DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 400 153 RC 020 749

AUTHOR Mutanyatta, Johannes N. S. TITLE The Role of Adult in Assisting Sustainable Development in Remote Area Dwellers of . PUB DATE 92 NOTE 20p.; In: Distance Education and Sustainable Community Development; see RC 020 746. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Speeches/Conference Papers (150)

EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Access to Education; *; Correspondence Study; *Distance Education; Educational Radio; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Geographic Isolation; Illiteracy; Literacy Education; Minority Groups; *Nomads; *Public Policy; Rural Development; *Rural Education IDENTIFIERS *Botswana

ABSTRACT This paper describes the characteristics of Botswana's remote area dwellers (RADs) and the government's related rural development policies. RADS live a nomadic lifestyle, live outside the traditional village structure far from basic services, rely heavily on hunting and gathering, have low levels of literacy and little access to education, and frequently speak a language other than the national language. In 1989, an estimated 24,800 RADs lived in approximately 131 small scattered settlements. The government's Accelerated Remote Area Development Programme encourages RAD participation in various economic activities: agriculture, hunting and wildlife management, food processing, livestock production, beekeeping, salt production, and marketing of handicrafts and food products. All these activities require training. Only 33 schools and 24 health posts are located in RAD districts. A household survey in one village containing a primary school and an adult literacy program revealed that of a total population of 1,254 persons, 828 were enrolled in school or the National Literacy Programme (NLP) or had completed NLP. No secondary education was available, indicating the need for appropriate correspondence education or other distance education. In four other remote areas, 86 percent of respondents had no schooling or exposure to NLP. At present, the following educational programs are available via correspondence or radio broadcast: primary, secondary, and higher education programming; farmers' broadcasts; ; adult literacy; women's development concerns; conservation of natural resources; and general economic and social issues. (SV)

******************************* ********************************* * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** EDUCATIONALOffice of Educational RESOURCES Research and Improvement U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION INFORMATION MATERIAL"PERMISSION HAS TO BEEN REPRODUCE GRANTED THIS BY to this documentO Minor haschanges been have reproduced beenoriginatingreceived made as fromto d. improve the person or organization CENTE ( ERIC) E1a; rve._ OERIPointsreproductionment position of viewdo Qualitynot or opinionsnecessarilypolicy stated represent VI thisdocu official INFORMATIONTO THE EDUCATIONAL CENTER RESOURCES (ERIC)." Yv\i9..\ twve/ DwellersSustainableThe Role of DevelopmentBotswanaAdult Education in Remote in Assisting Area IntroductionJohannesUniversity N. S.of MutanyattaBotswana (RADs)theofThe Botswana. sustainability paper and provides the It alsoactual of theinformationattempts and socioeconomic potential to aboutprovide application the environment the geopolitical discussion of Distance of and Remote Education Area on the links between ecosystem position Dwellers Theandpresencenon-formal programme. Geopolitical and education. absenceRelevant and Case ofrecommendations Ecosystem both studies formal demonstrate and Position arenon-formal also the ofmade. effectiveness educationBotswana institutions of the to centreTheSeptember,live map mainof Southernof BotswanaRADs 1966. districts.Africa. Geographically, shows It Botswanashares the country's borders attainedthe countryposition with independence the isin newly landlockedlocatedSouthern independent from Africa the British atand the the state in 2 of Namibia, Zambia. Zimbabwe, and the Republic of South Africa. 