ILLUSTRATINP AMA SIEGE G TH LEITHF EO , 1560 by FRANCI . STEERSW , M.A., F.S.A., F.S.A.SCOT. 'THE English army came Englisd an , Scotd han s together laid towe siegth f no o et , wher e Frenceth fortified hha d themselves. Thisurels wa s ya remarkabl e thing to have happened - the Scots fighting along with the English, who had so long been their enemies, against the French, who had so long been their friends.'1 On 6th July 1560, a significant date in Scottish history, the Treaty of Leith, or of Edin- burgh, was arranged by Scotland, England and France after the surrender of the followinFrenche th unknown a n O y . gda n cartographer dre wremarkabla p ema which is the subject of this paper. Measurin . wide,in g4 a83 2 . hig 'Thd |in han e pla Lythf o t e w1 thaproche th f eo Trenches therevnto. And also the great Ordyn'nce there in placed as it was at The daye of the Surrender thereof being the 7 daye of Ivlie/isGo' is an informative and colourful document now among the archives at Petworth House, Sussex.3 'The Scale of this Plat is eightye paces to ane ynche. Every pace conteyning 5 foote geometricall' surveyor'e isth jusr o . t ft sove 0 methox scala r si 40 n f eo o sayinf s di o p g ma tha e th t Gunter's chains to an inch or 13-3 inches to a mile in modern reckoning. The orientation of the map is reversed, i.e. N. is at the bottom and E. on the left- hand side; this arrangemen enables ha t cartographee dth preseno t r t Arthur's Seat, vera n yi Edinburg t realistii f o . W c e fashionh highille e th Castl th th h o s l t d Al .ean ground is emphasised by blue shading which merges with the subtle greens and buffs s predominanwhichi e ar h t colours. Roof e redar s , blu r browo e n accordino t g whether the material is tile, lead or slate, or thatch; the lead roofs of and Abbey are specially noticeable. All buildings are finely drawn in perspective view but, except GilesS r fo t' church (easily recognise opes it y ndb e crow th n no centra lNetherbo e towerth d an ) w Por r Gate,o t 4 Edinburg shows hi convena s na - tional cluster of houses. The groups of tents - the 'palzeouns' [pavilions] mentioned in 's History of the Reformation in Scotland5 - are often shaded with a tawny colour walle th ; s effort lightisa e ar s h grey, trenches dark grey roade th ;e sar Watee th Leitf s i o r greyis o s h whild han Firte eth Fortf ho depictes hi bluisn di h greys and buffs and further distinguished by four large vessels. The entire map is

1 Hume Brown, P. (ed. Henry W. Meikle), A Short ( and London, 1955), p. 182. 2 Thes average ear e dimension mutilatee th s sa d border makes precise measurement impossible. 3 Although the present writer (who has the archives at Petworth House under his care) cannot offer any certain explanatio presence Sussea th r n i nfo p thi xf eo mansion sma woule h , d wis expreso ht thanks shi o st . Hon ownere Rt th .e LorTh , d Egremont, M.B.E. permissior fo , offeno t r this descriptio . Howeverit f no s i t i , very probabl camp e ma etha e througth t Perciese hth , Earl Northumberlanf so Petwortd ha o dwh h from 1150 1670o t . Henry, and Ear Northumberlanf o l Henrr Si s yd(a Percy) . 1532-85c , commissionea s wa , treao rt t with the French. See de Fonblanque, E. B., Annals of the House of Percy (London, 1887),vol. 2, pp. 129, 133-40 Bruced an , ed.,J. , Annals of the first four years of the reign of Queen Elizabeth (Camden Society, London, 1840). 57 . ,p 4 So well described in An Inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments of the City of Edinburgh (H.M.S.O., Edinburgh, 1951), pp. 123, 124. This work is abbreviated hereafter to Inventory. 5 Dickinson . C.,W , ed., John Knox's History of the Reformation Scotlandn i (London, 1949), vol. . i320e ,p Th . exhaustive notes to this edition of Knox are of great value to anyone studying the military aspect of the events of 1560. 