition, exiled to (Usman, 1994:150). the which was located at the estuary of The Dutch colonial government re- the Barito river emphasized the importance placed Colonel AJ Andersen with F.N. Nieu- of trade for livelihood (Ahyat, 2012; Saleh, wenhuyzen. The immediate decision taken 1982; Sjamsuddin: 2001). Pepper was the by Nieuwenhuyzen was to ask Prince Hi- most important commodity for the Sultanate dayatullah to return back to Banjarmasin. (Goh, 1969; Sulanjari, 1991). The Banjarma- However, Prince Hidayatullah declined this sin sultanate emerged as the important force request, so the Dutch government was en- part in the part of the archipelago in the 16th raged. Following to this rejection, the Dutch century until the 19th century. government took over the power and dis- The agreement between the Banjar solved the Banjarmasin Sultanate. On June Sultanate and the Netherlands in 1826 11, 1860 on behalf of the Dutch government, brought a change in the Sultanate and society. F.N. Nieuwenhuyzen officially dissolved the The Dutch government could easily interfere Banjarmasin Sultanate (Kielstra, 1892:93- the internal affairs of the Sultanate, such as 94). the leadership rules of the Sultanate and the After the Dutch colonial government right to organize of government and foreign dissolved the Banjar Sultanate in 1860, the policy. Sultan had very limited activities security in gradually be- which must suit the Dutch government (So- gan to be under control. Banjarmasin as the eroto, 1973:12). capital of South and resi- Prince Hidayatullah as the rightful dencies in the Dutch colonial era served as a heir to the Sultanate throne after the death of center of government and port of export-im- Sultan Adam (1857) moved to Amuntai be- port activities which aimed at exploiting nat- cause the Dutch colonial government did not ural resources. The Dutch government and approve him to be the next Sultan. Thus, his the private sector funded from the company brother, Sultan Tamjidillah, rose to the exploited and explored Kalimantan. Thus, its throne, and he ruled from 1857-1859. It natural resources were used for the govern- seems these two brothers did not have harmo- ment and private companies owned by Euro- nious relationship since their childhood. The peans. Those researchers were Ir. P. Van Dijk people of the Banjarmasin Sultanate did not who studied mining at the Residency of East Wisnu Subroto, Power Shift and Socio-political Changes… 123

and Southern (Residentie Zuider-en The system of region’s administration Oosterafdeling van Borneo) in 1883. Both; division which the Dutch government had es- dr. G. Fischer examined the Barito River in tablished until 1877 resulted in changing in- the district of Hamlet afdeeling terpretation. Resident Boers in Banjarmasin Dusunlanden, since 1896 at the expense of assumed that the previous distribution system the mining department of the Dutch colonial was no longer relevant to the pacification government in Batavia. Researchers and the process (Staatsblad van Nederlandsch Indie expedition team reported to the Dutch colo- 1877, No. 327). In the renewal of govern- nial government in Batavia that Kalimantan ment system in 1877, it was stated that the had abundant natural resources, especially number of Dutch government officials were mining petroleum, coal and diamonds. In ad- limited in a strategic position, that was, as the dition, the researchers also reported that Ka- head of the region. It occurred because Kali- limantan also had natural wealth in the form mantan covered vast area, and the security of forest products (Koloniaal Verslag over had not been guaranteed. Moreover, the num- het jaar 1900, p. 213). Forest in Kalimantan ber of administration personnel who filled contains some types of wood which were several positions in the civil government was very good potential for the development of still limited. The Dutch were appointed as physical infrastructure as well as economic civil and military authorities. They served as value as an export commodity. civil government authorities who were re- These two reports were the underlying sponsible for establishing the civilian govern- factor for the colonial policy makers in Bata- ment. They also served as commander of the via to establish a policy for the region of military forces whose responsibility was se- South and East Kalimantan residencies in the curing the area of Kalimantan. late 19th century. The main aim of this policy Government reorganization that took was the administrative arrangement in South place in Kalimantan was characterized by a Kalimantan. The Dutch government began to lot of local officials who formerly worked in implement a modern administrative system. the Banjar Sultanate. They filled the same po- sition as when appointed by Sultan Banjar. ADMINISTRATION MANAGEMENT However, they had a status of becoming the Dutch government’s officials. They got Since the Dutch Colonial government monthly salary, but they did not have facility had full control over Kalimantan in 1860, the as they received when having a status of sul- administrative division of the region had tanate nobles. They no longer had the right of been started under the authority of Kolonel owning lands previously owned by the sul- E.C.P Happel as the resident (Bondan, 1953; tanate and of demanding compulsory labor Saleh:1977:65).The Dutch Colonial govern- from the society. They must carry out orders ment established former Banjar Sultanate as from the Dutch government officials who the “Residentie Zuider en Oosterafdeling van have higher position in the government struc- Borneo” (Koloniaal Verslag over het jaar ture (Besluit van Gouverneur Generaal, 2 1858., p. 13). 124 SEJARAH DAN BUDAYA, Tahun Keduabelas, Nomor 2, Desember 2018

