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VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume IV No. 2 2013 [50 – 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Study on bathymetric and sediment characteristics of Bhimtal Lake in Kumaun Region D. S. Malik and Shikha Panwar Received: May 30, 2013 ⏐ Accepted: July 29, 2013 ⏐ Online: October 15, 2013 Abstract Bhimtal is a mesotrophic lake and the central zone and tallital zone. The mallital zone sediments acted as a sink or trap of nutrients in has received high sedimentation load because the bottom of lake. The water quality and of extensive road and house building volume of Bhimtal Lake has showed a construction activities on the slopes in degrading trend due to very rapid settlement, catchment areas along with perimeter of constructions and encroachment on lake Bhimtal Lake. The lake is also decreasing in catchment basin or hills by human habitation water area, depth level, water quality and its beyond its carrying capacity. The bathymetric biotic resources because of offsite and onsite mapping of the lake showed that the maximum impacts of soil sedimentation due to invasive depth of Bhimtal Lake was recorded only land use pattern, degraded forest zones and 20.9m on south-west from the middle island changed agriculture pattern in lake catchment point. The sedimentation rate in three zones of area. Bhimtal Lake ranged from 0.27 to Introduction 1.05mm/year. The rates of sediments showed The Nainital region is known as “West-moor higher trend in the mallital zone compared with land of Kumaun” contained several perennial Keywords: Bhimtal lake ⏐ Bathymetric ⏐ and seasonal lakes. The Kumaun lakes are Sedimentation ⏐ Land use pattern being used as a source of water for drinking, irrigation, pisciculture and recreation. Due to many anthropogenic activities or poor For correspondence: management and conservation practices, the Department of Zoology & Environmental Sciences inflow of eroded material and other Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, (U.K.) Email: [email protected] contaminants from the catchment slopes has Study on bathymetric and sediment characteristics of Bhimtal lake in Kumaun region 50 Volume IV Number 2 2013 [50 – 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Malik & Panwar accelerated the sedimentation and siltation rate Bhimtal Lake is situated in the lesser Himalaya in lakes (Zutshi, 1985; Kumar et al., 1999). region of Uttarakhand in Indian subcontinent. Eutrophication process occur in lakes very fast The water quality of Bhimtal lake has been because of many anthropogenic activities like showing degrading trend due to fast changing changes in land use pattern, increased land use pattern in its catchment basin since industrialization, urbanization and climatic two decades after developing Uttarakhand as a variations, these are the main factors new state. The lake is receiving high contributed significantly to effect the chemistry sedimentation and nutrient load from its of lake water and sediments is a cumulative catchment basin resulted reduction lake water reflection of catchment geology, weathering volume and started eutrophication processes. and sediment erosion process as well as Therefore, preliminary studies were made to anthropogenic inputs. The spatial distribution estimate the bathymetric position, deposition of nutrients and organic loads accumulate in of inorganic or organic load from municipal lake sediments reflect as degradation or decline sewage and sedimentation in different zones of in quality of lake water and aquatic ecosystems Bhimtal Lake at Kumaun region. (Li et al., 1995; Wang et al., 2004). Sediment Materials and Method is carried into the lake by streams, rivers as well as its transformation depends upon hills Bhimtal Lake is situated between 29°21’ N slope, vegetation cover and geology of the lake latitude and 79°24’ E longitude at 1332 m catchment basin. Since many lakes are sinking above of sea level in the Kumaun region. of agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial Bhimtal Lake is the largest lake among all waste water discharges, they become enriched Kumaun lakes having approximately 85.26 ha with nutrients, sediments and associated heavy area and located at a distance of 22 km from metals (Koussouris and Diapoulis, 1989; Nainital. An island used as a fish aquarium Skoulikidis et al. 1988). Due to drastic rise in towards the outlet, gives it a distinction among developments in the lake surroundings and all the Kumaun lakes. The lake serves as a vital very low dispersion and high mobilization source of drinking water supply for the rates, the lake water quality decreasing population of Bhimtal town and provide water throughout the world has become a direct supply for agricultural practices towards threat to many life