Proc Antiqc So Scot, 110, 1978-80, 328-45

Excavations in the Dairy Park, Dunrobin, , 1977 Joanna Close-Brooks*

The Dairy Park is a low-lying coastal strip some 1,300 m long and a maximum of 160 m wide, which extend froE towe m th EN sf Golspi no Dunrobio et n Castle names i t I . d aftee th r Victorian dairy building at its NE end. This area is only some 5-6 m above sea level, though inlan groune dth d rises steepl woodea s ya . dGeologically slopOD somo et m 5 ecoasta2 e th , l strip is a raised beach and the subsoil consists of sand and gravel deposits. Although cultivated in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Dairy Park has in recent times been under grass until tractor ploughe 1977n di . A Pictish symbol stone was found on the 23 February 1977 by Messrs David Low and Graham Park while ploughin Daire gth y Park. Realising the found yha d something unusual, they reported the find to Mr Peter Burd, who informed Mr N R Campbell the factor, and he notified the staff of the National Museum of Antiquities of who contacted the Department of Environmente th stone beed Th .e ha n foun aren t previousla ano n d i y deep plougheds wa t i o s , thought that excavation might throw som e s contextknow s it ligh n wa o tt nI . othethao tw t r symbol stones found in the vicinity had been used in the construction of cists. writee Th r undertoo ktriaa l excavatio four nfo r day Marcn si h 1977, befor fiels e eth dwa planted. Since there appeare structura e sitee b th o ,dt n excavatioeo resumes nwa week2 r dfo s autumne th n i . Unfortunately unusualln a o t e y du ,t possibl latno es cropreturo wa et t i , n until the end of October when hours of daylight were restricted.

CUTTING 1: SYMBOL STONE, CAIR LOND NAN G CIST symboe Th l ston beed 84700eha C n Daire N foun th R f 3yo d Par d NG toward t en k a E e sth t befor ou bee arrivalfinr d e g eth ha ou d n du t t markespoI s (fi. bu , wa tg1) d wit hstakea . Cutting therefors wa 1 e lait directldou y ove spoe th r t wher stone founds eth earewa n stonef A .a o d san pebble founs wa s d belo plouge wth vera h y soilyb crud,N definee eth kerbo t d Octoben I . r Cutting 1 was greatly enlarged in alignment with this kerb; one corner of the original cutting can stilplae seee th l b n n i (fi . g2) At the end of the excavation a low rectangular cairn had been defined, which survived to a maximum heigh f 0-3s originao tIt (fi 0m . g2) l exten calculates i t havo dt e been around 9-50m by 7 m. At about the centre of the cairn was a long cist grave, built in a pit dug into the natural subsoil, which at this point was gravel (level 6) above sand (level 7). The cist contained the extended inhumation of an adult female, head to the W, without grave goods (see Appendices 1 ciste Th , . aligne2) d dan ENE-WSW soms wa ,e 2-3 long 0wid m 0-6m d s 1 ,deepean 0m wa t I .

* National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, Queen Street, Edinburgh CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATION SDAIRE nsTH r Y PARK, DUNROBIN9 32 , 197I 7

FIG 1 Dunrobin: location map (based on OS map: Crown copyright reserved) walled and roofed with sandstone slabs while the floor was natural sand. The capstones, none greay an tf o size, must have been lai overlappinn di g course coveo st grave rth e unless they were supported on wooden beams. When found, the capstones had partially collapsed into the grave, pushing over two side slabs and damaging the gravel wall on the S side. The collapsed side slabs can be seen on pi 17b. The cist was filled with a mixture of sand and gravel (level 5). The parts of the skeleton shown on the plan were plotted in situ, the rest lifted without measurement due laco t timef ko . The cist and its capstones had been completely covered by a layer of clean yellow sand (leve firse whic) th 2 lt s elemen hwa constructioe th n i t cairne th f no . This san immediately dla y | PROCEEDING 0 33 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1978-80 naturae th n o l gravel wit buriesiga o hn f no d soil t seem.I s unlikely tha turexistedd o n t fha o s , perhap strippes e wa th befort f s i f turvee dof o caire th builts p eth d nto swa an ,addee th o dt cairn, thoug sigo hn f suc no h turf construction survived. Abov thia sane s neth dwa leve f o l pebbles (level 3) which had been destroyed over the central area of the cairn, but survived at edgese santh e pebbld Th .dan e levels were bounde kera y Wlaif d bb o dan boulderN e th o st presumee (pb i o t 17a) bees d i dt ha ;i n tha S robbe d similaa t an dE rawaye kerth o b.t Despite the missing kerb, the extent of the sand forming the basal level of the cairn appears to define s originait l extent existine Th . g kerirregulas bwa incorporated an r d both slab rounded an s d boulders, mostly of sandstone, all readily obtainable on the adjacent beach. The better preserved stretches of kerb suggested it had been built in three parallel lines of slabs, each line pitched obliquel opposite th n yi e directio nexte th .o nt unlikels i t I y whole tha kere th th r t ebo cairn were ever much higher centre e th Th .f eo cair beed nha n badly damage ploughingy db pebble t eveth bu , f ni e leve projectes i l d back over centree th t seemi , s tha caire th t n stood only some 0-50-0-6 hig0m h originally traco a N .f eo ditch around the cairn was found. At the W end of the cairn, the cairn material was left in situ. However, E of the line X-Y on the plan (fig 2), the whole area was excavated down to natural gravel. No further burials beesoid p to ha l n e wer plougheth eE foundd an d S e dow. , th Outsid W o n t e caire th e th o nt natural gravel. To the N, the ground fell away, and the gravel was overlain by an area of rather dirty pale sand (leve. l4) approximate Th e positio whicn ni symboe hth l ston founs e wa indicates di plae th nn do (fig 2). It lay with the symbols downwards. The ploughmen thought it was unlikely that the plough shifted ha stone dth symboe morth f t (0-30-0-6f o el2 d stonthar en s o . NeanS 1 e wa 0 e m) rth curioua s lin f fiveo e flat slabs, laid with thei edge N rstraigha n si t line witd furtheo an ,h tw r dry-stona n i s slaba ep s to wallverticalaio n do Tw . l stones, hatche plane 0-3e th on 3n ,m d o high, were also incorporatedthesf o e N thicke a slab e s th swa o r T . patc f pebblinho g some4 pebble5 r o s deep line eTh . seem definito fortuitouse sto b o et explanatioe On . n woul thae db t secona s wa d t i lin kerbinf eo whicf go resbeee s hth ha t n robbed away tha d caire s an ,th t nwa built in a stepped construction with a higher central portion retained by a low wall. Another explanation could be that this was some kind of support against which the symbol stone was proppe . Howeverdup , absolutel depressiosiga o yn f no sane th dn n i suc heava s ha y standing slab would mak erectef ei founs dexcavationwa n do rounA . t 0-5d pi wid 00-3m d deepean 0 m , full of very loose black soil and pebbles, cut through the deep pebble layer, seemed to be a recent disturbance. positioe Th whicn ni symboe hth l ston founs ewa d suggest t oncsi e stood uprighe th n o t mounde moundth f o ,p ,wit to perhapdecoratee e hth th n so d latea sidt a r e d datfacinan e , gN fel ldeliberatels dowwa r no y slighted stone mounlarge o heavs d th Th . s ee i d an slight o dys an , stonreasoe y th an r ee n fo beinhars se i t o di t g mounaddee th late a o dt t d a r date. Moreover, carbon-14 determination on skeletal material from the cist has given a date for the burial which is in keeping with the generally accepted date for Class I symbol stones. datin4 carrie s t GlasgoC1 a g wa t Michaer dou D wy b StenhouselJ follows s datee a e .Th sar : GU-1039. 1335 ±40 BP, and GU-1039B (the same sample but with different, more reliable pretreatment ) 1135± 100 BP. A weighted average of the two dates is 1290 + 50 BP, or 1325 ±50 using the 5730 half life; that is ad 660 ±50 or ad 625 ±50 (560-760, or 525-725 at two standard deviations). Given the fact that the association between the symbol stone and the cist burial canno provene b t , thoug t seemhi s likely gived presene an , nth t uncertainty abou accurace th t y of C14 dates (Campbell, Baxter & Harkness 1978; Campbell, Baxter & Alcock 1979), it would CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATIONS IN THE DAIRY PARK, DUNROBIN, 1977 I 331