3 57 Ecologically Botswana has gentle undulations and occasional rocky outcrops. Theirregular country rainfall, is mainly occasional arid and semi-ariddroughts (the characterized recent one by covered extremely 1981-1986), low 2 7. ephemeral),highcommunicationremoter temperatures, district poor vegetation, centres.network absence Currently toof andall surface parts lack government runningof thetarmacked country water efforts roads, including(rivers are especially areon RADs. providingmostly to the a Botswana 4*-o+ Railways DistrictRoads boundaries estimatedThe rate of at growth 1.2 million), of the populationthe highest isin 3.4% the African per year region. (total populationSettlement is 0 RiversNational parks100 200 300 km patternspopulatedurbanare best. showcentres The western heavy population(with concentrationcountry an economy is predominantly(covering fedin the by Ngamiland, eastthe rural diamondwhere (82.3%), Ghantsi,land boom) and with Kgalagadiandwater fast a thinlyresources growing or A NGOLA sipIP ZAMBIA Kasane ThisKweneng) area constitutes that has 61% an average of the landdensity mass of of0.14 the persons country per (582 square 000 km2)kilometer. but in shakawe -- 14 I\NatI Park Chobe ./ CH of (NDR-6,the17.2 1981 persons accounted1985-91). per km2 RADsfor in only the are more12.7% predominately populated of the population eastern in the westernpart as compared of the part country of to the a density Gumare WildlifeMoremi Res. ZIMBABWE country and especially the Kalahari Desert. NAMIBIA'2h" N G A GameCentral Reserve Kalahari Frcistown PhikweSelebi ) t/PA ahalapye KGAT CENG Gemsbok GAO/ Mabuasehuhe 0, '''' Molepolole_ SE aboroneMochudi Na, Park Game Res 1 "P 4-1- Kanye 1.. Tshabong / . -1. -. . .-... Lobatse 3 / REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 58 4 1 5 Remote Area Dwellers (RADs) Districts 5 59 of Remote Area Dwellers Population Data for Remote Area Settlement by Location (District) TheDefinition RemoteSocio-Economic Area and CriteriaDwellers Condition (RADS) live a nomadic life-style. According to the Table I shows population data for RAD by District District ofApproximate Settlements No. EstimatedPopulation Total SettlementPersons in RangeEach Botswanacategorizedhavewell asbeen policyGovernment defined as inrural which by citizens recommendations socio-economic all citizens who are have the poorest and geographic criteria.equal The rights, RADs Remote areand Areapolicies Dwellers of rural development as of the poor; they live outside 1. KgalagadiKweneng 38 1,928 13-167 tendtheservices traditional to live and in smallvillage facilities, communities structure rely heavily in a(5-500 on geographic or socioeconomichunting sense; and they gathering as sourcepersons), of reside far from basic they have no or inadequate 3.2. KgatlengNgamilandNorth West 44 5 5,798 679 24-250 5-771 extensionaccesslivelihood, to the advice are land generally and and developmentwater; non-livestock owners; and they have no or inadequate access to information. Other characteristics include educational opportunities; they often 5.4. Central 3113 11,182 90-850 motherhavelowdisadvantaged levels another tongue; of literacylanguage they groups are and besides ain littlesilent the accesscountrythe sector to yj1989). national languageSetswanaaseconomically,In short, their they withpolitically have the lowest been and marginalized wage are the most GrandGhantsi Total 131 24,796 5,209 202-791 5-850 ecologically,levelsdisplacingregained1870's (Robert itsoccupied theeconomically, K.independence indigeneousHitchcock, the best socially inpeopleparts 1966. of and(Basarwa) GhantsiFor example,politically, European even settlerswith before surface in the the water, country thereby who were forced into serfdom as TheRoberti.e.Source: Reports data K. Estimated in Hitchcock, Tableon monitoring I dataneed reports obtained to Researchbe I interpreted+ II,from 1989. and various Development with greatdocumentary caution in RADs because:reports of Botswana: the settlers established more cattle ranches. sizes.Thedatayear,population pooreron theThis RADs total isdatasand true populationshow were soils especially a based aretendency ablein on RADsin to 1981 theto support liveKwenenghas census, inincreased RADsmall and or settlements settlements Kgalagadiwith greatly. a birth The of(Kalahari)(range rate small demographic of 500-850). population3.4% Desert per Remotethan59.1%,persons.in which 300 have Area Inpeople.35 Ngamiland outfewer Dwellers of The 38than majorRAD Districtand 100 theirsettlements issuespersons (5-771), scatteredness. are and the registerout only absence of 5a populationRADtotal of road ofsettlements 44 communications sizessettlements, of have below more 26 100 orto avowedneedsSinceGovernment independence,and rural difficulties developmentPolicy onthe of RADSassistingBotswana policies Socio-Economic those (1973)Government people also livingenshrined has Sustainable long in remote inbeen the Developmentaware Sixthareas. Nationalof With the its 60 6 61 policyAreaDevelopment Development on RADP Plan is (NDPnotProgramme to VI,force 1985-91), these (RADP) people the in government 1974.to give In up essence their founded traditional the governmentthe Remote gatheringseason,Drought isas has consumption. an adverselyeconomic affectedactivity.Despite "gathering",allNormally such constraints the which most isimportant done there exists potential during the rainy reason for (especiallycitizens.economic,livestyle Thebut andfunctional toquestion politicalencourage educationto system be them debated gradually tofor intergrate modernisingis how and and into on with anthe equal RADs).whatnational basisresults social, with so farother activitycommercialsuccessfulsolarfor improvement desalination is done in salt producing byfor and plantsthe both employmentRIIC humaninfresh thestaff watera Kgalagadiand in creation.collaboration livestock crucial desert For consumption. with(RI1C-1977) concern in the desert,example, and the introduction of RADs village This economic has proved accesscommunities,improvementincludeThe overall to the markets, establishmentgoals ofthe the overcomingof capital politicalthe Accelerated andof self-relianceand tools),of developmentadministrative Remoteand enhancementamong Area constraints capacity remote Development of areaof planning,(such remote dwellers, as programme lack area theof artisans'villageproductionpersonneldevelopment dwellers training facility. and committees. infinancialprogramme. skill R I1C and (NGO)management management The villagersextension for techniques a has successful, self-sufficient are trained in all the elements of a long history of training through the village salt economiceducationalfuturedistrictcoordination well-being and strategies localconditions and levels.projectof pursuedremote of Crucialimplementation RADS. area by remote areaspopulation The forfollowing area capacity development centresresidents is at focusedare central and theconsideration human economic ongovernment, the resource various andfor the solarfishing,includeIn summary,desalination hunting,tourism, employment technology. collectionhandcrafts, and of Suchbee-keeping, wildincome production-oriented generating poultry activitiesand resources, arable agriculture, pastoralism, salt production using activities require in Remote Areas training.developmentDevelopmentPlanned economic strategies,Programme activities including (Ministry to be undertakenboth of Localformal Governmentunder and non-formal accelerated and educationLand Remote Areaand Humaneducational Resources knowledge Development and skills training Strategies strategies. in RADs HorticultureFoodfruit1987-1993) herbs processing and (vegetables); areworms); (Biltong Agriculture Wildlife making,Livestock (cultivation, (game bread production ranching, making, conservation, (poultry, game grapple culling, grapplesmall planting), skinstock, plant, tanning); cattle, wild bytoOne Formalprovidecreating objective anand new environment of Non-Formal employment Botswana conducive rural opportunitiesEducation development to all and whereBotswana Trainingpolicy feasible, as outlinedto have in NDP a productive VI is life to improve social melons,donkeys,(agriculture,Assessment brad, mules), of pastoral, eggs,the and four chicken, Marketinghunting type's worms,o!F and (internaleconomic gathering) grapple and production plant,shows external etc). many for of theBiltong, constraints RADs handcrafts, as these healthcare80%sustainservices strategy facility, of productionthe leading has villages and covered 85%to from healthiernow of 85% theschoolhave land ofand access the andbetter rural toother educated potablepopulation natural families that is within age children are in primary schools. water. The primary health resources. So far about and to increase and 15 km of a level.livestockandproduction.affect is