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Early Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Mammals from Alberta

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Early Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Mammals from Alberta 1046 NATURE, VOL. 220, DECEMBER 7. 1968 their lives m that position; the attitude is adopted numerous cusps on the upper molars, and closely approxi­ occasionally and momentarily. Sloths do not hang head mated hypoconulid and entoconid cusps on the lower downwards, but back downwards; they are inverted molars. At least four new genera of didelphoid marsupials pronogrades, and the effect of gravity on the contents of are present, including the largest. of North American the thoracic duct can be little different from that in all Campanian mammals; two of these genera show no four-footed pronograde mammals. When sloths do not close resemblance in molar morphology to families of hang downwards, their position is usua.lly head upwards later Cretaceous marsupials, while two may pertain to clinging to tho trunk or sitting in the fork of a tree. the Didolphidae, already recorded from Cretaceous rocks L. HARRISON MATTHEWS younger than those of the Milk River Formation. The four genera, although possessing their own molar The Old Rectory, specializations, seem to exhibit a distinctly more primitive Stansfield, Suffolk. grade of molar evolution than do late Campanian and Received November 7, 1968. Maestrichtian marsupials, in that the Milk River forms lack molar cusp specializations for crushing and grinding 1 Dumont, A. E., A.nd Rifkind, K. M., Nature, 219, 1182 (1968). of foodstuffs which are common in their younger Cre­ taceous relatives. The molar teeth of two additional kinds of marsupials in the Milk River Formation closely resemble tho late Campanian stagodontid Eodel.phis Matthew and the late Campanian and Maestrichtian Early Campanian (Late Cretaceous) didelphid Alphadon Simpson, respectively. Systematic Mammals from Alberta, Canada descriptions of these and other elements of this new and ALTHOUGH the occurrence of fossil mammals in North significant fossil assemblage are in preparaj;ion and will Axnerican Upper Cretaceous rocks has long been known\ be published elsewhere. only since the application in 1956 of new collecting I thank Mr L. Krishtalka and especially Mr L. A. techniques2 have large samples of skeletal-especially Lindoe, whose careful work in the field secured the dental-remains of Late Cretaceous mammals been samples on which this communication is based. This recovered•. Important systematic studies have been work was supported by the University Research Fund based on these samples during the past decade. Maes­ and the D0partment of Zoology, University of Alberta. trichtian (latest Cretaceous) assemblages from sites in R.ICHARD C. Fox New Mexico (\V. Clemems, personal communication), Wyoming•, Montana• and Alberta5 include several Departments of Geology and Zoology, placental (Eutheria) orders, and many multituberculates University of Alberta, (Allotheria) and didelphoid marsupials (Metatheria). Edmonton. Alberta, Assemblages of late Campanian age in Montana• and Canada. Alberta (unpublished results) are nearly as rich in multituberculates and marsupials, but arc relatively Received October 21, 1968. poor in placentals, with only two orderR (Insectivora 1 Van Valen, L., Amer. Mus. Novit., 2285, 1 (1967). and Deltatherida) represented. 'McKenna, M., Curator, 3, 221 (1962). In spite of this flurry of interest in Late Cretaceous 'Clemens, W., Univ. Calif. Pub!. Geol. Sci., 48, 1 (1963); 62, 1 ( 1966)_ mammals, there had been no significant chronological • Sloan, 11., and Van Valen, L., Science, 148, 220 (196~). extension of the mammalian fossil record downwards in 'Lillegravcn, J., thesis, Univ. Kansas (1968). the North American Late Cretaceous since the discovery • Sahni, A., thesis, Univ. Minnesota (1968). 7 Patterson, B., Fie/diana: Geol., 13, 1 (1956). of fossil mammals in the dinosaur-rich Oldman Formation 1 Slaughter, B., Postilla, 93, 1 (1965). (late Campanian), Alberta, more than 60 yr ago. The 'Slaughter, B., Texas J. Sci., 20, 1 (1968). stratigraphic interval between the late Campanian and 10 Russell, L., and Landes, R., Mem. Geol. Surv. Canada, 223 (1940). the Albian (Early Cretaceous) of Texas, containing 11 Williams, G., and Burk, C., in Geological History of Western Canada (edit. by McCrossan, R., and Glaister, R.), 169 (Albcrt.a Soc. Petrol. Geol., triconodonts, symmetrodonts, archaic (plagiaulacoid) Calgary, 1964). multituberculates, and therian mammals of metatherian-· eutherian grade (but probably assignable to neither infraclass7 - 9 ), remained devoid of mammalian fossils. In May 1968, I discovered isolated teeth of small fossil mammals in the continental sandstones and shales of the upper part of the Milk River Formation, southern Incidence of R Factors among Gram Alberta, Canada10 ; these rocks are early Campanian Negative Bacteria in Drug-free Human in age11• Tho teeth occur in Verdigris Coulee, 18 miles east of the village of Milk River, Alberta, at three localities, and Animal Communities with coordinates on file in the Department of Geology, TRANSFER of drug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae University of Alberta, Edmonton. The mammalian is mediated by cytoplasmic particles called R factors teeth occur together with the fragmented skeletal parts which seem to consist of a transfer factor (RTF) coupled of other vertebrates, including elasmobranehs (teeth), to genes which determine the drug resisting capacity of the actinopterygian fishes, salamanders, lizards, turtles, bacterial host'. Although the origin of the intact R 3 champsosaurs, crocodiles and dinosaurs, and therefore factor is obscure , there is some evidence that the transfer occur in associations resembling those in younger mammal­ factors are widely distributed in the Enterobacteriaceae, yielding Cretaceous rocks. Among the mammals, teeth and that they may on some occasions have picked up of both multituberculates and marsupials are present; bacterial chromosome genes which determined drug these are the oldest North American Late Cretaceous resistance. Another possibility' is that R factors arose mammals known, and provide the earliest record of the in otherwise unrecognized plasmids during the course of infraclass Metatheria, order Marsupialia. mutations to a resistant form, but whatever mechanism The multituberculate teeth are of ptilodontoid and is responsible, there is no doubt that R factors are selected taeniolabidoid type, and resemble most closely the later and maintained by drugs in the environment'. The Cretaceous genera M esodma J epscn, Oimolodon Marsh finding5 of transmissible drug resistance in a strain of and Oimolomys Marsh, but are not necessarily congeneric Escherichia coli lyophilized in 1946 may indicate that with them. The marsupial teeth, perhaps a third as R factors were already present in pre-antibiotic cultures. abundant as those of multituberculates, are of didelphoid The purpose of this investigation was to determine the type, with tribosphonic molars, stylar shelves supporting incidence of R factors in intestinal Gram-negative bacteria © 1968 Nature Publishing Group.
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