FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized
FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FRDP) NIGERIA
Public Disclosure Authorized IN COLLABRATION WITH FEDERAL ROADS MAINTENANCE AGENCY (FERMA) FINAL REPORT
Public Disclosure Authorized FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) FOR THE PERIODIC MAITENANCE OF ODI – EAST/WEST ROAD
Public Disclosure Authorized OCTOBER, 2010
EMP of Odi - East/West Road
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ...... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ...... 9 LIST OF PLATES ...... 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 14 CHAPTER 1: ONE ...... 19 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 19 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 19 1.2 NIGERIA ...... 20 1.3 THE EIA APPLICANT ...... 21 1.4 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION...... 21 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)...... 21 1.6 EMP TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 22 1.6.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSULTATION: ...... 22 1.6.2 SCOPE OF WORK ...... 22 1.7 REVIEW OF ESMF FOR THE FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ...... 22 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE EMP ...... 23 1.9 POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 24 1.9.1 THE 1999 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ...... 24 1.9.2 THE NATIONAL POLICY ON ENVIRONMENT ...... 25 1.9.3 ECONOMIC POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 25 1.9.4 NATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY ...... 26 1.10 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 26 1.10.1 NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ...... 26 1.10.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES ...... 27 1.10.3 NIGERIAN EMP PROCEDURE ...... 28 1.10.4 OTHER NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ...... 30 1.11 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 34 1.12 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS ...... 35 CHAPTER TWO ...... 37
2.0 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION...... 37 2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ...... 37 2.1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ...... 37 2.1.2 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT ...... 37 2.2 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES ...... 38 2.2.1 USING OTHER TRAVEL MODES OPTION ...... 38 2.2.2 ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS OPTION ...... 38 2.2.3 DESIGN VARIATIONS OF ALIGNMENT AND GRADE OPTION ...... 39 2.2.4 NO DEVELOPMENT/ PROJECT OPTION ...... 39 2.2.5 PREFFERED ALTERNATIVE: REHABILITATING THE EXISTING ROADS ...... 39 2.3 VALUE OF THE PROJECT...... 39 2.4 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY...... 40 CHAPTER THREE ...... 41
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3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 41 3.1 PROJECT AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION ...... 41 3.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 41 3.3 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 42 3.4 PROJECT OVERVIEW/ SCOPE OF WORK...... 44 3.5 FACILITIES AND SERVICES ...... 46 3.6 PROJECT SCHEDULE ...... 46 3.7 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN ...... 46 CHAPTER 4: FOUR ...... 47
4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 47 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 47 4.2 STUDY APPROACH ...... 47 4.3 FIELD SAMPLING ...... 47 4.5 LABORATORY ANALYSES ...... 49 4.5.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSES ...... 49 4.5.2 VEGETATION ...... 50 4.5.3 HYDROGEOLOGY/GEOTECHNICS ...... 51 4.5.4 SOIL ...... 51 4.5.5 MICROBIOOLOGY...... 51 4.5.6 FISHES AND FISHERIES ...... 51 4.5.7 METHODS OF SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSES FOR AIR QUALITY ...... 51 4.5.7.1 NOISE LEVEL ...... 51 4.5.7.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (TSP) ...... 52 4.5.7.3 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) ...... 52 4.5.8 WIND SPEED AND DIRECTIONS ...... 52 4.5.9 HUMIDITY ...... 52 4.5.10 TEMPERATURE ...... 52 4.5.11 WILDLIFE ...... 52 4.6 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE ...... 53 4.6.1 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY ...... 53 4.6.2 AIR QUALITY ...... 53 4.6.3 NOISE LEVELS ...... 57 4.6.4 SURFACE WATER QUALITY...... 57 4.6.5 SEDIMENT STUDIES...... 61 4.6.6 SOILS ...... 64 4.6.7 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY ...... 71 4.6.7.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY/STRATIGRAPHY ...... 71 4.6.7.2 HYDROGEOLOGY ...... 72 4.6.7.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY ...... 76 4.6.8 VEGETATION ...... 78 4.6.8.1 FARMLANDS AND SECONDARY FORESTS (VEGS 3-17, VEGS 20, VEGS 25) ...... 80 4.6.8.3 REMNANT LOWLAND RAINFORESTS ...... 80 4.6.9 WILDLIFE...... 80 4.6.10: HYDROBIOLOGY ...... 84 4.6.10.1 PHYTOPLANKTON ...... 84 4.6.10.2 ZOOPLANKTON ...... 86 4.6.10.3 BENTHOS ...... 89 4.6.10.4 FISHERIES RESOURCES ...... 89 4.6.11 MICROBIOLOGY ...... 90 4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE/ CONSULTATION ...... 91 4.7.1 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS ...... 91 4.7.2 CONSULTATION OBJECTIVES ...... 92 4.7.3 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS ...... 93
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4.7.4 CONSULTATION STRATEGIES...... 94 4.7.5 LEVEL OF ENGAGEMENT...... 94 4.7.8 PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 95 4.7.8.1 IDENTIFIED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS ...... 96 4.7.8.2 IDENTIFIED REGULATORS ...... 96 4.7.9 FIELD INTERACTION ...... 96 4.7.10 FUTURE CONSULTATIONS ...... 96 4.7.11 EMP AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ...... 96 4.7.12 COMPENSATION PAYMENTS ...... 97 4.7.13 HEALTH ASSESSMENT ...... 97 4.7.13.1 HEALTH SURVEY METHODOLOGY ...... 97 4.7.13.2 EPISTEMOLOGICAL HEALTH SURVEY ...... 98 4.7.13.3 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGDS) ...... 98 4.7.13.4 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION...... 98 4.7.13.5 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SURVEY ...... 98 4.7.13.6 ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE HEALTH CARE FACILITY WITHIN THE AREA ...... 98 4.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC/CONSULTATION RESULTS...... 99 4.8.1. HOUSEHOLD SIZE ...... 99 4.8.2 POPULATION STRUCTURE ...... 100 4.8.3 EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 101 4.8.4 LIVELIHOOD AND EMPLOYMENT ...... 102 4.8.4.1 OCCUPATION AND INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES ...... 102 4.8.4.2 PERSONAL INCOME CHARACTERISTICS ...... 103 4.8.5 SOCIO-CULTURAL RESOURCES AND STRUCTURE ...... 105 4.8.5.1 RELIGION, CUSTOMS, BELIEF SYSTEMS AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ...... 105 4.7.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS/TRADITIONAL POLITICAL GOVERNING STRUCTURE106 4.7.5.1 COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE ...... 106 4.8.6 INVENTORY OF COMMUNITY’ SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES, UTILITIES AND SERVICES106 4.8.7 ATTITUDES TOWARD THE PROJECT ...... 109 4.8.7.1 PERCEPTIONS OF IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT BY LOCAL RESIDENTS ...... 109 CHAPTER FIVE...... 111
5.0 ASSOCIATED & POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 111 5.1 GENERAL ...... 111 5.2 BASIS FOR SCREENING ...... 113 5.3 SCOPING ...... 115 5.4 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION ...... 115 5.5 IMPACTS QUANTIFICATION & SIGNIFICANCE ...... 116 CHAPTER SIX ...... 123
6.0 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 123 6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 123 6.2 APPROACH TO IMPACT MITIGATION ...... 123 6.3 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL IMPACTS ...... 125 6.4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS MITIGATIONS ...... 125 6.4.1 AIR QUALITY: ...... 125 6.4.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 126 6.4.2 DUST ...... 126 6.4.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 126 6.4.3 NOISE ...... 126 6.4.3.1 MITIGATION ...... 126 6.5.0 LAND RESOURCES: ...... 127 6.5.1 SITE CLEARING ...... 127 6.5.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 127
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6.5.2 VEGETATION CLEARING ...... 127 6.5.23.1 MITIGATION ...... 127 6.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES ...... 127 6.6.1 MITIGATION ...... 127 6.7 HYDROLOGY ...... 128 6.7.1 CROSSING OF RIVERS, STREAMS, CANALS AND RAVINES; ...... 128 6.7.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 128 6.7.2 EROSION AND LANDSLIDES DUE TO RAINS ...... 128 6.7.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 128 6.7.3 WASTE DUMPS ...... 128 6.7.3.1 MITIGATION ...... 128 6.8 WATER QUALITY ...... 129 6.8.1 RIVER/STREAM AND LAKE SEDIMENTATION; ...... 129 6.8.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 129 6.8.2 USE OF CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES; ...... 129 6.8.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 129 6.8.3 FUEL AND OIL SPILLS; ...... 129 6.8.3.1 MITIGATION ...... 129 6.8.4 FUEL SPILLS FROM ROAD USAGE...... 130 6.8.4.1 MITIGATION ...... 130 6.9.0 BIOLOGICAL: ...... 130 6.9.1 LAND CLEARANCE AND LOSS OF HABITAT; ...... 130 6.9.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 130 6.9.2 BIODIVERSITY LOSS ...... 130 6.9.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 130 6.10.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC: ...... 131 6.10.1 RURAL - URBAN MIGRATION...... 131 6.10.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 131 6.10.2 ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HERITAGE SITES ...... 131 6.10.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 131 6.10.3 TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND ROAD ACCIDENT ...... 131 6.10.3.1. MITIGATION ...... 131 6.10.4 SPREAD OF STIS INCLUDING HIV AIDS ...... 132 6.10.4.1 MITIGATION ...... 132 6.11 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS ...... 138 CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 139
7.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 139 7.1 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE EMP ...... 139 7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 141 7.4 MONITORING PLAN ...... 142 7.4.1 MONITORING OBJECTIVES ...... 142 7.4.2 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS ...... 143 7.5 RESOURCES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 149 7.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRENGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EMP ...... 149 7.7 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING ...... 150 7.8 COST ESTIMATES ...... 152 7.9 EMP BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 152 CHAPTER EIGHT ...... 153
8.0 REMEDIATION PLANS AFTER CLOSURE OF THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 153 8.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 153 8.2 DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES ...... 153 8.2.1. REHABILITATION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ...... 153
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CHAPTER NINE ...... 157 9.0 CONCLUSION ...... 157 REFERENCES ...... 158 ANNEX 1 ...... 160 ANNEX 2 ...... 163 ANNEX 3 ...... 173
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LIST OF TABLES Tables
2.1 World Bank Operational Policies 4.1 Methods Used in Collecting the Environmental Samples 4.2 Settlements/Communities along the road corridor.
4.3 Test Methods for Physico-Chemistry
4.5 Air quality parameters measured in the study area
4.6 Noise level measured during Filed work (dBA) 4.7 Summary of the Physico-Chemical Results of the Surface Water 4.8 Typical pH ranges in different waters
4.9 Solids Content of Domestic Wastewater with Different Degrees of Contamination
4.10 Classification of Surface Water Quality Based on BOD Values 4.11 Heavy Metal Contents in Surface Water
4.12 Summary of the Physico-Chemical Properties in sediment 4.13 Heavy Metal Contents in Sediment
4.14 Summary Results Showing some Physical Properties of Soils Sampled in the Project Area
4.15 Summary Results Showing Chemical Characteristics of Soils Sampled from the Project Area
4.16 Stratigraphic sequence of the Niger Delta Basin with aquifer prospectivity
4.17 Major Sources of Contamination in underground water 4.18 Physico-Chemical properties and heavy metal concentration in Borehole Samples
4.19 Sodium Adsorption Ratio Suitability table
4.20 Mean values of some dendrometric parameters in the study area
4.21 Wildlife species in the OPL 276 study area 4.22 Predominant Phytoplankton Species Observed in Sampling Stations within the study Area 4.23 Observed composition and occurrence of zooplankton in sampling stations within the Study Area
4.24 Predominant zooplankton species observed in sampling stations within the Study Area.
4.25 Fertility indicators in the project area
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4.26 Prevalence of common diseases in the project area 4.27 Immunization Status among Children under 5 years (N=171) 5.1 Impact Indicators for Various Environmental Components 5.2 Impacts Significance 5.3 Risk Assessment Matrix for Environmental Consequences 5.4 Example of further definition of consequence – severity rating for risk matrix
5.5 Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities
7.1 Institutional Capacity Strengthening Program
7.2 Budget and Responsibilities
8.1 Monitoring Variables, Linkages, Indicators and Frequency
9.2 The Stakeholder Identification Matrix
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LIST OF FIGURES Figures
2.1 FMENV EIA Process Flow Chart
3.1 A section of Odi East-West Road
4.4 Generalized lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta.
4.5 Stratigraphic column showing formations of the Niger Delta. Modified from Doust and Omatsola (1990).
4.6 Lithologs of the groundwater monitoring boreholes in the area. 4.7 Typical Local Administrative Structure of the Project Area
4.10 Major causes of death in children under 5 years 4.12 Distribution of health care providers in projects Area. 4.13 Children immunization record 4.14 Nutritional status of children under five years
4.15 Frequency of use among alcohol drinking adults in the project area
4.16 Distribution of number of sexual partners
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LIST OF PLATES 4.11 Vegetation structure in the study area
4.12 Taking air quality and noise measurements along the route
4.13 Collecting core soil samples with a core sampler along the Odi – EW Road.
4.14 Field permeameter pit established at the site
4.15 Observing a fisherman‟s catch around the project area.
4.24 Fishing boats of various types fitted with various grades of HP engines seen at the Ibaka beach. 4.25 Fishing boats at Ibaka and Utan Brama village.
4.27 Prawns and crayfish as major produce on sale in a bigger market at Odi (a) and a busy market scene
4.28 A typical market day at Okobo-Ebughu and Ibaka Community, Ukwong; note the admixture of both poor and modern marketing structures
4.30 Poor marketing structures at one of the nearby villages
4.32 Typical Structures of a primary schools in the area
4.42 Motor bicycle is the transportation mode of choice in evidenced by their overwhelming presence in project area settlements, while boats are used by riverine-based residents
4.55 Indiscriminate disposal of waste into water
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ASTM America Society of Testing & Materials BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna & flora DO Dissolved Oxygen DS Dissolved Solids EAR Environmental Audit Report EEC European Economic Community EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESA Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment ESMF Envi. & Social Mgt Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FERMA Federal Roads Maintenance Agency FMENV Federal Ministry of Environment FGD Focused Group Discussion FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMWHUD Fed. Ministry of Works, Housing & Urban Development FRDP Federal Roads Development Project GIS Geographic Information System HC Hydrocarbon HIV Human Immuno Virus HSE Health Safety and Environment IEE Initial Environmental Examination IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature KAP Knowledge, Attitude & Practice LFN Laws of the Federation of Nigeria L. G. A. Local Government Area MDGs Millenium Development Goals NIWA National inland Waterways Authority NESREA Nat. Env. Standards & Reg. Enfor. Agency NGO Non-governmental Organization NEEDS National Economic Empowerment & Dev. Strategy. NPC National Population Commission OP Operational Policy PPE Personal Protective Equipment QA/QC Quality Assurance/ Quality Control RAM Risk Assessment Matrix RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency
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SMENV State Ministry of Environment SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SS Suspended Solids STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference TSRIC Transport Sector Reform Implementation Committee TSP Total Suspended Particulate UNCED United Nation Conference on Environmental and Development. UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme USDA United States Department of Agriculture USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WB World Bank WHO World Health Organisation WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Dev. cfu/ml Colony forming unit per millilitres dBA Decibel ft Feet g Gramme k Kilogramme g/cm Gramme per Centimetre Km Kilometer m3 Meter Cube meq Milliequivalent mg Milligramme mg/Kg Milligramme per Kilogramme mg/l Milligramme per Litre ml Millilitre mm Millimetre m/s Meter per Second NTU Turbidity Unit o /oo Parts per thousand oE Degree East oN Degree North
PH Hydrogen ion concentration ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million oC degrees Celsius g Microgramme S micro Siemen m micrometer % Percentage Al Aluminum
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C Carbon Ca Calcium
CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride
Cd Cadmium Cl Chloride CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide Cr Chromium Cu Copper Fe Iron H Hydrogen
H2O Water H2S Hydrogen Sulphide HCL Hydrogen chloride Hg Mercury K Potassium Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese N Nitrogen Na Sodium
NH3 Ammonia + NH4 Ammonium ion NO2 Nitrite ion
NO3 Nitrate ion
O2 Oxygen P Phosphorus Pb Lead
PO4 Phosphate SiO2 Silicate SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO4 Sulphate ion V Vanadium Zn Zinc
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND
The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) has proposed to rehabilitate the 4.3km Odi – East/West road located in Bayelsa State, South South Nigeria which has suffered significant neglect and consequent failure. The road which very vital to the local economy in terms of transportation of agricultural produce from the surrounding communities has its integrity significantly compromised and therefore requires urgent intervention.
The Roads Sector Development Team (RSDT), who is saddled with the responsibility of implementing FRDP in collaboration with Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA), is proposing to rehabilitate the Odi – East/West Road as it is being considered an important link road to other parts of the state and the country in general especially in areas of transportation of fishing products and agricultural commodities which are abound in the area to ease the difficulty being faced by road users.
OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) The objectives of preparing an environmental management plan for the periodic maintenance of Odi – East/West road are to: identify the possible negative environmental and social impacts of the project as presently planned for implementation; and propose measures required to mitigate these potential negative impacts.
Specific objective of the EMP Study focus on the following issues: the identification and assessment of environmental effects of rehabilitation works within the 48 kilometers section of the road. Identification and address issues arising from involuntary resettlement. propose mitigation measures including environmental management plan/ procedure.
Varieties of methodologies exist for environmental impact assessment. The following steps were employed in preparation of this EMP:
Identification of effects
Prediction of effects
Evaluation and Interpretation of impacts
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Communication
Inspection procedures
The following considerations were the goals of the assessment methodology used:
Comprehensiveness - ability to handle all possible range of elements and combinations thereof;
Selectivity - capability to identify early in the procedure those aspects that are important;
Mutual exclusiveness - should be able to examine every component of an impact from different perspectives
Confidence limits - is the method able to ascertain and isolate uncertainties;
Objectivity- should allow no bias either from the assessor or project initiator;
Interactions - should be able to examine both sides of a coin and provide feedback
POLICY FRAMEWORK
The EMP studies are carried out within the legal framework of both local and international environmental guidelines and regulations. The work scope of this project involves development of roads and highways and related activities.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The proposed activity is a road rehabilitation project of the approximately Four point three (4.3) kilometre Odi – East/West Road. It involves the scarification of failed section of the Road, provision of stone base, prime coat, asphalt overlay, re-instatement of shoulders, construction of concrete lined drains and earth drains.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES Approach to the selection of best project implementation and design alternatives will take into consideration the one that suits the purpose best. Potential alternatives considered include;Taking no action or no project option, Using alternative travel modes, Improving the existing facilities, Construction of a multi-lane alternative alignment and Design variations of alignment and grade.
Potential & Associated Impacts: Varieties of methodologies exist for environmental impact assessment. The project despite been small in magnitude and scope, is expected to generate the following impacts:
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Site Clearing & Earthworks: at this stage of the project, impacts that are expected to arise include; Air Quality impairment through dust generation during scarification, Biodiversity loss through clearing of adjoining road side vegetation, changes in river hydrology and damage to aesthetics through burrow pit excavation for fill material. Culverts and Drains demolishing/ construction activities will lead to generation of noise from machinery operations, impact on air quality from dust and fumes generation by heavy duty machines/ equipment, traffic obstruction and increased risk of accident. Pavement & Surfacing activities would lead to impact on surface water through run off of washed areas/ asphalt into the neigbouring water body, noise generation during surface dressing and air/ gaseous emissions. Socio-economic impacts that may arise include displacement of small road side businesses which have in most cases encroach into the main road corridor. There may all be impact on crops due to vehicles manoeuvring during site preparation and surfacing activities. There would also be loss of farmland due to burrow pit acquisition. The project may in addition lead to Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers. Aside of the negative impacts, the project is expected to generate a lot of positive impacts such as job creation (even though for a short term), ease of transportation leading to reduced transport fares and significant reduction in rate of accidents.
Environmental Monitoring Plan This Environmental Monitoring Plan will ensure that the integrity of the Road Project has been developed covering the project activities from site preparation, through construction, commissioning, operation of the highways, decommissioning and abandonment. The plan relates to the handling of hazardous materials and wastes, emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing, adverse weather preparedness, and decommissioning. The programme will help to verify the effectiveness of the prescribed mitigation measures is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementation of the EMP findings.
On the social concerns of the project, the issue of Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post- construction demobilisation of large contigent of workers would be given adequate attention inview of its socio-economic implication when project implementation commences. This would be through Awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the implications
FERMA 16 EMP of Odi - East/West Road of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyle and behavior including the use of BCC/IEC materials
Institutional Arrangement for Implementing the EMP The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the project implementation is integrated harmoniously into the communities. The monitoring staff and personnel shall achieve the following objectives:
propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project promote awareness to construction workers and the general public regarding environmental protection, execute concrete means of applying the EMP. In the execution of the project, the RSTD will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures through their contractor who would be accountable to the RSTD. This contractor shall have an Environmental Engineer on site who will be responsible for all environmental issues. Whereas the World Bank will monitor the execution/ implementation of the project by RSTD. FERMA on the other hand will regulate the contractor work, while the EIA Division the Federal Ministry of Environment in collaboration with affected state Ministry of Environment will carry out regulatory monitoring to ensure that all agreed mitigations are actually implemented in line with regulatory requirements. RSDT shall be represented by Social and Environmental Officer who will be responsible for the implementation of the EMP in close collaboration with FERMA, FMENV and the Local environmental regulating bodies. Alternatively, an independent consultant may be hired by the RSDT to implement the EMP.
Cost Estimates for EMP Implementation The cost estimates are based on the assumption that resource person/s (is) are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants of this training should could come from the collection or selection of members RSDT, FERMA, State Ministry of Environment and the affected L.G.As who should attend the exercise during the day only but will receive a per diem within the range of the estimated/ budgeted amount of about N562,500.00 per training session. It is proposed that the training programme will be implemented two times a year, over first four years of the project cycle. Thus, the total training cost is estimated at N4.5m for the entire period.
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Budget and Responsibilities Item Budget (estimate) Responsibility Mitigation N9.0m Contractor Management N5.25m RSDT Capacity Strengthening N4.5m RSDT/World Bank Monitoring N3.0m RSDT/FMENV/State Min Env Total N21.75m
CONCLUSION The Environmental Management Plan was drawn with strict adherence to the guidelines and regulation of the Federal Ministry of Environment which is the sole statutory organ responsible for EIA certification in Nigeria. The study has identified the environmental issues/impacts associated with project activities on the immediate environment.
It is therefore safe to conclude that the project if implemented in line with the recommendations contained in the EMP would have no significant adverse negative environmental or social impacts.. However, the identified potential environmental and social impacts that may result from the periodic maintenance of the Odi East West road are minor, site specific and relatively easy to manage to acceptable levels.
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CHAPTER 1: ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND
In Nigerian as in many other countries throughout the West African sub-region, the economy is largely dependent on road transportation due to near total collapse of the rail system. Industrial, Agricultural, Service, Trade and other major sectors of a country‟s economy depend to a large extent on the efficiency of the existing road network. The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) has proposed to rehabilitate the 4.3km Odi – East/West road located in Bayelsa State, South South Nigeria which has suffered significant neglect and consequent failure.
The road which very vital to the local economy in terms of transportation of agricultural produce from the surrounding communities has its integrity significantly compromised and therefore requires urgent intervention.
While the justification of road development and maintenance projects from socio-economic considerations cannot be overemphasized, the cumulative environmental consequences of such projects need to be brought to fore with due emphasis on scientific basis. It is apparent that previously the planning and designing of highways are normally done, almost purely, on the basis of economic and traffic flow considerations. However, the environmental impacts of road construction and operation and maintenance activities with potential air and noise pollution and possible dislocation and disruption of the delicate balance of the fragile eco-system and the need to evolve an efficient approach to deal with such effects are now receiving focused attention. Recently, the issue of transport and the environment has assumed a relatively high priority at the national and global level. This is well reflected in the action plan for sustainable transport development into 21st century, which emerged from the United Nations conference on environment and development (Rio De Janeiro, June 1992).
The significance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) comes to the fore when the desire achieve synergy between environmental protection and execution of road sector projects of this magnitude are considered, which despite their seemingly small scope, have serious environmental consequence. It is mandatory in Nigeria as stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 of the Federal Ministry of Environment formerly Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). In the same vein, other multilateral aid agencies, including the World Bank and African Development Bank as well as European Union require
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EIA as part of their conditions for project financing and support. The need for EIA of road projects may be seen in the context of sustainable development, to:
Promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resource use and management opportunities. Ensure that environmental concerns are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the project decision making process. Anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and other relevant effects of development proposals. Maintain eco-system and conserve bio-diversity. Protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems and the ecological processes which maintain their functions.
The Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) in compliance with the national and international regulations of minimizing impact on the environment in which it operates planned to conduct an Environmental Imp Assessment (EIA) of the project area prior to its commencement. This EIA presents the environmental studies and impact assessment of the road development project in compliance with the provisions of the EIA Act 86 of 1992.
1.2 NIGERIA The size of Federal Republic of Nigeria covers an area of 923,768 km2 with a population of over 120 million growing at over 3% per annum. The country lies in the tropics between latitudes 4oN and 14oN and longitudes 3oE and 14oE. The growth of the Nigeria‟s economy as in many other developing economies depends to a large extent on the quality of its road infrastructural network. The Nigerian transport infrastructure comprises 200,000km road network, 3,600 km of narrow gauge Railway, 6 Sea Ports and inland waterways, 4 international and 14 domestic airports and 4,000km of oil and gas pipeline. The road network is the dominant internal transport mode for the haulage of people, goods and services, accounting for 95% of the domestic traffic flows and providing the only access to the rural communities where majority of the economically active population live. The network of roads comprises 33,000km Federal Highways, 50,000km State Highways and 117,000km Local Government feeder roads. The demand for good road network is growing with the rapid rise in the traffic volume. The number of vehicles in Nigeria is presently put at about 1,000,000 of which 44% are passenger cars, 20% are buses and 30% Lorries and vans, 1% road tractors and 5% motorcycles.
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1.3 THE EIA APPLICANT The Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) which is an Agency under Federal Ministry of Works & Housing established to assume responsibility for the maintenance of all Federal roads nationwide is the EIA applicant for the project.
The Agency recognizes the importance of comprehensive environmental planning and management to any successful project and is committed to undertaking the necessary studies to understand the environmental situation and to address areas where significant environmental imp may be experienced. The key premise which affects this EIA process was established from the initial stages of development to provide general guidance, framework and a commitment to standards acceptable nationally and internationally.
1.4 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION Construction of the proposed roads is became imperative to accommodate the existing and projected traffic demand, improve the transportation infrastructure of the region and promote economic development in and around the project area. The significance of good roads in the country‟s quest for infrastructure and industrial development is well recognized. Nigeria requires good road network to facilitate haulage of people, goods and services. Its inadequacy can therefore be a serious constraint to national development. Handling increased traffic volumes efficiently requires constructing new roads. Development of this road would be a confidence reassurance measure to improve the relationship between the indigenes.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP). The objectives of the EMP for the the periodic maintenance of Odi East-West road are to:
identify the possible negative environmental and social impacts of the project as presently planned for implementation. Identifying positive social impacts that would be realized in executing the project; and propose measures required to mitigate these potential negative impacts.
Specific objective of the EMP focus on the following issues:
Identification and address issues arising from involuntary resettlement. Establish the existing biological, physical, and socio-economic conditions of the project area. Characterize the environment thereby identifying the resultant hazards (including social) associated with the proposed development. Assess proactively the potential and associated impact (including health and socio-economic impacts) of the proposed project.
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Make recommendations to eliminate/mitigate/control the magnitude and significance of the hazards and effects. Recommend control techniques to eliminate/minimize the severity of the effects and to manage it.