Governmentarablerarely schemes The marketed.agriculture little arelaws producestill As enforceafter sketchyvery the obtained fewconservation prolonged since RADs is the usually own droughtplan for livestock, iswildlife, for still of domestic 1981-86 at insightsmaintainingan introductory consumptionaffected into anew level availabilitybeenimplementationskilledImpressive aware human ofthat asskilled the theseresources of prerequisite theseand figures productive followingdevelopment are, of RADs sustained human plans. economic However, on the colonial neglect has constrainedare stillthe disadvantaged. A shortage of growth theis the government has thetopopulation the game RADs resources. for communities sustainability. and Few this speciallow number hunting results licences in under-utilization are made available of developmentThisand Economic also has indirect Planning, Botswana implications 1985). through the expansion of both on the significance of rural and remote area resources (Ministry of Finance formal and 62 8 expandednon-formal in post-independence. education training. The Educational goals of human opportunities 9 resource development for RADs have 63 are, among others, to expand the capacity of RADs and RAD institutions to Table II: Social Services in RADs Settlements in Botswana socio-economicenchancementtheplan, level direct, of participationand of development leadership assess development of and RADsin RADs.organisational in a activities,The variety government skills of and development isto crucial encourage is also to awareacceleratedactivities. and thatincrease Thusto I. CentralDistrict Schools 13 Hostels 0 Health Posts 6 Centralattitudesimprove Training furtherof staff the towardsVote public to enablework. service Thus training performance, the governmentof more there officers ishas a needthanincreased hitherto.to change the The the 3.2. Ghantsi 9 53 8 seekNatural to identifyIndustrial critical Training areas and for Technicaltraining so Education that the country's Council resources (NITTEC) are will 4. Kgalagadi 0 1 0 (Remoteput to the Area best Developmentuse (President Officers) Masire, have November been appointed 1990). Special to administer RADOs and 5. Kgatleng 4 3 5 1 ofpromote significant RADs concern socio-economic in RADs development and political strategies.development. Table Social 11 shows services data are 6. NorthKweneng West 60 1 on social services in RADs settlements in Botswana. 7. Southern 1 0 04 DevelopmentSource: Data in adapted RADs of from Botswana Robert Report K. HitchcockMonitoring 1, 1989 Total 33 12 page 76. Research and 24 However,hostelsData andin problemsTable health II illustrateposts. of remoteness, Some humble districts attemptsmigration, have fared lack to provide mainly primary schools, ofbetter roads than and others. small size of manyprovidingprovidesettlements RADs public a primary(5-100 settlements social persons), school services. unattended. to continue every For example settlement The to hamper solution using of is to combine several government500 efforts peoplethe to governmentand above leaves criteria of use,RADsgreatersettlements and in distances. selectedtenure and into settlements, RADsAsprovide well, is atheanother school promotinggovernment developmentwith hostelsthe is goals trying for strategy. hard In brief, of security,boarding changes for inchildren land from to re-settle some trainingresourcefarconsidering provided programmes development. thethere total is in greater populationNon-formalvocational need in education forRADs and also the must be instituted, areas. more action in the area of human small number of schools so as must IIIabsenceResearch and IV of illustrateevidence formal and this(Mutanyatta, non-formal point. Mutava, education 1988) affects shows that the presence or literacy in RADs. Tables 64 I_ 0 11 65 TableLiteracyMotokwe III: Literate Population(Remote Area by GenderDwellers) and Village Category of Acquisition of Category Males Females Total (RADs)Table IV: LiteracyVariable Levels in Four Remote Area Dwellers Settlements Kedia Khwee Mmakgama Mmiya 2.1. Youthsprimary finishedin schools 175 192 367133 haverespondentsNo. of ever been who to 8 (18.6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3. secondaryYouthsStandard in VI school 41 secondarywhoNo.primary respondentshave school