FI G2 Dunrobin, cutting 1: cair lond nan g cistdetaie Th . l show cise sth t after removal'of capstone fild lsan 332 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1978-80 be foolhard claio yt determinatio 4 m C1 tha e tth n give symboe datsth a r efo l stone importance .Th e of the C14 dates is that they show the date of the cist burial is fully compatable with the date range generally accepte r Clasdfo sI symbo l stones writee Th . r follow datee th s s suggestey db Stevenson (1955, 111-2; 1958) in the late 7th or the 8th centuries AD; Henderson (1967, 127) argues for earlier in the 7th century. The very early dates proposed by Thomas (1961, 45-7) have not been accepted by either authority. No artefacts were found stratified in the cairn, but a tiny sherd of medieval pottery was found on top of the pebbles (layer 3). A whetstone (fig 5, 5) broken at both ends, was found in plouge th hsandstone soith f l o ove cairne e assignee erth b On dat slab o . n ;n it e ca s o d t formin g the S side of the cist grave has curious grooves on it (fig 5, 7). These are rounded in section, and cross each other more or less at right angles. Two parallel sets of grooves are 70 mm apart. A possible explanatio thas ni t these groove plouge sar h marks tha d slae an ,th t b onc jusy ela t belo topsoie w th plouga f o l h fielacquired dan d these marks from several year f scratchinso g by a metal ploughshare. It is certain that the marks got on the slab before it was incorporated in the grave.

SYMBOE TH L STONE symboe Th l stone (fig Dunrobin 3,i p1i& w 18ano s )i n Castle Museum sea-smoothea s i t .I d slab of pink sandstone, probably collected off the beach, and used without further shaping. It is irregularly shaped, 1-20 m long, 1-05 m wide and 0-15 m thick; part of one side is missing. symbole Th t slightl carefulle se face se ar t on ybu , n off-centryo lait righte dou th o ,t e avoiding