February 1877, no. 5, bundel Algemenn Sec- population with colonial settlement. This was retarie, ANRI). necessary in the implementation of the reor- This reorganization abolished the po- ganization of public administration because sition of local regents appointed by the sul- the settlement of local people had a very im- tanate. The number of bureaucrats like portant function. The function referred to the Ronggo was also reduced. Regulation in implementation plan of the head tax pay- 1886 aimed at providing direction for the ments made collectively for each settlement Dutch government's policy on South and (Missive van Gouvernement Secretaries 27 East Kalimantan residencies. One of policies Juli 1891 no. 3713/10, ANRI). was to eliminate the remaining influence of At the beginning of the 19th century, the Banjar Sultanate in cities and in the re- the governance structure of the residencies of mote areas in Kalimantan. Second, the Dutch South and East Kalimantan had changed. The government began to appoint the indigenous Dutch government divided this area into two tribal leaders, in this case the residencies. Residency of South Kalimantan in positions of bureaucracy (Gouda, 1992: with the capital of Banjarmasin was divided 56-59). This situation enabled the Dutch Co- into two, namely Afdeling Banjarmasin and lonial government to control and rule local Afdeling Hulu Sungai (Staatsblad van Neder- people more easily. The appointment of gov- landsch Indie 1913, no. 199 and 279). The ernment officials was not so simple because top position of the structure was held by the they had to undergo the selection process and Dutch government as Resident, Assistant take an oath to be loyal to the Dutch Colonial Resident and partly controller. Meanwhile government. while Hoofkiai, kiai, and the kiai’s assistant In running the government in Banjar- were held by the Bumiputera (local people) masin, the Dutch government divided the (Saleh, 1982:66). area into several districts or onderafdeling. The appointment of local people as the Each onderafdeling was led by controleur, municipal staffs in the governance structure while the district or onderafdeling in urban of the government areas was led the local people with the title of stemmed from the language barrier and the kiai. The head of a village was led by a pem- different cultures of the Netherlands. Direct bakal while the head of the remote was called relationship with the Bumiputera (local) pop- pambakal. They were still allowed to use the ulation was at risk for the safety of employees knighthood such as ‘Tumenggung’. Their sta- of the Netherlands. Therefore, a kiai was tus became a part of the Dutch government placed inevery onderafdeling whose the main bureaucracy. They also received a monthly task was an intermediary and implementing salary.. instruction Dutch colonial rulers. At the end of the 19th century, South In 1919, the reorganization at the and East Kalimantan residencies experienced South and East Borneo residencies brought constantly changing administrative reorgani- the fresh air to the local people because they zation. Its goal was the adjustment of the dis- could obtain political and economic equality. tribution of the settlement between the local This reorganization enhanced efficiency and Wisnu Subroto, Power Shift and Socio-political Changes… 125

increased autonomy. Autonomy given in- replaced by a large number of kiai’s assis- cluded delegation of authority from central tants. The goal of decentralization was asso- government to the Dutch government, and ciated with the formation of councils in Ban- from the Dutch officials to local officials jarmasin. There was disappointment with de- (Poesponegoro & Notosusanto, 1993:47). centralization in the 1930s. A number of In Batavia, there was Volksraad or the kiai’s assistant were reduced without receiv- People's Council. In South and East Kali- ing full allowance equal to newly appointed mantan residency for the first time in 1919, kiai (Linblad, 1988:131). Gemeenteraad for Banjarmasin was formed The establishment of Borneo Gewest (Staatsblad van Nederlandsch Indie 1919, in 1938 resulted in the renewal in the city no. 252). This Gemeenteraad had 13 mem- council without reducing the number of bers (7 Netherlands, 4 Bumiputera (local members. Gemeenteraad status was in- people) and 2 foreign east). In 1930, mem- creased to Stadsgemeenteraad. For the first bers of gemeenteraad were selected with the time, South Kalimantan had a governor, same arrangement by only replacing people. named Dr. B.J. Haga, who ruled from June In the body of the new advisory body of the 28 1937 to 1942 (Staatsblad van Nederland- capital and the city council, Dutch citizens sch Indie 1938, no. 264 and 352). Zuider en had always been the majority. The Council Oosterafdeling van Borneo in particular was was led by a resident assistant for Banjarma- divided into 5 afdeling, those are, Bandjarma- sin. This provision was very bad and did not sin, Hulu Sungai, Kapuas Barito, give benefit for the people because the board dan Bulungan and Berau. members were elected by the resident. In With the People’s council, did the wel- 1930, the city council Banjarmasin proposed fare of the residents increase? Of course not. an annual budget of 400,000 guilders. It in- It was because the autonomy granted to these creased from the previous budget which was institutions was only addressed to the Dutch only 250,000 guilders (Linblad, 1988:132). people as the ruler. However, the fact showed An extensive administrative control of the representation of indigenous people in South Kalimantan with limited European Gemeenteraad / stadsgemeemteraad. It only employees was impossible for the Dutch showed the ingenuity of the Dutch govern- government to impose. It was hard for the ment in maintaining turmoil majority indige- Dutch government to enforce a liberal atti- nous community groups in Gemeente gov- tude for its indigenous officials. Each district ernment. It was an application of the "sys- officer was assisted by a local district chief tem" that was perfectly executed to restruc- called as kiai, who receives a salary from the ture the planned and directed bureaucracy, so Dutch government (Lulofs, 1913:74). In that the southern part of Kalimantan, particu- 1918, the system was expanded by recruiting larly Banjarmasin, continued to experience Kiai assistant, who was an intermediary be- dynamic change. tween kiai with pambakal (village’s head). A developing network among some kiais was 126 SEJARAH DAN BUDAYA, Tahun Keduabelas, Nomor 2, Desember 2018

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