1.6 EMP TERMS OF REFERENCE
1.6.1 Objective of the Consultation: The objective of this consultation is to prepare an EMP with a view to ensuring that implementation of the federal roads project does no harm to the environment and population. In preparing this EMP, Integrated Advanced Quest Limited in strict observance of the EMP Terms of Reference (TOR) carried out the following: Review of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) prepared for the project (FRDP). Review of relevant Nigerian law and procedures; Review EMPs prepared for other recent World Bank projects in Nigeria Consultation with relevant stakeholders Conducted Field Work for the collection of original and relevant data (Qualitative and Quantitative Data) Compiled Data collation, and Analysis Prepared and Submission of Draft Reports
1.6.2 Scope of Work The scope of Work covering the following tasks describing the most important work done under this study was also strictly observed. i). Description of Proposed Projects ii). EA Requirements/Regulations. iii). Description of the Environment iv). Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project. v). Analysis of Alternatives of the Proposed Project vi). Development of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to Mitigate Negative Impacts vii). Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of EMP: viii). Monitoring and Evaluation: ix). Public Information and Consultation 1.7 REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT The Federal Roads Development Project (FRDP) seeks to improve Federal Highways in Nigeria to reduce travel costs and increase access to goods and services.
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A 1999-study on selected sections of the road network in Nigeria found that only about 26% were in good condition. Current estimates show that only about 11 % of the Federal roads are still in good condition. Hence, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), through the Federal Ministry of Works Housing and Urban Development (FMWHUD), requested World Bank‟s support for the FRDP. The project is meeting the immediate and short term funding needs for the Federal road network and supporting Government‟s efforts with policy and institutional reforms promoting improved service delivery, road management and financing. The principal development objectives are: (i) to reduce road transport costs along the roads supported by the project; (ii) to introduce total asset management methods for delivery and management of federal roads; and (iii) to plan and facilitate sustainable financing arrangements for the road sector. The FRDP is organized into three components to support both the implementation of the proposed reform and the financing of critically needed investments. The three main components are: . Policy and Institutional Reforms . Institutional Capacity Building . Upgrading, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Federal Roads
The main activities under the Federal Roads Development Project entails the upgrading and maintenance of the Odi - East/West Road using modern methods based on best practices. The Odi - East/West Road is classified as a Category B project, implying that the impacts are small scale and site-specific; thus easily remedied. In recognition of the fact that environmental and social concerns may arise as a result of the proposed project, the FMWHUD commissioned an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) study in fulfillment of the World Bank requirements. The ESMF was prepared to satisfy national and state regulatory requirements as well as World Bank‟s mandate for project of such magnitude and it addresses the environmental and socio- economic consequences of the project. As a category B project, the Odi - East/West Road is not expected to have large-scale adverse impacts on the natural environment, health and safety, of communities and individuals. The ESMF provided guidelines to follow as to how to prepare the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE EMP Deliverables and Reporting Requirements
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The EMP report is concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text focused on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected. and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The Report was Organised according to the outline below: Executive Summary Introduction (Chapter One) Project Justification (Chapter Two) Description of the Proposed Project (Chapter Three) Description of the Environment (Chapter Four) Significant Environmental Impacts (Chapter Five) Mitigation Measures (Chapter Six) Environmental Management Plan (Chapter Seven) Remediation Plan after closure of Construction Phase (Chapter Eight) Conclusion (Chapter Nine) List of References Appendices: . List of EMP Report Preparers; . Environmental and Social management clauses that would be inserted in Contracts 1.9 POLICY FRAMEWORK In EMP studies such as this, all actions that will result in physical, chemical, biological, cultural and social modifications of the environment as a result of the new project/development are assessed. Also, the EMP report should serve as a means of assessing the environmental impacts of a proposed action plan, rather than as a justification for decisions already made or actions already taken. Usually the EMP study is carried out using a systematic, multi-disciplinary approach and should incorporate all relevant analytical disciplines to provide meaningful and factual data, information and analyses. Also, EMP studies are carried out within the framework of both local and international environmental guidelines and regulations. The work scope of this project involves development of roads and highways and related activities.
1.9.1 The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Section 30) confers jurisdiction on the Federal Government to regulate the operations and development activities in this sector. These, together with applicable International conventions provide a basis for an EMP of the project.
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The development will take account of the following Nigerian laws and regulations, and international conventions that apply to the subject development:
1.9.2 The National Policy on Environment The National Policy on the Environment was launched by the President in Abuja on 27 November 1989 (FEPA, 1989). The goal of that policy was to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria and, in particular to:
• Secure for all Nigerians a quality environment adequate for their health and well-being.
• Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.
• Restore, maintain and enhance ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere and for the preservation of biological diversity and to adopt the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems.
• Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts.
• Co-operate in good faith with other countries, international organisations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental pollution.
1.9.3 Economic Policy Framework The Federal Government of Nigeria‟s recently adopted National Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy (NEEDS) clearly defines its medium-term economic reform agenda and provides an overall policy objective for the country. The policy rests on promoting growth through a market-based economy with greater private sector participation in the economy and Government‟s role limited to the provision of adequate infrastructure and necessary services.
The implementation of the NEEDS is crucial to the attainment of the country‟s Millennium Development Goals (MDG).
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1.9.4 National Transport Policy As part of the Government‟s reform policy; the Transport Sector Reform Implementation Committee (TSRC) formulated a National Transport Policy in 2003. The goal of the policy is to:
. Promote an efficient and affordable integrated transport network. . Improve the safety, security, quality and speed of movement of goods and people. . Increase the involvement of the private sector in the financing and operation of transport related services. . Promote qualitative road infrastructure and operations through greater effectiveness and efficiency in meeting customer needs. . Structure the infrastructure to ensure environmental sustainability and internationally accepted standards. . Promote a culture of maintenance and upgrading of existing infrastructure. . Build strong financial base (both public and private) for the creation, maintenance and upgrading of transport infrastructure. 1.10 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
1.10.1 National Legislations Federal Roads Maintenance Agency Act No. 7 of 2002 of 30 November 2002 as amended by 23 May 2007, the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (Amendment) Act 2007. Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act No 58 of 30 December 1988 : FEPA Act, cap 131, LFN, 1990 National Environmental Protection (Pollution abatement in Industries and Facilities generating Waste) Regulations, 1991 National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 (FEPA, 1991). National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulation S.I. 15 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 10 December 1992 Federal Ministry of Environment Procedural Guidelines for EIA Harmful Waste Act No. 42 of 25 November 1988 August 1991 Federal National Parks Act Forestry Act, 1958
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Land Use Act 1978 National Policy on the Environment Quarries Act 350 LFN of 1990 Environmental Impact Assessment Sectoral Guideline for Infrastructure development projects (1995) of the Federal Ministry of Environment. Federal Highways Draft Act 2001. It provides guidelines and standards for construction, maintenance and operation of highways,
1.10.2 National Environmental Guidelines The introduction of guidelines and standards was part of the implementation of the National Policy on Environment and the environmental pollution abatement strategy contained therein. The guidelines and standards relate to six areas of environmental pollution control:
• Effluent limitations.
• Water quality for industrial water uses at point of intake.
• Industrial emission limitations.
• Noise exposure limitations.
• Management of solid and hazardous wastes.
• Pollution abatement in industries.
National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 (1991) This regulation was issued in 1991. It provides national Guidelines and Standards for industrial effluents, gaseous emissions, noise, air quality and hazardous wastes management for Nigeria.
National Environmental Protection S. I .9 (Pollution and Abatement in Industries in Facilities Producing Waste) Regulations, 1991 This provides general guidelines for the containment of pollution in industries that generate harmful wastes.
National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulation S.I. 15
This provides general guidelines for the management of solid and hazardous wastes in Nigeria and emphasises the followings;
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Waste Notification :Industries are obliged to notify the FMENV of all toxic hazardous and radioactive wastes which are stored on site or which are generated as part of operations (Regulations 1991, Article 2).
Waste Management: With regard to waste management, a legal basis exists in Nigeria for the establishment and implementation of a “cradle-to-grave” tracking system. Specifically, the Solid and Hazardous Wastes Management Regulations 1991 provide for the establishment of a documentation scheme to cover the generation, transport, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes.
Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 10 December 1992 This Act provides the guideline for activities or development projects for which EIA/EMP is mandatory in Nigeria. Such developments include oil and gas fields, conversion of mangrove swamps covering area of 50 hectares or more for industrial use, land/coastal reclamation projects involving an area of 50 hectares or more. Pursuant to this, the EIA Act No 86 of 1992 sets out the procedure for prior consideration of environmental and social issues in certain categories of public and private development projects. Federal Ministry of Environment Sectoral Guidelines for EIA
The FEPA Act, cap 131, LFN, 1990 allocates powers of environment legislation making and enforcement to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), now Federal Ministry of Environment. (FMENV)
In-line with its functions, FEPA has published the EIA/EMP Sectoral Guidelines (revised in September 1995). The guidelines cover major development projects and are intended to inform and assist proponents in conducting EMP studies.
1.10.3 Nigerian EMP Procedure The FMEnv developed a National EIA/EMP Procedure (FEPA 1985) in response to the promulgation of the EIA Act No. 86 of 1992. The procedure indicates the steps to be followed from project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the project is implemented with maximum consideration for the environment. The procedure for EMP involves the project proposal stage where the project proponent notifies FMEnv of the proposed project in writing. The project proposal is expected to contain all relevant information on the project, including a land-use map.
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This stage is followed by the screening phase, during which the Ministry will carry out, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and assign the project into a category based on the following criteria;
Magnitude extent or scope duration and frequency risks significance and Mitigation measures available for associated and potential environmental impacts. The location of the project if in Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) is also an important criterion in project categorization. The areas categorized as Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) include coral reefs, mangrove swamps, small islands, tropical rainforests, areas with erosion-prone soils, natural conservation areas, etc.
There are three categories (I, II, III) in FMEnv‟s EIA/EMP Procedural Guideline. Category 1 projects are subjected to full-scale EIA/EMP. It consists of, among others, construction of Roads and Infrastructure projects like, Railways, Ports and Harbours, airports, Electrification Projects etc.
Projects listed in Category II may not require a full-scale EIA/EMP except when such a project is located in an Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) and in this case the project will be automatically assigned to Category I. The requirement for Category II projects is a partial EIA/EMP. Also, mitigative measures or changes in project design (depending on the nature and magnitude of the environmental impacts) as well as further actions may be required from the proponent. Category II projects include reforestation/ afforestration projects, land and soil management, small-scale irrigation and drainage, mini hydro-power development, small-scale development of petroleum or related activities, etc.
Category III projects are those expected to have essentially beneficial impacts on the environment. For projects in this category, the Ministry will issue an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Projects in this category include family planning programme, institutional development, environmental awareness projects, etc.
Another stage of FMEnv‟s EIA/EMP procedure which comes up after the project proposal stage in the scoping stage, the main feature of which is that the proponent will be required to submit a Terms of Reference (TOR) for the proposed EMP study. In some cases, the Ministry may demand a Preliminary Assessment Report, and any additional information from the proponent to assist in vetting the scope and the TOR of the proposed EIA/EMP study. This stage is followed by actual implementation of the EIA/EMP study, preparation of Draft Final and Final EIA/EMP Reports, review process and approval/certification.
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Apart from the general EMP Guidelines, the Ministry has also prepared sectoral guidelines for EMP in different industrial sectors, including the Infrastructure Sector.
1.10.4 Other National Legislations Apart from the FMEnv guidelines highlighted above, there are other legislations that have been put in place to serve as a check on the operators of oil and gas industries. Some of these are summarized below:
(i) Penal Code
The Nigerian Penal code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for “Any person who: Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhoods or passing along a public way or, does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal”.
The Explosives Act This Act was promulgated in 1964 and empowers the Minister of Mines & Power (now Solid Minerals) to make regulations on the importation, manufacture, storage and use and the ownership and possession of explosives. Endangered Species Act (1985) The endangered species Act No. 11 of 1985 prohibits the hunting, capture and trade of endangered species. Quarries Act Cap 385 Laws of Federation of Nigeria, 1990 The act provides for and regulates quarrying activities in Nigeria. It prohibits unauthorized quarrying activities for industrial use and diversion of water course or impounding of water for that purpose. The Act gives the Minister for Mines and Power the power to make regulations for prevention of pollution of natural water supply.
Land Use Act 1978
States that “… it is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved”.
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National Inland Waterways Authority Act (1997)
Act 13 of 1997 establishing the National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) repeals the Navigable Waterways (Declaration) Act of 1988. The NIWA is managed by a governing board, whose functions, among others, include the following:
• Serve as the body providing regulations for all inland navigation;
• Ensure the development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland waterways network connecting the creeks and the rivers to meet the challenges of modern inland waterways transportation;
• It is charged with undertaking capital and maintenance dredging, and hydrological and hydrographic surveys;
• Design of ferry routes and operate ferry services within the inland waterways systems; and
• Involved in the survey, removal and receipt of derelicts, wrecks and other obstructions from inland waterways, and undertake the installation and maintenance of lights, buoys, and all navigational aids along water channels
1.9.5 State Legislations
The Nigerian Constitution allows States to make legislations, laws and edicts on the Environment as environmental is listed under the concurrent schedule of the 1999 Constitution.
The EIA Act No. 86 of 1992 also recommends the setting up of State Ministries of Environment (SMENV) and Environmental Protection Agencies (SEPA), to participate in regulating the consequences of project development on the environment in their area of jurisdiction. SMENVs thus have the responsibility for environmental protection at the state level within their states.
In accordance with the provisions of Section 24 of Act FEPA 58 of 1988 Chapter 131 of the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN), the State Environmental Protection Agencies and the State Ministry of Environment were formed in Bayelsa State which are important stakeholders in the proposed project because the site of the project is within the State.
The functions of the SMENV/SEPAs include:
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Routine liaison and ensuring effective harmonisation with the FMENV in order to achieve the objectives of the National Policy on the Environment; Co-operate with FMENV and other relevant National Directorates/Agencies in the promotion of environmental education; Be responsible for monitoring compliance with waste management standards; Monitor the implementation of the EMP and the Environmental Audit Report (EAR) guidelines and procedures on all developments policies and projects within the State.
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Figure 1.2: EMP process flow chart in Nigeria
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1.11 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES The World Bank has operational safeguard policies, which apply to various development projects which the bank is either implementing or funding. The objective of these policies is to prevent or at least minimize social environmental risks while increasing socio-economic benefits of approved projects. The effectiveness and positive impact on development of projects and programmes supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of these policies. The Bank‟s safeguards policies include:
. OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment . OP 4.04 Natural Habitats . OP 4.09 Pest Management . OP 11.03 Cultural Property . OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement . OD 4.20 Indigenous Peoples . OP 4.36 Forests . OP 4.37 Safety of Dams . OP 7.50 Projects in International Waterways . OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas It is the responsibility of the federal government of Nigeria for ensuring that safeguards aren‟t violated.
In preparing this EMP, a consideration of the type of the planned investments vis-a-vis the requirements of the Bank Safeguard policies has led to the determination that only Environmental Assessment (OP4.01) of the World Bank policy apply.
Therefore, a complete description of the Bank safeguards and their triggers for applicability can be found on the World Bank‟s official web site www.worldbank.org.
The already identified World Bank‟s operational policy that is triggered by the FRDP are summarized below:
Table 1-1: Applicable World Bank Operational Policy Operational Brief Description Policy
Environmental World Bank financed projects must be environmentally sound and
FERMA 34 EMP of Odi - East/West Road assessment (EA) sustainable. The type and detail of the EA is dependent on the nature, scale and potential environmental risks. The safeguard instrument used here is the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
From the above it is clear that the World Bank safeguard policy OP.4.01 and Nigerian EIA Act are similar. World Bank EA Screening Category A is similar to Nigerian EIA Act category I, World Bank EA Category B is equivalent to Nigeria EIA Act Category II, World Bank EA Category C is equivalent Nigeria EIA Act Category III. However in the event of divergence between World Bank safeguard policy and the Existing Environmental laws in Nigeria that of the World Bank will take precedence.
1.12 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS Global and Regional Treaties and Conventions are, in principle, binding in first instance on National Governments that accede to them. They are obliged to implement such arrangements through national legislation. At the international level, Nigeria is party to a number of Conventions that are relevant to the proposed development project. UNEP (1991) provides an overview of applicable, international Treaties and conventions. The more relevant ones are reviewed briefly below: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, including the Montreal Protocol and the London Amendment
The objectives of this Convention adopted in 1985 are to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the Ozone Layer and to adopt agreed measures to control human activities found to have adverse effects on the Ozone Layer.
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or Bonn Convention
The Bonn Convention‟s adopted in 1979 aims at the conservation and management of migratory species (including waterfowl and other wetland species) and promotion of measures for their conservation, including habitat conservation.
Convention on Biological Diversity
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The objectives of this Convention, which was opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and adopted in 1994, are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies.
Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage or World Heritage Convention
This Convention adopted in 1972 defines cultural and natural heritage. The latter is defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic and conservation points of view.
In addition, Nigeria is a signatory to the following relevant international conventions:
- The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The African Convention, 1968; - The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, The World Heritage Convention, 1972; - The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, 1973; - Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Bonn, 1979. - The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Disposal, 1989; - The Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, 1995; - The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992;
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT Odi – East/West Road is currently in advanced stage of dis-repair despite the pivotal it is playing in conveying passengers and goods from the surrounding communities to the major towns in Bayelsa and other neighbouring states and vice versa. The need for this project cannot be over-emphasized when considered with the current deplorable state of the road which has led to loss of several lives and properties. This is more significant as the nation is dependent on virtually one mode of transport system that is, road transportation which is at the moment is also near comatose.
2.1.1 Project Objectives Naturally, every development project is conceived to provide key benefits to its main host communities and by extension, the general human kind. For this project, its main objective is to;
o provide efficient and motorable road between the affected communities. o further easy the movement of goods and services thereby reducing the cost of transportation and by extension, prices of goods and services. o Create job opportunities o Reduce current accident level to the barest minimum
Other specific objectives of the project include creation of employment, reduction of accident due to poor state of the current road.
2.1.2 Benefits of the project • Provision of an efficient road transport infrastructure.
Reduction of accident rates from the current level.
• Contribute to the development of affected towns and communities
• Reduction of man-hour loss due to improved road network.
• Creation of job opportunities
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2.2 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES Approach to the selection of best project implementation and design alternatives will take into consideration the one that suits the purpose best. Potential alternatives considered include; i. Taking no action or no project option ii. Using alternative travel modes iii. Improving the existing facilities iv. Construction of a multi-lane alternative alignment. v. Design variations of alignment and grade. In conceiving the development options and scenarios, the following main factors were also considered: availability of raw materials, process facilities, Cost effectiveness and more effective utilization of resources.
2.2.1 Using Other Travel Modes Option Other modes of efficient passenger travel and goods movement over long distances include air, rail, transit, and marine. With regards to goods movement the only realistic alternative to trucking is rail. Rail, transit and air travel are all feasible alternatives for transporting passengers. However, currently there is no functional passenger rail service in the affected area coupled with its limited transit service distance. Air transport service is prohibitively expensive and unrealistic in view of the length of the area under consideration and thus by far the least sustainable option of travel. Therefore other modes of travel are not seen as effective alternatives. This option is therefore rejected.
2.2.2 Alternative Alignments Option Alternative alignment options would be prohibitively expensive and more disruptive and could lead to loss of revenues from diverted traffic. It would also entail very high costs for property acquisition and compensation claims, lost employment, a decreased tax base and reduced access to other communities along the existing alignment. This alternative considering the total length of the road involved, would be un-economical and will create greater environmental and social impact on the adjoining communities.
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2.2.3 Design Variations Of Alignment And Grade Option Consideration of design variation of existing alignment was considered defective option considering that the road would serve the same purpose as the original one which would maintain initial quality and functionality. This option was also rejected as it will create an uneven road alignment.
2.2.4 No Development/ Project Option No project or no-development option is a scenario in which road rehabilitation/ improvement activity would not be executed. With the “no-project” option, existing levels of service and safety deficiencies in the project area will worsen as automobile and truck traffic volumes continue to increase and would make industrial and socio-economic development impossible or at best expensive. This will negatively impact the local economy and by extension, the state and the nation in general considering our dependence on road transportation. This scenario is equally rejected as it would prevent meeting the nation‟s growing transport needs.
In general all the interactions with the communities were positive. They wanted the project to commence in earnest. The results of the public meetings and the completed questionnaires supported the Project and considered it a necessity to promote economic development and reduce poverty in the region.
In addition, the consequences of the alternative without the project are inter alia, lack of fluidity of traffic and blockage of sub regional integration, worsening of poverty in the areas concerned and lack of contribution to the development of trade within the nation.
2.2.5 Preffered Alternative: Rehabilitating The Existing Roads Rehabilitate the Odi - East/West road to facilitate more efficient haulage of people, goods and services. It will accommodate the existing and projected traffic demand, improve the transportation infrastructure of the region and promote economic development in and around the project corridors. This alternative is acceptable.
2.3 VALUE OF THE PROJECT It has been estimated that over 620 million naira will be required for the implementation of the project. The proposed project cost includes land acquisition and demolishing of structures/ compensation, mobilization, construction and decommissioning other activities. The project intends to employ about 50 – 70 people directly and over 300 people indirectly FERMA 39 EMP of Odi - East/West Road during execution. Priority will be given to qualified persons from the host community, followed by nearby communities. The total value of the project that will be brought into the local economy can be regarded as the benefits described earlier. The implication of this is that if identified negative cost and impact can be carefully mitigated, then the project would contribute an overall net positive economic benefit to the nation.
2.4 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY The sustainability of the project is based onseveral factors which include social, economic and technical among others. In addition, the fact that the intended communities particularly those in and around the identified L. G. A would continue to use the road as their major access and would ensure that wilful destruction or damage of the road infrastructure is not allowed is a key sustainability factor. Other sustainability factors for the road include;
• Technical The road rehabilitation project will be executed by experienced engineers and monitored by qualified resident Engineer. • Environmental The environmental sustainability of the project is predicated on the fact that not much interference is expected with the physical setting. In addition, adequate environmental management plan, EMP, is to be put in place to ensure that as much as possible existing alignment would be followed.
A good housekeeping practice will be maintained and the project will implement all the regulations related to EMP.
• Social FERMA and RSDT will ensure that adequate compensation is paid to all affected person as well as ensuring cordial relationship with stakeholders and communities by the contractor. The people of the area shall be given consideration in employment. • Life Span It is expected that the road will remain viable and sustained for at least fifteen (20 - 25) years or more.
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CHAPTER THREE 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
3.1 PROJECT AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION
General
This chapter discusses on the, activities to be carried out for the success in achieving quality road rehabilitation exercise for the Odi – East/West road. These include project engineering design, construction, operation and abandonment activities would be discussed. In general issues pertaining to the design standard and concepts, the construction, operating philosophy and schedule for the project as key components would be dealt with.
3.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The project is specifically the road rehabilitation of 4.3km Odi – East/West road located in Bayelsa State. The activities involved in the project comprise bush/ site clearing, raising of the low lying areas of the road with lateritic material, construction of concrete lined drains, arresting the washout areas and placing stone pitching. Others are placing of slabs on concrete lined drains, provision of lateritic sub base, crushed rock stone base construction of box culverts, surface dressing of shoulders, prime coat, asphalt concrete laying, removal of debris.
Fig. 3.1: A section of Odi East-West Road
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3.3 PROJECT LOCATION The proposed Odi – East/West road to be rehabilitated is located in Bayelsa State, South South Nigeria. The road covers a total distance of about 4.3km which requires urgent rehabilitation to assist the inhabitants of the area and particularly the farming communities evacuate their produce to the nearby markets thereby stimulation the local economy.
Design Standards
The existing alignments of the road will in most cases meet the design standards required of Federal Highways in the country without much impediment and re-alignment. In general, the road design has been carried out to the Federal Ministry of Works‟ “Highway Manual Part I – Design”, from inception. The design speed required is as per national speed limit of 100Km/hr. Permanent features like bridges and culverts that have been compromised shall be rehabilitated in accordance with the Federal Highways standards to return the road to its normal condition.
The rehabilitation project as planned, would be based on the following acceptable national design standards:
REHABILITATION ROAD PROJECT DESIGN
(i) Design Speed - 100km/hr (ii) Type of Road - Single lane carriageway (iii) Carriageway Width - 7.30m (iv) Shoulder Width - 2.75m (v) Maximum Grade - 5% (vi) Pavement Laterite subbase, crushed stone base course, with thickness specified after determination of the soil bearing capacity (vii) Surfacing AC binder and wearing courses (Road Note 29 or Road Note 31) shall be used for pavement/Surfacing Design) (viii) Design parameters Curve radius, curve lengths, sight distances and other parameters shall correspond to the 100km/hr design speed.
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Layout and Existing Conditions of the Road Prior to the commencement of the environmental impact assessment, site assessment of the proposed road to be rehabilitated covering the approximately 10km length of the Odi- EW road was undertaken with the following objectives:
To assess the present condition of the local network at each location so as to determine the present state of effects of the local environment To ascertain the details of the road geometry (width, slopes, curvature, etc) pavement construction method and pavement conditions, drainage location and condition of structures; To identify rock cuts, agricultural farms, steep side slopes and other control, bridge crossings, expensive buildings and structures are also noted; and To ascertain the present site of the road development in its locality, the communities served by the section of the highway, the common goods moved, the alternative mode of transportation, problems militating transport and travel within these locations. Furthermore, road inventory sheets were prepared along the route of the project during the detailed assessment study. The following were the observations made:
Pavement
The integrity of the 4.3KM Odi to EW Road pavement which was made up of an asphalted concrete surfacing was observed to have been largely compromised and rendered unmotorable due to effects of gully erosion and washouts. There is prevalent pavement distress and total failure features like potholes, culvert failure, ruts and edge failure were prevalent along the carriageway. The shoulders were observed to have major erosion problem occasioned by long period of runoff and poor drainage.
Existing Alignment
The alignment generally traverses a flat to gently rolling terrain in various points along the route. The existing alignment of the road shows significant sign of long-term distress due to neglect and poor maintenance especially along the planned rehabilitation section. This therefore calls for some form of improvement of the vertical and horizontal alignment to satisfy geometric design requirements.
Carriageway and Shoulders
FERMA 43 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
The Odi to EW Road section was designed to the standard highway codes of the country. The road is about 7.30m wide and the width of the existing shoulders varied from 1.20 to 1.5m (of the required width of 2.75m). The road even though originally paved with asphaltic material, its present condition is generally poor and below acceptable international standard with prevalent washout portions and deep potholes caused by gully erosion.
Furniture
The traditional highway furniture such as road markings and safety warning signs and kilometre posts for proper direction of traffic are virtually non-existent along this road. Where they exist, they are in a very poor condition or having the inscriptions on them faded thereby becoming illegible and of no help to road users. Embankments and some bridges also lack guardrails. The reason for this deplorable condition of road furniture could be traced to poor maintenance of the roads.
Drainage
The area where the road passes is characterized by torrential form of rainfall with some seasonal streams which criss-crossed the road at various points. Consequently, tThere are a number of bridges and culverts along the section of the road, which is apparently because of the high incidence of rainfall and the fact that the terrain is undulating thus forming many water pathways. However, from the assessment, it was noticed that over a significant part of the road, side drains were not provided which is likely one of the reasons why the pavement has completely failed in places.
Construction Materials
Quality construction materials - gravel and fill material are abundant around the road corridor. Aggregates can be sourced from neighbouring quarry sites while sand can be obtained from the several riverbanks that are easily accessible from the project site.