1 metre

Fio 3 1 Symbol stone from Dunrobin, 1977 2 Symbol stone from Castle Hill, Kintore CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATION DAIRE TH YN S I PARK , DUNROBIN3 , 33 1977 an uneven area on the left side. The lines have been pecked into the stone, and the individual punch mark stile ar sl clear. desige Muc pristinth n i f s hno i e condition onle th , y part thas i t substantially worn being the head of the snake. Natural solution hollows have pitted the face of the slab, and these small pits must not be confused with dots in the design. stonee doubla th f s i o p e to crescent e th t centrs A it , e filled wit hcurvilineaa r design based compasn o s construction. smallee Somth f eo r space infillee sar d with curved lines. Below this elegantln isa y curved snak Z-rodd ean snake'e ,th s body filled wit hzig-zaa g lindotsd ean . Both ends of the Z-rod have curvilinear terminals. At the bottom of the slab is a mirror and a double- sided comb teete th , h carefully thre e drawth centrae d dotth n an r probabl n so ba l y indicating rivets mirroe comTh .d ran b symbol unusualle sar e th yf o nea bottoe d stonee rth en th e f mo th , mirror handle being only 18 cm from the lower edge of the slab. The double crescent is a rare symbol. There are two examples on Class I stones, one from Castle Hill, Kintore, (Alien 1903, III othee , th 174 187g d r fi ,fro an ) m Newton of Lewesk, Aberdeenshire (Ritchie 1916, 283, fig 4); and one on a Class II cross-slab with both incise relied dan f decoration from Ulbster, Caithness (Alien 1903, III, 33-5 30A)g fi l ,thes Al . e double crescents hav centraea l motif double Th . e crescen Kintore th n o t e ston illustrates ei y db Alie lopsideds na . This ston coarsf o s ei e lefgranite th t sidd veres an ei y worn. Close examination shows ha n tha double th t e crescen symmetricals i t , though detailinternae th f so l pattern cannot be mad t clearlsecone eou Th . yd 2) (fi symbol, 3 g , liste Alie y 'tunina db s na g fork' paia s i ,r tongsf o . The snake and Z-rod is a more common symbol, there being five other Class I examples l listeanClasx al dAliesi y , db sII n excepunpublishe) n (1903a 78 r , fo tII , d Clas sI ston e found at Tillytarmont in 1974; while the snake symbol also occurs without the Z-rod. No other snake symbo a Clas n o lzig-zaI sa ston s eha g infill, though that from Newto e Gariocth n ni s hha scales (Alie paie n intertwine f th 1903 ro f o e , III193)on g t fi ,d bu ;snake 'Golspiee th n so ' cross- slab also bears zig-zag decoration (Henderson 1967, 128, fig 26; see also Close-Brooks 1975, 210 for the provenance of this stone). Thomas (1963, 51-2) has shown there are two primary forms of the Z-rod. The Z-rod with two curvilinear terminals as on the Dairy Park stone is associated typically with the snake and notchee th d rectangle symbols Z-roe Th . d which occurs wit double hth e disc e symboon s ha l different terminal. This end has a spearhead point, and a series of hooks or streamers on the shaft. Henderson (1958, 50) calls this a flame terminal. The correct form of the opposite end is less certain. Henderson (1958, 50, note 2, fig 1) suggests the correct version is that with a second spear point terminal backed by tight spirals as incised on the terminal ring of a silver chain from Whitecleugh, Lanarkshire. An almost identical Z-rod occurs on the two silver plaques and on a handpin from Nome's Law, Fife (Henderson 1967, pis 16,18). However, on the stones the proper secone forth f mo d terminal appears curvilineare b o t . Despit frequence eth double th f yo e disc and Z-rod symbol, early or correct versions are curiously difficult to identify. In some cases the stones are broken at the edges and the terminals missing, but in all the instances where there is no other evidence of late or devolved form, the second terminal has a disc end backed by drooping spirals. Amon examplee gth e thosar s t Kintoreea , Aberdeenshire Dingwalld an , , Ross-shire (Alien 1903, III, figs 186, 55). This disc-ended terminal may be nearer the correct form than the spear point terminal foun metalworkn do eithen I . r case, ther cleaa s ei r distinction betweena Z-rod witflame hon e termina Z-roa d dan l witcurivlineao htw r terminalDaire th n yo Pars sa k stone. On later stones the distinction between the two forms of Z-rod and their association with different symbol losts si . Stevenson (1955, 104; 1970, 66-7), and Henderson (1958, 50-3) have argued that it is Y | PROCEEDING 4 33 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1978-80 possible to recognise correct or prototype versions of Pictish symbols, which are chronologically earlieste th . Deviation fro correce mth t for f symboequatee mo b n ca ld with latenes timen si ; thid certainls an si highle th y y bornyb devolvet eou d symbol latee th rn sPictiso h cross slabs. Daire Th y Park stone shoul serie e earle dth b symbof n yso i l stonesforme th r s ,fo ofboth double crescent snakd Z-rod an , ean d hav appearance eth beinf eo g more accurate tha othery nan t sye known to us. The stone also has the most accurate rendering of a double-sided comb. It is in- triguing to find another early stone in an area Henderson has described as the origin centre of the Pictish symbol stones.