280 A MAP ILLUSTRATING THE SIEGE OF LEITH, 1560 28l executed in water-colour on squared paper; a heavy black 'frame' or border (not showphotographe th n n i whol e mounteth s paintes d ewa wa ) an dp d rounma e dth coarsea n o , loosely-woven piec materiaf eo l rather like hessian. Some urgent repairs to the map have been carried out in the West Sussex Record Office at Chichester: these have included the securing of damaged portions of the border, stripping the frop originas mma it l decayed backin remountind gan stronn go g linen fabric. The map is more precise than that of Edinburgh and Leith drawn in I5471 and Bodleiae noth wn i n Library, Oxford t helpi d completo t san , cartographicae eth l record of the city and its environs for the third quarter of the sixteenth century. The map is of increased value because of the scarcity of early maps of Edinburgh and Leith as is shown in William Cowan (ed. C. B. B. Watson), The Maps of Edinburgh, 1544-1929 (Edinburgh, 1932) and in The Early Maps of Scotland (Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Edinburgh, 1936). As well as being an important historical document, the map at Petworth is of the utmost interest as a record of much archi- tecture thabees ha t n lost carefue th : l delineatio manf no y such building l typeal f sso mayonle th factn yi ,e representatiob , thef no m fairl e thasurvivedb s y yha t ma t I . assumed that the author of this map was not a Scotsman because of the variations, probabld an e inaccuracies spellingf o , . remainw no t transcribI o st identifd ean buildingse yth , emplacement othed san r features drawn and/o rmap e noteassiso th T readere n . do th t numberea , s i y dke provide same th en reproductioe d o scal th s ea ) which,I L n(P unhappily, loses most elegance of th origina e th f e o bein y lb blacgn i whitd kan e instea colourf do . Editorial comments are enclosed in square brackets; the spelling is as on the original map but, because of the limitations of print, contractions indicated by a horizontal line above letters in the original are denoted in the transcript by an apostrophe. 1. Arthor Seate . S2 * Anthonyes Chappell 3. Edenbroughe parke . Hol4 y roode howse . Cragg5 e Ingalt [] 6. Sf Gyles Kvrke in Edenbrowghe 7. Edenbrewghe Castell 8. [No wording against this building which is presumably St Cuthbert's church] 9. Roode Chappell [This representation of the Rude Chapel, Greenside, extends the known history of this building by 17 years; in the Inventory, p. 216, it is stated that 'In 1543 the chapel was the scene of a meeting between repre- sentatives of the pro-French and pro-English parties. ... It is not heard of again after this date.' The building is shown as roofless.] 10. The lowghe howse 11. Browghton [see Inventory, p. Ix] 12. Cana Mylles [presumabl Canoe yth n Mills operate Watee th Leithf y dro b ] 13. Com'on Mylles [also on the , higher and more westward than 'Cana Mylles']

Reproduce Plats da e 1Inventory.n 5i 1 2 28 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1961-62 De'nne 14Th . e [the Villag Deanf eo ] 15. Moreste 16. Inaerlythe [Inverleith; the house has a garden enclosed by a crenellated wall brickd ofre ] 17. Granton 18. Restarycke Place [ Inventory,e se ; towerd . lxol ,pp e Ixi, Th sai. o dt have been destroyed abou tProvose 158th y 6 b Edinburgf to clearlhs i y shown] r lohn19Si . Nevells w* other Capens e lord20Th . eEarle th Gray f Arre eo d an en [William, Lord Gre f Wiltoyo n . 1562 Jame(d d an ) s (Hamilton), Ear Arraf lo . 1574/5)n(d Annals*e Se .. pp 51, 55] 21. Sir francis Leeke w* other Cap more 22. Capen Randall Capen Conway ens 23. Cap Reade w* other Cap more 24. Suttonen and Capell w* other enCaps more 25. Wareston [Warriston house towed Th . ean r adjoinin showe engar s encloses na d in a red brick wall] 26. Restarycke [Restalrig. Not churce eth h with lead roof massivd an s e central tower. On 2ist December 156 Generae 0th l Assembly directed 'tha kire th tk of Restalrig, as a monument of idolatrie, be raysit and utterlie castin downe destroyedd an ' (Inventory, . 