beenschool to 2 (7.4) 0 (0), 0 (0) 0 (0) 4. Adultssettlementoutside abovethe 64 129 193 otherrespondentsNo. with type of 5 (11.6) 1 (6.0) 0 (0) 2 (10.5) ProgrammeLiteracyin the15 yearsNational who are respondentsNo.education who of 28 (65.1) 17 (94.0) 14 (100) 17 (89.5) 5. YouthsEducationNon-formal below (NLP) 25 26 51 respondentsTotalare illiterate. number of 43 (100) 18 (100) 14 (100) 19 (100) 6. AdultsliteratesNLPnew15 finished years in NLP 11 32 43 Settlements(1989):Source: AData socio-economic applied adapted research from: survey Christopheruntil Ministryof selected Ndozi of CentralLocal and GovernmentElisha District Nielson Remote and Toteng Lands.Area. Source: Mutanyatta J, Mutava P. (1988): Literacy Flourishes in the Heart ofTotal 275 379 828 fromresearcherstheA close presence analysis carried or absenceto of the adata house extreme ofin Tables formalto house Kalahari IIIand survey and nonformal desert IV of clearly Motokwewestward) education shows village the in (300 RADs.effectiveness The of km or so Mimeo.Kgalagadi (Kalahari) Desert: The Motokwe Village Case Study, IAE, distributiondata1,254time for (1988), long-termpeople of literacy the(490 eradicationvillage or levels39.1% contained and ofmales illiteracy form 168and of families764 acquisition.in the village with The (Table village or 60.9% females). Data show the a total population of to establish baseline III). At the contains 94);resultedrevealedNon-formalone those primary above inthat a Educationschool totalpersons 15 years,of and 252 between is adult65 illiterates carried were literacy 6-15 maleson. in years, The theprogramming and village.illiteracy 49 93 females The rate by theby Department of were males and 45 females (N = remoteness of the (N = 158). Thisage and gender 66 2 BEST COPY VA1LABLE village hindered any individual in her effort to achieve above 13 standard seven 67 modalityeducationvia continuing for by RADs,correspondence education. since Thissecondary oreducation demonstrates other schools distance at a distancearea needteaching not foravailable for furthermethods RADs. in secondary Secondarytheseis a suitable remote OfferingTable V: Distance Education Programmes inType Botswana: of Types and Modalities of By Who Target byshowthesettlements highvariation in levelsno uncertainand in of literacywill illiteracy not terms levelsbe (from thatavailable in the afour total population inremote ofthe 94 near areasrespondents in future. these (Table RADsEqually 81IV). or is These 86%revealingcharacterized had data is 1. ProgrammeFarmer's Broadcasts AgricultureInstitutionMinistryInformation of unit GroupFarmers MethodologyRadio Botswana literacyneverandBotswana). been secondary programming to school In aschool nutshell, and that education,do started notthe governmenthave in and 1981 an adultexposure targeted must literacy to provideto 250,000classes more in illiterates remote formal areas. primaryin non-formal or adult 3.2. EducationCorrespondenceHealth Education at J.C. and EducationMinistryHealthMinistry of Dept. of educationTo Continuingall Botswana for J.C. faceRadio,Radio to BotswanaPrintface and provisionThe question in RADs is how. and, This especially, leads us todistance a debate education. on modalities of education 4. AdultGCELiteracy Literacy: Programme National Non-formalUnitDNFE Literacy Edu. semi-literateAllexaminationsand illiterateGCE and PrintRadiotutoring Botswana ApplicationLetRADs it be clearbut of forDistance from the the general onsetEducation public that there toas Non-Formala is whole. no specific The Educationassumption distance education in is Botswanathat the for RADs 5. Women in Development WomenHomeMinistry Affairs, Affairs of Allnew women literates PrintRadio Botswana dataaredevelopmentpracticed also is provided the targetto enhance into group Botswana.show formal inthe the manner Application andBotswana non-formal and extent society. of distance education to Thereforewhich education distancefor human has education resourcebeen is in this section, 6. School Broadcasting SecondaryPrimaryDepartmentsunit and Studentsformal in Educ. Radio Botswana (Mutanyatta,developed in 1989,Botswana 1990; to Mutava,serve a variety 1990 and of targetDube, groups 1988. in a variety of ways. 7. ResourcesConservation of Nation andWildlifeAgricultureEducation Tourism Dept. gameespeciallyBotswana