3.4 PROJECT OVERVIEW/ SCOPE OF WORK The road has been in existence for several years and the resulting wear and tear due to human influence and whether effects have combined to contribute in bring the road to its present state of disrepair. In addition to these is the absent of maintenance effort to keep the
FERMA 44 EMP of Odi - East/West Road highway in optimum user-friendly state. At this stage, the activity to be carried out is rehabilitation of the 10km long section of the road which broadly involves;
(a) site clearing and earthworks
(b) construction of drains and culverts
(c) surfacing and pavement
The detailed scope of work for the project are as follows:
(a) Site Clearance and Earthworks - Clearing of site of all forms of bush, grass and trees by the road site - Vegetation Clearing - Pothole cutting - Scarification of failed sections - Burrow pits excavation. (b) Culverts and Drains - Demolition and removal debris of failed pipe Culverts - Excavation and backfilling works - Laying of precast pipe and Concrete works (c) Pavement and Surfacing - Supply of fill (lateritic & crushed rock) materials, base and sub base compacting - Laying of prime Coat - Laying of Asphaltic concrete binder/ wearing course and Surface dressing
Input and Output of Raw Materials and Products
Raw Material Supply
Major inputs in the road project include the various construction equipment and machinery for scarification, grading/ earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, creation of road pavement, Asphalt overlay (coal tarring) and bridge works, and construction materials
FERMA 45 EMP of Odi - East/West Road including bitumen, crushed rock/ gravel and lateritic material to be burrowed from nearby pits.
Project Staffing and Support
The project is expected to generate employment for reasonable number of people (both skilled and unskilled) directly and indirectly through sales of food to the workers by the local community and other services.
3.5 FACILITIES AND SERVICES Sources of Energy Available to the Project
The project would be supplied with sufficient petroleum products including motor gasoline, dual purpose kerosene, automotive gas oil, liquefied petroleum gas, low- and high-pour fuel oil and base oil in such sufficient quantity as needed throughout the execution period. These products are readily available in and around the project location on demand and reasonable cost.
Base Camp
A temporary base camp for construction activities shall be established for effective execution of the project. This would be established near Odi town which is the major township in the area to serve as the Base Camp/ co-ordination office. All basic facilities such as First Aid, sanitary and messing facilities shall be provided sufficient enough for number of workers expected on site which will be made available in the camp and at construction site to serve emergency cases.
3.6 PROJECT SCHEDULE The project management team will determine the actual duration for the execution of the project from its actual commencement date. However, the remaining phases such as the environmental impact assessment, detailed field survey for the Highway rehabilitation project are required prior to the actual project commencement. The Highway is expected to be maintained and to remain in operation for a long time to come before another round of maintenance work.
3.7 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN The proponent of the project is expected to develop a framework for decommissioning and abandonment before the end of the project‟s lifespan following the provisions of existing regulations at the time. This framework shall aim at guiding the development of an acceptable decommissioning and abandonment plan with emphasis on the restoration of the project area back to its original status in the event of the project‟s temporary or permanent closure.
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CHAPTER 4: FOUR
4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 4.1 INTRODUCTION This section contained the dry seasons baseline data describing the existing environment prior to project development. The chapter presents the environmental (biophysical, health and social) setting of the area. It also contained other information including the study approach, field sampling and laboratory analysis.
4.2 STUDY APPROACH The approach adopted includes the following:
Review of existing literature on the area Reconnaissance survey Unsupervised classification to obtain the landuse pattern Field samples collection Field analysis and sample preservation Laboratory analysis Result interpretation Reporting
4.3 FIELD SAMPLING A two-season fieldwork was embarked upon for the study. The fieldwork was carried out between 22nd - 25th February 2010. Field samples were collected according to the methods described in Table 4.1. Samples were collected from the land use types prevalent in the area.
Table 4.1: Methods Used in Collecting the Environmental Samples
Environmental Methods Components
Meteorology Literature survey, field studies with rain gauge, Thermograph, Wind vane, EXTECH INSTRUMENTS-Hygro-Thermometer + Infra Red Thermometer, Model No. RH 101
Air Quality Impinger trains for gases, USEPA High-Volume sampler; CO Neotox Monitor
EXTECH INSTRUMENTS – Digital Sound Level Meter, Noise Model No. 407750
Vegetation Transects, Quadrats, key informant interviews, Focus Group
FERMA 47 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
Discussion (FGD), Questionnaires and Direct observations
Land use/cover Observations, interviews and sample collections. Environmental baseline survey (EBS) by remote sensing (satellite imagery interpretation), Direct physical observations
Fauna (Wildlife)
Terrestrial invertebrates, Direct observations, key informal interviews, Focus group Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, discussions (FGD) Mammals
Geology and Hydrogeology Boreholes drilling (percussion), sampling and measurements
Surface water/ Observations, water sampler, current meter, Corning M-90 Hydrodynamics Checkmate Deluxe Field System for pH, DO, TDS, and temperature; sediment grab, Turbidity meter and conductivity meter
Soil Quality Soil samples with an auger.
Microbiology Collection of water samples with Hydro bios water sampler into sterile McCartney bottles;
Soil samples with soil auger into aluminium foil
Sediments samples with Van Veen grab sampler into aluminium foil.
Aquatic biology Collection with van Veen grab
Sediment Collection with 55 micron plankton net
Phytoplankton Collection with 55 micron plankton net
Zooplankton Observation, collection, interviews and laboratory analyses
Fisheries
Social Environment Key informal interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), direct observation and Collection of secondary data.
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4.5 LABORATORY ANALYSES
4.5.1 Physico-chemical Analyses The laboratory analytical methods used were those recommended by FMEnv (1991). They are outlined in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Test Methods for Physico-Chemistry
Parameters Analytical Methods
PH Corning pH meter
Temperature (OC) Mercury Thermometer
Turbidity (NTU) Turbidimeter
TDS (mg/l) Gravimetric method
TSS (mg/l) Gravimetric method
DO (mg/l) Alkali-iodide-azide method
BOD5 (mg/l) Five-day BOD
COD (mg/l) Reflux Dichromate method
TOC (mg/l) Potassium dichromate digestion followed by ferrous ammonium sulphate titration
Oil and grease content (mg/l) Xylene extraction followed by spectrophotometry.
Salinity (Cl-) mg/L) Salinometer
+ Ammonia (NH4 ) Nesslerization method
Conductivity (uS/cm) Conductivity meter
Anions Nitrate (mg/l) Phenoldisulphonic acid method
Sulphate (mg/l) Turbidimetric method
Phosphate (mg/l) Ascorbic acid method
Nitrite (mg/l) Colorimetric method
Metals Sodium (mg/l) Flame photometric method
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Potassium (mg/l) Flame photometric method
Calcium (mg/l) Flame photometric method
Magnesium (mg/l) Flame photometric method
Heavy Metals Lead (mg/l) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)
Cadmium (mg/l) AAS
Zinc (mg/l) AAS Copper (mg/l) AAS Chromium (mg/l) AAS Mercury (mg/l) AAS Manganese (mg/l) AAS Total Iron (mg/l) AAS
4.5.2 Vegetation Vegetation was sampled parallel to the axis of the existing road. The location of each sampling transects/sub-transects was determined using GPS. Vegetation was studied at 25m intervals along the transect in sampling quadrats measuring 20m x 20m (for the trees or overstorey species), 20m x 20m (for the shrubs or understorey species) and 10m x 10m (for low-lying vegetation: graminaceous and herbaceous genera). Frequency of occurrence (%) was taken as an index of vegetation cover for graminaceous and herbaceous genera (low- lying vegetation). For each sampling location information on habitat, vegetation structure and species was recorded. Habitat data included vegetation description, latitude, longitude and signs of wildlife. Plant species were categorized into trees (4m or more), shrubs (0.5m to 4m) and herbs (less than 0.5m). Dendrometric parameters recorded included height (m) and number of trees. A pair of binoculars (Model: Helios Fieldmaster 8x40) was employed to aid field identification of tall trees. Tree species diversity indices (Simpson‟s) were calculated according to Slingsby and Cook (1989). Plants were also observed for any disease symptoms/conditions. Samples of diseased plants were taken in polythene bags for subsequent laboratory analysis. Plant species were identified using the works of Hutchinson and Dalziel (1963, 1968). Vegetation data have been presented such that areas of uniform vegetation and landform are grouped together, i.e. sampling locations in which characteristic species repeated themselves have been grouped together.
FERMA 50 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
4.5.3 Hydrogeology/Geotechnics Boreholes cuttings were analyzed in the laboratory for particle size distribution, bulk density and porosity.
4.5.4 Soil Physico-chemical analyses of soil samples were carried out using the analytical methods recommended by FMEnv (1991) guidelines.
4.5.5 Microbioology The enumeration of total viable heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, oil degrading bacteria and fungi, and coliforms in water, sediment and soil was conducted by use of standard methods contained in APHA (1998).
4.5.6 Fishes and Fisheries Fish samples were identified, measured and weighed following methods of Bagenal (1971) in order to establish species diversity, distribution and seasonal abundance.
4.5.7 Methods of Sample Collection and Analyses for Air Quality The Noise level and the ambient load of the Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), Ammonia (NH3) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC‟s) were surveyed in this study. Air sample were collected in the dry seasons at a height of 2 metres above the ground level at each of the sampling sites. For some of the pollution indicators, measurement was carried out using pre – calibrated hand – held metres (Passive samplers) which record in – situ levels of the pollutants. For others, measurement was carried out in two stages:
Collection of Air samples on location in different sampling devices: Air samples were collected by trapping using Active Sampling approach. This involves the use of pumps and flow regulating devices to pump known volume of air unto absorbing surface (filters and Activated charcoal). The sampling duration at each location was 8 hours.
Analysis of the sample in the laboratory: - Laboratory methods of analysis employed in this study are those selected by the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as those adapted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
The methods have been adopted by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in Nigeria for the purpose of surveillance and monitoring of air pollutants. The theoretical basis of sampling and analytical methods is unique in each case and are discussed below.
4.5.7.1 Noise Level A pre – calibrated BK precision 732 sound level meter was used to measure the noise level at all the sampling locations. The equipment measures noise level via a microphone probe that generates signals approximately proportional to located sound waves. Measurements
FERMA 51 EMP of Odi - East/West Road were done by directing the probe towards the direction of the prevailing sound and the reading recorded from the digital meter in decibels dB (A).
4.5.7.2 Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) Airborne particulate matter was collected on a Whatman glass fibre filter using a portable SKC 506673 high volume gravimetric sampler. The sampling unit consists of a gas pump, a filter-holder manifold connected to the sampling pump by a Teflon tuber. A gas flow rate meter with a rating of 0-12 LM-1 was used to measure the flow rate during sampling.
Before sampling, all unloaded glass fibre filters were dried in a desiccator at room temperature and their initial weight were taken. The particulates were collected on the pre - weighed filter by pumping 10LM-1 volume of air through it for 6-8 hours. After sampling, the loaded filter were again desiccated and reweighed to determine the final weight. The concentration of the total suspended particulates (TSP) in the air was determined from the difference in weight of the filter paper after and before sampling, the duration of sampling and the average flow rate (Shaw 1987; UNEP/WHO 1994b).
4.5.7.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) A portable Crowcon Gasman toxic gas detector, model 19274H was used for the detection of CO. The range of detection is between 0 to 500ppm, resolution of 1ppm, response time of <30 seconds and accuracy of ±1ppm. This instrument uses a sensor, which has an electrochemical sensing electrode and a counter electrode.
Gas diffusing into the sensor reacts with the special catalyzed sensing electrode to produce electrons. A built – in circuit amplifies the signal into a millivolt output. Readings were obtained by holding the sensor to a height of 2 metres at the different sampling stations and readings recorded at stability.
4.5.8 Wind Speed and Directions The wind speed and direction were determined using Byrotech combined wind vane and Anemometer. The anemometer read wind speed in metres per second (m/s). The wind vane measures wind direction in compass directions as North, East, West and South and various combinations of directions.
4.5.9 Humidity Hair Hygrometer with a range of 0 – 100% was used in measuring the humidity.
4.5.10 Temperature The prevailing temperature was measured with a thermometer with a range of 0 – 100OC.
4.5.11 Wildlife Observations were made along the transects for evidence of vertebrate wildlife. Hideouts such as crevices, leaf litters, logs etc were probed with props to rout out any hidden animals. Tree canopies were observed for birds and other arboreal animals such as squirrels and snakes. The indirect count method was employed, particularly for animals that do not FERMA 52 EMP of Odi - East/West Road readily offer themselves for observation. This method utilizes evidence of animal presence or occupation for evaluation of any given species without physically seeing them. Such evidence includes the presence of burrows, droppings, footprints, feathers, carcass; tracks sloughed skin, devoured fruits and calls of different animals. The technique employed included looking for faecal droppings, footmarks, calls of different animals and sighting (direct observation). This was complemented by participatory rural appraisal interviews and a review of existing wildlife literature for the area. Animals were identified using the field guides and keys of Kingdom (1997) and Happold (1987).
4.6 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE This section of the report contains the description of the biophysical environment of the study area as was obtained through a two-season sample collection and data analysis.
4.6.1 Climate and Meteorology The climate of the area was studied through both literature and micro-climatic on-the-spot data collecting during the two season‟s field works. The climate of the study is tropical and marked by two distinct seasons, the dry season (November - March) and the wet season (April - October). The wet season is usually interrupted by a short dry spell in August. Mean annual rainfall is 2,200mm in the north of the state and 3,500mm in the south of the state. Sunshine is between 1,400 to 1,500 hours per year. Average temperature range from 23oC to 31oC (Source: http://www.akwaibomagriculture.com/background.html).
Temperature is high throughout the year, with very little difference between the minimum and maximum. The mean ambient temperature recorded is 23.34 and 29.74 oC for wet and dry season respectively. The temperature range seems to reflect the southwest prevailing wind that dominates the entire study area during the time of measurement. The hourly daily temperatures were high during the dry season than in the wet season. Relative Humidity, which is the amount of water vapour contained in the atmosphere, was also measured. On the whole, values were in the range of 70-100% and 63-96% were obtained for both rainy season and dry season respectively. The values in all the station were statistically similar. Relative humidity values were higher during the rainy season. They essentially followed the rainfall pattern in the area. The south westerly (SW) wind was the dominant wind direction in the study area. It is a calm gentle breeze. The wind speed was in the range of 1.0-1.4 m/s (3.6 – 5.04km/hr) and 1.0-1.2 m/s (3.6-4.32 km/hr) for the rainy and dry seasons respectively. Higher values of wind speed were recorded during the rainy season than the dry season.
4.6.2 Air Quality 3 The concentrations of NO2 ranged between 0-0.54g/m for dry season with a mean of 3 0.12g/m . The concentrations of SO2 ranged between 0-0.08 for dry season with a mean of 3 0.01g/m . Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are below detectable limit in all the stations during the study.
FERMA 53 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
Total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) ranged from 12-32 g/m3 for dry season with mean concentrations of 14g/m3 and18.36g/m3. Carbon monoxide ranged between 0-19.4g/m3 with a mean of 7.60 g/m3 for the study . season. Ammonia (NH3) and volatile organic carbon (VOC) were not detected in all the stations monitored in the dry season.
The main sources of SO2 are the combustion of sulphur containing fossil fuels, smelting of sulphur containing compounds and such related industrial processes (WHO, 1987).
Although there are some natural sources of SO2, man –made contributions are of prime concern in relation to human exposures. Due to the low levels of the air pollutants, no possible health effects are expected from them as per the world health organization classification. Table 4.5 also shows that the levels of pollutants were below standards recommended by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV, 1991).
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Table 4.3: Air quality parameters measured in the study area
3 3 3 3 3 NOx µg/m SOx µg/m CO µg/m NH3 µg/m H2S TSPM µg/m VOC µg/m3 POINTS
AQ1 0.26 0.03 19.4 0.000 0.000 15 0.000
AQ2 0.44 0.05 14.1 0.000 0.000 17 0.000
AQ3 0.40 0.08 14.0 0.000 0.000 24 0.000 AQ4 0.02 0.004 18.0 0.000 0.000 15 0.000
AQ5 0.54 0.002 14.5 0.000 0.000 22 0.000
AQ6 0.00 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 18 0.000
AQ7 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14 0.000
AQ8 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 16 0.000
AQ9 0.00 0.007 14.0 0.000 0.000 32 0.000
AQ10 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17 0.000
AQ11 0.00 0.000 12.4 0.000 0.000 22 0.000
AQ12 0.00 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 18 0.000
AQ13 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15 0.000
AQ14 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12 0.000
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0.12 0.01 7.60 0 0 18.36 0
0-0.54 0-0.08 0-19.40 0 0 12-32 0
(11.4 - (75 - 113µg/m3) (26 µg/m3) (200 µg/m3) (5.00 µg/m3) (250 µg/m3) (160 µg/m3) 22.8µg/m3)
Source: Fieldwork 2010.
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4.6.3 Noise levels The frequency of occurrence of noise levels emanating from the communities within the area was measured and presented in Table 4.4. In all the monitoring stations, noise levels measured were below the tolerable limit or noise level zone that could cause annoyance and they are within the values of 90dBA stipulated by the FMENV and WHO.
Table 4.4 Noise level measured during Filed work (dBA)
Location Noise Level AQ1 50 AQ2 49 AQ3 60 AQ4 50 AQ5 58 AQ6 48 AQ7 49 AQ8 50 AQ9 49 AQ10 44 AQ11 45 AQ12 50 AQ13 49 FMENV Limit 90 Source: Fieldwork, 2010
4.6.4 Surface Water Quality Eleven (11) water samples each were collected from streams and rivers within the study area for dry season for water quality studies. The results of the physico-chemical characteristics (summarized in Table 4.5) and the heavy metal content (Tables 4.6 – 4.9) were compared to FMENV limits. The water samples ranged from slightly acidic to slightly alkalinity in nature. The pH values of the dry season ranged from 5.8-6.9 with a mean of 6.36. Electrical Conductivity (EC), also called specific conductance, is a measure of the ability of a water sample to convey electrical current and it is related to the concentration of ionized substances in water.
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Table 4.5: Summary of the Physico-Chemical Results of the Surface Water Parameters Dry Season FMENV Range Mean Standards pH 5.8-6.9 6.36 6 – 9
Conductivity (μS/cm) 89.0-96652 3944.69 -
TDS (mg/l) 48.1-5234 2159.32 2000 Turbidity (NTU) 1.0-4.7 3.40 - Dissolved Oxygen 5.3-6.8 5.94 4.0 (mg/l)
BOD5 (mg/l) 9.0-18.7 16.20 50 COD (mg/l) 20.0-34.0 27.60 - Salinity as chloride 859.8-3088.6 2139.92 600 (mg/l)
SO4 (mg/l) 722.7-2057.4 1301.69 500 Nitrate (mg/l) 10.0-1502.0 115.9 5 Phosphate (mg/l) 0-0.01 0.03 20 Ammonia 22.4-57.2 35.33 3 Nitrite (mg/l) 0 0 Na (mg/l) 35.3-7239 3724.20 NS K (mg/l) 368.5-1238.3 810.24 NS Ca (mg/l) 22.4-60.9 43.20 200 Mg (mg/l) 20.5-52. 35.51 200 Aliphatic (mg/L) - <1.000 - Aromatic (mg/L) - <0.001 - `BTEX (mg/L) - <0.001 - Source: Fieldwork 2010
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Table 4.6: Typical pH ranges in different waters
Water Type pH Unpolluted surface waters 6.5 – 8.5 Polluted surface waters 3.0 – 12.0 Unpolluted Rainwater 4.6 – 6.1 Acidic Rainwater 2.0 – 4.5 Seawater 7.9 – 8.3 Swamp waters 5.5 – 6.0 Ground waters 2.0 – 12.0 Mine drainage waters 1.5 – 3.5 Industrial and municipal wastewaters 1.0 – 12.0 Source: Radojevic & Bashkin, 1999.
Table 4.7: Solids Content of Domestic Wastewater with Different Degrees of Contamination
Solids Contents (mg/l) Degree of Contamination Weak Medium Heavy Total Solids (TS) 300 700 1000 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 200 500 700 Fixed Dissolved Solids (FDS) 120 300 400 Volatile Dissolved Solids (VDS) 80 200 300 Suspended Solids (SS) 100 200 300 Fixed Suspended Solids (FSS) 20 50 60 Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) 80 150 240 Settleable Solids (SETS) 4 8 15 Source: Radojevic & Bashkin, 1999.
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Table 4.8: Classification of Surface Water Quality Based on BOD Values
Degree of Pollution BOD5 (mg/l) Very clean <1.0 Clean 1.1 – 1.9 Moderately Polluted 2.0 – 2.9 Polluted 3.0 – 3.9 Very Polluted 4.0 – 10.0 Extremely Polluted >10 Source: Radojevic & Bashkin, 1999.
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Table 4.9: Heavy Metal Contents in Surface Water
Station Zn Cu Cd Pb Fe Ni Cr Mn V
Code mg/l
WS 1 0.086 0.042 ND ND 0.086 0.026 0.005 0.026 ND
WS 2 0.052 0.032 ND 0.056 0.137 0.009 0.002 0.015 0.003
WS 3 0.081 0.05 ND 0.032 0.121 0.021 0.004 0.058 0.001
WS 4 0.095 0.042 ND 0.05 0.114 0.018 0.005 0.032 0.002
WS 5 0.101 0.029 <0.01 0.042 0.096 0.024 0.001 0.036 0.001
WS 6 0.102 0.026 <0.01 0.0095 0.137 0.016 0.004 0.024 0.001
WS 7 0.106 0.049 ND ND 0.108 0.034 0.006 0.042 ND
WS 8 0.109 0.055 0.006 0.084 0.296 0.041 0.009 0.096 0.002
WS 9 0.111 0.041 0.01 0.111 0.251 0.038 0.008 0.099 0.002
WS 10 0.132 0.053 0.026 0.045 0.112 0.044 0.012 0.123 0.005
WS 11 0.098 0.048 0.014 0.041 0.423 0.221 0.005 0.098 0.002
Min 0.052 0.026 0.0 0.0095 0.086 0.009 0.001 0.015 0.001
Max 0.132 0.055 0.026 0.111 0.423 0.044 0.012 0.123 0.005
Mean 0.098 0.043 0.014 0.052 0.171 0.045 0.006 0.060 0.002
FMENV 50 2-4 0.2-1.8 1.7 1.0 25-150 0.02-2 NA 0.1 limits Source: Fieldwork, 2010
4.6.5 Sediment Studies Sediments form in water bodies as a result of gravitational settling of suspended matter. In fast flowing rivers, small particles may remain suspended, while in still waters, most suspended particles will settle to the bottom. Since these particles originated at the surface of the water body, sediment can reveal chemical changes that have occurred in the environment in the past.
Sediment samples were collected from water bodies as in surface water within the study area for dry season. The summary result of the physico – chemical parameters of the sediment samples for both seasons are shown in Tables 4.14 - 4.16, while the detailed results are presented Appendix 4.7. The textural analysis of sediments shows that sand is the predominant particles with a range of 80.4-90.50% (mean = 85.95%). The percentage clay
FERMA 61 EMP of Odi - East/West Road ranged from 2.7-12.10% (mean = 8.38%) while the silt fraction ranged between 4.2-7.80% with a mean of 5.66%.
The sediment pH which regulates numerous processes in the sediment, ranged from slightly acidic values of 4.1-6.30 with a mean value of 4.28 to moderately alkaline values of 5.98- 7.21 with a mean of 6.72 during the dry season respectively. The differences in pH value, though minimal could be attributed to seasonal influences.
On the other hand, the anions and nutrients are low for both seasons. Total Organic Carbon
(TOC) had a mean value of 2.09% for the dry season. The mean values for NO2, NO3 and NH3 were: 0.45, 7.38, 15.25mg/kg for dry season (Radojevic and Bashkin (1999) gave the concentration range of 1 – 20mg/kg (NO2), 1 – 80mg/kg (NO3) and 1 – 60mg/kg (NH3) for bottom sediments).
Some heavy metals are pollutants with harmful influences on natural ecosystems and human health e.g. mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), while others are essential nutrients (e.g. zinc (Zn), cupper (Cu), iron (Fe), Co, Mo). However, even these micronutrients can become harmful if present in excessive amounts. The heavy metals content of the sediments for both seasons was low except for iron which had mean values of 238.72mg/kg in dry season respectively (Tables 4.10 and 4.11). High value of iron is attributed to the geology of the area and can still be noticeable in water and soil samples.
Table 4.10: Summary of the Physico-Chemical Properties in sediment Parameters Values Range Mean pH(H2O) 5.98-7.21 6.72 pH(KCl) 5.83-7.02 6.70 EC μg/cm) 460.00-2810 1727.31
NO3 (mg/kg) 3.66-11.12 7.38
NO2 (mg/kg) 0.19-0.71 0.45
NH4-N (mg/kg) 9.16-26.12 15.25 Av P (mg/kg) 9.26-16.35 11.59
SO4 (mg/kg) 14.75-36.45 20.40
N2 (mg/kg) 0.09-0.21 0.16 %TOC 1.25-2.62 2.09 %Sand 80.4-90.50 85.95 %Clay 2.7-12.10 8.38 %Silt 4.2-7.80 5.66 Aliphatic (mg/kg) <1.000 <1.000
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PAH (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 BTEX (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 Na (mg/l) 1.01-19.78 6.83 K (mg/kg) 6.02-263.78 73.43 Ca (mg/kg) 1425.32-3200 2400.58 Mg (mg/kg) 879.36-1060 982.08
Table 4.11: Heavy Metal Contents in Sediment
Station Zn Cu Cd Pb Fe Ni Cr Mn V Code Mg/kg Sed 1 2.31 2.90 1.24 0.28 88.97 0.65 0.04 0.58 0.26 Sed 2 3.76 3.42 0.42 2.15 117.32 1.82 0.05 1.86 0.13 Sed 3 3.43 3.12 0.51 3.56 1648.64 2.15 0.98 3.12 0.15 Sed 4 4.25 3.86 0.09 1.86 464.40 1.42 0.22 1.05 0.10 Sed 5 3.17 2.88 0.42 2.25 753.60 1.95 0.27 1.45 0.14 Sed 6 3.43 3.12 0.05 2.15 358.64 1.46 0.11 0.86 0.10 Sed 7 2.65 2.41 0.26 1.92 170.08 1.23 0.26 1.43 0.09 Sed 8 4.25 3.86 0.09 1.86 464.40 1.42 0.22 1.05 0.10 Sed 9 3.21 3.56 0.08 1.09 325.66 1.05 0.52 1.20 0.07 Sed 10 2.56 2.14 0.45 2.32 245.12 1.26 0.32 2.01 0.09 Sed 11 3.22 3.02 0.26 1.74 412.00 2.01 0.51 1.02 0.14 Min 2.56 2.14 0.05 1.09 91.72 1.05 0.05 0.86 0.07 Max 4.25 3.86 0.51 3.56 1648.64 2.15 0.98 3.12 0.15 Mean 3.37 3.12 0.26 2.07 459.23 1.58 0.32 1.52 0.11
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4.6.6 Soils Physical properties
The physical properties of the soils sampled from the prescribed project area are presented in Table 4.14 and 4.15 in relation to the sampling transects. The sand, silt and clay fractions vary with terrain. The texture of the soil samples along the reference point (RP) south transect (ST), North transect (NT), south-east transect (SE), West transect (WT), South- West transect (SW), East Transect (ET) and Distant location (DL) vary from sand, sandy loam and loamy sand depending on the topography and edcaphic condition of the terrain. Soil texture determines water intake (absorption), water storage, ease of tillage, amount of aeration (air) cum influencing its fertility capability and status (FMAUR, 1990).