forms (Koussouris et al. Naukuchiatal lower areas. The Bhimtal lake is 1987: Nag and Das, 1993; Sujatha et al. 2001). divided into three zones as per its physio- Many research scientists have been studied geographical position. The north-east part of morphological, hydrological and sediment load the lake is known as mallital zone, while the with their accumulation pattern in different south-west part is termed as tallital and central Himalayan and Kumaun lakes as Trisal zone is middle part, consisting an island and (1987), Gopal and Zutshi (1998), Chakrapani sluice gate as outlet of lake. The inlet of the (2002) and Das (2005). lake is in the form a small channel the jhingari Nullah emptying at mallital. Study on bathymetric and sediment characteristics of Bhimtal Lake in Kumaun Region 51 Volume IV Number 2 2013 [50 – 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Malik & Panwar The Morphometric analysis of Bhimtal lake The lowest relative humidity was observed was analysed by GPS (GARMIN GPSMAP 10% and highest 99%. The annual rainfall was model no. 76CSx) for analyzing the altitude recorded 1378.2 mm in 2012-2013. The and longitude of different sampling points and Climatically, Bhimtal lake is subtropical and bathymetric parameters were determined by warm monomictic lake. The shoe shaped lake various ground truth surveys and by using has a catchment area 11.70km2. It is 1915.5m various types of gauges like rod, tape, wire or long and 486.5m wide and has a maximum point guage for measuring the distance to the depth of 20.9m. The climate of Bhimtal and its water surface and depth with the help of surrounding areas is relatively warmer. moving boat. The Metereological data were Rainfall increased then the previous year. Such measured on spot during sampling period and erractic rainfall adversely affected the water compared with directorate of cold water quality of lake, while the wettest months of the fisheries, Bhimtal. year were recorded as June, July and August (Table 1 & 2). The sediment samples were collected from bottom surface of different sampling points at Bhimtal lake by using Eckmans dredge Parameters Observations samplers and put into wide mouthed plastic Altitude (m) 1332 containers. The present study was conducted Longitude 79º34’E during the period 2012 to 2013. The sediment Latitude 29º21’N Length(m) 1915.5 samples were collected on monthly basis from Width(m) 486.5 different depth of bottom sediments. The Mean Depth(m) 17.9 organic matter of the sediment samples were Surface area (ha) 85.26 2 measured by igniting the samples at 550 and Catchment area (Km ) 11.70 Shoreline (m) 4025 950⁰C, respectively in a muffle furnance Volume of water (m3) 4064.9 (Rippey et al. 1982; Kaiserli et al. 2002). Table 1: Morphometric characteristics of Bhimtal Lake Result and Discussion Parameters Observations Bhimtal is situated at a comparatively lower Annual Rainfall(mm) 1378.2 altitude than Nainital. The pattern of seasons in Max. air temperature(ºC) 31.42 ºC and around Bhimtal Lake showed quite similar Min. air temperature(ºC) 11.13 ºC º º trends and fluctuated as in Nainital region. The Max. Water temperature ( C) 27.52 C Min. Water temperature (ºC) 10.36 ºC minimum water temperature was observed in Min Relative humidity (%) 10 winters 10.36°C and maximum water Max. Relative humidity (%) 99 temperature observed in summer season was Table 2: Metereological characteristics of Bhimtal Lake 24.52°C. The air temperature showed an The bathymetric maps were prepared on the increasing trend from the month March to June basis of depth contour of Bhimtal Lake. Depth reaching to the maximum 31.42°C and the wise distribution of Lake Basin area and lowest air temperature in December 11.13°C. percentage of this area are given in Table 3. Study on bathymetric and sediment characteristics of Bhimtal Lake in Kumaun Region 52 Volume IV Number 2 2013 [50 – 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Malik & Panwar Lake Basin Area (ha) Depth(m) Summer Winter Monsoon Area % Area % Area % 0-2.5 1.6 1.87 3.2 3.75 5.90 6.92 2.6-5.0 5.6 6.57 6.8 7.97 8.20 9.62 5.1-7.5 8.29 9.72 11.5 13.49 12.50 14.66 7.6-10.0 10.35 12.14 13.0 15.25 14.10 16.54 10.1-12.5 14.90 17.47 14.8 17.36 18.40 21.58 12.6-15.0 8.50 9.97 12.1 14.19 14.60 17.12 15.1-17.5 2.30 2.69 6.0 7.04 18.50 21.70 17.6-20.0 - - - - 7.20 8.44 Table 3: Percentage of Lake Basin Island 0.91 1.07 0.91 1.07 0.91 1.07 area in relation of depth Swamp 10.2 11.96 4.85 5.69 - - level of Bhimtal Lake Dry land area 22.4 26.27 11.84 13.89 - - Bhimtal Lake showed the maximum depth and dry land part in and around the lake has a 20.9m was observed in monsoon season was total area about 20.0% of the total basin area of marked on middle line drawn between central the lake (Table 3 and Fig.
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