reserves in andRadio Print Botswana 8. Mass Campaign etc.Health,EducationAgriculture Politics specificgeneralBotswana andgroups Radio Botswana 9. Higher Education AdultCertificateBotswanaUniversity Education inof grassrootpersonneleduc. and adult church RadiotutoringMainly Botswana Print, and 10. YouthEmploymentGeneral and Coverage Social Creation, Welfare e.g. NGOsSeveralMinistriesand Theology relevant and specificpublicGeneral and groupsand Radioin some Botswana cases 68 14 15 69 ofTable educational V reveals methodologies that there is evidence illnieloped of a for change distance in attitude education. towards The therole use of immunization,Health education breast-feeding, topics are airedfamily on planning, radio Botswana. etc. A feasibility These include study overemphasized.programmes,RadioProgrammes Botswana includepublic in educating information,agricultural extension,as well as politicalcorrespondence issues, cannoteducation, be health .id mobilizing people for extension related technologyeducationtrainingresource(Mutava, of development 1989) (print, healthfor training and andmanagers a individual pilotwas health conductedproject for personnel the tutoring). evaluationMinistry in Botswanain Eventually, management of (Mutava, Health on variousthroughdistance 1990) will reach ofaspects distance education human RADs. of the as a broadcasts,education,practicesgeneralBotswana, aimand constitutesin signifying bothisadult to encouragearable literacy. about the and importance 40%Agricultural farmerslivestock of the to offarming. educationaladopt extension,agriculture new Agrinews scientificprogrammes provided in the leafletscountry. and by overtechnologicalfarmer are The Radio also relatedliteracygeneralAdult literacy tobasiclearners income education.by for thegenerating feedback radio Through mainly projects.on numeracy, print,concentrates Post-literacy worksheets literacy, on motivation primers areand sent functional andby awareness post leaflets skills to adult haveand country.agricultural(Mchombu,printedappointed. for Also, use demonstrators,and In forby all,Mutanyatta, farmersthe no RADs, concrete and though 1987).Remote other data extension leadersContacts exist Area on Developmentin services assessedare rural made reading are agriculture by stillOfficers extension rooms, low inperformanceshave libraries this been providedfromofown.been thethese producedA needsto consultancy distance rural of regularbypost-literacy education the is DNFE villagebeing programmes, inforcarried development Botswana new onliterates to (Mutanyatta,nonformal establish committees, to continue the education etmagnitude and readingal, 1990).farmers is alsoon and Apart their extend notreachedtendedTribalin RADs. to have Grazingto amounted attractThe attended only Land the to evaluation schooled school,Policy52,100 (Etherington,whilepeople. atknown the 60% expenseLess is ofthat than1977).the ofof audience 4 thenonschooled. in However, mass-campaign10 of claimed the the audience The campaignto audience beof literate.theclaimed RADs,radioformatcommittee. listenership inlack Botswana Noof radio, attempt in butBotswana. illiteracy, hasthe beenneed andThese madeis conveniencethere. include to establishThere poor of courseaair-time.reception rural radioexist especially constraintsprogramme in in showsuchConsideringacceptedprobably a far radio less asgeneralizable campaignthat uneducated an mostinevitable RADsmay peopleto bedisadvantageall are of educational listen illiteratelittle effectivenessto the ofand radiousing radio that programmes, radiotheythan to them. dotheas nota educated medium But possess and findings must onesof cattle, adult be arethat andTheSummary theirpaper socioeconomic has and attempted Conclusion todevelopment show the characteristics strategies. The of government'sRemote Area Dwellerspositive education.drop-outsEducationCorrespondence in(DNFE), secondary education, focuses schools administeredmainly and failureson school by at the leaversjunior Department secondary after standard of schoolNon-formal seven, level publicNotedbringattitudes social about is thatto services developRADs although developmentare RADs somedebated is efforts also and are discussed. datahave pointed provided.been out.Bottlenecks made Attempts to provide and to provideconstraints RADS