Sand fractions ranged from 88.6 to 93.73% (surface soils) and 82.1 to 91.0% (subsurface soils); silt from 1.20 to 3.45% (surface soils) and 0.8 to 4.7% (subsurface soils); clay contents from 2.2 to 9.80% (surface soils) and 5.3 to 14.40% (subsurface soils) in all the soil samples collected from the project area. The soils are characterized as coarse-textured with a high content of sand exceeding 70%. Such soils lack absorptive capacity for basic plant nutrients and water. With the mean silt and clay contents below 15% in the project area, the soils are sandy in nature. Such soils have weak surface aggregation and are vulnerable to erosion hazards (FPDD, 1990). The surface mean values of the bulk density and their corresponding surface mean percent pore space are 1.12MgM-3 and 58% (Reference point); 1.18MgM-3 and 55% (South transect); 1.11MgM-3 and 58% (North and South-east transects); 1.15MgM-3 and 57% (West transect); 1.23MgM-3 and 54% (South- West transect) 1.22MgM-3 and 54% (East transect); 1.22MgM-3 and 58% (Distant location) while the control station had a mean bulk density value of 1.01MgM-3 and percent pore space of 62. The result of the bulk density indicates that the project areas have not been significantly impacted by dense human and industrial activities, as it might be the case in most case. Thus, soils of the reference point (Bridge head) varied from sand to loamy sand; south transect between sand, loamy sand and sandy loam; north transect, south-east transect, west transect and south-west transect had similar textural variation of sand to loamy sand while the east transect, distant location and the control station were typically sandy in nature. The prescribed soils may not have problem of aeration and drainage.
Chemical properties
The chemical characteristics of the soil in the project area are presented in Appendix 4.8 and summarized in Table 4.12 - 4.13 in relation to the sites where the samples were collected. The soils of the study area are acidic and relatively poor in nutrients (C, N, and P). The soils were less acidic and the concentrations of exchangeable bases, nutrients and heavy metals were generally lower during the dry season, perhaps due to dilution effect. Apart from iron that have appreciable concentration (<300mg/l) and Zn, Ni and Cu that occurred in <3.00mg/l, all the other heavy metals low concentrations (<1.00mg/l). The
FERMA 64 EMP of Odi - East/West Road relatively higher levels of iron are not necessarily due to pollution, but rather as a result of the genesis of soil formation. THC occurred in traces in all the sampling points.
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Table 4.12: Summary Results Showing some Physical Properties of Soils Sampled in the Project Area
Refere Contr Parameter nce South Transect North South-East West Transect South-West East Transect Distant Location ol Point Transect Statio n Mean Range Mea Range Mea Range Mea Range Mea Range Mea Range Mea Range Mean Mean n n n n n n Particle Size (%): Sand Surface Soils 90.75 88.7- 92.28 92.4- 93.6 91.8- 92.0 93.5- 93.7 90.8- 91.7 90.3- 91.45 88.6- 91.43 93.76 95.2 94.5 7 92.5 94.1 3 93.2 0 92.6 93.1 Sub surface 90.30 82.1- 87.47 85.6- 88.5 86.8- 87.67 86.5- 83.4 84.6- 87.8 89-6- 89.85 85.0- 88.57 90.21 soils 90.2 91.0 0 88.3 90.5 3 90.4 5 90.1 90.6 Silt Surface soils 3.45 1.4-3.3 2.30 1.3-3.2 2.07 2.1-2.5 2.23 1.4-2.2 1.83 1.2-2.6 1.70 1.6-2.0 1.80 1.60-4.3 3.05 1.92 Sub surface 1.90 0.8-4.7 3.08 1.9-5.3 2.90 1.8-1.9 1.87 0.9-1.5 1.20 1.3-3.6 2.18 2.1-2.7 2.40 1.78-2.1 1.99 1.71 soils Clay Surface soils 2.20 3.4-9.8 5.42 4.2-4.4 4.27 5.4-6.1 5.7 4.5-5.2 4.77 5.6-7.7 6.60 5.8-7.7 6.75 2.6-8.2 5.53 4.32 Sub surface 7.80 5.3-14.4 9.45 6.5-12.4 8.67 9.8- 10.47 8.3-12.6 10.3 7.2-13.3 9.98 7.7-7.8 7.75 5.41- 8.70 8.08
FERMA 66 EMP of Odi - East/West Road soils 11.4 7 12.9 Textural s,ls s,ls,sl s,ls, s,ls, s,ls, s,ls, s s s Class Bulk Density 1.12 1.02- 1.18 1.02- 1.11 1.08- 1.11 1.02- 1.15 1.10- 1.23 1.03- 1.22 1.06- 1.12 1.01 (MgM-3) 1.52 1.26 1.14 1.26 1.50 1.41 1.21 Pore Space 58 43-62 55 53-62 58 57-59 58 53-62 57 43-59 54 47-61 54 54-60 58 62 (%) Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010. Legend: s = sand; ls = loamy sand; sl = sandy loam.
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Table 4.13: Summary Results Showing Chemical Characteristics of Soils Sampled from the Project Area
Ref. Contr Max. Perm Point ol Limits Parameter Season South Transect North Transect South-East Statio n
Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Mean pH (H20) Dry 4.9 4.7-5.3 5.0 3.9-5.5 4.8 3.9-5.0 4.4 5.4 5.1-6.5* pH (kcl) Dry 4.6 4.1-4.4 4.3 3.5-5.0 4.4 4.1-4.5 4.2 5.1
EC (dSm-1) Dry 0.441 0.020-0.224 0.1179 0.021-0.110 0.075 0.026-0.0388 0.0308 0.2303 4dSm-1
- -1 N03 – N(mgkg Dry 43.11 2.78-6.03 4.14 2.63-3.33 2.95 1.92-3.67 2.94 2.06 40mgkg ** 1)
Organic C (%) Dry 0.91 0.39-0.85 0.57 0.39-1.13 0.85 0.15-0.66 0.41 1.11 2.0%***
Total N (%) Dry 0.05 0.03-0.07 0.05 0.05-0.14 0.10 0.03-0.11 0.08 0.08 0.2%*
Avail. P (mgkg- Dry 9 9-13 11 10-11 11 5.12 8 7 20mgkg-1* 1)
Exch. Bases Dry 26.60 11.45-32-19 22.93 28.31-30.46 29.17 18.02-28.11 24.12 5.33 (cmolkg-1): 10-20cmolkg-1* Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium Dry 2.98 2.32-3.56 2.99 3.35-3.99 3.66 2.77-3.03 2.89 3.33 3-8 cmolkg-1* (Mg)
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Potassium (K) Dry 1.55 1.44-6.66 2.48 1.14-1.62 1.34 1.27-2.91 2.01 1.56 0.6-1.2 cmolkg- 1*
Sodium (Na) Dry 0.17 0.06-0.23 0.14 0.13-0.15 0.14 0.14-0.19 0.17 0.22 0.7-2.0 cmolkg- 1*
C.E.C (cmolkg- Dry 31.29 20.49-37.07 28.55 33.21-36.22 34.31 24.10-32.92 29.19 10.44 25 cmolkg-1* 1)
C:N Ratio Dry 19 9-17 12 7-11 9 4-7 5 14 25+
Notes * = Black et al. (1973); FPDD (1990). ** = Ayotade and Ajayi (1987) + = Paul and Clark (1989).
Table 4.13: continued.
Control Parameter Season West Transect South-West East Transect Distant Location Station Max. Perm Limits Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Mean pH (H20) Dry 4.7-5.6 5.0 4.6-5.6 5.0 5.0-5.2 5.1 5.1-5.8 5.5 5.4 5.1-6.5* pH (kcl) Dry 4.0-4.5 4.2 4.1-4.9 4.5 4.9-5.1 5.0 4.5-5.2 4.9 5.1 EC (dSm-1) Dry 0.0185- 0.019 0.0235- 0.0272 0.0225- 0.0248 0.019-0.2303 0.029 0.2303 4dSm-1 0.0260 2 0.0370 0.0270 -1 N03 – Dry 2.04-3.69 2.94 1.79-5.77 4.00 2.33-4.72 3.53 1.23-2.79 2.22 2.06 40mgkg ** N(mgkg-1) Organic C Dry 0.36-1.10 0.78 0.11-0.17 0.77 0.69-1.51 1.10 0.14-0.88 0.63 1.11 2.0%*** (%) Total N (%) Dry 0.09-0.11 0.10 0.05-0.11 0.07 0.05-0.14 0.10 0.01-0.07 0.05 0.08 0.2%*
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Avail. P Dry 6-7 7 6-10 9 9-13 11 4-8 5 7 20mgkg-1* (mgkg-1) Exch. Bases -1 (cmolkg ): Dry 18.46-25.68 20.88 15.58-25.14 20.36 22.26-26.62 24.44 1.28-36.16 13.97 5.33 10-20cmolkg- Calcium (Ca) 1* Magnesium Dry 2.60-3.29 2.88 1.69-3.07 2.49 2.11-3.24 2.68 2.12-3.62 2.64 3.33 3-8 cmolkg-1* (Mg) Potassium (K) Dry 0.79-1.51 1.09 11.02-1.98 1.56 0.16-0.18 0.17 1.28-3.84 2.48 1.56 0.6-1.2 cmolkg-1* Sodium (Na) Dry 0.11-0.17 0.14 0.11-0.15 0.13 0.12-0.16 0.14 0.17-1.79 0.71 0.22 0.7-2.0 cmolkg-1* C.E.C Dry 22.73-29.53 24.99 19.09-28.57 24.48 26.17-31.02 28.60 7.19-39.73 19.74 10.44 25 cmolkg-1* (cmolkg-1) C:N Ratio Dry 3-12 8 2-16 11 11.13 12 13-15 14 14 25+ Notes * = Black et al. (1973); FPDD (1990). ** = Ayotade and Ajayi (1987) + = Paul and Clark (1989). Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010
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4.6.7 Geology and Hydrogeology
4.6.7.1 Regional Geology/Stratigraphy The study area is underlain by sedimentary formations of Late Tertiary and Holocene ages. Deposits of recent alluvium and beach ridge sands occur along the coast and the estuaries of the rivers, and also along the flood plains of creeks. The area is characterized by fresh water, beach ridge sands and mangrove swamps. Erosion was noticed at some areas within the study area. This is attributable to loose soil and lack of vegetation cover in those areas.
There are three major lithostratigraphic units defined in the subsurface of the Niger Delta Basin. These units are chronostratigraphic and decrease in age basin ward reflecting the overall regression of depositional environment within the Niger Delta clastic wedge (Short and Stauble, 1967; Weber and Daukuro, 1975). These units include:
● The Benin Formation (Oligocene-Recent), a dominantly fluvial facies unit made up of approximately 90% sand and sandstone and clay. Shallow parts of the formation are composed entirely of non-marine sand deposited in alluvial or upper coastal plain environments during progradation of the delta. The formation thins basinward and ends near the shelf edge. ● The Agbada Formation (Eocene-Recent), a deltaic facies unit is made up of alternating sands, silts and shale units arranged within 10 to 100 feet successions defined by progressive upward changes in grain size and bed thickness. The top of the formation is often defined as the base of fresh water sand. ● The Akata Formation (Paleocene-Pleistocene), an open marine facies unit dominated by shales is made up of dark grey shales and silts with rare streeks of sand of probable turbidite origin. Marine planktonic foraminifera make up 50% of the microfauna assemblage and suggest shallow marine shelf deposition (Doust and Omatsola, 1990).
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Fig. 4.4: Generalized lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta.
The sedimentary thickness within the basin is in excess of 8000m (24000ft). These units are overlain in most parts of the delta by Quartenary deposits comprising four (4) geomorphologic units.
These are: a. The Deltaic Plain Belt (Sombreiro-Warri): An extensive low-lying area, dominated by fluvial systems, some with braided characteristics, although a few meander belts are developed. The flood plains are vegetated with raffia palms while the inter-fluvial settings are characterized by oil palm trees. b. The Freshwater Swamps and Meander Belts: These are represented by abandoned meander loops (ox-bow lakes) and extensive point bars. It is capped by natural levees with crevasse splay deposits typifying the flood plains. The vegetation is mainly mangrove. c. The Saltwater Mangrove Swamp Belt: These areas surround the estuaries, creeks and lagoons, and are dominated by a system of interconnecting fairly rectangular meandering tidal flats in places. Thick under-growths and rich mangrove vegetation characterize this belt. d. Coastal Islands and Beach Ridges: This belt includes both active and abandoned ridges facing the sea, separated laterally by the various river mouths which dissect them into small islands, 5-47km long and approximately 12km wide. Bordering the open sea, the zone of the coastal sand and beach ridges is relatively narrow. It varies from a few hundred metres to about 16km.
4.6.7.2 Hydrogeology The study area is characterized by a mix of freshwater and brackish mangrove swamp. Fresh water aquifers within the deltaic terrain are much deeper, usually in excess of the estimated
FERMA 72 EMP of Odi - East/West Road total thickness of the alluvial deposits. The likelihood of saline intrusion to near surface aquifers is a function of the distance of the site to the shoreline but more especially, in addition, areas affected by tidal influence between the direct contact relationships of the near- surface aquifers to surface flows. This poses a saline pollution effect on this group of aquifer systems and is the case with the aquifers near the sea in the study area.
Two stratigraphic units form the main aquifer systems in the delta region (Table 4.14), these are: i. The Alluvium: The aquifer systems within the alluvial deposits, especially the near surface beds close to the shore are often saline bearing. However, the lateral extent of these shallow aquifers is very erratic, occurring as lenses of sands within less permeable beds of silts and clay. ii. The Benin Formation: For most of the Niger Delta Basin, this chrono-stratigraphic unit forms the main aquifer system, having a total thickness of 1892m (6000ft) around Warri. Its lithologic composition is mainly (90%) sands and sandstones. The remaining 10% is made up of clay and lignitic beds that are hardly continuous over any significant distance - largely occurring as lenses. Thus, the Benin Formation is one large aquifer system with enormous storage.
Recharge to this system is mainly from rainfall, while discharge sources include run-offs from the basin and abstraction through boreholes.
Table 4.14: Stratigraphic sequence of the Niger Delta Basin with aquifer prospectivity
Stratigraphic Units Lithologic Description Aquifer Prospect
ALLUVIUM Gravely sands, sands, Good silt and clays
MEANDER BELT Gravely sands, sands Good DEPOSIT with thin clay units.
WOODED BACK SWAMPS & FRESH- WATER SWAMPS Mainly silt and silty Poor DEPOSITS clays with clayey intercalations
MANGROVE Fine sands to silt and
SWAMPS DEPOSIT silty clays and clays with organic matter Poor (Saline water)
SOMBREIRO- Coarse to fine grained Medium DELTAIC PLAIN sands, silts and clays
SEDIMENTS QUAT ERNARY QUAT
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MIOCEN BENIN FORMATION Mainly coarse-medium ETO grained sands, lenticular Prolific Aquifer RECENT with clay and shaly lens
Source: Extracted from NDES Report, 1997
The Static Water Levels (SWL) of all the boreholes was measured. The results indicate that the depth to water table decreases progressively towards the southeastern direction from 1.9m to 3.8m. Hand dug wells were not available in the area.
Three boreholes were drilled using percussion drilling method. Drill cuttings were collected at every 2m depth. The lithostratigraphy of the boreholes is shown in Fig 4.6. The variable relative density displayed by the sandy layers is attributable to characters associated with Beach Ridge Barrier formations.
Grain-size analyses were also made of samples from boreholes in the study area and geologic and lithologic descriptions were prepared. Fig. 4.6 shows the well logs of the study area. Soil mottles were observed at many points indicating poor drainage. Generally, the soils are mostly recent soils. Groundwater pollution is generally considered to occur where contaminants attain concentration levels that are considered to be objectionable. Freeze and cherry (1979) define contaminants as all solutes introduced into the hydrologic environment as a result of man‟s activities, regardless of whether or not the concentration reaches levels that causes significant degradation of water quality.
The important question is whether the contaminant is able to move from the source location through a pathway to the receptor. Permeability is the property of the soil pore system that allows fluid to flow. It is related to rate of infiltration. High permeability values indicate high risk of groundwater contamination.
Field permeameter pits were established at various locations within the study area with the aid of a cutlass and calibrated hand scrapper (Plate 4.14). 250cm3 of water was poured at a time into each permeameter pit at different times at the respective locations. The time it took the water to infiltrate completely into the subsurface for each of the locations was monitored with the aid of a stopwatch. This experiment was repeated four times. The coefficient of permeability was computed using Darcy formula as shown below:
Qm3/sec = KIA
Where, Qm3/sec is the rate of discharge of water through the soil or lithology
K is coefficient of permeability in m/day
FERMA 74 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
I is hydraulic gradient which is dimensionless and is assumed to be 1
A is cross sectional area of the field permeameter pit
Results obtained from the above experiment shows that permeability values range from 4.64x10-3 to 6.94x10-3cm/s indicating that permeability is low.
Table 4.15: Major Sources of Contamination in underground water
Sewer leakage and sewage disposed on Nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, biological oxygen demand, the land surface sulphates, fecal coliform, and microorganism
Cemeteries Bacterial, methane, color, phosphates, carbon oxygen demand, and nitrates
Solid waste disposal into landfills and Ortho-phosphates, carbon. Oxygen demand, biological refuse dumps oxygen demand, chemicals, and high total dissolve solids
Pit latrines and use of the bush for toilet Nitrites, carbon oxygen demand, and phosphates purpose
Animal wastes from poultry, etc Nitrites, methane and nitrogen
Pesticides Lindane and aldrin
Fertilizers Phosphates and nitrites
Acid/alkaline rain Carbonates and sulphates
Source: Fieldwork, 2010 As shown in Table 4.15, numerous possible contaminations exist in the study area, but disposal of solid waste into unlined landfills and refuse dumps and sewage disposal on land surface are major sources of contamination.
Human pollution sources were not fully evaluated in this study. Because human solid and semi-solid wastes from the environs are disposed indiscriminately in the near by water bodies, even the groundwater near such water bodies can be contaminated, and flooding and erosion during heavy rains advance this process. At present, no sewage water-disposal facility operates in the river basin; some solid waste landfills exist, but are poorly maintained. The sides and the bottoms of the landfills are not lined with any impervious materials and the landfills are also not protected from the direct infiltration of rainfall.
The soil has medium permeability and thus, very low water retention capacity, and decomposition of the landfills materials loosens the soil even more and increases its permeability around the landfill. The rate of infiltration through the landfills produce leached plumes that pollute the groundwater (Ibe and Onu 1999). Pollution from the landfills is worsened by heavy precipitation and the shallow depth to the water table.
FERMA 75 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
4.6.7.3 Ground Water Quality The ground water assumes neutral to slightly basic a characteristic of water quality found in salt-water environment with a pH range of 5.9-7.4 with a mean concentration of 6.80 for dry season. Mean electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid recorded were 62.87 - 42.67µs/cm for dry season. Turbidity values ranged from 5.2-6.4NTU for dry season study period.
Salinity is a measure of the mass of dissolved salt in a given mass of solution. Salinity in the borehole was determined as chloride. They ranged from 5.2-6.4mg/L for the period.
COD is a measure of the oxygen required to oxidize all compounds in water, both organic and inorganic. The chemical oxygen demand ranged between 38-40mg/L in dry season. The dry season results showed that the water required high amount of oxygen to break down the organic compound in the water.
Nutrients
Ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate are important nutrient required for optimal biological productivity in the marine ecosystem. Ammonia is formed by the hydrolysis of urea and the demamination of organic nitrogen – containing compounds. It is easily oxidized to nitrate and nitrite through a process of nitrification. Phosphate is released into the environment by the weathering of rocks. The mean concentration of ammonium, nitrate in borehole water samples were 0-0.08mg/l in dry season respectively. Nitrite and phosphate was no recorded in both season. Phosphates recorded a mean of 4.33mg/L during the study season. The concentrations of heavy metal recorded in the borehole sample were all below the regulatory requirement of DPR and FMENV. Table 4.22, total hydrocarbon contents were less than 1.00 in all the borehole samples. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
The principal agricultural effects of sodium in water are a reduction in soil permeability and hardening of the soil. Both are caused by the replacement of calcium and magnesium ions by sodium ions in the soil clays and colloids. When high sodium-water is applied to a soil, the number of Na+ ions combining with the soil increases and an equivalent quantity of Ca2+ or other ions is displaced. These reactions cause deflocculation and a reduction of permeability. The sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR), recommended by the salinity laboratory of the US Department of Agriculture (1954), directly reflects the degree of adsorption of sodium by soil. It is defined by the following equation:
SAR = Na
√(Ca+Mg/2)
Where the ionic concentrations are expressed in milliequivalents per liter (meq/L). The SAR values for the study area were computed from the results obtained from laboratory analysis of groundwater samples. All the values fall below 10, which show that the groundwater in the study area is excellent for irrigation (Table 4.17).
FERMA 76 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
Table 4.16: Physico-Chemical properties and heavy metal concentration in Borehole Samples
Sample code Dry Season Flushed National Limit BH -1 BH -2 BH -3 Mean pH 7.4 7.1 5.9 6.80 6.5-8.5 EC µs/cm 60 48 20 42.67 NA TDS mg/L 32.4 26.2 10.8 23.13 >10 Turbidity 10 NTU 5.2 5.60 6.4 5.73 COD mg/L 40 38 40 39.33 500 Salinity mg/L 19.2 9.4 6.4 11.67 200
SO4 mg/L 6.48 4.36 2.16 4.33 500
NO3 mg/L 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.08 10 Av. P mg/L 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.00 >5 NH4 mg/L 0.18 0.08 0.06 0.11 <1.0
NO2 mg/L ND ND ND 0.00 1.0 Na mg/L 22.8 14.3 7.6 14.90 NA K mg/L 3.9 2.8 1.3 2.67 NA Ca mg/L 19.2 19.8 14.72 17.91 NA Mg mg/L 15.36 16.4 11.776 14.51 NA Zn mg/L 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.01 5.0 Cu mg/L 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.00 0.1 Cd mg/L ND ND ND 0.00 0.01 Pb mg/L ND ND ND 0.00 0.05 Fe mg/L 0.056 0.082 0.063 0.07 1.0 Ni mg/L ND ND ND 0.00 0.05 Cr mg/L ND ND ND 0.00 0.05 Mn mg/L ND ND ND 0.00 0.05 V mg/L ND ND ND 0.00 0.01 Aliphatic 0.006 mg/L <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 0.00
FERMA 77 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
Sample code Dry Season Flushed National Limit BH -1 BH -2 BH -3 Mean Aromatic 0.00001 mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.00 BTEX mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.00 0.01 Source: Laboratory Analysis, 2010
Table 4.17 Sodium Adsorption Ratio Suitability table
Ratio Suitability
0-10 Excellent Water. Can be used for irrigation in all soils and for all crops
10-18 Good water. Can be used for irrigation on medium to fine grained sand
18-26 Fair water. Can be used on coarse grained sand with leaching
>26 Poor water. Should not be used for irrigation without treatment
Source: fieldwork, 2010
4.6.8 Vegetation The study area is located within the lowland rainforest belt of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The Niger Delta is the most extensive and lowland forest/aquatic ecosystem in West Africa and is of regional and global importance (IUCN 1992). Vegetation in the study area consisted predominantly of degraded lowland swamp forests and dry-land rainforest (drier areas of the fresh water swamp forests), extensive farmlands and fallow lands at various stages of regeneration. Areas of mangrove (predominantly Rhizophora racemosa) abound around the creeks. The exotic nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) and the salt-water fern, Acrostichum aureum, dominated the shoreline in most of these locations, indicating areas of mangrove degradation. The complex structure (physiognomy) and species richness of the natural vegetation in the freshwater swamp and dry land rain forest areas has been largely converted. Distinct canopy stratification expected of mature rainforests was not discernible except for a tree, shrub and herb layers. Oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) were the dominant emergent canopy species and trees of timber size were scanty. The degradation of the natural forests may be closely linked to the proximity of most of the study area to surfaced roads. Characteristic species of the lowland rainforest biome included Anthocleista vogelii, Treculia africana, Mitragyna ciliata, Khaya sp and Harungana madagascariensis. Herbaceous genera were abundant and included Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), Dissotis spp., Panicum spp. Scleria verrucosa, Tetracera alnifolia, Cryptosperma senegalense (swamp arum), Palisota hirsuta (Goat‟s knee) and numerous ferns (e.g. Nephrolepis bisserata, Pteris marginata, Pteridium aquilinum). Tree species, which offer non-timber forest products (barks, fruits, roots etc) that play roles in
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traditional medicine and nutrition, abound in the area and include Alstonia booneii (Stool wood), Harungana madagascariensis (Blood tree), Cleistopholis patens and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm tree). Vegetation in all the locations was generally healthy with no obvious signs of stress. Pollution indicator species (e.g. lichens) were not found.
Checklists of the diversity of tree and shrub species and the relative frequency of occurrence of low-lying vegetation in the study area are shown in Appendix 4.9. Species diversity indices and the average height of 5 tallest trees (mean dendrometric parameters) along the study transects are shown in Table 4.18.
Table 4.18: Mean values of some dendrometric parameters in the study area
Mean height 5 tallest trees*(m) Species 1km from 2km from 3km from 4km from 2km Average Diversity Odi town Odi town Odi town Odi town along EW Index for Road for (Station 1) (Station 2) (Station 3) (Station 4) transect transect (Station 5)
5.2 - - - - 5.2 3.6
4.6 4.4 6.2 6.0 4.4 5.1 3.2
4.6 6.2 0 4.0 5.0 4.0 1.5
14.4 22.0 7.8 4.0 8.0 11.2 3.6
4.0 0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.2 1.0
0 0 0 0 4 0.8 1.0
5.0 - - - - 5.0 2.4
- 4.0 4.0 7.0 4.0 4.8 1.5
20.0 - - - - 20.0 5.0
5.2 - - - - 5.2 2.5
6.0 - - - - 6.0 5.9
9.0 - - - - 9.0 2.3
4.4 - - - - 4.4 3.9
Source: Fieldwork, 2010
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4.6.8.1 Farmlands and Secondary Forests (VEGS 3-17, VEGS 20, VEGS 25) The vegetation in these areas consisted of a mosaic of cassava (Manihot esculenta) farms and fallow lands at various stages of regeneration. Oil palms (Elaeis guineesis) were the dominant emergent canopy species and existed as groves in some locations. Other emergent canopy species were mainly economic trees and included Cola acuminata (kola), Cocos nucifera (coconut), Persea americana (avocado pear), Mangifera indica (mango) and Treculia africana (African breadfruit). The shrub layer in these areas was dominated by such species as Ssygium guineese, Mallotus oppositifolius, Harungana madagascariensis, Barteria nigritiana and Alchornia cordifolia. Ground vegetation is dominated by weeds and herbs, especially members of the Asteraceae (Chromolaena odorata, Ageratum conyzoides), Poaceae (Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum), Cyperaceae (Fimbristylis obtusifolia, Scleria verrucosa), Malvaceae (Sida acuta, Urena lobata), numerous ferns (Nephrolepis biserrata, Pteridium aquilinum, Selaginella myosorus) and cover crops (Calapogonium mucunoides, Ipomoea involucrata). In some sampling stations (VEGS 20, VEGS 25) the salt water fern, Acrosticum aureum, has made inroads into drier more upland locations. The diversity of tree species was low (1.0-5.9), with mean height of the five tallest trees (excluding palms) being between 0.8 and 11.2 m. These values are low for the lowland rainforest and further indicated that these areas have been disturbed in the recent past.