DISCUSSION symbow ne e l stonTh e fro e Dairmth y Par s assumedki e followinth n i , g discussiono t , have been associated with the burial of the woman in the long cist and to have originally stood erect over her cairn. It has already been said that no socket for the slab was identified so this assumptio bases ni circumstantian do l evidence only. Two Clas sI symbo l stones have been found nea Daire rth y Par severad kan (fi) 1 gl others some 5 km W on Little Ferry Links. The Dunrobin slab (see Appendix 3) was found in 1854 and formed the capstone to a cist containing (apparently) two skeletons of adult men and a corroded iron object lattee .Th illustrate s (NMAri 6 , Io L5 n g 209)t eithefi s S i ca dn t i .I ferrulera , sockee th somr r o tfo e too weaponr o l , sucspeaa s hsicklea r ro whicf o , blade hdecayedth s eha . Since the skeletons and the iron object were collected by the workmen, too much stress should lai e theib n d o t rno association fragmentare Th . badld yan y decayed second skeleto really nma y have come from another grave. It is unlikely that the grave is Viking, though it has been listed sucs a h (Greig 1940, 17) Vikinr fo , g graves normally contain distinctive objects presence Th . f eo a second long cist and the report that the workmen had discovered others in the area suggests this was part of a Christian long cist cemetery, similar to those more familiar in southern Scotland (Henshall 1956). The symbol stone used as a capstone was probably found on the spot; with many suitable slabs on the beach it is unlikely to have been brought from far afield, for instance from the vicinity of the new Dairy Park stone. The symbol stone found at in 1942 lay across an irregularly shaped short cist. Davidson (1943 origina)e argueth t no lds capstone thawa t ti threl .Al e slabs, Golspie, Dunrobin 185d Dunrobi4an n 1977, bear mirro comd an seriese rearl e bth e ar symboln yl i Th . al d san relationship of these three stones, all perhaps originally erected over graves, to any contemporary settlement can only only be guessed at. The fragments of clay moulds occurring in another cist t Golspia e (Woodham 1956) sugges Dar a tsettlemen e kAg moulde th t t closbu s , cannoeby e b t dated closely. The name, Dunrobin, suggests the presence of a fortified settlement on the pro- minent knoll now crowned by Dunrobin Castle, and the graves found in 1854 might be connected with this settlement. However, the Dairy Park stone need not necessarily indicate a further settlement. It is possible that some Pictish stones (and thus the graves, if any, that they belonged to) were set beside highways. A position on or near the main road N which linked Golspie and Dunrobin suits the alignment of the Dairy Park cairn very well. The coastal road is now only a grassy track, for in the 19th century the diverted the main road to run N of Dunrobin Castle. Yet up till then this track was the most important and indeed the only land route to the far N of Scotland l travellerAl . s north must have passe dconveniena t alonno , thouggs it wa t t hi route, involving several ferry crossings ove mouthe th r f deeo s e p th firths f o Kirk'n O p . sma Sutherland estate 177n si 4 this rout labelles ei d 'High roa Caithness'o dt coastae Th . l plain here CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATIONS IN THE DAIRY PARK, DUNROBIN, 1977 | 335 is narrow roa e neven th dca o s ,r have deviate r fro dfa s presen mit t course r photographsAi . , taken when the Dairy Park was under grass, show two or three linear features running more or less in alignment with the present track, which can most plausibly be explained as earlier roads. eves i t i r f possiblI obtaio et r photographnai thif so s area unde favourabla r e crop perhapt si will be possible to see further cairns along part of the route. Daire Th y Park excavations have demonstrate associatioe dth lona f ngo cist grave witha long rectangular cair witd nan hsymboa l stone. Further examples, man f theyo m recent dis- coveries, both of the possible association of symbol stones with burials, and of long cist burials with cairns roun r rectangulado discussee rar followine th n di g paper (Ashmore 1980 need an )d not be listed here. The closest parallel for the Golspie cairn and long cist is the largest of the grou f cairnpo t Ackergillsa , Caithness excavate 192 n di 192d 6an 7 (Edwards 1927; 1928). This widn i 6 e t f 4-1(6-1 cair y . Man 3 somb s lon t 1 0f m) 0n m wa y 0 gyeb 2 detail constructioe th f so n siteo tw s e differth n o ; thu t Ackergilsa cairne kerbe th th l f so were more carefully constructed, either with slabs placed on their sides or with dry-stone walls, while the corners were marked with pillar stones, and the cists in many cases were constructed within the body of the cairn, not below it. Nevertheless the general similarity is striking. The slab with symbols and three warriors from Birsay, Orkney has often been quoted as an example of a symbol stone found with a grave; in this case a triple grave. However, it now seems that thit founsno slas d bneawa triple rth differena e n gravi t ebu graveyarte parth f o t d CuriC gratefuthir s m ea fo s Mr I informatio( o t l n foreman'e baseth n do s notebooks). Ashmore (1980) lists three or four instances of symbol stones possibly or probably associated with burial cairns. Together with the evidence from the Dairy Park, this suggests that at least some symbol stones were erecte gravs da e markers. Moreover clusterine th , f symbogo l stones that migh expectee b t stonee th f di s marke seee b t Tillytarmondna w burialno n sca t ando t , a lesser extent, at Rhynie. For the moment, then, this explanation must carry more weight than currene th t alternative interpretation territorias sa l boundary markers (Hendersonr o 1971 ) 66 , as stones erected to record political alliances between lineages in a matrilineal, polygynous society (Jackson l symbo 1971)al t No l. stones were necessarily erectesame th r e dfo purpose n I . particular, it has yet to be shown that Class II monuments, that is cross-slabs with symbols, have any direct connection with burials. Unfortunately littllighinterpretatioe w th s cas ene i tn o t symbole th f o n s themselvest I . is of course most satisfactory to find a stone with mirror and comb symbols associated with the buria womana f lons o l ha g t I bee. n recognised tha mirroe tth comb d ran mirror o , r symbos wa l different in kind to the other symbols, and was sometimes added to them. Otherwise, apart from single animal symbols, Clas sstoneI s almost invariably bear onlsymbolso ytw , always different, whico t mirrore hth mirror o , combd ran , migh addede tb . Clas stoneI sI s have symbols normally in multiples of two, again with the mirror and comb, if present, as an extra. (The hammer and anvil symbol, occurrin Clase g on onl I sstonn yo t Abernethya e Clase on I ston I sd t an a ,e Dunfallandy (Alien 1903,282,286-9 similaa e b y r additiona)ma l symbol) associatioe .Th e th f no mirro r mirroo r comd an r b symbols with burials make t likelsi y that this symbol denotes that the deceased was a woman of rank, rather than referring to the giving of bride wealth, as Jackson (1971) suggested. Thomas' suggestion (1963) thamirroe th tcomd an r b symbol denoted thaa t slaerectes woman a bwomana wa r y appeardfo b w t incorrecte no ,b no , o st ensuins ;hi g explicit assumption that symbol stones were erecte commemorato dt e male Picts only (Thomas 1963) 75 , never seemediscountede b w dno plausibly .ma d ean symboe th f I l stone grave sar e markers ,curren o eithetw f o rt theorie theio t s rsa purpose coul correcte db . Jackson (1971 s suggesteha ) symbole d th the e yf differenar o s t lineagea n si 33 | 6PROCEEDING THF SO E SOCIETY, 1978-80 society with matrilineal succession. Thomas (1963 Stevensod )an n (197 perd 0an s comm) favour interpretations of the symbols as indications of an individual's rank or allegiance in the community, though in detail their interpretations differ. Both theories are compatible with the use of the stones to mark graves, though Jackson's idea that the stones were erected to record alliances, often marriage alliances, needs modification. Rather than being symbol husbana f so wifed dan , on whof eo m buries gravei e th symbole n di th , s would perhap smothee refeth fathed o t r ran r of the deceased. Indeed, the extraordinary consistency with which the symbols occur in pairs does see msupporo t explanation a t n involving genealogy rather than rank.

CUTTIN : CORN-DRYING2 G KILN This site is at the E end of the Dairy Park, some 60 m from the sea, at NGR NE 848004 (fi. Stoneg1) s were struck while ploughin Augusgn i attemptn 1977a d remov,an o tt e them showed that they seeme foro dt m parstructurea f o t . Thi sthereforfiels e areth dwa f ao e left unplanted finw dne coule so th investigatee db autumne th n di . In October, a large stone which eventually proved to be the N end of kiln B was visible togethe rothers w wit lookefe d ha an , d very like shorpara f o t t cist.e Sincb stoneo e t eth d sha move alloo dt w cultivatio decides wa t ni investigato d t structuree eth . resulte Th excavatiof so pd i an 18bnatura e show4 e ng .Th ar fi n li subsoi sans li d (leve. 8) l The earliest feature on the site is the shallow, flat-bottomed gully D. The stretch uncovered was some 3-3 long0m , 1-6 wide0m , 0-2 deep7 m fille d an , d with light brown sand with some greyer, apparently ashy, patches near the edges (level 3). Included in the fill were ten lumps of iron slag, including two furnace bottoms. No date could be assigned to this gully, but it was earlier tha core nth n kiln whic t throug endhcu E S .s hExtensivit e ironworkin vicinite th n gi y was atteste large th ey db quantit f iroyo n slag foun l ove dal ploughee th r d area betweee nth isolated tree E of Cutting I and the fence E of Cutting 2. Bottle-glass was scattered over the same area (fig 1). StructurewerC d e an connectedcornee th stona A s s f o re wa structureC . , presumably rectangular t ,throug whicou n Ne hra hWth sid Cuttinf eo , intg2 onewla y planted crop which prevented further investigation attempn a e waln th .i W f laiCuttin s t fino o le t dou dwa th A g2 structure. Unfortunately some major disturbance involvin ggreaa t dea cleaf o l n sand (possibly a rabbit warren) had occurred in this trench. A small undisturbed area had a thin spread of yellow clay over the natural sand, equivalent to the stratigraphy outside structure C in Cutting 2, showing that the E wall of the structure lay under the baulk, which there was not time to remove. internae Th l widt f structurho thus wa s little2 e more excavatedthae e 1-2w ne th 0m th t bu , lengt composes unknowns hi wa walC S f largf e dlo o Th .e boulders naturaplacee th n do l sand f smalleo w witro r ha stones yellon i t se w, clay, packed unde e inneth r r edge e floos Th .wa r slightly sunk into the sand and covered with a thick layer of yellow clay (level 7). On the floor was a thin occupation level of dark soil (level 6). Against the W wall was built a flue and fire chamber 2 m long and about 0-50 m wide leading out of the corner of the building into a kiln. The flue was also sunk into the sand, and its walls stood to a height of 0-40 m. It must have been roofed with flat slabs, but none remained in situ. The fire had been lit within the building at the outer end of the flue, where the stones flue sidth e a f th twere o e heavily burnt deposia ther d s an , e wa blacf to k soiashd sectiolan A . n across this showed 2 cm of black soil above a thin yellow clay band, probably a reflooring, belod f blacan o wk m thic sois2 l abov mucea h thicke e thicr m th clac n k7 i y o floort p u , centre. Below thie naturath s l . sanOnls reddene e innecm dwa yd th 0 a dept 1 en r o dt f ho CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATION THN SI E DAIRY PARK, DUNROBIN,7 19733 | 7