reliablewith to andofferedattemptedIt bookkeepingGeneralstarted are Biology,in CertificateJC 1973 examinations at and JCGeography, level. aof total Education The (1979-1988); 14,052 English, programme (J.C.enrolled History, and out uses by GCE,of 1989, whichMathematics,print, respectively). of tutoring433 which, passed Setswana and 1 Subjects451 the radio. haveJC distanceactivities,of infrastructuressomebig settlements, socialeducation and provisionservices much introductionstrategies likeis of still formalwater, is to urgentlyof be newschools,and done non-formaltechnology neededin healththe area especially posts ineducation. of arable land and to allocation,communicationand caterThe livestock for primarycreation use of examsskills.skills1990). and in The various1,021 DNFE failedrevealing income also offers generating distance the impactactivities, education of thee.g., byprogramme home radio economics, on knowledge (Mutanyatta, and andstudy juniorforschoolingschool such secondary leavers children in small andschool and possiblyRADs. upgrade levels. A for programmeLanguage their school 3Rs age todifferences could levelschildren be of developed who primarybetween have school RADstono teach formal and has the then led 3Rs to 70 16 development.institutedto the suggestion to train thatRAD formal indigenous and nonformal people to educationenhance their and trainingown local be 17 71 Remotebelieveconstraints inArea the but DwellersDwellerprosperity we cannot Settlements may of give mankindbe upfacing on pose helpingand similar serious of its themenvironmental, citizensdevelopment as Botswana in RADs. bottlenecksecological continues Canadian and and to Etherington,References A. (1977). Technical Note No. 2 on the "Tribal Grazing Land Policy" Radio Learning Group Consultation Campaign, NIR communicationpolitical development. problems as those in Botswana that inhibit socioeconomic and Ndozi, C., and Elisha N. Toteng (1989). A Socio-economic Survey of Selected CentralMinistryNational District Instituteof Local Remote for Government Research).Area Settlements and LandsBotswana. Applied Research Unit, GovernmentJones-Dube, E.,of Botswana and S. Gaborone (1985-91). (1988). National Botswana Development Radio Listenership Plan Six (NDP6) GovernmentReportUNICEFBotswana PrinterBotswana. Government Report. GovernmentMchombu, of K. Botswana J., and J. Mutanyatta(1973). White (1987). Paper The on VillageRural Development Reading Room Pilot Project: A Evaluation Research Consultancy Report. Botswana Policy. Mutanyatta, J., and D. Mutava (1988). Research Technical Note "Literacy FlourishesStudy,"National Institute inLibraries the Heart of Department. Adult of Kalahari Education, Desert: Motokwe of VillageBotswana. Case Mutanyatta, J.,J. (1989).D. Mutava, Formative and Samora Evaluation Gaborone of Distance (1990). Education:Post Literacy A Case Botswana.Study of the Certificate in Adult Education at the University of Mutava, D. (1989). The Feasibility Study of the Use of Distance Education for TrainingBotswanaConsultancy Health (in Report, print). Personnel Department in Management, of Non-formal Botswana: Education, Ministry Mutava, D. (1990). Distance Education as a Technology for Training Health PilotPersonnelof Health. Project in ofManagement: the District ManagementEvaluation of Improvement the Distance EducationProject. 72 18 Botswana: Ministry of Health. 19 73 Mutanyatta, J. (1990). Evaluating Regional Human Resource Development in Botswana.Impacts: Distance Education and Distance Education President Q. Masire (Republic of Botswana). NovemberandHis Access. Excellency 1990. Dr Q. K..1. Masire to Proceedings of the 15th ICDE, CaracasVenezuela, (November,the First Meeting 1990). Addressof the Second by RI IC (1977). Rural Industries NovemberSession of the1990. 6th Parliament of the Republic PromotionsBotswanaA Non-Profit of SaltBotswana, Production 19th Project Hitchcock, R. K. (1989). Monitoring AssociationKanyeRemotein Remote Areas Area of Dwellers Botswana,Botswana: Settlement. Report Small No. Scale Research and Development in the I and II. Republic of Botswana (1986). "Remote JanneDevelopmentReport," Lexon. submitted Corporation to the Royal by Ornulf Norwegian Area Development Programme Gulbrandsen, M. Karlsen and Ministry of

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