4.6.8.3 Remnant Lowland Rainforests The forests had an emergent layer of large trees with isolated crowns, followed by an understorey of trees (with spreading crowns), shrubs and ground flora. However, characteristic features of the mature rainforest such as distinct canopy stratification, the occurrence of woody climbers (lianas) and an abundance of epiphytes were not discernible. The emergent canopy species were Parkia bicolor, Khaya sp (mahogany) and Mitragyna ciliata (abura). The major species in the shrub layer included Alchornia cordifolia, Ficus exasperata, Anthonotha macrophylla, Mellitia obanensis and Harungana madagascariensis. Ground flora was dominated by members of the Poaceae (Panicum maximum, Axonopus compressus, Acroceras zizanioides etc), Asteraceae (Chromolaena odorata), numerous ferns (Nephrolepis biserrata, Pteridium aquilinum, Selaginella myosorus) and cover crops (Calapogonium mucunoides, Ipomoea involucrata). The highest values for mean height (11.2- 20.0 m) of the five tallest trees (excluding palms) were recorded in these locations, while tree species diversity between 3.6 and 5.0. These values are low for mature lowland rainforests and indicated that these areas were undergoing gradual conversion.
4.6.9 Wildlife The study area is harboring the remnant lowland rainforests are habitats for a great variety of flora and fauna. Much wildlife activity is expected at the interfaces between gallery forests and the bush fallow/cleared areas. The animals will hide in the forests and forage for food in the bush fallow areas. The wildlife resources have been grouped under the following major
FERMA 80 EMP of Odi - East/West Road headings: mammals (primates, small mammals), avifauna and reptiles (and amphibians). The mammalian species included some primates (Cercopithecus nititans, Cercopithecus sclateri, Perodictius potto) and some rodents (small mammals) like Thryonomys swinderianus (cutting grass), Xerus sp (ground squirrel) and Hystrix sp (porcupine). The avifaunas were the most conspicuous form of vertebrate wildlife and included weaverbirds (Plesiositagra cucullatus), hawks (Polyboroides radiatus) and kites (Milvus migrans). The avifauna in the study also includes a number of water birds. Herpetofaunal species included lizards, snakes and crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus, Osteolaemus tetraspis). The snakes included the python (Python sebae) and black cobra (Naja melanoleuca). A checklist of the wildlife is shown on Table 4.19.
Literature review and information gap analysis revealed a dearth of information on the wildlife of the study area, resulting in an unclear picture of wildlife diversity, abundance and distribution. Most of the wildlife taxa would, therefore, be classified as “not evaluated” or “data deficient” based on IUCN (1994) guidelines. This implies that data is insufficient to assign conservation status to these organisms. Under these circumstances, the IUCN (1994) recommends that such organisms should be given the same degree of protection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be evaluated. The conservation status of small mammals may be considered as satisfactory (survival not threatened). The small mammals have naturally high fecundity as well as adaptability to changing habitat conditions. Some of the mammalian (Cercopithecus nititans, Tragelaphus spekei,) and reptilian (Python regius, Crocodylus niloticus) species occurring in the area are threatened or endangered and international trade is either absolutely prohibited or requiring licenses (Decree 11, 1985; NEST, 1991).
Table 4.19: Wildlife species in the study area
Taxon Common name Family Source A. Mammalia Cercopithecus mona* Mona monkey Putty-nose Cercopithecidae IH Cercopithecus nititans* monkey Cercopithecidae IH Cercopithecus pressi* Ground monkey Cercopithecidae IH Galagoides alleni Allen‟s galogo Galagidae IH Galagoides demidovii Bush baby Galagidae IH Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga Bovidae Lit. Cephalophus maxwelli Maxwell duiker Bovidae DS Thryononyms swinderianus** Grass cutter Thryonomidae DS Civettictis civeta Atherurus africanus Rattus rattus Civet cat Viverridae Lit.
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Taxon Common name Family Source Cricertomys gambianus Brush-tail Porcupine Hystricidae IH Heliosciurus rufobrachium Common rat Funisciurus anerythrus Giant rat Muridae DS Funisciurus leucogenys Squirrel Muridae DS Xerus erythropus Sciuridae Lit. Epixerus ebii Squirrel Sciuridae DS Squirrel Sciuridae IH Ground squirrel Sciuridae DS Palm squirrel Sciuridae IH B. Aves Milvus migrans** Black kite Accipitridae DS Haliaetus rocifer West African river eagle Accipitridae DS Palmnut vulture Gypohierax angolensis Hooded vulture Accipitridae IH Neophron percnopterus Chicken hawk Accipitridae DS Accipiter erythropus Village weaver Accipitridae DS Ploceus cucullatus Orange weaver Ploceidae DS Ploceus aurantius Senegal coucal Ploceidae DS Centropus senegalensis Carrier hawk Cuculidae IH Polyboroides radiatus White and Black hornbill Bucirotidae DS Tockus fasciatus semifasciatus Pied crow Bucerotidae Lit. Corvus albus African wood owl Strix woodfordi Woodpecker Corvidae DS Dendropicus pyrrhogaster Lit. Corythaeola cristata Blue plantain eater Lit. Pycnonotus barbatus Common garden bulbul Pied kingfisher Musophagidae Lit. Ceryle rudis Giant kingfisher Pycnonotidae Lit. Megaceryle maxima Senegal kingfisher
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Taxon Common name Family Source Halcyon senegalensis Grey heron Alcodinidae DS Ardea cinerae Black headed heron Alcodinidae IH Ardea melanocephala Great white egret Alcodinidae IH Egretta alba Little egret Ardeidae DS Egretta garzetta Duck Ardeidae IH Pteronetta sp Bronze manikin Ardeidae DS Lonchura cucullatus Pink-backed pelican Ardeidae DS Pelecanus rufescens Anatidae DS Estrildidae DS Pelecanidae Lit. C. Reptilia Agama agama Common lizard Agamidae DS Dendroaspis viridis Green mamba Elaphidae DS Naja nigricollis** Spitting cobra Elaphidae Lit. Mabuya affinis Mabuya lizard Scincidae Lit. Veranus niloticus** Monitor lizard Veranidae IH Bitis gabonica** Viper Viperidae Lit. Echis carinatus** Carpet viper Viperidae Lit. Python regius Royal python Boidae IH Grayia smythii Smyth‟s water snake IH Chameleon Chameleon gracilis Mud turtle Chameleontidae IH Pelusios niger Forest tortoise Pelomedusidae Lit. Kinixys erosa Gecko Testudinida Lit. Gecko sp Nile crocodile DS Crocodylus niloticus* Crocodylidae Lit. Key
IH = Information given by resident/local hunters,
Lit = literature
DS = Direct Sitting during field sampling
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4.6.10: Hydrobiology This section of the baseline report contains results of the ecological studies carried out in the study area covering plankton, benthic invertebrates and fisheries. Plankton consists of two primary classes: phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplanktons are microscopic and photosynthetic organisms, which float freely in the mid water surface layers of marine and fresh waters. As they are primary producers that form the first link in the aquatic food chain, phytoplanktons are the most important form of plant life in the ocean. Production throughout the year depends on water temperature, light penetration and the supply of nutrient salts to the surface layer. According to Santos Borja (1990), there is a significant inverse relationship between turbidity and phytoplankton productivity.
Zooplanktons are floating, often microscopic occurring in marine environments. Zooplankton also helps form the base of the food chain, but zooplankton can consume phytoplankton as a food source. According to Boyd (1982), on increase in primary production following fertilization usually result in greater zooplankton abundance. Zooplanktons are not restricted to the photic upper layer of the water column. Some are found at depths to 1km. zooplankton generally display diurnal vertical migration, moving towards the surface at night to feed and sinking during daylight hours. Summary results for the plankton studies are presented in the text below, while the detailed results from the studies are provided in Table 4.20 to 4.21.
4.6.10.1 Phytoplankton Sampling of the same stations during the dry season resulted in the collection of 4543 phytoplankton organisms representing 71 species or species group. Spatial variability in abundance was similar between seasons. Abundance at individual stations ranged from 157 to 750 counts/ml (mean = 350 counts/ml) during the dry season.
The composition (i.e, the distribution across phylum and class group) of phytoplankton collected and their observed probability of occurrence are indicated in Table 4.20 for the dry season. During the period, the results at the phylum and class levels were similar, with primary difference being the absence of Blue-green algae, which had been present in small numbers at same sites.
Table 4.20: Observed Composition and Occurrence of phytoplankton in Sampling Stations within the study Area
Phyllum / Division Group/Class Group Class Division Total Percent Total Percent Percent Count Abundance Count Abundance Occurrence Algae 4518 99.4 Diatom 4154 91.4 100.0 Dinoflagellate 364 8.0 100.0 Tintinnid 25 0.6 Tintinnid 25 0.6 46.2
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Grand Total 4543 100 - 4543 100 - Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010
The top 10 phytoplankton species observed during the dry season accounted for ~ 75% of total abundance (Table 4.20). However, all of the tops 10 were diatoms in this case. The top 2 species during dry season (Diatoms Rhizosolenia, setigera and Rhizosolenia alata) accounted for 2,077 organisms, or ~ 46% of total abundance. The prevalent dry season phytoplankton species were generally more broadly distributed.
Table 4.21: Predominant Phytoplankton Species Observed in Sampling Stations within the study Area
Phyllum Group/ Family Species Total % of % of / Class Counts/ Total Occurrence Division ml
Algae Diatom Rhizosoleniaceae Rhizosolenia 1,296 28.5 76.9 setigera
Algae Diatom Rhizosoleniaceae Rhizosolenia 781 17.2 76.9 alata
Algae Diatom Rhizosoleniaceae Rhizosolenia 278 6.1 38.35 imbricate
Algae Diatom Rhizosoleniaceae Rhizosolenia 273 4.4 46.2 hebatata
Algae Diatom Rhizosoleniaceae Rhizosolenia 198 2.9 30.8 styliformis
Algae Diatom Bacillariaceae Pseudo-nitzschia 133 2.8 76.9 lineola
Algae Diatom Leptocylindraceae Leptocylindrus 127 2.7 76.9 danirus
Algae Diatom Fragilariaceae Asterionella 124 2.2 46.2 gracilis
Algae Diatom Bacillariaceae Nitzschia marina 101 2.2 61.5
Algae Diatom Ceratiaceae Nitzschia 91 2.0 69.2 longissima
3,402 74.9 - Total Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010
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4.6.10.2 Zooplankton Abundance and species numbers of zooplankton were similar between seasons. Abundance at individual stations ranged from 63 to 155 counts/ml (mean = 116 count/ml) during the study. The composition of zooplankton collected and their observed probability of occurrence are indicated in Table 4.22 for the dry season.
As obserrved crustaceans were strongly dominant, representing 87.2% of the total abundance. The three classes of copepods present during the dry season occurred in the same order of relative abundance. Gastropods, Echinoderms and chaetognaths, despite their occurrence in small numbers, were broadly distributed among the 13 sampled stations during the dry season. Annelids were rare in the dry season which was the study period.
Table 4.22: Observed composition and occurrence of zooplankton in sampling stations within the Study Area
Phylum / Division Group/ Class Group Class division Total Percent Total Percent Percent count abundance count abundance occurrence
Arthropoda/ 1,318 87.2 Copepoda/ 1,100 72.8 100.0 calanoida Crustacean Copepoda/ 180 11.0 100.0 cyclopoida
Copepoda / 38 2.5 61.5 Harpacticoida
Chordata 65 4.3 Appendiculatia 48 3.2 53.8
Pisces 14 0.9 30.8
Ascidacea 3 0.2 7.7
Mollusca 51 3.4 Gastropoda 28 1.9 61.5
Lameu branch 23 1.5 46.2
Chaetognatha 38 2.5 Chaetognath 38 2.5 61.5
Echinoderm 22 1.5 Echinoidea 22 1.5 53.8 mata
Protozoa 14 0.9 Foraminifera 14 0.9 23.1
Annelida 3 0.2 Polychaeta 3 0.2 7.7
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Grand Total 1,511 100.0 1,511 100.0
Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010
During the Dry season, abundance was more evenly distributed across species. Of the 58 zooplankton species or species group observed during the dry season, the top 10 (Table 4.23) accounted for only 48% of the total abundance. Of these, the top two crustaceans (Calanoid / copepods Eucalanus elongates and calanus finmarchicus) accounted for approximately 14% of total abundance (versus approximately 23% for the top two species).
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Table 4.23: Predominant zooplankton species observed in sampling stations within the Study Area.
Phylum / Group Family Species Total % of % Division Class counts Total Occurrence per ml
Eucalanidae Eucalans 104 6.9 53.8 elongates
Calanidae Calanus 104 6.9 46.2
finmcirchicus
Euchaetidae Euchaeta 72 4.8 46.2 Arthropoda/ Copepoda/ norvegica Crustacea Calanoida Eucalanidae Rhincalanus 70 4.6 30.8 cornutus
- Nauplius 69 4.6 100.0 Larvae
Eucalanidae Eucalans 68 4.5 30.8 pileatus
Eucalanidae Rhincalanus 67 4.4 30.8 nasatus
Paracalanidae Paracalanus 60 4.0 46.2 parvus
Euchaetidae Euchaeta 58 3.8 30.8 marina
Centropagidae Centropages 53 3.5 46.2 typicus
Grand total 725 4800 -
Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010
Previous researchers had shown that the Inshore coastal ecosystems of many African countries contain some of most biologically diverse and productive habitats (UNEP 1990 and Marten 1995), as confirmed by the plankton results obtained during the field survey within the project study area. The data collected also revealed that the abundance ratio between
FERMA 88 EMP of Odi - East/West Road phytoplankton and zooplankton is approximately 3:1. This result is in agreement with previous researchers who reported that phytoplankton not only served as the inevitable food source for the zooplankton and other herbivorous animals, but also have the initial higher regeneration rate (Wiaffe and Frid, 2002).
Generally, due to small-scale responses of plankton to environmental changes, its community composition represents a synthetic parameter to interpret the dynamics of pelagic ecosystem. Synopsis of toxic and nuisance species of plankton within the study area and the hydrodynamics governing their abundance and distribution indicates that the area is safe, in line with the standards of international union for conservation of Natural Resources (IUCN).
4.6.10.3 Benthos Abundance of benthic organisms was somewhat higher during the dry season. During the study, sampling of 16 sediment stations resulted in the collection of 3,895 (count) at each station ranged from 7 to 155 with a mean of 34.2 during the dry season. The number of species observed was similar between seasons, with 80 species observed during the dry season. Though overall species numbers were similar between seasons, species diversity was somewhat higher during the dry season. The number of species observed at each station ranged from during the study ranged from 5 to 27 with a mean of 10.7 (mean Shannon – Weaver Index = 2.96).
Polychaetes (phylum Annelida) and crustaceans (phylum Arthropoda) were next most dominant, representing 12.3% of the total. These classes were broadly distributed, occurring in 73% of the stations sampled. Representatives of five other phyla were also present in low numbers, collectively representing less than 4% of the total abundance.
4.6.10.4 Fisheries Resources Historical perspectives on fisheries in Nigeria
Historical data spanning over fifty years are available on fish and fisheries of the Nigerian coastal communities at the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR). It had been established that the artisanal fishery contributes about 85 to 95% of domestic fish production in Nigerian annually (FDF, 2002). Bayelsa state ranks the third in domestic fish production next to Akwa Ibom and River state. This significant contribution triggered the need for a comprehensive survey of the coastal fisheries resources exploited by small-scale artisanal fishermen, which has been funded by the national government and international organisations such as Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, the World Bank from 1992 –1996 etc. The surveys usually cover entire coastal area or parts of the coastal of Nigeria depending on the objectives of the survey.
Fishing methods employed to exploit dermersal species (bottom) include Set Gill Net (Croaker Net); Stow Net (shell fish); Hook & Line; Hook & Line and Long Line; in the near shore and deep waters. While surface dwelling species are exploited with Purse Seine, drift net for Bonga; drift net for sardinella and shad or encircling net and drift nets for Sharks and
FERMA 89 EMP of Odi - East/West Road rays. In the estuaries and creeks cast nets are used for all species of fish (bottom and surface), fence traps, tubular traps for both fin fish and shell fishes and stow net either passive or active for crayfish; Nematopalaemon hastatus.
Fig 4.1: Observing a fisherman’s catch around the project area.
4.6.11 Microbiology The results of the microbiological analysis of the surface water, sediment and soil are summarised in Table 4.33. Surface water had coliforms in the range of 4 -94 MPN/100ml, values being highest in the samples collected from coastal communities where the river water is typically used for the disposal of sewage. The presence of faecal coliform indicates that the rivers are polluted with sewage.
The population of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and fungi in the river waters are in the order of 104cfu/ml. Many of the species isolated are hydrocarbon degraders; this partly explains why the proportion of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and fungi were relatively high. Microbes isolated from the study area include Streptococcus, Citrobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, E.coli, Sacharomyces sp, Penicilluim sp, Rhizopus sp. The isolation of enteric organisms from the surface water such as E. coli confirms that the waters are feacally contaminated.
The results of the soil microbial studies shows that the population of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and fungi are in the order of 104cfu/g. The lower population of soil microbes relative to sediment microbes may be due to nutrient limitations. This population of soil microbes are considered adequate both sustain soil fertility and to degrade hydrocarbons in the event of an oil spill. Organisms isolated from the soil of the study area
FERMA 90 EMP of Odi - East/West Road includes Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E.coli, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, E.coli, P, Fluorescence, Aspergillus, Penicillum, Mucor, Sacharomyces sp Trichoderma, Fusarium.
4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE/ CONSULTATION The primary data for the study were obtained from structured household questionnaires; community survey and group discussion session (gds). The questionnaire was designed to elicit information on respondents‟ characteristics; demographic structure and characteristics of the inhabitants; economic structure and patterns, socio-cultural infrastructure and way of life; housing conditions; community issues and concerns; among others. The survey involves physical examination and inspection of selected facilities to determine their current state and status. While the group discussion was a modification of focus Group Discussion (FGDs) aimed at involving the local people as part of consultation and community engagement. The groups were made up of village head, Imams/clerics, representatives of the youth and some selected elders of the community. The objective of the group discussions was to identify community‟s perception of the proposed project, the problems associated with it, and how such problems may be mitigated. Information from such discussions was used to confirm and cross check the veracity of some of the answers provided in the questionnaires.
4.7.1 Stakeholder Consultation Process Consultation is the process of seeking information from parties or persons affected or likely to be affected by the project, or those having environmental responsibilities, concerns interests about the environmental implications of project activities. Consultation is necessary in order to more efficiently deliver improved project sustainability and to protect the interests of affected communities, especially the poor and vulnerable. Experience has shown a strong link between project sustainability and effective public consultation. All the Environmental Social and Health Monitoring issues to be monitored shall be in conjunction with the State Ministry of Environment, the respective LGA. Measures for which consultations will be undertaken as well as the goals and expected outcomes of these consultations shall be identified prior to the commencement of monitoring exercises. Mitigation measures for social economic impacts generally require that some consultation is carried out before they are implemented. Parties to be consulted shall include the primary stakeholders on the Odi - EW road while the secondary stakeholders are; The Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban
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Development, Federal Ministry of Environment, as well as the Bayelsa State Ministry of Environment (SMENVs), State Ministries of Works and Housing, and the affected Local Government, major Highway users such as the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) and The Road Transport Employers Association of Nigeria (RTEAN) shall also be consulted during the EMP implementation stages. For the mmonitoring aspects, consultation will be carried out at two main levels - public and institutional consultation. Public consultation will be conducted at major towns/villages all along the project road as many are to be affected by the project. Interviews with individuals belonging to different social and/or economic categories and concerned local administrative bodies will be made.
4.7.2 Consultation Objectives The objective of the Consultation Process is to acquire and disseminate information, identify and address legislative, community and environmental concerns and to proffer appropriate mitigation options for all identified negative impacts. The intention was to: Avoid conflict by addressing issues promptly; Ensure that any fears or apprehensions about the nature, scale and impacts of the proposed project have been fully addressed; and Avoid any misunderstanding about the project Consultation was approached in the following ways: (i) A Community Liaison Officer (CLO) was appointed and charged with the responsibility of: - Identifying and establishing contacts with the respective stakeholders; - Providing a link between the communities and FERMA; - Acting pro-actively to identify and inform FERMA Management of various community issues and concern; - Documenting all contacts and actions and advising on appropriate community assistance projects.
(ii) Issuance of notice of intent to carry out an EMP for the proposed development project in cooperation with the local regulatory Agencies (Federal Ministry of Environment, State Ministries of Environment and State Ministries of Works and Housing, Local Government Officials etc.) for a meeting with FERMA
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and the Project Consultants, where the project was explained to the people and their co-operation solicited; (iii) Adopting a transparent method of surface right compensation payment to all affected parties; (iv) Sustaining consultation with stakeholders via "Peoples' forum" both before and after the payment of compensation, with explanations of key issues as they arise and affect the people; (v) Maintaining effective communication between FERMA and the communities, through the Community Liaison Officer (CLO); (vi) Ensuring the full commitment of FERMA to implement all mutually agreed Community Assistance Projects. The environmental management team has established sound working relationships with FMENV and the three State Ministries of Environment officials.
4.7.3 Identifying Stakeholders Stakeholders for the purpose of this project shall be defined as all those people and institutions that have an interest in the successful planning and execution of the project. This includes those positively and negatively affected by the project. To identify the key stakeholders, Table 4.24 was developed.
Table 4.24: The Stakeholder Identification Matrix
Those who may be affected by the project: These may include How to identify them
People living in close proximity of Identify the local government area(s) that falls the proposed activity route. within 1 km radius of the proposed sites.
Review available data to determine the stakeholder profile of the whole stakeholder or relevant group.
Use identified groups and individuals to tap into stakeholder networks to identify others.
Special interest groups. Identify key individuals or groups through organised groups, local clubs, community halls and religious places.
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Organisations such as environmental groups would be aware of similar local groups or individuals.
Individual property owners that will Advertise in local newspapers, requesting be directly or indirectly affected. people that they may be affected to register interest in attending meetings or receiving further information.
Business (owners and employees). Council lists or property registers.
4.7.4 Consultation Strategies The consultation process shall ensure that all those identified as stakeholders are consulted. Subject to approval by FERMA, the contractor for the project should share information about the project with the public, to enable meaningfully contribution and enhance the successfull implementation. Public consultation should take place through public forum, seminars, meetings, radio programs, request for written proposals/comments, questionnaire administration, public reading and explanation of project ideas and requirements. The consultation plan would be monitored by relevant regulators who will set their own verifiable indicators to assess the degree of participation of the key stakeholder during all the phases of the project implementation.
4.7.5 Level of Engagement The level of stakeholder involvement would be based on the project phase, location and expected outcome. Small projects would require less complicated stakeholder involvement programs as the issues are likely to be less complex and their imp smaller. This section is a guide to determining the level of stakeholder involvement required. Specifically, the extent of stakeholders‟ involvement would be based on the following
the project is likely to have significant impacts, that is, high impacts in one area/location, or relatively small impacts spread out over a large area.
the project involves significant issues, that is, the wider stakeholder may be affected.
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Increasing Level of engagement
Inform Consult Involve Collaborate
Objective Objective Objective Objective
Provide public with Obtain public Work with the public Partner with the objective information feedback on to ensure concerns public in to assist them in analysis, alternative, are understood and identification of understanding the or decision. considered. preferred solution. issue.
Tools Tools Tools Tools
Figure 4.2: Spectrum of Engagement Meetings Questionnaires Networking Meetings Public Notice ThroughExhibition these engagementSurveys strategies; the FERMA Qwoulduestionnaires be able to: Public Notice Exhibition clarify the project's Focusobjectives Group in terms of stakeholders‟Notice Exhibition needs and concerns
identify feasible alternatives (in particular alternative locations) and examine their relative merits in terms of environmental, social and economic fors
identify and prioritise environmental issues, and establish the scope of future studies
identify processes for continued stakeholders‟ involvement.
4.7.8 Primary Stakeholders The primary stakeholders are: All affected communities along the road to be rehabilitated Odi Local Government Council The Traditional Councils (Chiefs) in the project area Bayelsa State Government. The stakeholders were consulted directly and indirectly through visitations, one on one discussion, Letters of intent and by group discussions.
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4.7.8.1 Identified Local Government Areas The identified Local Government Area where the project is to be located is Odi L.G.A in Bayelsa State The above Local Government Area and Traditional Council were consulted through direct discussions.
4.7.8.2 Identified Regulators The identified regulators are: The Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja (FMENV); Bayelsa State Ministry of Environmental; Bayelsa State Department of Lands and Surveys. Odi L. G. A The above regulators were informed of the proposed project through letters as well as visit to their offices and direct discussion. Discussions were also held with the local authorities, community leaders and traditional leaders and this shall be maintained to ensure that all issues of local concerns are adequately addressed.
4.7.9 Field Interaction Field activities were conducted in early February, 2010 as indicated. This offered the opportunity to interact with host communities as well as the LGA. This aspect involved visits, discussions and interactions with the host communities, the leaders, Local Government Area Chairmen/Officials and other community representatives.
4.7.10 Future Consultations FERMA shall maintain/sustain continuous consultation with all relevant parties (host communities, NGOs, affected LGA, Bayelsa State Government and the regulators) concerned at all stages of the development.
4.7.11 EMP and Community Development FERMA through the EMT shall ensure that this EMP does not conflict with the community development programmes of government authorities, NGOs and Aid agencies for the affected area.
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4.7.12 Compensation Payments FERMA has ensured that adequate compensation was paid to individuals and communities impacted by the project. A detailed compensation payment plan was made, prior to these payments, which was done in collaboration with the Bayelsa State Government. FERMAplans to work hand-in-hand with the other Government Agencies as well NGOs to provide support services required by the host communities where necessary.
4.7.13 Health Assessment The health impact assessment (HIA) study was conducted alongside the social impact assessment (SIA). The study was designed to investigate among others the general health status or state of well being with respect to nutrition, socio–economics, life style, behaviours, and environmental living conditions (e.g.) housing, water supply, toilet types, waste disposal methods, roads infrastructure, etc, of members of the areas to be impacted by the proposed project. The current diseases prevalent in the areas to be impacted by the proposed activity/project, quality of health facilities, health personnel, availability of equipments and drugs and accessibility of the health facilities to respondents. Identification of possible health hazards and health risks in the area and the possible impacts of the proposed project. To proffer mitigation measures against the identified negative health impacts. To provide environmental health management plans for the different phrases of the proposed project. The methodology used for the health impact assessment involved community consultations followed by the detailed health survey. The health impact determination is obtained from the results of the study and then possible mitigation measures are proffered. The areas to be impacted by the proposed project were visited and the District Heads, Village Heads, Religious clerics were first contacted. Various meetings were held with these leaders. The people were thus sensitized on the need for the studies and then mobilized to co-operate and participate in the survey. Misconceptions about the proposed project by some members were promptly addressed and resolved during the consultation. The process of consultation with the inhabitants is always on going and continued throughout the HIA studies.
4.7.13.1 Health Survey Methodology With the approval of the traditional rulers, educated and literate members of the communities were recruited and trained as HIA field assistants. These assistants administered the questionnaires.
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4.7.13.2 Epistemological Health Survey Study population: Odi is the main town identified as the main beneficiary of the road rehabilitation project. Focus Group Discussions were held along with oral interviews to identify the various forms of diseases prevalent in the communities traversed by the project. The outcome indicated that malaria is the predominant ailment of the people living in the area.
4.7.13.3 Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) Several focus group discussions were carried out with the inhabitants. At each FGD discussion, questionnaire applied addressed issues on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and belief on common health problems and the proposed project to be sited in the area. The questionnaires also addressed issues on the felt health needs of the area and the possible ways of ameliorating the negative impacts of the proposed project.
4.7.13.4 Physical Examination Adults, children and infants in the surveyed households were physically examined. Some of the parameters assessed were weight and height (with which the body mass index was calculated), hair quality and colour, the eyes, skin, ear, mouth breath and heart sounds, breast and abdominal examinations, physical body assessment and general appearance of the individual. The various disease ailments seen were thus recorded.