•••THIN SPREAD :::::::OF:CLAY:

DETAIL OF STRUCTURE B FIG 4 Dunrobin, cutting 2: the corn kiln and other structures | PROCEEDING 8 33 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1978-80 of the flue channel leading to the kiln was paved. A sill stone divided the flue from the kiln chamber. When structure C went out of use it was filled, as was A, with a mixture of stones, dark soil and large lumps of yellow clay (level 4), the stone fill being particularly dense near the E wall. thin I sfouns fil glase wa l dth s bottl numbea e d basan fragmentf e3 o r glasf so s bottles, several whicf o h joine bottle dth e base 1 foun founshers clae e kildn i th wa yTh (fi n dA . dn 8 bindini g 5) g under one of the large blocks in the S wall. A thin spread of yellow clay overlay the natural sand to the S of structure C. This may represent clay binding washed out from the wall, or clay deposited during the building phase. f thio sOp clanto y were some area f dirtso y sand, which became especially angle deeth en pi between the kiln, the flue and the corner of structure C (level 5). The kiln chamber A was sunk in the ground and was constructed partly with dry-stone walling, partly with thin slabs set on edge. All the walls leaned outwards but it seemed that some of the slabs had got pushed outwards at the top rather further than they had been originally. Th walline e th slab d gan s were laid straight agains naturae th t l sand. Some th e f 20-3o m 0c wall projected above the sand, but may have been supported originally by topsoil or turf. The kiln walls were standin maximu a abov m o g t c floor e 0 eth 6 f m, o which fule appearth l e b o st original height. The kiln was 1-50 m in diameter at the top, 1 m at the base. The floor was paved with slabs lying on the sand, and these had been covered with a thin yellow clay floor. When the kiln went out of use it had been filled with dark soil, stones and patches of yellow clay (level 4), wit hlevea darf lo k soil above tha stone glase tth (leveth yn s I fil. bottlwa ll2) e othe d basan e1 r glass fragments. buils Kilagainsp wa t u nA furtheta r structur puzzlina Thi . s eB swa g feature, subrectangular in plan, built entirely with various slabs set on edge and leaning slightly outwards, one slab being much talle othersre thath l nal . Another slab, represente stona y db e hole probabls wa , ya recent lossstructure Th . abous ewa top e t widm 1-1th t ,0-8t 1 lony a e0 0-8a m b y 0gm b 0m floor level, and a maximum of 0-70 m deep. It had a yellow clay floor (level 7), which was damaged side verE e e oy.Th n th ploug large th ey beeAugusd b hn ston i t ha n hi d e tforminen 197W N 7 s git and a hole had been dug behind it to try to move it, before it was discovered to be part of a structure. Possibly structure B was also the chamber of a kiln with a flue on the E side, but its sides woul buile b leve p do tu t hav ld witeha h dry-stone wallin takgo necessart e eth y cross timbers. relationshis It probabluncertains s kilo pi t nwa A t i earliet n ya bu , r structure, whic partls hwa y incorporate latee th rn d i work . Figur showe3 survivine sth g portio f structurno . WheeB n kiln filles wa d t i wit e hus Bf dar o wen t k ou soilt , stones lumpd an , f yelloo s w clay (level 4a)o .N glass fragments were found in the fill, but there were a few pieces of iron slag and part of a sheep's skull. Against this fillin places gwa dlarga e sloping slab wit hneaa t patc dry-stonf ho e masonry each side of it, to complete the circuit of kiln A (fig 4, 2). This blocking is shown in situ in pi 18b. Finally, whe whole nth adjoinine e th structur flud e th kilean e , gnus A estructur f o wen t ou t eC wer fillel eal d with stonethin i soild sd filsan an ,l were incorporate remaine dth f 18th-centurso y glass bottles. At the present time the structures are covered by some 20-30 cm of plough soil (level 1).