253)p ] 27. The trenches of the first Approche 28. Mownt Pellam [or ?Pellain] [This is an emplacement with five cannon marked 'A' on the key; just to the right of this are two more cannon marked keye th ]n o ' 'C d 'Ban ' 29. Bartholmeus Bulwerk [This encloses five cannon marke keye dth 'D]n o ' 30. The place of y second Battrye [Here are nine cannon marked 'G' on the key] e 31. pelrygge [This is probably the site of the present House] 32. Mownt Somersett wch is the trenches of the seconde Approche [Mount Somerset encloses the six cannon marked 'H' on the key] 33. The place of the first Battrye 34. The battrye at the Pale [Just to the north are four cannon marked 'J' on the key] 35. Bonneton' [The site of the present Bonnyhaugh House] trenchee thirdTh e . th f 36 seo Apreche 37. Byere Mownt [Fortifie cannoa y db n marke keye dth ]'Kn o ' mownw ne e t Th . 38 . Waredy39 e 40. [Very indistinct, but presumably Estenbrogh gate] fastiliane 41Th . ' Assaule 42Th . t [Five cannon enclosed withi] 42 aree d n4th f a1o an 43. Thassault frenche Th . e44 trenche by.J. 1Ed . Bruce . 280, 3 p . e n , ;se A MAP ILLUSTRATING THE SIEGE OF LEITH, 1560 283 . Lyth45 e [water] Milles 46. The Myne [see also 56] 47. Newhavin [Note the large church which was the chapel of SS. Mary and James, Westmost Close, Newhaven, dating from the early sixteenth century; see Inventory, p. 254] . [Th48 emape titlth f ]eo . Muskelbrog49 h gate 50. mary kirke [St Mary's church, Kirkgate, with a lead roof; see Inventory, pp. 250, 251] 51. [Very indistinct t perhap bu e Friar,t Anthony th S e sit f f th o syo e e se ; Inventory, . 254 p r perhap O . t Ninian'sS s church Inventory,e se ; . 251p ] 52. [Very indistinct t probablybu , ] S* Anthonyes [Hospital] 53. Mowntes lygo [Either side of this is a cannon, marked T' and 'QJ; another is at 'O' on the key] watee 54 Th Lyth.f o r e e PalTh e . [Not55 bridge eth fouf eo r arches withouse o ; boatit htw e n ar so placed across the Water below the bridge; also notice the masted vessels at the moutWatee th f Leithf ho ro ] 56. These round holes were foundes for the Myne [see also 46. 'Found' in this sense probably mean moulsa cannoa r dfo n ball] 57. Cittenale [or Cittedale. With six cannon marked 'L' on the key] horse Th e . men58 s waule . Littl59 e london [Above emplacement n thia s si keye , fouf marketh o , n ro ' d'E cannon] gata Se e e [defendeTh . 60 fouy db r canno keye n th marke ]n o ' d'N Pallesade 61Th . o [wit cannoo htw keye nth marke]n o ' d'M 62. S* Nichas chap [There are six cannon, marked 'F' on the key, on the em- placemen t thia t s corner Inventory,e Se . . 266p ] 63. The west gate e totaTh l numbe cannof o r n depicted seventeen i , n positions sixty-twos i , , facts from which a military expert may draw conclusions. The French troops concentrated heavily-fortifiee th t a d Leith were besiege Englise th y db Scottise h th arm d hyan Reformers consideratioa ; placine th f n o cannof go trenched nan furnisy sma h evi- dence as to the military tactics employed throughout the 1560 campaign. conclusionn I saie b dy tha objece ma tth t ,i thif o t s paped describo an t p s ri ma ea commeno t siegt e militar e th no Leitf eo th n r o t ho y implicatione s thereoth n o r fo leading figures engage than do t occasion. Such specialisa aspectr fo e Scottissar n t i h quite historar ed outsidyan province eth archivisn a f Englandef o o . S t livine th , n gi but mention may be made of the excellent account of the preparations for the siege, dispositioe th troopsf no damage th , buildingo e t proclamatio e th d san peacf no o es vividly recounte John di n Bruce's editio Johr Si f nno Hayward's Annals of the first four reignyearsthe Queenof of Elizabeth.^ 1 The manuscript is British Museum, Harleian 6021; see also p. 280, n. 3.