4.7.13.5 Environmental Health Survey This took the form of a walk – through survey with an environmental health checklist to determine the following: - General cleanliness of the inhabitants - Types of housing - Refuse and sewage disposal methods - Sources, quality and quantity of water supply - Traffic situation - Health related social amenities such as electricity, recreation, educational facilities and tarred roads. - Erosion and flooding, among others.
4.7.13.6 Assessment of Available Health Care Facility within the Area The local dispensaries/clinics were visited and their health data and records were obtained. Some of the parameters obtained include:
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- Types and number of health professionals. - Types of available equipment - Types of health services available for the inhabitants. - In patient and out-patients records - Types and condition of the health infrastructure - Administrative structure - Logistic/accessibility of the health facilities to the inhabitants - Utilization of the facilities, etc 4.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC/CONSULTATION RESULTS. All of the identified settlements/communities along the ROW corridor of the road are within Odi LGA. The physical setting and housing pattern of majority are characteristically rural nucleated clusters; houses are set up mainly according to family/lineage ties, while most are established along transportation and communication networks/routes, and thus, some also conform to the nodal type of settlement pattern.
4.8.1. Household Size On the average, about 87% of the community respondents in the sampled clans were married persons, with respondents from the Efiat axis having the highest proportion of married persons (100%). On the whole, there were 1020 children from 258 households that were married/widowed/separated meaning that, the number of children to be found in each household in the local study area was about 4 and average household size approximates to about 6 persons. This also tallies with what have been found for both the LGA and State and indeed the entire Niger Delta area; average number of persons per household in the area is 5.1 and correlated with the average family size of 5-6 children per household, estimated for the Niger Delta region (Euroconsult, 1996; NDES, 1997).
Men were found to marry early and some, particularly those along the coast who are by nature of their occupation (fishing) married more than one wife. In addition, married couples in the rural areas and indeed Nigerian women have a high fecundity and fertility rate.
A National Demographic Household Survey (NDHS) has reported that small differences exist in the composition of urban and rural households by number of members; mean household size in rural areas is 5.1 compared to that of urban households of 4.8. However, the total fertility rate (TFR), which is the average number of children a woman would have at the end of her reproductive life was put at a little over six children per woman (6.3) by 1995 has dropped slightly by less than a child (NISER 2000). The 1999 figure of 5.8 children is however, still considered relatively high, being twice the estimate for the world, almost four times the value for developed countries and one and a half times the value for developing countries average (PRB, 1999).
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4.8.2 Population structure The population structure reflects the age and sex composition of a population. Information on age and sex composition is very important especially for the evaluation of the quality of the enumeration, and for the description and analysis of several types of socioeconomic and demographic data. The population structure is usually characterized with reference to (a) the age-sex distribution and (b) two other key demographic ratios: the sex ratio and the dependency ratio.
(i) Age and Sex Structure:
Age is a variable that has direct relevance to demographic studies as the distribution tend to influence other variables. Household age structure and distribution of the population in the project area communities‟ exhibit the typical pyramidal structure found for Nigeria as a whole. Population is rather loaded from the lower age-cohorts. The bulk of the population is made up of persons below 26 years old. Across the surveyed communities, about 49.4 percent of the population is below 26 years old, over a third (34.3%) are aged 26-59 years while those 60 years and above constitute about 16 percent.
Overall however, the population profile of the studied communities is also in conformity with the age profile of the State, the Delta, and Nigeria as a whole: approximately 67 percent of the population of the State is below 26 years while 70 percent of the population of the Niger Delta and Nigeria is below the age of thirty.
The fact that half of a community‟s population is less than 26 years is of serious concern; it implies a young and growing population with heavy burden on the adult population, a high dependency ratio, as well as huge unemployed human number. In addition, more of the limited resources of the State and local government council if to be properly channelled have to be invested on the less productive group in an effort to provide this group with more schools, health care services and other children-related facilities.
Across the clans, an average of about 31% of the community respondents were aged 30-39 years, while about 41% were also in the 40-59 years age bracket. Although the presence of the youths at consultative and focus group meetings were overwhelming, decision making appears to be in the hands of the adults while respect for constituted authority was found satisfactory relative to some other parts of the Niger Delta area.
Gender statistics of the project area communities tallies with the overall Odi LGA and the entire State; there is a preponderance of females as against the male gender. Approximately 52% of the children found in the households are females and 51 percent of the population of Odi in 1991 was also made up of the females. Gender statistics for Akwa Ibom according to the 1991 Census National Summary Report (NPC, 1994) indicated a sex ratio of 94.04 below the national average of 100.15, indicating that the males are slightly outnumbered.
(ii) Dependency ratio:
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Age dependency ratio is a measure of the relative size of the non-working age population (those under 15 years and those 65 years and above) to that of the working age population (those between 15 years and 64 years). It indicates the burden on the working age population in having to support the non-working age population. The higher this ratio, the higher the number of persons each worker has to support as regards education, food, shelter, health, etc. The dependency ratio is given by the formula:
No. of persons under 20 or over 64 x 100
No. of persons between 20-64 years old
According to a recent report (NISER 2001), the overall average dependency ratio for Nigeria, which is a summary of the child and aged dependency ratios, typical of a developing country with high fertility was about 87.4 over 1996-1999 analytical years. The young dependency ratio, old dependency ratio and total overall dependency ratio for Akwa Ibom has been given as 85.65, 8.56 and95.21 respectively (NISER, 2001). In other words, besides taking care of himself/herself, the average Nigerian of working age is also expected to take care of approximately one other person. The decline in the dependency ratio since 1981-82 indicates a lessening of the economic burden of persons in the productive age range who support those of non-productive ages (NPC, 2000).
In the project host communities, employment is still overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture, including fisheries. High resident population even in these remote areas, and hence over exploitation of the land and waters, coupled with the raising of large families makes higher dependency inevitable. It is quite understandable therefore, that high expectations trail the proposed oil and gas development project. Strong complaints of non-and under-employment of indigenes were encountered and hundreds of the youths are on the lookout for employment opportunities especially that connected to oil and gas activities. It is undeniable therefore, that high dependency ratios exist in the project area.
4.8.3 Educational Characteristics The literacy level of the project area communities can be described as being sufficiently high judging by the level of educational attainment of the respondents. The modal educational attainment is the post-primary; on the average, about 45% of the community across the surveyed clans have attained this educational training. Also, approximately one third (29.6%) of the population has received some primary educational training, 4% possess the tertiary educational training while the level of vocational/technical training was found appalling; barely 3% of the people can boast of any skill, although this is as high as 10% at Enwang clan alone. Those without any formal education were about 8 percent of the sampled population.
At the household level, about 35% and 40% of the children are currently attending primary and secondary school respectively in the project area. But more than their older counterparts, about 7% of the children are in the process of acquiring some vocational/technical training. Another 6% of the respondents‟ children and ward are in the process of acquiring some form
FERMA 101 EMP of Odi - East/West Road of tertiary educational training. In all but one (vocational/technical education), of the categories, more of the males are in school than their female counterparts; on average about 58 percent of the males and 42 percent of the females are currently in school in the project area. The structures for primary education were improvised, lacking basic desks and chairs for both pupils and staff alike.
The literacy level of the State according to the 1991 national census revealed that this ranged from 52.4% in age group 6-11, 91.3% in age group 12-17 and 83.9%in age group 18-24 respectively before a steady decline as the age group increases (NPC, 2002). The recent UNDP-sponsored human development index report gave the State an overall education index of 0.683 above those of Delta (0.636) and Cross River (0.630) and the overall Niger Delta rating of 0.596).
4.8.4 Livelihood and Employment
4.8.4.1 Occupation and income generating activities Respondents were unanimous in confirming that fishing and farming are the occupations that engage the highest number of the adult population, male and female in the project area. The mean response indicated that only about 13% of the populations in the villages are engaged in farming, which appears contrary to popular expectations. Trading in both fisheries and other agricultural produce is also an important economic and income generating activity; about one tenth of the population is involved.
As the above suggested, the natural environment of a people dictates the kind of occupation and income generating activities that such a people should be involved in. As a people who are surrounded by water with little land for cultivation, it is only natural that fishing becomes the predominant occupation. Nets and hooks of various sizes are the fishing gears with both hand-dug canoes and those fitted with various grades of HP engines.
While the male folks are involved more in both the inshore and offshore fishing business, their womenfolk take do more of the processing and selling of the fisheries. However, a few of the womenfolk do some fishing inshore, setting hooks, net trap, and hand lines on and along the rivers and creeks, collect forest resources like the pelagic organisms (periwinkles and oysters) and firewood for sale and cooking respectively. Thus, both the men and women are actively engaged in productive economic activities.
The type of fishing done in the area falls within the artisanal category. The artisanal fishing is a low technology, labour intensive fishery, using canoes 6-13m long, (some are longer) paddled or motorized with a range of 15-40 HP engines hand paddling is used mostly by the women in the local project area. The gear is mainly gill nets, cast nets, hooks, beach seines and various forms of traps (Plate 4.25). They target small pelagics-Sardinella spp. and Ethmalosa spp.-which they land in huge quantities in season (November to April). From their set nets they land demersal species such as croackers, catfish and shinynose, of good individual size. They also target shrimp (Penaeids) in the estuaries at a convenient stage of their maturation cycle, thus curtailing recruitment at sea for the industrial shrimpers. Fishing
FERMA 102 EMP of Odi - East/West Road is conducted year-round, and the amount of catch is usually more during the dry season in the ocean and more inland during the rainy season respectively.
Plate 4.24: Fishing boats of various types fitted with various grades of HP engines; a common scene in the riverine communities in the area.
Plate 4.25: Gears used for catching shrimps and prawns/crayfish in the area.
Farming for the simple reason of less available arable land is done at a much lower level than fishing. As already reported above, an average of less than one-fifth of the respondents agreed to be engaged in any form of farming on lands acquired via family inheritance. Simple and crude implements are used, and the main produce includes cassava, plantain, cocoyam, banana, fluted pumpkin, maize, okra, pepper, sugar cane and a variety of vegetables.
4.8.4.2 Personal Income Characteristics In most rural areas of the developing world, the household is the basic unit of production and reproduction. Production includes activities that produce tradable (or potentially tradable) goods and services that result in income, and reproduction includes household maintenance functions such as childcare, cooking and cleaning, which are not tradable, but are nevertheless essential for household well being (Sousan et al., 1999). In order to survive and prosper in what can often be difficult circumstances, rural agrarian households employ livelihood strategies, which can be defined as “the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living” (Carney 1998). Depending on the context, livelihood strategies usually include an admixture of economic activities (farming,
FERMA 103 EMP of Odi - East/West Road herding, fishing, off-farm employment and, to a lesser extent, exploitation of „wild‟ resources through hunting and gathering).
Against the above premise, multiple mentions of occupations are encountered in rural households‟ surveys. What is more, personal income levels of self-employed rural residents have become the most difficult economic variable to assess as typical of most Nigerian households. Many do not keep records and are therefore uncertain of the gross or net amount actually earned from self-endeavors. Little wonders therefore, that about 10 percent of the surveyed respondents could not provide information about their income.
Valid responses from those surveyed revealed that incomes of householders are very varied and meager. Mean responses indicate that about 13.6 percent of the population earn less than N1000 in a month, while slightly over one half (51.7%) also earn between N1,000 and N10,000. A typical fishing expedition was confirmed to yield between N100,000 to N150,000 per trip and fishing can be carried out about twice in a week. This put together, about N800,000 - N 1.2m can be made from good catches in a month, but these are shared amongst the partners who could number between 20-50 fishers depending upon the size of the boat. Those who specialized on prawns/crayfish claimed to make as much as N 6,000 per landing/trip and with the exception of Sunday, fishing is carried out all week-long. About 5 persons usually man one boat for the fishing expedition. But there are also vagaries associated with the fishing business; in „‟good times‟‟, is all smiles for the fishers but in „‟bad times‟‟, not much as N 500 is made in some days/weeks and earnings could be near zero.
Market system
Going by the magnitude and proportion of the population involved in fisheries, its product (fisheries) are meant for the market. The farming system on the other hand is evidently at the micro-scale (subsistent). There are markets for the sale of the fisheries (most times already processed, i.e., smoked/dried) both within and outside the project area but more often than not are frequently taken to far-flung markets in the urban areas such as Yenagoa, Port Hacourt, Warri and major town like Mbiama (Plates 4.26 and 4.27) where better prices are obtained for the fisheries while sometimes buyers also come to the communities/ports for direct buying of the fisheries. The womenfolk particularly engaged in the drying and eventual sale of the fisheries have formed very strong trade associations, cooperative societies to get a better bargain for their trade. Thus, although, virtually every village has its own market, poor marketing structures (Plates 4.28) and their remote locations make some of the markets rarely put to use. People prefer therefore, to sell fisheries, excess agricultural produce/harvest and manufactured items at each of the clan headquarters where it is easier to converge, and population is bigger. Market stores of different sizes also exist in each of the communities/villages.
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(a) (b)
Plate 4.26: Prawns and crayfish as major produce on sale in a bigger market at Odi (a) and a busy market scene
(a) (b)
Plate 4.27: A typical market day at Odi Community; note the admixture of both poor and modern marketing structures
Plate 4.28: Poor market structures at one of the nearby villages
4.8.5 Socio-Cultural Resources and Structure
4.8.5.1 Religion, customs, belief systems and cultural heritage Christianity is evidently the dominant religion in all of the project host communities. Although 99 percent of the respondents from the surveyed communities were agreed to be „‟Christians‟‟, FGD Sessions revealed that the religious persuasions of the inhabitants was „‟mixed‟‟. However, only a handful of the inhabitants practice the „‟African religion or are
FERMA 105 EMP of Odi - East/West Road traditionalists‟‟. As a consequence, there is the multiplicity of several religious sects; with the Methodist, Catholic, Apostolic Churches easily the dominant Christendom denominations in the area. Modern Pentecostal sects were also confirmed to have their adherents in the communities. Despite the overwhelming presence and influence of Christianity, the communities still retain some of their traditional beliefs. In all of the affected communities, there are areas considered sacred and „‟unauthorized‟‟ trespassers are sanctioned for the sacrilege. Cultural and traditional practices relating to such „‟forbidden grounds and forests‟‟ are either conducted at the individual level with the nuclear family or at the community level. Such sacred sites are regarded as the abode of the gods. Such sacred sites could however, be trespassed for the purpose of the seismic or other oil activities that are common in the region after due and necessary appeasement. The social structure of the project area communities reflects most traditional African communities, composed of the nuclear families, the extended family units and the lineage wards, a conglomeration of which make up a settlement. An amalgam of three to eight nuclear families of common descent constitutes an extended family unit, and these have residential locations that are easily distinguished. Four to six of these extended families make a lineage ward, all sharing a common ancestry. Polygamy is a practiced form of matrimony; it is not uncommon to find men marrying two-three wives, especially according to the status of the individual. Households are partrilineal and patrilocal, both serving as basic residential and economic units and inheritance of land and property is evidently patrilineal. The marriage custom of bride price payment on nubile and marriageable girls is widely practiced within the study area.
4.7.5 Institutional Arrangements/Traditional Political Governing Structure
4.7.5.1 Community Leadership and Governance Two levels of political organizations are recognized in terms of the power structure and governance in the communities; the formal governmental and the local/traditional administration. At the formal governmental level, the communities and their constituent villages are under the local jurisdiction of the Odi local government council area (LGA) of Bayelsa State.
4.8.6 Inventory of Community’ social infrastructures, Utilities and Services The level of infrastructure and amenities available and functional in any area or community has direct implications on the quality of life in that area, and therefore the willingness of people to live and remain there. It also influences other socio-cultural and economic variables in the area. The following analysis suggests that the available amenities (education, energy supply/electricity, water supply, roads/transport, housing and health care facilities and services) are inadequate for the population of the host communities.
FERMA 106 EMP of Odi - East/West Road a) Educational Facilities
Bayelsa State is an educationally advantaged State within the Niger Delta socio-political terrain; the recent human development report sponsored by the UNDP placed it highest amongst the Niger Delta States.
On the average, every community has at least a public primary school within its domain in the LGA. However, the state of the infrastructures in some of the schools is a cause for concern. Without exception, the community primary schools were found to have inadequate structures for learning and some particularly those in the coastal settlements could pass for improvised nomadic schools (Plates 4.29). There were therefore, serious complaints of inadequacies in the areas of shortage of teachers, lack of teaching aids, writing desks/chairs for pupils and even tables and accommodation for the teachers.
Plate 4.29: Typical Structures of a primary schools in the area
Unlike primary schools, the availability of post primary schools in the human environment is much more limited with only one University in the entire state. b) Electricity Supply Alot of the settlements/communities within the project‟s catchment area are connected to the national grid of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). However, the supply of electricity to these communities has been described as most erratic and irregular. c) Transportation and Communication
Accessibility to and movement within most of the communities is greatly enhanced by the Odi and East – West roads which are the major road infrastructure in the area. Transportation modes vary greatly in the study area; the population is thus served by a mix of modes – from cars and trucks to buses, motor bicycles, bicycles, foot, and boats (those close to water courses). Motorcycles appear to be the popular mode of transportation choice in the area (Plate 4.30). While transportation to and within the land-based settlements is easier, it is quite a different ball game for the riverine and coastal villages; located by the water side and some surrounded by water, these villages are accessible only through water using hand-dug canoes and the popular fibre or outboard engine boats usually fitted with various grade of HP engines. Marine transport to the coastal and rverine settlements can be cumbersome, risky, and costly; the rough water is a cause for concern to the generality of water transport users.
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Although good landing jetties are as important to marine transport as parks and bus stops are for land transport, most are deplorable conditions.
Plate 4.30: Motor bicycle is the transportation mode of choice in evidenced by their overwhelming presence in project area settlements, while boats are used by riverine- based residents
Access to public communication facilities like the telephone and postal services in project area communities was also found to be greatly enhanced. In fact, the new mode of telephony, the GSM has made telecommunications quite easy across the communities; at least the population has access to the services of some of these service providers. d) Water Supply
Access to safe water is measured by the percentage of the population with safe drinking water in their dwelling or located within a convenient distance from the users‟ dwelling (UN, 1996). According to the United Nations, safe water includes treated surface waters and untreated but contaminated water such as that from protected boreholes, springs and sanitary wells. Accessibility to safe water is very vital to reducing the frequency of associated water-borne diseases and can be used to assess the state of human health. Therefore, this indicator has crucial influence on human health and sustainable development.
Although water facilities are easily seen in several of the stakeholder communities, very few of such facilities were actually observed and confirmed to be functional in the surveyed communities. The situation is replicated in almost all the settlements/communities surveyed; plenty of water facilities on the ground but none seems to be working. Few mono-pumps, local hand-dug wells, surface water (rivers and streams located long distances away from householders) and the natural rainwater at this time of the year (rainy season) are thus the sources of domestic water for the population. e) Housing Types and Ownership
As in other rural areas of Nigeria, there is a mix of traditional and modern housing types in the project communities. The housing pattern, type and structure across the
FERMA 108 EMP of Odi - East/West Road settlements/communities is generally a reflection of the environmental or situational setting; while the housing stock in the clan headquarters and bigger villages have higher proportion of an admixture of both the old and the modern types, those in the smaller settlements display much poorer housing stock.
A proportion of the houses are of the rooming type, and walling and roofing materials are of concrete block and corrugated iron sheets (zinc/aluminium) and a sizeable number also constructed of ephemeral materials such as reeds, thatch and wood/planks. Those along the coast and rivers though appearing to be fairly durable are nonetheless very fragile and aesthetically unattractive.
Qualitatively, rural and urban housing in Nigeria falls below minimum standards in all aspects. There are several factors, which may be used in assessing the quality of housing, including livability, level of comfort afforded, safety, and ease of maintenance. These factors include wall and roofing materials, as well as household facilities. Traditionally, most Nigerians (about 80%) live in their own houses, which are constructed of locally available materials (NEST, 1991; FMAWRRD, 1992). These include mud walls and bamboo and thatch roofs particularly in the rural areas and cement blocks and corrugated iron sheets/zinc roofs in the urban areas. f) Household Energy The most utilized source of domestic energy is the wood-fuel, used mainly for the cooking of meals. The limited access to electrical energy makes fuel-wood energy inevitable. Surrounded by freshwater and mangrove forest resources, firewood harvest or cutting both for domestic and commercial use appears to be the nom. At Odi for example which has a cosmopolitan and commercial outlook, firewood harvest and sale is a common site.
4.8.7 Attitudes toward the Project
4.8.7.1 Perceptions of impacts of the project by local residents The population sees additional benefits to the Federal Government and industry (investors) resulting from the revenues to be earned from the oil and gas development at the expense of the host communities who are at the receiving end of the negative externalities.
Responses from the household survey confirmed the mixed reactions of the perceptions of the potential impacts of the project; while about a third (29.6 percent) think the project might impact them negatively, slightly over one half (51.3 percent) are of positive dispensation. Increased employment expectations, commercial as well as social development due to the seismic activities and anticipated follow-up field development are prevalent.
At the same time, there are concerns among the affected households. Using past experiences, reduced fisheries and agricultural production adduced to past oil spills on the waters and land, and citing Mobil, Addax and Monipulo as base case companies‟ operations, about 57.7
FERMA 109 EMP of Odi - East/West Road percent fear that the proponents are coming to foul their environment just as the other companies have been doing. Across the surveyed social environment, many worry about the loss of fishing grounds, pollution of the waters and effect on fisheries productivity and catch while some voice concerns over deceits by the oil companies, causing disaffections among kith and kin.
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CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 ASSOCIATED & POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
5.1 GENERAL This chapter discusses the potential and associated impacts of the proposed Odi – EastWest Road Rehabilitation project on the biophysical, socio-economic and health characteristics of the project environment. The chapter presents an overview of the impact assessment methodology as well as results of impact screening followed by detailed qualitative and quantitative impact assessment. The assessment covers all aspects of the project from preconstruction, through construction and as well as demobilization stage of the rehabilitation works.
A key to successful of EMP is the use of appropriate impact identification and prediction methods. As is well known, a number of techniques have been developed over the years and new approaches continue to emerge. Although nuances may exist in the methods, all good methods have certain elements in common, which are widely accepted as essential to EMPs.
Key elements of good and widely acceptable impact assessment methods (or techniques) should address the following:
• Is the method comprehensive?
The method should detect the full range of important elements and combinations of elements, directing attention to novel or unsuspected effects or impacts, as well as to the expected ones.
• Is the method selective?
A good method focuses attention on major factors. It is often desirable to eliminate as early as possible (i.e., during identification) un-important impacts that would dissipate effort if included in the final analysis. However it is true that screening at the identification stage requires some pre-determination of the importance of an impact. Lindblom (1959), Beer (1967), and Holling (1978) provide some guidelines on how to deal with this issue.
• Is the method mutually exclusive?
Where possible, it is important to avoid double counting of effects, although experience has shown that this is difficult because of the many interrelationships existing in the environment.
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• Does the method yield estimates of the confidence limits to be assigned to the predictions?
Subjective approaches to uncertainty are common in many existing methods and can sometimes lead to quite useful predictions. However, explicit procedures are generally more acceptable, as their internal assumptions are open to critical examination, analysis, and, if desirable, alteration.
• Is the method objective?
The importance of objectivity in impact assessments has been emphasized by many including the FMEnv. Objectivity minimizes the possibility that the predictions automatically support the preconceived notions of the promoter and/or assessor. These prejudgments are usually caused by a lack of knowledge of local conditions or insensitivity to public opinion. A second reason for objectivity is to ensure comparability of EMP predictions amongst similar types of actions. An ideal impact prediction method contains no bias.
• Does the method predict interactions'?
Environmental, sociological, and economic processes often contain feedback mechanisms. A change in the magnitude of an environmental effect or impact indicator may then produce unsuspected amplifications or dampening in other parts of the system.
Standard impact prediction techniques include the following:
- Checklists Matrices
- Flowcharts and Networks
- Mathematical/Statistical models
- Overlays using maps and GIS
Clearly none of these standard techniques can meet all the listed criteria. Thus, the impact assessment method used for the project EMP is a mix of elements drawn from these techniques. The objectives of the assessment are to identify and describe the potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed project activities, predict the likelihood and magnitudes
FERMA 112 EMP of Odi - East/West Road of such impacts, evaluate the significance of changes likely to result from them, and thereafter proffer measures that will be taken to mitigate the predicted impacts.
Several approaches and techniques have been developed for evaluating associated and potential impacts of projects on the environment. These approaches and techniques that are approved by the regulators in Nigeria have their advantages and disadvantages. The associated and potential impacts of the project on the environment were evaluated using the Leopold Matrix (Leopold et al, 1971) approach and technique. Leopold et al. (1971) were the first to suggest the use of a matrix method for impact assessment. This method reflects the fact that impacts from projects result from interaction of project development activities and the environment. This method is applicable in almost any type of construction project because of its comprehensive checklist designed for assessment. One hundred possible project actions are listed on one axis and eighty-eight human and natural environmental elements on the other axis. In addition, this matrix is also used to present the results of an appraisal.
In evaluating the project impacts, the following steps were employed in preparation of this EMP:
Identification of effects Prediction of effects Evaluation and Interpretation of impacts Communication Inspection procedures The following considerations were the goals of the assessment methodology used:
Comprehensiveness -ability to handle all possible range of elements and combinations thereof; Selectivity - capability to identify early in the procedure those aspects that are important; Mutual exclusiveness- should be able to examine every component of an impact from different perspectives Confidence limits - is the method able to ascertain and isolate uncertainties; Objectivity- should allow no bias either from the assessor or project initiator; Interactions - should be able to examine both sides of a coin and provide feedback 5.2 BASIS FOR SCREENING In assessing the impacts of the proposed road project the following information were used:
(a) Knowledge of the project activities, equipment types, construction activities, commissioning activities, operational maintenance, procedures, and abandonment procedures, (b) The results of baseline studies (biophysical, health and socio-economic)
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(c) Findings of previous EMP studies and Audits of similar projects and other literature findings on the primary project activities, (d) Comparison with FMEnv/WHO/EEC/World Bank guidelines and standards, (e) Series of expert group discussions and seminars, (f) Past experience on other EMP projects. The criteria applied to the screening of various activities were:
(i) Magnitude - Probable level of severity.
(ii) Prevalence - likely extent of the impact.
(iii) Duration and frequency – likely duration - long-term, short-term or intermittent. (iv) Risks – Probability of serious impacts.
(v) Importance - value attached to the undisturbed project environment.
The various components of the project environment likely to be impacted by the proposed road rehabilitation project activities and the associated impact indicators were identified and are listed in Table 5.1 below.
Table 5.1: Impact Indicators for Various Environmental Components
Environmental Impact Indicators Components
Emissions Particulates, NOx, SOx, CO2, CO, Oil and grease Day-time disturbance, hearing loss, communication Noise & Vibration Air Quality impairment, annoyance Humidity, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and Climate direction Erosion, fertility, subsidence, farming, hunting, Soil/Landuse Land recreation. Resources Diversity, distribution & abundance of Aquatic & Ecology Terrestrial Flora & Fauna. Drainage, discharge, hydrologic balance, sedimentation, Hydrology Hydrology erosion. Solids (DS, SS), turbidity, toxicity, eutrophication, Water Quality Water Quality contamination, microbiology, E. coli
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Environmental Impact Indicators Components Hydrogeology Ground water level, quality & availability Fisheries Productivity, diversity & abundance. Biological Abundance, diversity of species, numbers of unique, Wildlife & Forestry rare or endangered species. Socio-economic, Population, income, settlement pattern, health, safety Socio gender issues & and security. Economics poverty alleviation Archaeology Cultural relics, shrines & taboos.