THE FINDS 1 Bas f bottleeo , olive greebase Th en . itselglass diax cm f4 m Ma .1 cam e from structure C, some joining fragments fro. 3 m, 5 kil g , levenFi A . l4 2 Fragments from the shoulder of a bottle, olive green glass. From structure C, level 4. Fig 5, 1. 3 Base of bottle, olive green glass. Max diam preserved 12 cm. From kiln A, level 4. Fig 5, 2. CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATIONS IN THE DAIRY PARK, DUNROBIN, 1977 I 339

FIG 5 Dunrobin, artefacts: 1-4 glass, cutting 2; 5 stone, cutting 1; iron, 1854 long cist; (1-6 scale 2: 3). 7 stone slab from cist, cutting 1 (scale 1 : 6) | PROCEEDING 0 34 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1978-80 4 Twelve small fragments of olive green bottle glass. From kiln A, level 4. 6 Five fragment olivf o s e green bottle glass. From structur , leveeC . l4 7 Nec bottlf ko olivn ei e green glass. From ploug. 4 h, 5 soil g Fi . 8 Small sherd of medieval pottery, wheel thrown, buff coloured with trace of yellowish glaze at one corner. From the wall footings of structure C. 9 Tiny sher f medievado l pottery, whitish fabric, from plough soil. 10 Iron slag. Two furnace bottoms measuring 20 cm across, eight pieces between 8 and 14 cm long smallew fe a rd piecesan . From gull. yD whetstone bottlth e d Th an e , base3 froo en m DunrobiCuttinn i e ar g1 n Castle Museume resth e f ;th o t Nationae findth n si l Museu f Antiquitiemo Scotlandf so .

core dat e th estimatee nf b Th e o kil n nca d fro fragmentare mth y glass-bottles incorporated in the fill when it went out of use. The bottom-base 1 may be compared with Hume's nos 5-6, 8-10 (Hume 1961, figs 3-4), suggestin gdata e between 169 1730d deepee 0an Th . r kic bottlef ko - base 3 is more similar to Hume's no 11, about 1710-30. Allowing for the difficulty of dating incomplete bottles, it seems reasonable to suggest the corn-kiln was abandoned during the first 18te halth hf fo century . Dependin lonw gho suc hbuildina g lastedhavy ema t bee,i n constructed late inth e 17t hr earlo y 18th century structure Th t .estatshowe th no s n ei no maps prepared by John Kirk in 1777, which depict individual buildings and even trees, but show the whole area Daire oth f y Par undes ka r cultivation.

DISCUSSION The structure is interpreted as a corn drying kiln on the basis of its similarity to other kilns of this kind, though no actual remains of burnt grain or straw were found on it. The way in which such kilns were used is well known (Fenton 1970). Wooden bars were laid across the kilne bowth ,f o lsmalle r sticks acros barse sth , stra thesn wo e stick thed graie s an nth nwa spread on the straw. The fire was lit at the mouth of the flue and the hot air conducted into the bowl drie graine dth . Early accounts emphasis rise f accidentseth ko strae graith d wr an nfo , often caught fire. While corn kiln widele sar y known, either inside barn attacher so barns o disolatet s a r o , d structure intg du os hillsides, surprisingl earlw fe yy examples see mo havt e been illustrated. Fenton (1974 s collecteha ) available dth e evidence onle Th y. direct comparison roune th r dsfo kiln leading fro mbara t Dunrobina 14the n15th-centurr th o see-e b mo t y kilns foun Jarlshot da f by Hamilton (Fenton 1974, 248-9) and a 14th-century structure in Iceland (Fenton 1974, 149-50). The same principle can however be seen in the more elaborate modern kilns of Orkney and Shetland with round kilns attached to a barn, and high stone super-structures above the kiln. This lack of comparative evidence makes it somewhat difficult to interpret the Golspie kiln in detail. Structure C was probably a barn, perhaps of simple cruck structure, which protected the stokinn sackma firee e gth grainf th .so Therfued e possibilityth ,a an l s ei , however, becausf eo rathee th r flimsy wall footin , thaC f t go simplthis swa open ya n area delineate wallw lo .a y db fluee Th , originally slab-roofed t througou intd walC e kile le ,hof th th n o l chambe. A r This may have been protected by a light cone-shaped roof of timber and straw, as described by Gailey (1970, 57, 60) or just left open. Grain could not have been fed into the kiln from within the barn, but a man must have stood outside to load and unload the kiln. This differs fro practice mth more th en ei recent Orkney kilns wher loadee b graie eth n dnca from inside barne th fror o Oute,e mth r Isles wher whole eth e kiln structur insids ei barne eth . No parallel has been found for structure B which may be the remains of an earlier kiln. CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATION THN SI E DAIRY PARK, DUNROBIN1 , 34 197 | 7 r StuarM t Maxwel s draw ha lattentioy nm lettea o nt r writte Jamesy nb , Lord Drummond, afterward Earh Perthf 4t so l 1672n i , , which mentions 'latly near Drummon countreo tw . . dy. men intending to build a new kiln for corn on the site of an old oregrown one, and searching deep to lay its fundation . . .' (Fraser 1885, 130). Kiln A, 1-50 m in diam and 0-60 m high, is quite small compared with some other examples. A kiln 2-40 m in diameter, 2-80 m high at Craignavar, Perthshire, was recorded by Feachem (1957, 45-51). Kiln A, however, compares closely with the bowl of a kiln recorded by Whitaker (1957 Benbeculan o ) t seemI . s likely thaDunrobie th t n kil representativs ni numbea f eo f o r small local kilns, perhaps one on each farm, that must have been in use in Easter Ross before agriculturae th l improvements that begaeighteente th n i h century. Suc hsituationa , when each farm (or in the Western Isles each township), had its own kiln, is recorded by Headrick (1807, 309-14) and in early accounts quoted by Feachem (1959, 49-50). No structures are shown in this area of the Dairy Park on the 1777 estate map, where the whole area is apparently under cultivation. The corn kiln must belong to an earlier agricultural pattern, and in this part of the estate close to the Castle it is likely it was on demesne land. Professor R J Adam has kindly looked for some mention in the Dunrobin archives but with no success. corn-dryinA g kil t Taina Easten ni r Ross excavate 197n di 4 (Wedderburm n 2 1974s wa ) in diameter highm 1 , , stone buil clay-linedd an t , r morwito hflua m e absenc e 1 elong th n I . e o publishea f d plasectiond nan difficuls i t i , knoo closelt t w who t resembleyi Golspie sth e kiln. A number of kilns are reported to exist in the sides of the valleys running back from the sea near Golspie r instancfo , t Helmsdaleea t non bu ,f thes eo e have been excavated (information from Miss M Morrison). Fairhurst (1968, 152) notes the remains of seven corn-drying kilns in the deserted township of Rosal, Strath Naver, Sutherland, of which one was excavated. Like all the others at Rosal, it was built within a kiln house, in this case an oval structure about 5-20 m long by 2-10 m wide. The bowl of the kiln was about 1-20 m in diameter by about 1-20 m deep. kile plao th n N f nhouso givens ei Rosae .Th l kiln differena f so seee b tDunrobim e o t typ th o et n kiln which projected outsid kile eth nt ver barnno y t differenbu , sizen i t .