5.3 SCOPING Scoping identifies the various aspects (activities) of the proposed road project that could have significant impact on the environment. It identifies issues of critical concerns. Scoping of the proposed project also seeks to provide solutions to issues such as:
What are the potential impact from the execution and operation of the road project? What will be the magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts? Of what relevance are the impacts on the environment within local, contexts? What mitigation or amelioration measures can be put in place to reduce or avoid the negative impacts or to enhance and maximize positive impact? Consequently, scoping was used to identify the biophysical, health, and socio-economic components of the environment that will significantly be affected by the proposed project activities. The project activities that will have impact on the environment are:
Site Preparation/clearing Blasting/Excavation/piling Civil works & Asphalt Laying Operation and maintenance activities Decommissioning and abandonment 5.4 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION The main effects of the residues and emissions from site preparation/bush clearing, road construction, operations and abandonment, were identified and analyzed in sufficiently clear and comprehensive manner. These residuals and emissions include but were not limited to:
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- Emissions to air. - Noise and vibrations. - Discharges to land and soil. - Effects on ecosystems. - Influx of job seekers
5.5 IMPACTS QUANTIFICATION & SIGNIFICANCE The identified associated and potential impacts of the proposed Road Project were quantified using the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) and the ISO 14001 criteria for identifying significant environmental aspects/impacts. The following are ISO 14001 based Criteria and Ratings for identifying significant environmental impacts of the proposed project.
LEGAL/Regulatory Requirements (L)
Is there legal/regulatory requirements, or a permit requirement?
0 = There is no legal/regulatory requirement
3 = There is legal/regulatory requirement
5 = There is a permit required
RISK (R) - What is Risk/Hazard rating based on Risk Assessment Matrix?
1 = Low risk
3 = Medium/Intermediate risk
5 = High risk
Environmental Impact Frequency (F) - What is frequency rating of impact base on RAM?
1 = Low frequency
3 = Medium/Intermediate risk
5 = High Importance
Importance of Affected Environmental Component and Impact (I) - What is rating of importance based on consensus of opinions?
1 = Low importance
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3 = Medium/Intermediate
5 = High frequency
Public Perception (P) – What is the rating of public perception and interest in proposed project and impacts based on consulting with stakeholders?
1 = Low perception and interest
3 = Medium/Intermediate perception and interest
5 = High perception and interest
The significant potential impacts of the proposed project were identified as those impacts in the checklist of indicator parameters in Table 5.7 that satisfy the following criteria:
L+R+F+I+P)> 15: This is the sum of weight of the legal requirements, Risk factor, Frequency of occurrence, Importance and public perception greater than or equal to the benchmark (15).
(F+I) IS > 6: Sum of weight of frequency of occurrence and importance of affected environmental components exceeds benchmark (6).
P = 5: The weight of the public perception/interest in the potential impact exceeds the benchmark (5).
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Table 5.2: Impacts Significance
Assessment Total Potential/Associated Impacts Criteria Score
Potential/Association Project Scope Project Activity L R P I Impacts
Roadside Biodiversity loss, changes 2 1 2 3 Significant 8 clearance in river hydrology,
Vegetation Biodiversity loss, changes Not 1 1 3 1 6 Clearance in river hydrology, significant Site Clearing Scarification & & Earthworks cutting of Air quality, dusts etc 1 3 3 3 Significant 10 potholes
Excavation of Biodiversity loss, damage to aesthetics and air 3 5 5 5 Significant 18 burrow pits quality,
Demolition & removal of Air quality, dusts etc 3 1 3 3 Significant 10 failed pipe culverts
Excavation & Culverts and Air quality, dusts, noise backfilling 3 1 5 3 Significant 12 Drains etc works
Laying of pre- Air quality, dusts, noise 3 5 5 5 Significant 18 cast pipes etc
Concrete works Air quality, dusts etc 2 3 3 1 Significant 9
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Assessment Total Potential/Associated Impacts Criteria Score
Compacting of Air quality, dusts, noise 2 1 2 3 Significant 8 base & sub base etc
Surface Air quality, dusts, noise 3 1 3 3 Significant 10 Dressing etc
Air quality, dusts, noise Pavement & prime Coating 3 1 5 3 Significant 12 etc Surfacing Not Asphalting Air quality, surface water 1 1 2 1 5 Significant
Transport of Not so Rock 1 1 2 2 6 Significant Aggregates
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Table 5.3: Risk Assessment Matrix for Environmental Consequences
INCREASING PROBABILITY CONSEQUENCE
A B C D
Incident has Incident has Happens several Never heard of occurred in Severity People Assets Environment Reputation occurred in times per year in incident road project project construction
No 0 No injury No effect No impact damage
Slight Slight Slight Slight 1 effect Low Injury damage impact
Minor Minor Limited 2 Minor effect Risk Injury damage impact
3 Major Localize Localized Considerab Medium
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INCREASING PROBABILITY CONSEQUENCE
A B C D
Injury d effect le impact
damage
Single Major National 4 Major effect Risk High Fatality damage impact
Extensiv Multiple Massive Internation 5 e Risk Fatalities effect al impact damage
Risk Matrix (Adapted: SIEP HSE-MS Manual Part 5, 1999)
Table 5.4 Example of further definition of consequence – severity rating for risk matrix
Severity Potential Definition Impact
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Severity Potential Definition Impact
0 Zero effect No environmental damage. No change in the environment. No financial consequences.
1 Slight effect Local environmental damage within the fence and within systems.
Negligible financial consequences.
2 Minor effect Contamination, damage sufficiently large to affect the environment single exceedance of statutory or prescribed criteria, single complaint.
No permanent effect on the environment.
3 Localized Limited loss of discharges of known toxicity. Repeated exceeding of statutory or prescribed limit effect affecting neighbourhood.
4 Major effect Severe environmental damage. The company is required to take extensive measures to restore the contaminated environment to its original state. Exceeding of statutory or prescribed limits
5 Massive Persistent severe environmental damage or severe nuisance extending over a large area in terms effect of commercial or recreational use or nature conservancy, a major economic loss for the company. Constant high exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits.
FERMA 122 EMP of Odi - East/West Road CHAPTER SIX 6.0 MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1 INTRODUCTION The preceding chapter identified and assessed a number of potential and associated environmental, socio-economic and health impacts of the project. At the end of the assessment, each negative environmental impact was defined as being of high, moderate or low significance. To further assure environmental sustainability of the project, mitigation measures are presented in this chapter for impacts identified as having high and moderate significance. No additional mitigation measures are considered necessary for some impacts of low significance. This is either because these impacts are by their nature of little or no significance, and or because they have been adequately mitigated through design and construction plans philosophy. The mitigation measures proffered for the predicted environmental impacts from the project took cognizance of:
Environmental laws in Nigeria, with emphasis on permissible limits for waste streams [FEPA (1991) now FMEnv. Best available technology for sustainable development; Feasibility of application of the measures in Nigeria; and Social wellbeing of project affected persons (PAPs). To further assure environmental sustainability of the project, mitigation measures are presented in this chapter for impacts identified as having high and moderate significance. No additional mitigation measures are considered necessary for some impacts of low significance. This is either because these impacts are by their nature of little or no significance, and or because they have been adequately mitigated through design, construction plans and plant operations philosophy.
6.2 APPROACH TO IMPACT MITIGATION Mitigation measures are options that can be used to either completely eliminate or minimize identified negative impacts of a development project. The traditional approach to design and operations is to ensure compliance with the applicable safety codes and standards during design. However, compliance with regulations, codes and standards may not be sufficient to achieve an appropriate level of Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance in design. Design codes are generic and applicable to facilities in a number of geographical areas that face a wide range of technical challenges unique to the project.
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The HSE objective with respect to the design and operation of the project is to implement all cost effective measures to reduce the risk and effects from major hazards including accidents. The approach has been to use this as a goal rather than a prescriptive objective that cannot be achieved without following a documented process of identification, assessment, reduction and continuous monitoring.
Thus the steps taken in the HSE process for the Project included the following:
Design based on Codes, Standards and Regulations. Improved design based on Quantitative Risk Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment Improved design from human factors evaluation The hierarchical order of importance of these HSE design elements is illustrated in Figure 6-1
Figure 6-1
Risk Based Design Strategy Improved actors Evaluation
Improved Reduction Risk Design Based on QRA and EIA
Design Based on Codes
/Standards & Regulations In line with the HSE performance objectives of the Project Development a number of mitigation measures have been built into the project design and operating philosophy. These in-built mitigation measures are expected to significantly improve the environmental sustainability of the project and are therefore presented in subsequent sections together with additional mitigation measures that shall be put in place for moderate and high significance negative impacts identified in the preceding chapter. Some mitigation measures are also aimed at enhancing the positive impacts of the project.
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6.3 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL IMPACTS The primary aim of the EMP process is to identify and evaluate the significant environmental impacts of a project with a view to developing methods of mitigating these effects. The ultimate goal of the Project development EMP is therefore to achieve as much as possible, a design and operations that have no significant residual environmental impacts.
The associated and potential negative impacts of the project have been identified and discussed in Chapter 5 of this report. The essence of this section of the report is to address all the identified negative impacts through the provision of mitigation measures that will help to minimize to the barest minimum or completely eliminate the impacts at the various stages of the project implementation.
In this EMP study, negative impacts categorized as being of low significance are considered to have acceptable residual impacts while negative impacts of high and moderate significance are re-examined after mitigation. Comments are then provided as to the nature of residual impacts. Table 6.1 gives a summary of impacts and mitigation measures responsibilities.
6.4.0 Environmental Impacts Mitigations
6.4.1 Air Quality: Emissions and Particulates The primary air emissions during project construction shall arise from Asphalt Plants, construction vehicles and emissions from cutback bitumen during the pavement asphalt laying process. Some of these emissions have carcinogenic properties. Emissions from earth-moving and construction equipment and other vehicles plying the road are likely to increase the concentrations of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Lead (Pb), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Hydrocarbons (HC) along the project route. These pollutants can induce severe health problems. For instance, CO can interfere with the absorption of oxyhaemoglobin and an acute exposure to NOx is considered a major cause of respiratory diseases, while HC concentrations can cause severe eye irritation, coughing and sneezing. The changes in air quality are considered significant since they could have direct implications on health.
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6.4.1.1 Mitigation Operational emission impact will be mitigated by the upgrading of the existing roads and consequent speeds control to reduce acceleration/deceleration on the roads and reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions. During site clearing, preparation and construction, all equipment and vehicles shall have their engines properly maintained and tuned to eliminate noxious emissions. Workers shall be made to wear appropriate nose masks and PPEs
6.4.2 Dust Airborne dust shall be generated from vehicular movements, Road Plants (road dust) and construction equipment. Dusts may be also generated from point or diffuse sources, which include sources such as exhaust stack, Adequate mitigation measures shall be put in place to ensure almost zero fugitive SPM emissions and limit exhaust SPM emission to <200 ppm.
6.4.2.1 Mitigation The construction site shall be watered regularly to minimize fugitive dust emissions. Construction equipment and the Stone crusher and batch mixing plants will be located at least 300 m from residential and other sensitive receptors, Stone aggregates granites etc shall be covered where possible.
6.4.3 Noise The main noise sources during construction are construction machinery, which are known to generate noise at levels from 76 dB(A) to 98 dB(A) measured 5 m from running machines. The noise will have an impact mostly on construction workers and residents living near the construction sites. The noise sources during site preparation and construction activities are the internal combustion powering diesel engines for civil works. Activities at the road construction and road sites involving blasting, drilling, use of explosives and movement of heavy equipment and envisaged increase in volume of traffic will cause safety problems to the general public. Noise impacts will cause nuisances, hearing loss and general disturbance to workers and the general public.
6.4.3.1 Mitigation During construction and facility operation, workers will be provided with ear muffs and other personel protectors equipment (PPE); Limit construction to Daytime . The Equipment will be well maintained so sathat their noise will be within acceptable level
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6.5.0 Land Resources:
6.5.1 Site Clearing Site clearing will destroy the plant community and wildlife habitat, leading to the death of plants and relatively immobile animals as well as the migration of the animals that are capable of escaping. This will lead to the reduction of biodiversity in the area and possible soil erosion and landslides caused by rain water due to soil exposure.
6.5.1.1 Mitigation Minimal land take will be affected during the preconstruction stage. Devegatation shall also be restricted to road shoulders. Tree stumps shall be left in place along cleared highway corridors to hold the soil.
6.5.2 Vegetation Clearing Clearing of surface vegetation especially at the project location and road construction will expose the soils and lead to localized flooding of adjacent farmlands and impairment of associated soils.
6.5.23.1 Mitigation Development activities, especially land preparation, will be carried out in the dry season (November-March) in order to minimize interference by heavy rainfall, otherwise adequate drainage channels will be constructed to convey storm water runoff from field to retention ponds.
6.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES Experience in Nigeria has shown that sections of newly constructed roads are usually turned into waste dumps due to the absence of sanitary waste dumps especially close to urban areas. Also, abandoned burrow pits by construction firms are usually converted to waste dumps by local authorities thereby also encouraging waste truckers to dump by the road side close to his converted dumps. This project may be affected by this menace. Roadside litters from indiscriminate disposal of waste from vehicles shall also affect the aesthetic and environmental cleanliness of the roads.
6.6.1 Mitigation Very aggressive public relations campaign shall be carried out to enlighten people on the need for proper disposal of waste at Govt approved dump sites. Burrow pist shall be located further away from roads to discourage the dumping of waste in them. The pits could also be reclaimed or converted to fish ponds.
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6.7 HYDROLOGY
6.7.1 Crossing of rivers, streams, canals and ravines; Construction activities leading to accidental or deliberate dumping and piling of soil material during the project shall cause deviation and changes in river hydrology and also obstruction of the river. Modifications to the natural drainage patterns and groundwater elevation are also possible impacts consequent on changes in river hydrology due to road construction. In addition, mud deposits extracted from the river for construction activities will also have negative impacts on the benthic environment. Hydrolological changes in river courses can also affect farmland and grazing lands leading to land foreclosure by owners.
6.7.1.1 Mitigation A soil material handling policy shall be adopted by construction firms such that soils are not indiscriminately dumped. Storm water channels and sluice gates shall be constructed where the need for modification of river channel arises.
6.7.2 Erosion and Landslides Due to Rains Heavy rains may result in landslides and erosion at burrow pits. Where these pits are located close to the road construction or close to natural drainages, the hydrology of the rivers shall be affected. Flash flooding could also wash away road sections into river courses. Erosion including the development of gullies could develop.
6.7.2.1 Mitigation Burrow pits shall be located away from road construction areas. The pits shall have their slopes stabilized to prevent erosion. Adequate channelization and discharged of the surface runoff into river courses.
6.7.3 Waste Dumps Waste dumps and road side litter could also block the natural drainage flow and cause changes in flow hydrology and direction.
6.7.3.1 Mitigation Road side litter shall be discourage and the construction crew shall immediately evacuate waste to recognized dumpsite if found during construction.
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6.8 WATER QUALITY
6.8.1 river/stream and lake sedimentation; During the bush clearing and construction stage, silt from disturbed soil and in-river construction activities may result in increased suspended solids (SS) in rivers immediately downstream from the road. Such impacts will be temporary and limited to small areas downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent fish pond. Furthermore, runoff of sediment resulting from increased soil erosion and from dust and sand at construction sites may lead to increased turbidity in surface watercourses.
6.8.1.1 Mitigation During construction, surface water flows shall be controlled and if necessary channelled to temporary discharge points to minimize the potential threat of erosion and siltation in the receiving water channels.
6.8.2 Use of Chemicals and pesticides; Construction camps will generate domestic effluent of 60 L per person per day on average, and total wastewater in the largest camp may be up to 60,000 L per day. If discharged directly into natural water bodies, the domestic effluent from construction camps would raise COD concentrations by about 1.2 mg/L in large rivers and up to 34.7 mg/L in smaller streams
6.8.2.1 Mitigation All contractors will be required to build septic tanks at their construction camps for waste disposal. They will also be required to have sound environmental management programs for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and environmental contingency plans.
6.8.3 Fuel and oil spills; Contamination of surface and groundwater will arise from chemical effluents, solid waste and domestic sewage discharge and discarded lubricants, fuel and oils. Discharge of effluents has potentials for water pollution with attendant effect on water quality and aquatic life.
6.8.3.1 Mitigation Chemicals and Fuel storage areas shall be properly bunded Alternative source of potable water shall be provided during construction
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6.8.4 Fuel Spills from Road Usage Water pollution from spills or accumulated contaminants on road surfaces. Small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season Groundwater pollution may result from wastewater produced by construction crews and by the accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and any other hazardous chemicals used in the process.
6.8.4.1 Mitigation Adequate drainage shall be constructed for the roads to channel rain water and runoff.
6.9.0 Biological:
6.9.1 Land clearance and loss of habitat; The proposed project is expected to have direct impact on wildlife and forestry in the following ways: (a) Site preparation and construction will result in the reduction of wildlife habitats for arboreal and in faunal species. (b) Bush clearing will lead to the loss of important vegetation and economic tree species.
6.9.1.1 Mitigation Selective and controlled clearing of vegetation restricted to what is needed for the project will be carried out To mitigate the impact of loss of vegetation, trees and bushes will be planted on both sides of the expressway, and land will be seeded to grass the embankment in the road landscape plan.
6.9.2 Biodiversity loss Impacts on biodiversity can be caused by facilitation of access to and spontaneous settlements in natural areas as the road shall increase access to hitherto inaccessible areas; There will also be biodiversity loss caused by facilitation of access as a result of the rehabilitation of the road. Increased mechanized farming activities shall be taken place along the road as it is now easier to haul farm produce to urban centres. Facilitation of greater access by the rehabilitated road shall also lead to rises in the incidences of hunting expedition by local hunters and fuel wood cutting.
6.9.2.1 Mitigation Community assistance programmes will be provided along with project development to boost the health status and socio-economic conditions of the stakeholders;
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Trees and plants of economic interest that are not within developed areas will be conserved; Ornamental trees and shrubs will be planted as additional environmental conservation measures.
6.10.0 Socio-Economic:
6.10.1 Rural - Urban Migration In-migration occasioned by the increased mobility shall lead to changes in demography as this road shall encourage the rural urban migratory pattern prevalent in Nigeria.
6.10.1.1 Mitigation Youths from the host communities will be given priority in unskilled labour employment;
6.10.2 Archeological and Heritage Sites There are no heritage properties, National Historic Sites, or known archaeological/fossil sites within the corridor for the proposed alignment.
6.10.2.1 Mitigation Adequate care shall be taken to enlighten construction workers on the possible unearthing of archeological relics Awareness training of workers shall be conducted on local heritage sites, graves and shrines to avoid desecration and possible conflicts with the local communities.
6.10.3 Traffic Congestion and Road Accident The rehabilitation of Odi - East/West Road may lead to Traffic congestion and road accident, if not properly managed
6.10.3.1. Mitigation Traffic congestion and road accident will be properly managed through the use of road signs, diversion and Flag men including the use of e tapes to code up the construction sites. Road signs, FRSC and or Police personnel would be used to alert road users of ongoing activities
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6.10.4 Spread of STIs including HIV AIDS The proposed rehabilitation of Odi - East/West road has re-potential for the dissemination of STIs including HIV AIDs. This is because most of the workers will be spending long period outside of their homes and usual sex partners. This may result in risky sexual behaviour including unprotected sex with new partners and or commercial sex workers.
6.10.4.1 Mitigation Suitable mix of a range of HIV intervention measures will be adopted. This will include awareness creation on behaviour communication change (BCC) including the promotion of abstinence, fidelity to spouse or usual sex partner and use of condom. IEC materials will be used to convey this message to the workers and the host community.
Table 6.1: Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on
Speed RSDT, Noxious Control, FERMA/ Emissions proper Engine Contractors FMENV, State and maintenance EPA/Min of N0.75m Particulates Use of PPEs Environment
Dust RSDT, Air Quality suppressants, FERMA/ water Dust Contractors FMENV, State Part of spraying, EPA/Min of project covering of Environment Cost stockpiles etc
Use of PPEs, RSDT, Noise restriction of Contractors FERMA/ N0.75m work to day FMENV, State
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Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on
time and the EPA/Min of make sure the Environment machines are in good conditions.
Construction RSDT, River Bank of storm FERMA, failures, loss water Project Contractors FMENV, State of Riparian drainages and EPA/Min of determined vegetation slope Environment stabilization
Minimal land
Reduction in take, biodiversity vegetation clearing from soil RSDT, restricted erosion and FERMA, only to road Contractors. Project landslides FMENV, State shoulders, Cost from site EPA/Min of clearing Highway Environment Land activity corridors to Resources be left intact
Flooding of Construction
Adjacent activities to Farmlands be carried out RSDT, Contractor. from mainly in the FERMA, See project vegetation dry season FMENV, State Costs clearing EPA/Min of Construction
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Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on
of drainage Environment channels
Burrow pits Government to be located Waste dumps health far from road in burrow officials, corridors, Contractor. pits, loss of FMENV, State See project public aesthetics Min of Env, Costs awareness RSDT, campaigns
Government Slope Erosion and health stabilization landslides officials, See project of burrow pits Contractor due to heavy FMENV, State Costs to prevent Rains Min of Env, erosion RSDT,
Blockages of Evacuation of Government Hydrology Natural wastes to health drainage approved officials, See project from dumpsite, Contractor FMENV, State Costs dumping of public Min of Env, roadside awareness RSDT, litter campaigns
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Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on
RSDT, Control of Turbidity and FERMA, surface water See project sedimentatio Contractors FMENV, State flows, use of Costs n EPA/Min of turbidity nets, Environment
Reduction in Biological water quality Sewage from RSDT, treatment, untreated Contractors FERMA, N2.25m proper effluents, FMENV, State handling of chemical EPA/Min of chemicals, spills etc Environment Water Quality Contaminatio
n of Construction RSDT, groundwater of adequate See project Contractors FERMA, from fuels road FMENV, State Costs spills during drainages EPA/Min of road usage Environment
Selective
Loss of fauna clearing of RSDT, and flora due vegetation, Biological Contractors, FERMA, N1.5m to land re-vegetation FMENV, State clearance where EPA/Min of necessary Environment
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Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on
Biodiversity Public loss from awareness RSDT, opening of campaigns to FERMA, access for reduce tree Contractors, FMENV, State N1.5m increased felling, EPA/Min of farming and hunting etc Environment hunting by locals
Loss of Compensatio income from To be n for loss of RSDT. agricultural determined farmlands RSDT lands
Social disruptions Payment of from Loss of compensation To be RSDT. private , determined Socio- RSDT. properties e.g Resettlement Economic kiosks etc
Loss of Replacement public of removed utilities, eg infrastructure, See project telephone Contractors public Costs lines, power RSDT awareness cables, water campaigns etc lines etc
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Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on
Creation of RSDT, Squatter Control of FERMA, To be settlements shanty town Contractors Town Planning determined and shanty development Authorities towns
Public awareness on alcohol
HIV Aids abuse, and other unprotected Contractors N1.5m related health sex, etc, RSDT, issues provision of FERMA adequate health facilities
Loss of Youths to be communal given priority income due Contractors Nil for unskilled RSDT, to rural urban jobs FERMA, migration
Desecration Awareness of training for archaeologic workers on Contractors, RSDT, N0.75m al sites and heritage sites, FERMA, heritage taboos and FMENV areas customs
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Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on
Delays in Provision of Traffic travel time, road signs RSDT, Congestion and irritation, diversion, flag Contractor FERMA, N1.0m Accident injuries and men and FMENV death security tapes
6.11 Stakeholder Consultation Process
To ensure effective monitoring, all Environmental Social and Health Monitoring issues to be monitored shall be in conjunction with the Federal and State Ministries of Environment as well as Odi LGA. It pertinent to note that all aspects/ measures for which consultations will be undertaken as well as the goals and expected outcomes of these consultations shall be identified prior to the commencement of monitoring exercises. Mitigation measures for social economic impacts generally require that some consultation is carried out before they are implemented.
Parties to be consulted shall include the primary stakeholders on the Odi – East/West road while the secondary stakeholders are; The Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Development, Federal Ministry of Environment, as well as the Bayelsa State Ministry of Environment (SMENVs), State Ministries of Works, Lands and Housing, and the affected Local Government, major Highway users such as the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) and The Road Transport Employers Association of Nigeria (RTEAN) shall also be consulted during the EMP implementation stages.
It is agreed that for this aspect of monitoring, consultation will be carried out at two main levels - public and institutional consultation. Public consultation will be conducted at major towns/villages all along the project road as many are to be affected by the project. Interviews with individuals belonging to different social and/or economic categories and concerned local authorities shall be carried out whenever considered necessary.
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CHAPTER SEVEN 7.0 INTRODUCTION An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a management tool that stipulates strategies and procedures for managing the potential environmental impacts associated with a proposed project. For the Odi – East/West Road Rehabilitation project, the EMP shall be incorporating various mitigation measures for the potential impacts and also form the basis for the actual project implementation.
7.1 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE EMP The overall objective of the EMP is to ensure the progressive reduction of the impact of the project activities on the environment. This objective shall be achieved by: ensuring compliance with stipulated legislation on protection of the environment at the local and international level; integrating environmental issues fully at all phases of the project development and operational philosophies; promoting the environmental management awareness among workers; rationalizing and streamlining existing environmental activities to add value to efficiency and effectiveness; providing standards for overall planning, operation, audit and review; ensuring that only environmentally sound procedures are used in the execution of the project.
The anticipated impacts of the proposed project, corresponding mitigation measures, residual impact rating, action party and timing, parameters to be monitored and monitoring frequency are provided in the Environmental Management Plan for land acquisition, construction, operation and decommissioning activities. The EMP provides the procedures and processes that should be incorporated into the organization's activities to measure and check, in a continuous mode, the compliance with, and effectiveness of the mitigation measures recommended to minimizing or eliminating the identified negative impacts of the planned project throughout its life cycle.
The application of the EMP usually starts from the pre-construction phase, when all the mechanisms required for effective implementation of recommended mitigation measures are put in place. Other components of the EMP usually find application during the project operational phase, as monitoring tools for the compliance of specific environmental attributes with required operational regulatory standards.
In view of the foregoing, the EMP presented in this section of the report has taken into consideration, all the specific project activities covering the site preparation/construction stage and the project operation/maintenance stage; predicted impacts of the proposed project as contained in Chapter 5; and the prescribed mitigation measures to control or completely
FERMA 139 EMP of Odi - East/West Road eliminate the negative impacts of the proposed project as contained in Chapter 6. The Contractor to the project shall incorporate this EMP into all the stages of its activities to manage, monitor and control all the potential and associated impacts of the project on the bio-physical and socio- economic characteristics, as well as, the health and safety of the workers and the public in the area. The implementation of the EMP by the Contractor in the course of the execution of the project shall also be in accordance with the Nigerian and other applicable international HSE standards and regulations.
In order to make the implementation of the proposed EMP worthwhile, a two-pronged environmental management framework has been developed for adoption. The framework consists of,
a. an Environmental Management System (EMS), and
b. an Environmental Monitoring Programme (EMP).
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)
According to ISO 14001, an Environmental Management System (EMS) is that part of the overall management system which includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the Environmental Policy. What this definition connotes is that, for an EMS to be put in place in an organization, the organization must already have an Environmental Policy1 which is:
• Commitment by leadership at all levels to foster a culture of operational excellence by assuring alignment of vision, expectations, resources and accountabilities.
• Define and widely communicate the operational excellence mission, vision, values, strategies, and objectives.
• Comprehensively identify high-level issues, risks, opportunities, and gaps in system and operating practices that can impact its current or future ability to achieve world-class performance. Assess and prioritize those identified high-level issues, risks, opportunities, and gaps using a systematic, cross-functional approach. Identify a wide range of possible risk-reduction alternatives (prevention and mitigation) for all identified high-level risks.
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• Establish clear metrics to measure statistically significant performance improvement toward goals and targets for operational excellence. Implement the action plans and monitor Operational Excellence (OE) performance.