CUTTING 3 Pard Messran k w reportesLo d hitting further large stones when ploughin Cuttinf o gN . g2 Cutting 3, which measured 3 m by 2 m was an exploratory trench to see if these stones belonged ancienn a o t t feature. Whe plouge nth h removes soilwa eastere dth n three-quarter trence th f sho was founfillee b do dt wit hroughla y levelled mas f brokeso mortap nu r with stone beacd san h . Thipebbleit n si mortat se sprobabls wa r t modernyno t comparei ; d closely wit mortae hth r used in a now ruinous gate pillar shown on the 1907 edition of the 6" OS map, but of earlier construction. The W end of the trench had sand below the plough soil, with three large boulders cornerW S cuttine recora e icleaneTh s .d n th gan wa d p photograpdu h furtheo takenn t bu r, excavatio undertakens nwa possibls i t .I e this featur som n connectei y s ei e wa d wit Artillere hth y Volunteers' Battery shown on the 1879 1st ed 6" OS map, though the main structures belonging to this were by the sea.

APPENDIX 1 humae Th n remains fro lone m th Daire g th cis n yi t Park Mary Harman The skeleton is largely complete; the condition of the bones varies considerably, those that were under collapsed cist stones being less well preserved than others skulle th ; , upper vertebra partd ean f so ] PROCEEDING 2 34 SOCIETYE TH F SO , 1978-80 ver n armi e ye th sgooar d condition, whil lowee eth r thora pelvisd xan , lower right arm, legfeed san t badle ar y erode altogether do r decayed. smale lighe Th th l tsizboned e buileth an f sdo suggest thaskeletoe th t femalea thas n i f o t e th ; lac brof ko w ridge heavd san y muscular attachment wide th skule e d th sciatie angl lan n th s o f eo c notch accompanie wela y dlb denned, pre-auricular sulcus, support thisheighte Th . , calculated fro totae mth l length humeruse th f so , femu tibid an ra usin regressioe gth n formula Trottef eo Glessed ran r (given i Brothwell 1965, 69, 102), is 5 ft 1 in (155-3 cm). bonee th Nowele l sar al tl enough preserve shoo dt w sign f lesions so f thos o t ebu , availablr efo inspection, cervical vertebrae 5, 6 and 7, and lumbar vertebrae 5 and the sacrum show slight evidence of osteo-arthriti fore th smalf m o n si l bony excrescences roun margie vertebrae dth th f no l bodiea d san deterioration in the articular surface of the body. The left ankle appears to be normal, but on the right ther considerabls ei e extra bony growth roun articulae dth r surface distae th f lso end botf so h tibid aan talu e calcaneumd th san n fibulao d an , . Radiograph f botso h ankles SpeirwerT o N e swh r take D y nb considers that 'ther definite ear e osteo-arthritic change margine articulath e t sth a f so r surfac righe th f teo tibia with more irregularity of the tibial articular surface. The talus too on this side shows some osteo- arthritic changes, especially roun peroneae dth l groove, when compared wit lefe hnormae th t sideth n O .l left side I note that there are two growth lines at 4^ cm and 6 cm above the ankle joint which would indicate a period of several weeks ill-health in childhood'. Some resemblance smale seee th b o nlt n grousca peoplf psame o th ef e o perio d fro Ackergile mth l cairns, describe Brycy db e (192 1927)d 6an . Dental healt goos hwa d among them, aparn t ma fro e mon of 'advanced age'; though this is not exceptional in an early population. The small stature is interesting Ackergile th n i t lbu grou possibly p ma famila e yb y characteristic.

APPENDIX 2 The dentition from the long cist in the Dairy Park

Dorothy A Lunt, Department of Oral Biology, University of Glasgow Dental School Wit exceptione hon permanen2 3 l al , t teeth wer norman ei l functional position t deathsa . They are arranged in well-formed arches with minimal crowding in the incisor regions, and the occlusion appear normale b o st . degree Th f attritioeo exactls ni y comparabl thao et t reacheroughl36-3e e th ag n 8y i d b y con- temporary Anglo-Saxons studied by Miles (1963). In this case, a probable age at death of c 35-40 may be suggested. Both upper third molars sho wa marke d hypoplasia groov thein eo r buccal surfacese th d an , hypoplasi bees aha n sufficiently sever produco et e small brown-stained pits correspondinA . g hypoplasia groovlowee th n reo left third mola bees ha r n partly remove attritiony db lowee thath d f an r,o t right third mola less ri s marked othee thath n ri teeth positioe hypoplasie Th . th f no a grooves suggests that the individual probably suffered either from severe malnutrition or from some illness at about 11 or 12 years old. A small defect at the cervical margin on the labial surface of the lower left central incisor may be due to caries, but it could also be the result of post-mortem erosion: areas of definite post-mortem erosion can be seen at the necks of other teeth in both jaws. No other carious lesions are present. There is a slight to moderate horizontal resorption of the alveolar bone. In the upper jaw, this alveolar recessio mosns i t marke molae th dn i r areas, where infected periodontal pocket juse sar t beginning appearo t lowee thith w n srja I . proces furthes si r advance definita d dan e pocke formes ha t d roune dth lower right third molar. Periodontal disease has therefore started, and is almost to be expected in view probable o fth t deatha e eag . An even more serious pathological condition is present in the area of the lower left second molar. The tooth itself is represented only by a small fragment of root and crown. The root shows gross re- sorption and this indicates persistent infection around it. The fragment of crown is worn down to the toothe necth f ko , exposin wore angle th th pulpe f ngeo d th surfacan , completels ei y abnormale Th . normal tootshape th f heo socke bees ha t n lost, ther evidencs ei e her infectionf e o cavite e th th d n yi an , bon bess ei t regarde chronia s da c absces r dentaso l cyst cavity thio t s.d statWhale s f affaireo ha t s i s difficul determineo t t . Obviousl toote y s th bee par e remaindef hha o th nt d los s an undergont ha r e CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATIONS IN THE DAIRY PARK, DUNROBIN, 1977 | 343 excessive wear but the cause of the destruction of the tooth is unclear. Trauma by itself seems a little unlikely so far back in the mouth, especially as the adjacent and opposing teeth appear to be undamaged. Caries could have been involved, though neither the molar fragment nor the adjacent molars show any evidenc f carieseo . Whatever happene t occu toote no th d r produce d ho di untidt ha t i l d quite normal wea rneighbourin e facetth n so g molars faia rd amounan , opposine weaf th o t f ro g upper molar. Bilateral thickenings of the lingual alveolar bone in the region of the lower premolars and first molar juse ar st sufficiently pronounce callee b o dt tori mandibulares. These have been observen di other skulls of similar period in the N of Scotland. There is however no evidence of a torus palatinus.

APPENDIX 3 lone gTh cist grave symbod san l stone foun t Dunrobida 185n i 4 KenworthyB J , Departmen Archaeologyf o t t Salvator'S , s College, Universit Andrewt S f yo s symboWhew ne na l ston Dairfoune s th ewa n ydi Par t Dunrobika 1977n i exace ,th t find spot symboe oth f l stone discovered coverin glona g f immediatcis o 185n i ts 4wa e interest. Surprisingly, examination of the records left this in doubt. Ross (1854, 297) had actually seen the grave, and a second long opene s cis presences wa thi n di . accompanieI Gunr dM examino n t gravd ol en e a whic recentld hha y been opened progrese th n i , s of the improvements now going on to the west of the new garden at Dunrobin. Alien (1903 state) 42 , s that 'the symbol ston founs 50e e185wa n th ' di contou n 4o r line, i f milo eE Dunrobin Castle'. The Archaeology Division of the Ordnance Survey could not resolve this contradiction, precise soth e location remained uncertain r Close-BrookD . s mentioned this proble t occurrei d man o dt me that the solution lay in relevant letters in the letter books of the Spalding Club, held in University Library. I am grateful to Mr Colin McLaren, University Archivist, for his help and for permission to publish these letters. In the sixth volume of the letter books there are four letters about the find and a memorandum RhindH byA whicf o , letterfirso e h th hertw e t sar e transcribed: Aberdeen University Library MS 606.6 (Letter Book of the Spalding Club No 6, no numbers)

Duk Sutherlanf eo Joho dt n Stuart London May 31, 1854 Sir havI e thought tha accompanyine tth g letter repord drawingsd an tan grav,d relatinol en a fro go t m Gunnr M frod r Rosm an ,requeste D s Golspi f so wa o examineo dwh t skeletoe grave th eth d ean n found in it, to ascertain if any opinion could be formed regarding the length of time since they were laid, may be interesting to you, and for the Spalding Club. fiele whicn dTh i h they were foun betwees di nlona g rang risinf eo g ground plantew no , d pleasure ground and the Sea - Flower and Kitchen garden occupy a considerable part of the level ground - and the grave was found near the garden. Dear rSi very truly yours Sutherland.

George Gunn to Duke of Sutherland. , 1854Rhive17 y . sMa My Lord Duke, When levellin ease g th fiel e t parth d f beloo t Castle wth e Dairy workmee th , n discovere paced6 s west from the new wall of Meg's Garden, a grave containing a human skeleton - the bones true and regular as when the body was placed - they measured six feet - the teeth perfect and white as if they had not been a year in the ground - a red sandstone covered the Grave, worked with much the same figures, as are on other stones that were found in the vicinity, but better preserved than any of them and | PROCEEDING 4 34 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1978-80 I have mad accompanyine eth g full length tracing mako t , t morei e clea r describn thaca nI e themI . have ordere stonplacee e b dth o et d beforwhers levea wa n t eo i l wit surfac e grounde hth th f eo . I have the honour to be Your Grace's faithfu obediend an l t Servant George Gunn.

The third letter (a copy) is also from George Gunn to the Duke. It refers to the transmission of Ross's report and confirms that the workmen had found other graves, which they did not disturb, near lono thegtw cists fourte Th . h lette RosJ J fro s Joh ri o r st m D n Stuart afte papes beehi rd rha n com- municated to the Society of Antiquaries. He refers to the two skeletons from the first cist; he is sure the cranial bones belonindividuae on less o gi t st certaibu l n abou faciae th t l bones. Rhind's 'Memorandu f reasonmo r believinfo s g thae Cranith t a discovere gravee th n di s near Dunrobi Scandinaviane nar Jul2 (1 y' 1854), whil f someo e historical interest, adds nothing furtheo t r abovee th . These letters, then, locatioe leav e 185th doubo th o en t 4 f n o s find a t . Thisouth-wess swa f o t Dunrobin Castle, outside the present walled kitchen garden (whose name 'Meg's Garden' derives from Meg's Burn, which flows through it) at c NGR NC 849005. That we are almost certainly dealing with the SW and not the NW wall of the garden is suggested firse by th secont e parth inferref e o tb d y letterdma t furtheI . rt foun tha gravno e s th tdf o enea wa e ron the corners of the garden, since this would otherwise have been used as a point of location. The precise location of the grave along the wall cannot, however, be determined. The general area of the finds (fig 1) is now under permanent grass.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The excavation was financed by the Department of the Environment, with the support of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland who allowed the writer leave to excavate. Mr Patrick Ashmore of the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments, Department of the Environment supported and encouraged the excavation. Permission to excavate was given by The Countess of Sutherland and Mr H M McKinley. Tools and equipment were loaned by Mr Peter Burd Sutherlany b d an d Estates Forestry Office Burr M . d advise Museue d th secone th f mo d structure foun Augusn di t (the corn kiln provided an ) d much kind assistanc archaeologiste th r efo o swh proceeded to dig holes in his carrot field. The help of Mr Patrick Banks was also appreciated. r Davi M photographem dSi e symbodth l stone under difficult conditions e excavatorTh . n i s June were Roderick Wirgman, by courtesy of Sutherland Estates, and (part time) Neil Barren and Douglas Reid; in October Miss Mary Harman, Miss Margaret Morrison, Stephen Chambers, lan Maxwell and George Watson. Mr R B K Stevenson has given valuable advice on Pictish stones ,locae GranMisW th ln Stel sM G o histort n r Fentoo l A M r f Golspiyd o M n an d ean corn-drying kilns. The Archaeology Branch of the Ordnance Survey in Edinburgh were most helpful. Miss Helen Jackso draws nha illustrations e nth Anns Grahad Dr . aan m Ritchie reada draf writere thif Appendicee o th t th s o f t paperl thesso al d o ean T . s thank duee sar .

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The Society is indebted to the Scottish Development Department {Ancient Monuments) for a grant towards the cost of publishing this paper