• Establish a job selection process to fill defined Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)-sensitive jobs to ensure individuals have the knowledge, skills, performance history, abilities, and demonstrated behaviours to conduct their activities in an incident-free manner, in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, company policies, and operational excellence requirements.
• Establish processes to ensure that documents and records that are critical to operational excellence are current, controlled, and accessible. The retention of documentation and records should be established and recorded, and procedures should be maintained regarding their availability, confidentiality, and destruction.
• Implement a process to ensure that contractors ("agents") authorized to act on behalf of the company understand and comply with relevant company policies and procedures.
• Establish and maintain appropriate processes for management to regularly monitor operational excellence performance, Conduct regular operational excellence performance evaluations to ensure that the system is implemented and maintained and remains effective.
The project Contractor shall be committed to incorporate all the elucidated components of an OEMS into its operational procedures for the implementation of the proposed project.
7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN This Environmental Monitoring Plan will ensure that the integrity of the Road Project has been developed covering the project activities from site preparation, through construction, commissioning, operation of the highways, decommissioning and abandonment. The plan relates to the handling of hazardous materials and wastes, emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing, adverse weather preparedness, and decommissioning. The plan takes account of national and international standards for (environmental) planning, such as the International Standards Organization, the Health, Safety and Environment Management System, FERMA/RSDT Environmental Management Plans and environmental standards. The monitoring programme has also been outlined. The programme will help to verify the effectiveness of the
FERMA 141 EMP of Odi - East/West Road prescribed mitigation measures is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementation of the EMP findings thus;
Effective integration of EMP into project design, from construction through abandonment; Environmental Monitoring of development phases including operations and close down; Specific training of staff and contractors to enhance environmental awareness; and Sustained consultation with all stakeholders at all times on the field development. 7.4 MONITORING PLAN The environmental monitoring program for the implementation of the Road Sector Development Project (RSDP) will serve as an integral part of the operational activities and is expected to generate the requisite information for environmental management and environmental information dissemination.
It is anticipated that monitoring will be conducted during all phases of the project: design, construction and operation. This plan will play a pivotal role in ensuring that the trends for specific parameters are tracked and it will provide information on compliance with legislative norms, set guidelines or desirable operational limits; and form the basis for corrective actions and modification of activities if necessary. The intensity of sampling will depend on the time and location of the development activities and results derived from monitoring data.
7.4.1 Monitoring Objectives The aim of the monitoring is to establish appropriate monitoring criteria to verify the predicted impact of the project, and to ensure that any unforeseen impacts are detected and the mitigation adjusted where needed at an early stage. The monitoring will keep relevant records to ensure compliance with sound environmental procedures recommended. The monitoring plan will ensure that mitigating measures and impacts of the project during construction and operation phases are implemented. Adequate funds will be provided for this purpose through the project.
Other specific objectives of the monitoring plan are to:
check the effectiveness of suggested mitigative measures; demonstrate that the project activities (construction and operation) are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures and existing compliance regulatory procedures; and
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provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level. Impact indicators are defined in terms of carrying capacity, threshold levels, and regulation and enforcement standards. Implementation of the EMP will allow for control and manage the timing, location and level of impacts and potentially provide the cause and effect data for the empirical verification or validation of various predictive models of action/impact relationships.
7.4.2 Monitoring Requirements A monitoring program requires a number of components to ensure effective results. These include:
Relevant baseline data Verifiably objective indicators for each project and project component for which monitoring will be conducted; An independent body responsible for monitoring; Those responsible for monitoring must have the capacity for such; Monitoring on a regular basis; An effective monitoring reporting mechanism including feedback and commitment to action on monitoring results and recommendations.
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Table 7.1: Monitoring Variables, Linkages, Indicators and Frequency Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered Natural Habitat Rare and Area and Habitat endangered species quality of Species abundance Yearly needs habitat Populations Quarterly Current species list Flora of important and numbers flora Populations Quarterly Current species list Fauna of important and numbers fauna Fisheries Community Quarterly Population economic needs; Current population Populations size and water quality and and offtake offtake quantity Ecosystem health; Quarterly Species composition water quality and Species mix Current species mix water quantity
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Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered Water Resources Quality of Health, crop water Current chemical Groundwater quality production, Monthly (chemical composition desertification composition) Depth and Current depth and Groundwater quantity Health, irrigation yield yield Quality of Current chemical water composition / fauna Health, natural (chemical and flora inventory Surface water quality habitats, flora and analysis / (e.g. Monthly fauna, irrigation indicator macroinvertebrates, species of microinvertebrates, water quality) microflora) Yields and Current yields and Health, crop Surface water quantity flows flows (in different Monthly production (seasonal) seasons) Land Resources Soil erosion Crop productivity, Sediment Sediment loads Monthly
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Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered cultivation loading techniques, watering points, livestock management Chemical Chemical analysis Soil quality – chemicals Pesticide use analysis soil of soil Soil analysis, crop Soil analysis, Soil quality – production on Irrigation, drainage crop Monthly waterlogging controlled plots production where possible Air Quality Nox, SOX, Ambient Particulates, Emissions Human Health SPM., COX Particulates, Monthly etc Emissions levels Social and Health Issues Incidence of General increased HIV/AIDS Existing levels of HIV/AIDS activity through the Yearly through clinic HIV/AIDS project records
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Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered Health Status of health re: Water borne diseases Drainage, irrigation statistics at water borne Monthly local clinics diseases Harvest results, population Fishery population Economic need from Irrigation, drainage, size, area by species, forest other natural resources Quarterly conflicts under forest stand volumes and (forestry, fishery) cover, forest areas stand condition Cultural Issues Cultural and social Sites Cultural sites systems and Inventory of sites Yearly remaining community needs Current social General community Community structure and Social systems and individual social Yearly important aspects of member satisfaction structure structure
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Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered Current conflict Number and levels and number Land and resource Conflicts nature of and nature of Yearly use conflicts conflicts from RSDP
Specifically, the issue of Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post-construction demobilisation of large contigent of workers would be given adequate attention inview of its socio-economic implication when project implementation commences. This would be through Awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyle and behavior including the use of BCC/IEC materials.
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7.5 RESOURCES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION The resources required for implementing the EMP are basically personnel and finance. The key stakeholders the Road Sector Development Team (RSDT), the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA), Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Development (FMW-HUD), the Road contractor, Federal and State Ministries of Environment, and to the communities.
7.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRENGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EMP The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the project implementation is integrated harmoniously into the communities. The monitoring staff and personnel shall achieve the following objectives:
propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project promote awareness to construction workers and the general public regarding environmental protection, execute concrete means of applying the EMP. In the execution of the project, the RSTD will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures through their contractor who would be accountable to the RSTD. This contractor shall have an Environmental Engineer on site who will be responsible for all environmental issues. Whereas the World Bank will monitor the execution/ implementation of the project by RSTD. FERMA on the other hand will regulate the contractor work, while the EIA Division the Federal Ministry of Environment in collaboration with affected state Ministry of Environment will carry out regulatory monitoring to ensure that all agreed mitigations are actually implemented in line with regulatory requirements. RSDT shall be represented by Social and Environmental Officer who will be responsible for the implementation of the EMP in close collaboration with FERMA, FMENV and the Local environmental regulating bodies. Alternatively, an independent consultant may be hired by the RSDT to implement the EMP. The consultant shall have professionals qualified in the following disciplines:
Environmental Assessment & Monitoring Soil & Water Conservation Highways and Civil Engineering
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Public Health Sociology and Socio-Economics The social and environmental specialist of the RSDT shall be responsible for the implementation of the environmental monitoring and the EMP. His/her responsibilities shall include:
Coordinate, liaise with and monitor the contractors Compile and prepare periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank Review Environmental Monitoring reports from consultants in collaboration with Regulators Data Management 7.7 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING Environmental Monitoring oversight responsibilities are vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment. The FMENV has environmental officers for monitoring issues; however, the capacity of the officers to cope is definitely not enough. The World Bank shall also carry out monitoring as one of its safeguard measures. The project shall also assist in the institutional framework and capacity enhancement of the State Ministry of Environment. State Ministries of Environment operate virtually similar structure as the Federal Ministry of Environment. The EIA Dept of the Ministry also has monitoring powers although the Federal Ministry of Environment carries out joint monitoring with the State Ministries as well as the Local Government Areas where projects are sited. Serious gaps exist in the ability of the State Ministries to monitor environmental issues arising from this project. To this effect the Project should train at least five officers from the RSDT, FERMA, State Ministry of Environment and Host L.G.A. A dedicated Monitoring desk for this road project should also be created in the Monitoring units of the State Ministry. Monitoring kits, personnel protective equipment should also be provided for the project. Table 7.2 shows the capacity strengthening measures. Table 7.2: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Program Target Description Application Duration Audience RSDT staff General environmental Personnel require Three days awareness seminar that will appreciation of WB‟s, seminar include ecological and social Federal/State environmental science principles, legal policies, as well as, an
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Target Description Application Duration Audience responsibilities, consequences of appreciation for the need to non-sustainable development, support environmentally costs of poor environmental sustainable development. decisions, and introduction to the EMP process. RSDT‟s An in-depth comprehensive The target audience will be 10 days Environmental course on environmental responsible for EA review at workshop specialist, management including legal the State level and for FMENV and requirements, EMP preparing TORs for EMP State MOE methodology, consultants as well as environmental Impact determination (methods) monitoring consultants‟ work and social and mitigation analysis, public and final approval of EMPs. specialists involvement methods, EMP Target audience will also be preparation, monitoring responsible for conducting techniques, preparation of environmental audits on EMPs, TORs, and other. Course selected sub-projects and for will include field visits and periodic monitoring of sub- classroom exercises. project implementation to ensure compliance. General environmental Local Government level staff Three day LGA Staff awareness seminar that will requires an appreciation for include ecological and social the WB‟s and Nigerian science principles, legal environmental requirements, responsibilities, consequences of as well as, an appreciation non-sustainable development, for the need to support costs of poor environmental sustainable development. decisions, and introduction to the EMP process.
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7.8 COST ESTIMATES The cost estimates are based on the assumption that resource person/s (is) are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants of this training should could come from the collection or selection of members RSDT, FERMA, State Ministry of Environment and the affected L.G.As who should attend the exercise during the day only but will receive a per diem within the range of the estimated/ budgeted amount of about N562,500.00 per training session. It is proposed that the training programme will be implemented two times a year, over first four years of the project cycle. Thus, the total training cost is estimated at N4.5m for the entire period.
7.9 EMP BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITIES Based on available data, a sum of N750M will be allocated to the project (table 7.3). Of the total budget, it is recommended that at least 0.01% of the total budget will be allocated for environmental and social concerns by the proponent.
Table 7.3: Budget and Responsibilities Item Budget (estimate) Responsibility Mitigation N9.0m Contractor Management N5.25m RSDT Capacity Strengthening N4.5m RSDT/World Bank Monitoring N3.0m RSDT/FMENV/State Min Env Total N21.75m
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CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0 REMEDIATION PLANS AFTER CLOSURE OF THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE
8.1 INTRODUCTION From experience, it has been discovered that lifespan of any project is primarily hinged on a number of considerations, including: the design basis and construction materials; availability of raw materials and feedstock; acceptability of the end-product; maintenance and technological development. For this project, the lifespan of the current design is not less than 25 years. This, in effect, means that the road will be expected to be fully operational for at least 25yrs, and may be extended, if the route is considered still viable, useful and in good condition for the motorist and the general populace. Though, the planned project is not expected to be decommissioned since it is a permanent infrastructure development. However, given the known and acknowledged fact that projects necessarily impact the environment, either positively and/or negatively during the construction phase, it is important to put in place plans to recover and/or restore the project site to its original state after the project construction phase is completed. This requires a good understanding of all the environmental components of the project on the ecosystem during the construction phase. It is therefore environmentally wise to take into cognizance, this component during the planning stage. This section of the report provides an overview of the various decommissioning activities that will accompany this project after the construction phase and therefore need to be planned for even at this conceptual stage.
8.2 DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES
8.2.1. Rehabilitation of Construction Activities Construction Camps:- Permanent camp; Concrete and compacted earth platforms Excavation for septic tank Access roads running into and through the camps
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Concrete platforms will need to be broken up and rubble taken to an approved waste dump site or used to rehabilitate borrow pits. The exposed surface must be tested for contamination by FMEnv accredited laboratory. If any contaminants are found, the contaminated soil shall be removed along with the concrete to a site acceptable to the ECO. Re-vegetation must take place. Access roads running into and through the camps and any other well-used thorough (whether pedestrian or vehicular), which have been denuded of vegetation and subsequently been compacted, are to be checked for any substantial spillage of contamination including oils and fuels will be re-vegetated. Temporary camps; Rehabilitation will be necessary in the following areas: Compacted earth and uncompacted earth platforms Access roads running into and through the camps Compacted and uncompacted earth platforms will be rehabilitated according to the methods described above. Access roads will also be rehabilitated. Borrow Pits and Quarries Note that this will only be applicable where material has not been obtained from external sources. Borrow pits shall be filled with as much excess cut material as possible but shall be kept free from other waste. They shall be covered in soil stockpiled either from the original excavation the borrow pit or from other sources, such as excess spoil material from the extensive areas of cut. If adequate amounts of fill material are available, excavation slopes should not be left steeper than 1:3, ripped and top soiled. Borrow pits/quarries must be closed and rehabilitated as soon as possible to reduce erosion and potential aesthetic impact of these areas. Stockpiles Once stockpiles have been removed the ground surface is to be inspected for compaction. Should it be required, the surface is then to be ripped and the revegetation process followed. Spoil Dumps Permanent spoil dumps could have to be established if required. The exact positions of these spoil dumps to be negotiated with the landowners, local administrators, and officials, and compensation paid as per the accepted procedure. No spoil dumps will be allowed in drainage areas where they will block drainage channels. Spoil material to be minimized through use in
FERMA 154 EMP of Odi - East/West Road filling of erosion gullies, fill for road construction, storm water beams, stone pitching, and any other construction-related use. Spoil material shall be the last option. Permanent spoil dumps to be shaped 1 v: 3h, top soiled and vegetated. Care must be taken to ensure that the material is adequately compacted to allow safe access. Re-vegetation Process The basic re-vegetation steps, which need to be adapted to the project-specific environmental conditions, are detailed below. 1. Prepare the area to be re-vegetated for top soiling – this may require soil ripping and/or scarifying, and digging of steps or terraces. The scarification should take place to a depth of 150mm. If ridges are made, they should be about 100mm high and about 400mm wide. 2. Replace stored topsoil on the slope to be re-vegetated to a depth of between 75mm and 150mm (depending on the soil and slope conditions). The topsoil should be spread when it is dry by means of hand raking or mechanical balding and trimmed to a uniform thickness of not less than 100mm. 3. Apply seeds or grass sods according to the supplier‟s specifications. The seed must be fresh, good quality seed as specified in the sod mix, certified by the supplier and free from contamination by seeds of other species. Seed harvested from the site may be substituted only with the approval of the ECO. 4. If the indigenous grass seeds are used, they should be placed close together and leveled put on each other. Gaps between the sods should be filled in with topsoil. If sods are obtained from land being affected by the road construction process, there may be enough sods for close packing. In this situation, the sods should be placed in about 1m wide and spaced up to 2m apart. 5. Mulch should be applied to protect the seeded area from erosion. The mulch must be excessively fresh and green or in an advanced stage of decomposition as it could smother growth. It must be applied to a depth and manner that will prevent erosion by wind and water, but not completely block out the rays of sunlight to the soil or prevent penetration by young plants.
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6. Protect the revegetated area from excessive trampling and any other factor that might cause erosion or compaction. No construction equipment, trucks or heavy equipment should be allowed onto revegetated areas. 7. Ensure that suitable temporary and permanent drainage protection is installed parallel with the revegetation process. 8. Water the seeded/planted area on a regular basis (according to need, but on average of twice per week). 9. Institute an appropriate maintenance and monitoring program for a minimum year. This program should include, monitoring of the success of seed germination growth of the plants, removal of invasive; weeds, replanting of areas revegetation has not been successful once the cause of the inhibiting factor have been identified and remedied, and repair of any funnels or erosion channel by the contractor must not allow erosion to develop on a large scale before implementing repairs.
Seed Mixes Alternative seed mixes are provided for use under the various topographical condition of Nigeria. Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizaniodes) for stabilization of steep slopes and erosion areas, are readily available, should a suitable indigenous mix not be available. The seeds applied by utilizing a combination of hand seeding with local labour (for minor work) and hydro seeding (for major grassing works). Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) is not indigenous but is sterile and will not be invasive.
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CHAPTER NINE 9.0 CONCLUSION FERMA has prepared an EMP on Odi – East/West road rehabilitation project in which all environmental issues/impacts associated with project activities on the immediate environment have been identified. In order to minimize these identified impacts, appropriate/ corresponding mitigation measures have been proffered.
In addition, Environmental Management has been planned, along with an integrated programme aimed at ensuring that all of the unforeseen and unidentified impacts of a proposed project are contained and brought to an acceptable minimum. On commencement of the project, strong emphasis should be placed on maintaining safe and healthy working conditions for personnel and minimizing the effect of project activities on the natural environment. Thus, in view of the fact that all stakeholders shall be carried along during the project construction and operations and that there is no stern environmental, health, social or cultural issues that may warrant the cancellation of the proposed project, it is therefore strongly recommended that project can be embark upon as proposed while strictly adhering to the proffered mitigation measures.
It is therefore safe to conclude that the project if implemented in line with the recommendations contained in the EMP would have no negative environmental or social impact that will be of serious consequences.
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REFERENCES
ALLOWAY, B. J. 1990. Heavy metals in soils. Blakie & John Wiley & Sons Inc. Glasgow & London. pp 29-39
ALPHA (1981). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, American Public Health Assoc., N.Y.
BLOCKER, P. C., 1973. „Major aspects air pollution monitoring in urban and industrial Area‟ Concawe. The Hague.
BRAY, R.H., and KURTZ, L.T. (1945). Determination of Total Organic and available form of Phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci.:59:45-49.
BS 5228: 1975. British Standards Specifications on Construction Noise
BURKE, K., 1969. Neogene and Quartenary Tectonics of Nigeria. In Geology of Nigeria. (edited by Kogbe, C.A.). Elizabethan Publishing Co. Lagos. Nigeria. pp 363.
CONCAWE, 1994. Environmental Quality Standards, Concawe Review Vol. 3 No.2, p.18-19
FEPA (1991) Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. 238 pp
FEPA. 1991 Guideline and standards for Industrial effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Management in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Lagos
Geological Survey Division, (1974). Geological Map of Nigeria. Publication, Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Nigeria.
Golterman, H.L. Chymo, R.S., And Ohristead, M.A.N. (1978): Methods for Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwater. IBP Handbook No. 8. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.
Kogbe, C. A. 1976. Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan Publishers, Ibadan.
Leopold, L.B. Clarke, F.E; Hanshaw; B.B. And Balsley, J.R (1971). A procedure for evaluating environmental impact. Geological Survey Circular 645, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 13 pp
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Hayward, D and Oguntoyibo, J 1987. Climatology of West Africa. Barens and Nobles, New Jersey, USA 271p.
Ojo, (1972). The Climates of West Africa, Heinemann Books Limited, Ibadan.
Reyment, R. A. 1965. Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria, 133 pp., Ibadan Univ. Press.
USEPA (1979): Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. EPA - 600/4-79-020 (March, 1979).
Shell International Exploration & Pproduction HSE-MS Manual Part 5, 1999
World Bank (WB) Operational Policies 4.01.
World Bank (WB) General Health and Safety Guidelines.
World Bank (WB) -Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Waste Management Facilities
WHO, 1976. Selected Methods of Measuring Air Pollutants, WHO offset Publication No. 24, E, Geneva.
W.H.O (1984). World Health Organization Guidelines on Drinking Water Quality. Vol. I, II, III. Geneva.
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ANNEX 1 Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by FRDP.
Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the FRDP
Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country‟s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to FRDP
Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets,
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or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The RPF report discusses the applicability of this policy in detail.
Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank- financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under FRDP.
Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under FRDP.
Cultural Property (OP 11.03). The term “cultural property” includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank‟s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that
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are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government‟s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. FRDP will not fund sub-projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property.
Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to FRDP
Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub-projects to be funded by FRDP.
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ANNEX 2
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
(A) PERSONAL INFORMATION
1. Name of Local Leader______
2. Type of Leader (e.g. Village Head, Women Leader, etc):______
3. Age (in years): Below 21______21-40_____ 41-60_____; more than 60 _____
4. Name of Town/Village______
5. Proximity of household/town to proposed Landfill ______and ____
6. Local Government Area______
7. Ethnic Origin______
8. Sex: Male______Female______
9. Ethnic background______
10. Education qualification: no formal education____ functionally literate___ primary_____, secondary______tertiary______
11. Number of children: ______Male:______Female______
12. Number of other dependents______Male_____ Female______
13. Total No. of people in household Male_____ Female______
14. Residential Status:______Tenant____ migrant____ indigene_____
15. (a) If tenant or migrant____ what is the name of your home
village?______
(b) Distance of home village from here: less than 20km;____ b/w
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20 – 50kml_____ more than 50km ______
(c) Why did you move to this community (e.g. for employment)__
(d) Condition of living since settling here: sane;____ better;____
worse;_____ I don‟t know_____
(e) For how long have you lived in this community______
(f) Future plans:____ relocate in future;___ live permanently
here;___ I do not know (give reasons for answer)______
(g) Relationship with other dwellers: Friendly____ Not friendly __
I don‟t know___
(B) ECONOMIC SCENARIO
17 What are the usual income-generation activities of the people in this community (see below). Also indicate the gender and generation mainly involved in each activity.
No. Activity Gender* Generation M/F/B C/Y/A/B
1. Crop farming (list common crops)
2 Trading
3. Livestock rearing (list common ones)
4. Fishing
5. Hunting
6. Processing (garri, local gin, fufu, etc)
FERMA 164 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
7. Handicraft (pottery, weaving, tailoring)
8. Collection of sea products (periwinkle, crayfish etc)
9. Collection of forest products (fruits, vegetables, firewood etc.)
10. Artisanship (carpentry, blacksmith, bricklayer etc)
11. Civil service/teaching
12. Company worker
13. Other specify
* M = Male; F = Female; B = Both sexes
** C = Children, Y = Youth; E = Elderly A = Adult
18. What is your estimated monthly income (N): Less than N1,000____
N1,000 to 10,000______N10,000 to 50,000______
N50,000 to N100,000______More than N100,000______
19. How much do you save monthly? ______No savings;______
Less than N1,000 ______less than N5,000______
less than N10,000______more than N10,000______
20. Where do you save your excess money? No savings;______
in the house;______Esusu group;____ in the bank;____
(others specify)______
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(C) INFRASTRUCTURE/HEALTH
21. Which of the following do you have in this community and what is the condition of the facility, if present?
S/No. Facility No/ Availability Condition Distance If not Yes/No poor/fair/good to the available, how proposed far is the Pipeline nearest facility (km)
1. Access Road
2. Public transportation
3. Local market
4. Primary school
5. Secondary school
6. Dispensary/health centre
Electricity 7.
Potable water supply 8.
Others (specify) 9.
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22. Which of the following types of houses is common in this community (Enumerator to note)? Mud and wattle thatch;____ mud and wattle zinc: ____ Earth block/Thatch: ____ Earth Block/Zinc;____ Cement Block/Zinc; ____ Cement Block/Asbestos;____ Timber Wall/Thatch:____ Timber Wall/Zinc ____
23. Which of these items are commonly owned by households in this Community?
Electric fan [ ]
Electric Kettle [ ]
Gas/Electric Cooker [ ]
Refrigerator [ ]
Television [ ]
Bicycle [ ]
Air Conditioner [ ]
Motorcycle [ ]
Motor Car [ ]
Radio [ ]
Kerosene Stove [ ]
Rechargeable Lamps [ ]
24. No of Rooms in the House……………………………….
25. Type of House (To be indicated by Interviewer) Bungalow ( ) Blocks of Flats ( ) Duplex ( ) Huts ( )
26. Type of roofing materials used in the house Thatch ( )
FERMA 167 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
Iron Sheet ( ) Asbestos ( ) Long Span Aluminum ( )
Tile ( ) Others (specify) ( )
27. Type of Building Materials Used in the house
Thatch/Bamboo [ ] Mud [ ] Cement [ ] Burnt Brick [ ] Wood [ ] Others specify [ ]
28. Type of Toilet: None [ ] Pit [ ] Bucket [ ] Hand flush [ ]
29. From which of the following sources is your water supply?
Rain____ River_____ Stored run-off_____ pipe borne _____ borehole ______well, etc ______
30. How is water from each of these sources treated before use? ______
31. How is solid waste disposed off? Burning_____; Burying ____; dump ______throwing in running/stagnant water _____
32. How is human waste disposed off? Pit latrine_____; defecation into water channel _____ defecation into surrounding bushes____ pail systems____; pit toilet______; VIP-ventilate latrines____
Any other (specify)______
33. What are the common diseases and pests found in this community (especially the last 3 years)______
34. Specify any form of disease or pest that is found only in this community and not in neighbouring ones ______
35. Why are the above diseases common in your locality? ______
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36. What has been done by the village or Govt. to reduce the presence of above mentioned diseases and pests? ______
37. Where do people suffering from various diseases normally go for cure? Churches_____ Native doctors____ dispensary/Health centre/Hospital ____
38. Which of the above places are frequently visited for disease cure? ___
39. Are you aware of this project? Yes [ ] No [ ]
40. If yes, what are the sources of information ______
41. If no, interviewer should tell the respondent about the project
42. How do you think this project will benefit this community during the construction phase?
Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know
Increase in in-migration
Increased income
Job opportunities
New/ Improved Facilities (road, schools, etc)
Improvement in living standards
Changed in style of dressing
Improved social life
43. How do you think the project will benefit this community during the operational phase?
FERMA 169 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know
Increase in in-migration
Increased income
Job opportunities
New/ Improved Facilities (road, schools, etc)
Improvement in living standards
Changed in style of dressing
Improved social life
44. How do you think the project will adversely affect this community during the construction phase?
Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know
Overpopulation
Occupational change
Sex imbalance
Out-migration
Inflation
Reduction in agricultural products
Destruction/encroachment on land
Pressure on social infrastructure
Loss of farmland
FERMA 170 EMP of Odi - East/West Road
Pollution of drinking water
Loss of wildlife species
Ground water contamination
Deforestation
Sexual laxity
Alcoholism
Increased Crime
Discrimination against new migrants
45. How do you think the project will adversely affect this community during the operational phase?
Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know
Overpopulation
Occupational change
Sex imbalance
Out-migration
Inflation
Reduction in agricultural products
Destruction/encroachment on land
Pressure on social infrastructure
Loss of farmland
Pollution of drinking water
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Loss of wildlife species
Ground water contamination
Deforestation
Sexual laxity
Alcoholism
Increased Crime
Discrimination against new migrants
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ANNEX 3
LIST OF E.I.A PREPARERS The following list represents the EIA Report Preparers and their various roles:
Team Leader: Ibrahim Jauro
S/N SPECIALIZATION CONSULTANTS
1. Air Quality/Noise & Radiation Mr. J. Dalyop/ Mohd Umar
2. Soil/Agriculture/Land Use/SIA Dr. Alhassan Mohammed
3. Geology/Hydrogeology Dr. Ogirima Onimisi
4. Pavement Study Engr. Sani Abdullahi
5. Biodiversity/Wildlife Jubril Lawal
6. Vegetation/Forestry Mr. Hussain Bala
7 Health Risk Assessment/ Waste Inventory Dr. I Sule
8. Geo Referencing Mr. J. Dalyop
9. Computer Analyst Mrs. Bolalle Olowo
10. Report Reviewers Dr. A. Mohammed/ Ibrahim Jauro
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